List of pirates

This is a list of known pirates, buccaneers, corsairs, privateers, and others involved in piracy and piracy-related activities. This list includes both captains and prominent crew members. For a list of female pirates, see women in piracy.

Ancient World

denarius, minted for his victory over Augustus' fleet. On the obverse the Pharus of Messina, on the reverse monster Scylla, who defeated Augustus.]] {| class=wikitable |- ! style="width:21%;"| Name ! style="width:7%;"| Life ! style="width:7%;"| Years Active ! style="width:10%;"| Country of origin ! style="width:55%;"| Comments |- valign="top" | Anicetus | d. 69 | | Pontus (Hellenic) | Was the leader of an unsuccessful anti-Roman uprising in Pontus in AD 69. |- valign="top" | Demetrius of Pharos | d. 214 BC | | Pharos (Hellenic) | His actions precipitated the Second Illyrian War. |- valign="top" | Dionysius the Phocaean | | 494 BC | Greece | Phocaean admiral active against Carthaginian and Tyrsenian merchants in the years following the Greco–Persian Wars. |- valign="top" | Gan Ning | 175–218 | 190–197 | China | His party carried bells as their trademark causing the commoners to be afraid when they heard the bells. |- valign="top" | Genthus of Illyria | First century BC | | Illyria | Was accused by the Romans of organizing and aiding pirate raids in Italy. |- valign="top" | Glauketas | | 315–300 BC | | Greek inscriptions of the Athenian navy raiding his base on Kynthnos Island and capturing he and his men "making the sea safe for those that sailed thereon." |- valign="top" | Sextus Pompeius | d. 35 BC | | Rome | He was the last focus of opposition to the Second Triumvirate. |}

Middle Ages

was a Turkish privateer and later Admiral in Ottoman service who became known as Barbarossa – or Redbeard – amongst Christians.]] was a 5^th century pirate who, along with friends, dressed up as sailors and commandeered a ship.]] {| class=wikitable |- ! style="width:21%;"| Name ! style="width:7%;"| Life ! style="width:7%;"| Years Active ! style="width:10%;"| Country of origin ! style="width:55%;"| Comments |- valign="top" | Giorgio Adorno | d. 1558 | | Malta | Knight of Malta active in the Mediterranean. Originally from Naples, he was elected "Captain-General of the Galleys" in 1547, 1549, 1557 and 1558. |- valign="top" | | 1516–1576 | 1540s | England | An English privateer. Raided Spanish ports with James Logan and William Cooke. |- valign="top" | William Aleyn | fl. 1448 | 1440s | England | English pirate active in the Thames and English Channel. Associate of William Kyd. |- valign="top" | Richard Allen | d. 1572 | | England | |- valign="top" | Jean Ango | 1480–1551 | | France | A French ship-owner who provided ships to Francis I for exploration of the globe. |- valign="top" | Aruj | 1474–1518 | 1503–1518 | Ottoman Empire | An Ottoman privateer and Bey (Governor) of Algiers and Beylerbey (Chief Governor) of the West Mediterranean. |- valign="top" | Awilda | 5th century | | Scandinavia | She and some of her female friends dressed like sailors and commandeered a ship. |- valign="top" | Hayreddin Barbarossa | 1478–1546 | 1504–1545 | Ottoman Empire | An Ottoman privateer and later Admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades. |- valign="top" | Baldassare Cossa (Antipope John XXIII) | 1370–1415 | | Procida | Antipope during the Western Schism, John XXIII was accused of—among other crimes—piracy, incest and sodomy. |- valign="top" | Pier Gerlofs Donia | 1480–1520 | | Germany (Frisia) | a Frisian warrior, pirate, freedom fighter, folk hero and rebel. |- valign="top" | Eric of Pomerania | 1382–1459 | | Germany (Pomerania) | The first king of the Nordic Kalmar Union, he spent his last years living on the island of Gothland and "sent forth piratical expeditions against friend and foe alike". |- valign="top" | Eustace the Monk | c. 1170–1217 | | France | He was a mercenary for both England and France. |- valign="top" | Alv Erlingsson | d. 1290 | | Norway | He was a favorite of the Queen, yet committed countless acts of piracy throughout his life |- valign="top" | Jean Fleury (Florin) | fl. 1523 | 1520s | France | French privateer and naval officer under Jean Ango. Seized three Spanish ships carrying Aztec treasure from Mexico to Spain in 1523. |- valign="top" | Magnus Heinason | 1545–1589 | | Faroe Islands | Faroese naval hero and privateer. Was executed for piracy, though charges were later dropped. |- valign="top" | Klein Henszlein | d. 1573 | to 1573 | Germany | A 16th century pirate who raided shipping in the North Sea until his defeat and capture by a fleet from Hamburg |- valign="top" | Wijerd Jelckama | 1490–1523 | | Germany (Frisia) | The nephew of Pier Gerlofs Donia (also known as Grutte Pier), fought along his side against the Saxon and Hollandic invaders. |- valign="top" | William Kyd | fl. 1430–1453 | 1430s–1450s | England | English pirate active in Southwest England during the early-to-mid-15th century. |- valign="top" | Gödeke Michels | d. 1402 | to 1402 | Germany | A German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeeler, a combination of former Vitalienbrüder |- valign="top" | Didrik Pining | c.1430–1491 | | Denmark-Norway | A pirate and privateer operating in the North Sea. Often partnered with Hans Pothorst. |- valign="top" | Hans Pothorst | c.1440–1490 | | Denmark-Norway | A pirate and privateer operating in the North Sea. Often partnered with Didrik Pining. |- valign="top" | Salih Reis | 1488–1568 | | Ottoman Empire | A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral. |- valign="top" | Turgut Reis | 1485–1565 | | Ottoman Empire | A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral as well as Bey of Algiers; Beylerbey of the Mediterranean; and first Bey later Pasha of Tripoli. |- valign="top" | Klaus Störtebeker | 1360–1401 | | Germany | He was a leader of the Victual Brothers. |- valign="top" | Kristoffer Trondson (Rustung) | c.1500–1565 | c.1535–1542 | Norway | A Norwegian nobleman-turned pirate and privateer. Operated in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Gave up piracy in 1542 and eventually became admiral of the Danish Fleet. |- valign="top" | Hennig Wichmann | 1370–1402 | 149?–1402 | Germany (Frisia) | One of the leaders of the Likedeeler, an association of former Victual Brothers. |- valign="top" | Cord Widderich | d. 1447 | 1404–1447 | Germany | A pirate active during political conflicts between Dithmarschen and North Frisia in the early 15th century. |- valign="top" | Magister Wigbold | 1365–1402 | 1392–1402 | Germany | Often described as the brains behind the Victual Brothers. |- valign="top" | Wimund | b. 1147 | | England | He was a bishop who became a sea-faring war-lord adventurer. |}

Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Corsairs: 1560-1650

also raided numerous Spanish towns and ships in the New World.]] was an Italian-born Muslim corsair, who later became an Ottoman admiral and Chief Admiral (Kaptan-ı Derya) of the Ottoman Fleet in the 16th century.]] was considered a hero in England, but little more than a pirate in Spain.]] later captured 11,509,524 guilders of cargo from the Spanish treasure fleet.]] (left of frame) was an important figure in Irish legend who is still recognised in popular culture today.]] {| class=wikitable |- ! style="width:21%;"| Name ! style="width:7%;"| Life ! style="width:7%;"| Years Active ! style="width:10%;"| Country of origin ! style="width:55%;"| Comments |- valign="top" | Nicholas Alvel | early 17^th century | 1603 | England | Active in the Ionian Sea. |- valign="top" | Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | 1519-1574 | 1565 | Spanish | A Spanish Admiral and pirate hunter, de Aviles is remembered for his destruction of the French settlement of Fort Caroline in 1565. |- valign="top" | Samuel Axe | early 17^th century | 1629-1645 | England | An English privateer in Dutch service, Axe served with English forces in the Dutch Revolt against Habsburg rule. |- valign="top" | Sir Andrew Barton | 1466-1511 | to 1511 | Scotland | Served under a Scottish letter of marque, but was described a pirate by English and Portuguese. |- valign="top" | Abraham Blauvelt | d. 1663 | 1640-1663 | Netherlands | One of the last Dutch corsairs of the mid-17^th century, Blauvelt mapped much of South America. |- valign="top" | Nathaniel Butler | b. 1578 | 1639 | England | Despite a comparatively unsuccessful career as a privateer, Butler was later colonial governor of Bermuda. |- valign="top" | Jan de Bouff | early 17^th century | 1602 | Netherlands | de Bouff served as a Dunkirker in Habsburg service during the Dutch Revolt. |- valign="top" |John Callis (Calles) | c. 1558-1587? | c. 1574-1587 | England | Welsh pirate active along the southern coast of Wales. |- valign="top" | Hendrik (Enrique) Brower | 1581-1643 | 1600, 1643 | Netherlands | Brouwer was a privateer who fought the Habsburgs during the Dutch revolt, holding the city of Castro, Chile hostage for a period of two months. |- valign="top" | Thomas Cavendish | 1560-1592 | 1587-1592 | England | The first man to intentionally circumnavigate the globe, Cavendish also raided numerous Spanish towns and ships in the New World. |- valign="top" | Matsuura Takanobu | 1529-1599 | | Japan | One of the most powerful feudal lords of Kyūshū and one of the first lords to allow trading with Europeans |- valign="top" | Peter Love | d.1610 | | England | An English pirate who set up base in the Outer Hebrides and was active around Ireland and Scotland. He was betrayed by the outlaw Neil MacLeod and executed in 1610. |- valign="top" | Zheng Zhilong (Cheng Chih Lung) | 1604-1662 | 1623-1645 | China | A convert to Christianity, Zhilon collaborated with Dutch forces, helping to create a monopoly on trade with Japan. |- valign="top" | Zheng Jing (Cheng Chin) | 1643-1682 | 1662-1682 | China | Chinese pirate and warlord. The eldest son of Koxinga and grandson of Zheng Zhilong, he succeeded his father as ruler of Tainan and briefly occupied Fukien. |- valign="top" | Wang Zhi | 16^th century | 1551-1555 | China | One of the chief figures amongst the wokou of the 16^th century. |- valign="top" | Francois le Clerc (Jambe de Bois) | 16^th century | 1650s-1660s | France | Known for his sacking of Santiago de Cuba in 1554 |- valign="top" | Jacob Collaart | 17^th century | 1625-1635 | Netherlands | A Flemish admiral who served as privateer and one of the Dunkirkers in Spanish Habsburg service during the Dutch Revolt, responsible for the destruction of at least 150 fishing boats. |- valign="top" | Claes Compaan | 1587-1660 | 1621-1627 | Netherlands | Former Dutch corsair and privateer, he later became a pirate and was successful in capturing hundreds of ships in Europe, the Barbary coast and West Africa. |- valign="top" | Baltazar de Cordes | d.1601? | 1598-1601 | Netherlands | A Dutch corsair who fought against the Spanish during the early 17th Century. |- valign="top" | Simon (Zyman) the Dancer | fl. 1606-1609 | 1600s | Netherlands | One of the leading Barbary corsairs, was based in Algiers and Tunis during the early 17th century. |- valign="top" | Simon Danziker | d. 1611 | 1600s-1610s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair and privateer who later became a Barbary corsair. He and John Ward dominated the Western Mediterranean during the early 17th century. |- valign="top" | De Veenboer | d. 1620 | 1600s-1610s | Netherlands | Former Dutch corsair and privateer. Later became a Barbary corsair under Simon the Dancer and eventually commanded the Algiers corsair fleet. |- valign="top" | Uluj Ali (Giovanni Dionigi) | 1519-1587 | 1536-1550 | Turkey | An Italian-born Muslim corsair, who later became an Ottoman admiral and Chief Admiral (Kaptan-ı Derya) of the Ottoman Fleet in the 16^th century. |- valign="top" | Sir Francis Drake | 1540-1596 | 1563-1596 | England | Known as "el Draque" (the Dragon), he was considered a hero in England, but little more than a pirate in Spain. |- valign="top" | Peter Easton | 1570-1619 | 1602 | England | A privateer, then pirate, who was able to retire in Villefranche, Savoy with an estimated worth of two million pounds. |- valign="top" | Jan Janszoon | 1570-after 1641 | | Holland | Turkish service of the 'fleet from Salé' |- valign="top" | Daniel Elfrith | 1607-1640 | | England | English privateer and slave trader in the West Indies. |- valign="top" | Jan Evertsen | | 1630s | Netherlands | Dutch admiral and corsair. |- valign="top" | Juan Garcia | fl. 1622 | 1620s | Spain | One of the Spanish privateers who accompanied Jan Jacobsen on his last voyage in 1622. |- valign="top" | Sir Michael Geare | c. 1565-? | c. 1584-1603 | England | Elizabethan Sea Dog active in the West Indies up until the turn of the 17th century. |- valign="top" | Sir John Hawkins | 1532-1595 | 1554, 1564, 1567 | England | A some-time pirate, his work in ship design was important during the threat of invasion from the Spanish Armada. |- valign="top" | Piet Hein | 1577-1629 | 1628 | Netherlands | After serving as a Spanish galley slave for four years, Hein later captured 11,509,524 guilders of cargo from the Spanish treasure fleet. |- valign="top" | Pieter Adriaanszoon Ita | fl. 1628-1630 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair and privateer. Commanded one of the earliest and largest expeditions against the Portugal and Spain in the Caribbean during 1628. |- valign="top" | Jan Jacobsen | d. 1622 | 1610s-1620s | Netherlands | Flemish-born privateer in English service during the Eighty Years' War. |- valign="top" | Willem Jacobszoon | fl. 1624-1625 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair who accompanied Pieter Schouten on one of the first major expeditions to the West Indies. |- valign="top" | Jan Janz (Murad Rais) | c. 1570-c. 1641 | 1590s-1640s | Netherlands | Dutch privateer taken captive by Barbary corsairs and later became one himself. |- valign="top" | Willem Jansen | fl. 1600 | 1600s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair based in Duinkerken and one time officer under Jacques Colaert. |- valign="top" | Cornelius Jol | 1597-1641 | 1630s-1640s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair successful against the Spanish in the West Indies. One of the first to use a wooden peg leg. |- valign="top" | Sir James Lancaster | 1554-1618 | 1591-1603 | England | Elizabethan Sea Dog active in India during the late 16th century. Later a chief director for the East India Company. |- valign="top" | Guillaume Le Testu | 1509-1573 | 1560s-1570s | France | French privateer, explorer and cartographer. First navigator to chart Australia in 1531. |- valign="top" | Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer | 1583-1627 | 1627 | Netherlands | Hendrick captured 1.2 million guilders from a Honduran treasure fleet, but was mortally wounded in the process. |- valign="top" | Sir Henry Mainwaring | 1587-1653 | 1610-1616 | England | English privateer and pirate hunter. His pirate fleet nearly broke the truce between England and Spain following the Anglo-Spanish War. |- valign="top" | Olivier van Noort | 1558-1627 | 1598-1601 | Netherlands | Despite his venture being of limited success, it was the inspiration that led to the formation of the Dutch East India Company. |- valign="top" | John Nutt | | 1620-1623 | England | An English pirate active in Newfoundland. |- valign="top" | Gráinne O'Malley (Gráinne Ní Mháille) | 1530-1603 | 1560s-1600s | Ireland | An important figure in Irish legend who is still present in popular culture today. |- valign="top" | John Oxenham | 1536-1580 | 1570s-1600s | England | Elizabethan Sea Dog and associate of Sir Frances Drake during the early years of the Anglo-Spanish War. First English privateer to enter the Pacific though Panama. |- valign="top" | William Parker | 1587-1617 | 1590s-1570s | England | Elizabethan Sea Dog active in the West Indies. Successfully attacked Porto Bello in 1602 without firing a shot. |- valign="top" | Pedro de la Plesa | fl. 1622 | 1620s | Spanish | He and Juan Garcia who joined Jan Jacobsen on his final voyage in 1622. |- valign="top" | Murat Reis the Elder | 1506-1608 | 1534-1608 | Rhodes | A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral who took part in all of the early naval campaigns of Turgut Reis. |- valign="top" | Assan Reis (Jan Marinus van Sommelsdijk) | fl. 1626 | 1620s | Netherlands | Former Dutch privateer turned Barbary corsair. He attacked the Dutch ship St. Jan Babtista under Jacob Jacobsen of Ilpendam on March 7, 1626. |- valign="top" | James Riskinner (Reiskimmer) | 17^th century | 1630s | England | A lieutenant on the ship Warwick, then part of a fleet under the command of Nathaniel Butler, he later took part in a privateering expedition between May–September 1639. |- valign="top" | Isaac Rochussen | 1631-1710 | 1660s-1670s | Netherlands | A Dutch corsair active against the English during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch War. His capture of The Falcon, an East India merchantman, was one of the most valuable prizes captured during the late-17th century. |- valign="top" | Mahieu Romboutsen | fl. 1636 | 1630s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair in the service of Spain. Was part of a three ship squadron under Jacques Colaert and was captured with him after a five hour battle with Jan Evertsen. |- valign="top" | William Rous | fl. 1636-1645 | 1630s-1640s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair and privateer based on Providence Island. He was involved in privateering expeditions for the Providence Island Company and later commander of Fort Henry. |- valign="top" | Jan van Ryen | d. 1627 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair active in the West Indies. Reportedly killed with a number of colonists attempting to establish one of the first colonies on the Wiapoco in Dutch Guiana. |- valign="top" | Pieter Schouten | fl. 1624-1625 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair who led one of the Dutch expeditions to the West Indies. |- valign="top" | Jacques de Sores | 16^th century | 1555 | France | A French pirate whose sole documented act was his attack and burning of Havana in 1555. |- valign="top" | Dirck Simonszoon van Uitgeest | fl. 1628-1629 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair who commanded a WIC expedition to Brazil bringing back over 12 Portuguese and Spanish prizes. |- valign="top" | Sir Thomas Verney | 1584-1615 | 1600s-1610s | England | English nobleman who left behind his inheritance to become a Barbary corsair. |- valign="top" | Johannes van Walbeeck | fl. 1634 | 1620s-1630s | Netherlands | Dutch admiral and corsair. Captured Curaçao in 1634 and later served as governor. |- valign="top" | John Ward | 1552-1622 | 1603-1610s | England | A notorious English pirate around the turn of the 17th century who later became a Barbary Corsair operating out of Tunis during the early 1600s. |- valign="top" | Cornelis Wittebol | fl. 1622 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair in Spanish service. In February 1622, attacked a fishing fleet from the Veere and Maasmond sinking several ships and bringing back the survivors to ransom in Duinkerken. |- valign="top" | Jacob Willekens | 1571-1633 | 1590s-1630s | Netherlands | Dutch admiral who led Dutch corsairs on the first major privateering expedition to the West Indies. |- valign="top" | Hendrik Worst | fl. 1624 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair who accompanied Pieter Schouten in his expedition to the West Indies. |- valign="top" | Filips van Zuylen | fl. 1624 | 1620s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair active against the Portuguese in West Africa. |- valign="top" | Moses Cohen Henriques | early 17th century | 1620s and 30s | Netherlands | Dutch pirate of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin active in the Caribbean against Spain and Brazil against Portugal |}

Age of the Buccaneers: 1650-1690

was born the son of a fisherman, he was able to retire as an Admiral in French service on the strength of his captures during his time as a privateer.]] was the first Englishman to explore or map parts of New Holland (Australia) and New Guinea, and was also the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.]] existence is disputed.]] was a privateer (and pirate) who later retired to become Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.]] was nicknamed "Flail of the Spaniards" and had a reputation for brutality – offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners.]] had a reputation for violence, and once roasted two Spanish farmers when they refused to hand over their pigs.]] {| class=wikitable |- ! style="width:21%;"| Name ! style="width:7%;"| Life ! style="width:7%;"| Years Active ! style="width:10%;"| Country of origin ! style="width:55%;"| Comments |- valign="top" | Vincenzo Alessandri | d. 1657 | | Italy | Originally a Knight of Malta, Alessandri was captured and enslaved. |- valign="top" | Michiel Andrieszoon | 17th century | 1680s | Netherlands | Dutch merchant-pirate. Associated with Thomas Paine and Laurens de Graff. |- valign="top" | John Ansell | d. 1689 | | England | Sailed with Henry Morgan and participated in his raids against Maracaibo and Gibraltar, Venezuela. |- valign="top" | Captain Archembeau (Archembo) | d. 1681 | 1670s-1680s | France | French buccaneer active in the Caribbean. |- valign="top" | Jean Bart | 1651-1702 | 1672-1697 | France | Born the son of a fisherman, Bart retired an Admiral in French service. |- valign="top" | Philippe Bequel | 17^th century | 1650-1669 | France | Was one of the first foreign privateers awarded a letter of marque by the governor of Jamaica |- valign="top" | Jacob Janssen van den Bergh | fl. 1660 | 1650s-1660s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair and slave trader for the Dutch West India Company. |- valign="top" | Lancelot Blackburne | 1653-1743 | 1680-1684 | England | Blackburne was an English clergyman, who became Archbishop of York, and – in popular belief – a pirate. |- valign="top" | Eduardo Blomar | d. 1679 | 1670s | Spain | Spanish renegade active in the Spanish Main during the 1670s. Tried in absentia and convicted of piracy with Bartolomé Charpes and Juan Guartem in Panama in 1679. |- valign="top" | Pierre Bot | 17^th century | 1680s | France | French buccaneer active in the Caribbean. |- valign="top" | Manuel Butiens | fl. 1645 | 1640s | Netherlands | Dutch renegade and Dunkirker in the service of Spain. |- valign="top" | Bartolomé Charpes | d. 1679 | 1680s | Spain | Spanish renegade who was tried in absentia and convicted of piracy with Edwardo Blomar and Juan Guartem in Panama by Governor Don Dionicio Alceda in 1679. |- valign="top" | Edward Collier | 17^th century | 1668-1671 | England | Served as Sir Henry Morgan's second-in-command throughout much of his expeditions against Spain during the mid-17th century. |- valign="top" | John Cooke (Cook) | d. 1683 | 1680s | England | English buccaneer who led an expedition against the Spanish in the early 1680s. |- valign="top" | John Coxon | d. 1689 | 1677-1682 | England | One of the most famous of the Brethren of the Coast, a loose consortium of pirates and privateers who were active on the Spanish Main. |- valign="top" | William Dampier | 1651-1715 | 1670-1688 | England | Was the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. |- valign="top" | Edward Davis | 17^th century | 1680-1688 | England | Led the last major buccaneer raid against Panama. |- valign="top" | John Davis (Robert Searle) | 17^th century | | England | Davis was one of the earliest and most active buccaneers on Jamaica. |- valign="top" | Jacquotte Delahaye | 17^th century | 1660s | France | Delahaye was a French Buccaneer, and together with Anne Dieu-Le-Veut was one of very few female buccaneers. |- valign="top" | Anne Dieu-Le-Veut | b. 1650 | 1650-1704 | France | Was originally one of the women – "Filles de Roi" – sent by the French government to Tortuga to become wives to the local male colonists. |- valign="top" | Charlotte de Berry | 17^th century | 1660s | England | A female pirate, she later commanded her own ship. |- valign="top" | Cornelius Essex | d. 1680 | 1670s | England | An English buccaneer who took part in Captain Bartholomew Sharp's privateering expedition, the "Pacific Adventure", during the late 1670s. |- valign="top" | Laurens de Graaf | 1653-1704 | 1672-1697 | Netherlands | Characterised as "a great and mischievous pirate" by Henry Morgan, de Graaf was a Dutch pirate, mercenary, and naval officer in the service of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. |- valign="top" | Michel de Grammont | 1645-1686 | 1670-1686 | France | A French buccaneer, de Grammont primarily attacked Spanish holdings in Venezuela. |- valign="top" | Jean du Casse | 1646-1715 | 168?-1697 | France | Born to Huguenot parents, du Casse was allowed to join the French navy on the value of his prizes taken while a buccaneer. |- valign="top" | Alexandre Exquemelin | 1645-1707 | 1669-16741697 | France | A French writer, most known as the author of one of the most important sourcebooks of seventeenth century piracy, De Americaensche Zee-Roovers. |- valign="top" | Jean Foccard | 17^th century | 1680s | France | Associate of Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont. He later joined them in their attack on Tampico in 1682. |- valign="top" | "Red Legs" Greaves | 17^th Century | | Scotland/Ireland | Greaves's nickname was based on a commonly used term for reddened legs often seen among the Scottish and Irish who took to wearing kilts in almost any weather. |- valign="top" | Juan Guartem | 17^th Century | 1670s | Spain | A Spanish renegade pirate who raided Spanish settlements in New Spain during the late 17th century with his most notable raid being against Chepo in 1679. |- valign="top" | Peter Harris | d. 1680 | 1670s | England | English buccaneer and member of Captain Bartholomew Sharp's "Pacific Expedition". Killed at Panama in 1680. |- valign="top" | Jean Hamlin (Hamilton) | 17^th century | 1680s | Anglo-French | French buccaneer active in the Caribbean. Later hunted down by Captain John Coxon. |- valign="top" | Richard Hawkins | 1562-1622 | 1593-1594 | England | A buccaneer and explorer who was later knighted. |- valign="top" | George Hout (d'Hout) | fl. 1687 | 1680s | England | English buccaneer who joined Francois Grogniet and Pierre le Picard in their raid on Guayaquil in 1687. |- valign="top" | William Jackson | 17^th century | 1639-1645 | England | It was the fleet under his command that captured Jamaica for England. |- valign="top" | Bartholomeus de Jager | fl. 1655 | 1650s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair active against the Portuguese. He attacked a small merchant fleet at Fernando Noronha capturing one merchant ship and driving off the other. |- valign="top" | Daniel Johnson | 1629-1675 | 1657-1675 | England | Became known as "Johnson the Terror" amongst the Spanish. |- valign="top" | William Knight | 17^th century | 1684-1686 | England | Along with Edward Davis, he took part in the final large buccaneer attack on Spanish holdings. |- valign="top" | Pierre Le Grand | 17^th century | | France | Known only for a single attack against a Spanish galleon, his existence is disputed. |- valign="top" | Raveneau de Lussan | b. 1663 | 1684-1688 | France | An impoverished nobleman. Attacked targets in Central America. Known for a “long march” in 1688. |- valign="top" | Thomas Magott (Mackett) | 17^th century | 1680s | England | English buccaneer who sailed with Bartholomew Sharp and others on the "Pacific Adventure". |- valign="top" | Edward Mansvelt (Mansfield) | d. 1666 | 1650s-1660s | Curaçao | Dutch buccaneer in English service. Known as the Admiral of the "Brethren of the Coast", Mansvelt was a mentor to Sir Henry Morgan who succeeded him following his death. |- valign="top" | Marquis de Maintenon | 1648-1691 | 1672-1676 | France | A French nobleman who became a buccaneer in the Caribbean, selling his castle and title to Madame de Maintenon |- valign="top" | David Marteen | 17^th century | 1663-1665 | Netherlands | Known primarily as the sole non-English Captain who participated in the raids against Spanish strongholds in present-day Mexico and Nicaragua. |- valign="top" | Daniel Montbars (Exterminator) | 1645-1701? | 1660s-1670s | France | A former French naval officer and gentleman adventurer, he engaged in a violent and destructive war against Spain in the Caribbean and the Spanish Main. His hatred of the Spanish earned him the name "Montbars the Exterminator". |- valign="top" | Sir Henry Morgan | 1635-1688 | 1663-1674 | Wales | A privateer (and pirate) who later retired to become Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. |- valign="top" | John Morris | 17^th century | 1663-1672 | England | A skilled pilot, he served with both Christopher Myngs and Henry Morgan before becoming a pirate hunter. |- valign="top" | Sir Christopher Myngs | 1625-1666 | 1650s-1660s | England | Described as "unhinged and out of tune" by the governor of Jamaica, Myngs nevertheless became a Vice-Admiral of the Blue in the Royal Navy. |- valign="top" | François l'Ollonais (Jean-David Nau) | 1635-1668 | 1660-1668 | France | Nicknamed "Flail of the Spaniards", l'Ollonais had a reputation for brutality, offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners. |- valign="top" | Pierre Le Picard | fl. 1666-1690 | 1660s-1690s | France | An officer under l'Ollonais, he and Moise Vauquelin left to pursue a career on their own. He later served in King William's War. |- valign="top" | Chevalier du Plessis | d. 1668 | 1660s | France | French privateer active in the West Indies. He was succeeded by Moise Vauquelin following his death. |- valign="top" | Baron Jean de Pointis | 1635-1707 | 1690s | France | His greatest venture was the 1697 Raid of Cartagena. |- valign="top" | Thomas Pound | d. 1703 | 1689 | England | Briefly commanded a small ship near Massachusetts before being captured. |- valign="top" | Bartolomeo Português | b. 1630 | 1666-1669 | Portugal | One of the earliest pirates to use a pirate code. |- valign="top" | Lawrence Prince | fl. 1659-1672 | 1650s-1670s | Netherlands | Dutch buccaneer in English service. An officer under Sir Henry Morgan, he and John Morris led the vanguard at Panama in 1671. |- valign="top" | Roche Braziliano | 17^th century | 1654-1671 | Netherlands | Roasted two Spanish farmers alive when they refused to hand over their pigs. |- valign="top" | Philip Ras | fl. 1652-1655 | 1650s | Netherlands | Captured several English ships as both a corsair and privateer during the First Anglo-Dutch War. |- valign="top" | Thomas Paine | 17^th century | 1680s | England | A colonial American privateer who raided several settlements in the West Indies with Jan Willems, most notably against Rio de la Hacha in 1680. He also drove the French from Block Island. |- valign="top" | Manuel Rivero Pardel | d. 1671 | 1668-1671 | Portugal | Portuguese privateer in the service of Spain. One of the few successful privateers active against the buccaneers of the Caribbean during the late 17th century. |- valign="top" | Stenka Razin | 1630-1671 | |Russia | A Cossack pirate who operated on the Volga and later expanded into the Caspian Sea. |- valign="top" | Richard Sawkins | d. 1680 | 1679-1680 | England | Participated, along with John Coxon and Bartholomew Sharp, in the surprise attack on Santa Marta |- valign="top" | Lewis Scot | fl. 1663 | 1660s | England | Known for his attack on the city of Campeche, on the Yucatan Peninsula. |- valign="top" | Bartholomew Sharp | 1650-1690 | 1679-1682 | England | Plundered 25 Spanish ships and numerous small towns. |- valign="top" | Gustav Skytte | 1637-1663 | 1657-1663 | Sweden | Attacked ships in the Baltic Sea, along with other accomplices of noble descent. |- valign="top" | Bernard Claesen Speirdyke | fl. 1663-1670 | 1660s-1670s | Netherlands | Dutch buccaneer active in the Caribbean, he was captured by Captain Manuel Rivero Pardel near Cuba and later executed. |- valign="top" | Charles Swan | 17^th century | | England | A reluctant pirate, he begged for a pirate even as he looted his way around South America. |- valign="top" | Jacques Tavernier (Le Lyonnais) | 1625-1673 | 1664-1673 | France | French buccaneer who took part in expeditions with Laurens de Graaf, Michel de Grammont, Pierre Le Grand, François l'Ollonais and Sir Henry Morgan before his execution in 1673. His existence is disputed as the only pre-twentieth century reference to him appears in Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. |- valign="top" | Nicholas (Nikolaas) van Hoorn | 1635-1683 | 1663-1683 | Netherlands | Merchant, privateer and later pirate, van Hoorn was hugely successful before dying of wound infection. |- valign="top" | Cornelis Janszoon van de Velde | fl. 1655 | 1650s | Netherlands | Dutch corsair active near the Antillen, he was briefly associated with Bartholomeus de Jager. |- valign="top" | Moise Vauquelin (Moses Vanclein) | fl. 1650-1672 | 1650s-1670s | France | An officer under l'Ollonais, he also had a partnership with Pierre le Picard. In his later years, he wrote a book detailing the coastline of Honduras and the Yucatan along with fellow buccaneer Philippe Bequel. |- valign="top" | Lionel Wafer | 1640-1705 | 1679-1688 | Wales | An explorer whose work helped inspire the Darien Scheme. |- valign="top" | Yankey (Janke) Willems | fl. 1681-1687 | 1680s | Netherlands | Dutch buccaneer active in the Caribbean. |- valign="top" | William Wright | 17^th century | 1675-1682 | England | Despite being English, Wright was active as a privateer under a French commission. He later became a buccaneer. |}

Golden Age of Piracy: 1690-1730

was estimated to have captured more than 470 vessels.]] is often credited with the creation of the stereotypical image of a pirate.]] is remembered as one of few female historical pirates.]] (or Avery) is famous as one of the few pirates of the era who was able to retire with his takings without being either arrested or killed in battle.]] 's buried treasure has served only to build a legend around the man as a great pirate.]] left behind a cryptic message that has yet to be deciphered fully today.]] {| class=wikitable |- ! style="width:21%;"| Name ! style="width:7%;"| Life ! style="width:7%;"| Years Active ! style="width:10%;"| Country of origin ! style="width:55%;"| Comments |- valign="top" | Thomas Anstis | d. 1723 | 1718-1723 | England | Was mainly active in the Caribbean, and served under first Howell Davis and later Bartholomew Roberts. |- valign="top" | Bartholomew Roberts (Black Bart) | 1682-1722 | 1719-1722 | Wales | The most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, estimated to have captured more than 470 vessels. |- valign="top" | George Booth | d. 1700 | 1696-1700 | England | One of the earliest pirates active in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. |- valign="top" | John Bowen | d. 1704 | 1700-1704 | Bermuda | Was active in the Indian Ocean, his contemporaries included George Booth and Nathaniel North. |- valign="top" | Samuel Bellamy (Black Sam) | 1689-1717 | 1716-1717 | England | Despite having a career of less than year, Bellamy was very successful, capturing more than 50 ships before his death. |- valign="top" | Nicholas Brown | d. 1726 | to 1726 | England | Active off the coast of Jamaica, Brown was eventually killed – and his head pickled – by childhood friend John Drudge. |- valign="top" | Sir Christopher Chapman | 1774 | to 1777 | England | Active off coast of Florida and Jamaica. Captain of the Shawn Towne started as a privateer but turned to piracy. Executed in London in a public flogging after sieging the HMS Mugavero. |- valign="top" | Dirk Chivers | early 18^th century | 1694-1699 | Netherlands | Active in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, Chivers later retired from piracy and returned to the Netherlands. |- valign="top" | Olivier Levasseur (Oliver La Buse) | 1680-1730 | 1716-1730 | France | Nicknamed "la Buse" (the Buzzard) for the speed with which he attacked his targets, Levasseur left behind a cryptic message that has yet to be deciphered fully today. |- valign="top" | Francis Spriggs | d. 1725 | to 1725 | England | Along with George Lowther and Edward Low, Spriggs was primarily active in the Bay of Honduras during the early 1720s. |- valign="top" | John Taylor | early 18^th century | | England | At Reunion Island, Taylor is reputed to have captured the most valuable prize in pirate history. |- valign="top" | Renato Beluche | 1780-1860 | c. 1803-1813 | Louisiana | A known associate of the Lafitte Brothers active in the Caribbean before joining Simon Bolivar in his fight for South Ameriacan independence. |- valign="top" | Eli Boggs | 1810-1857 | 1830-1850 | United States | Pirate who sailed in Chinese junk for smuggling. |- valign="top" |Benito Bonito | 1780-1821 | 1810-1820 | Spain | Pirate who hid his treasures of Lima that some say he hid in the cliff of Australia, and some say he hid in Coco Island.\ |- valign="top" | Hippolyte de Bouchard | 1780-1843 | 1817-1819 | Argentina | A French and Argentine sailor who fought for Argentina, Chile and Peru. |- valign="top" | Flora Burn | fl. 1741;1751 | 1740s-1750s | England | Female pirate active mainly off the East coast of North America from 1741. |- valign="top" | Henri Caesar | early 18^th century | 1805-1830 | Haiti | Haitian pirate active in the Caribbean during the early 18th century. |- valign="top" | Cheng I | d. 1807 | China | A pirate on the Chinese coast in the 18h and 19th centuries. |- valign="top" | Cheung Po Tsai | early 19^th century | to 1810 | China | Active along the Guangdong coast and is said to have commanded a fleet of 600 junks. |- valign="top" | Ching Shih | d. 1844 | 1807-1810 | | China | A prominent female pirate in late Qing China. |- valign="top" | Chui A-poo | d. 1851? | 1840s-1850 | China | Based in Bias Bay east of Hong Kong, Chui preyed on opium ships in the South China Sea until his fleet was destroyed by the British in 1849. |- valign="top" | Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey | 1700-1760 | 1720s-1740s | England | Cobham and his wife, Maria, were primarily active in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. |- valign="top" | Roberto Cofresí | 1791-1825 | to 1825 | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico's most famous pirate, regarded by many as the Puerto Rican equivalent of Robin Hood. |- valign="top" | Colonel Plug (Colonel Fluger) | ?-? | to 1820 | United States | The legendary outlaw ran a gang of river pirates, in an Illinois cypress swamp, at the mouth of the Cache River and the Ohio River, was known as the "King of the Boat-Wreckers." |- valign="top" | Diabolito (Little Devil) | d. 1823 | | Cuba | Cuban-born pirate active in the Caribbean during the early 19th century. He was one of the first pirates to be hunted down by Commodore David Porter and the Mosquito Fleet during the early 1820s. |- valign="top" |James Ford | 1770?-1833 | to 1833 | United States | A civic leader and business owner in western Kentucky and southern Illinois, secretly, was the leader of a gang of river pirates and highwaymen, along the Ohio River, known as the "Ford's Ferry Gang." |- valign="top" | Hezekiah Frith | Early 19^th century | 1790s-1800s | Bermuda | British ship owner and smuggler known as Bermuda's "gentleman privateer". Alleged to have used his business as a cover to withhold cargo sized in privateering expeditions and amass a small fortune. |- valign="top" | Vincent Gambi | d. 1820 | | Italy | A pirate based out of New Orleans, he was an associate of Jean Lafitte. |- valign="top" | José Gaspar (Gasparilla) | 1756-1821 | 1783-1821 | Spain | Though a popular figure in Florida folklore, there is no pre-twentieth century evidence of his existence. |- valign="top" | Charles Gibbs | 1798-1831 | 1816-1831 | United States | One of the last pirates active in the Caribbean, and one of the last people executed for piracy by the United States. |- valign="top" | "Don" Pedro Gilbert | 1800-1834 | 1832-1834 | Colombia | Took part in the last recorded incident of piracy in Atlantic waters. |- valign="top" | Nathaniel Gordon | 1834-1862 | 1860 | United States | The first and only American slave trader to be tried, convicted, and executed "for being engaged in the Slave Trade" in accordance with the Piracy Law of 1820. |- valign="top" | Catherine Hagerty and Charlotte Badger | early 19^th century | 1806 | England | Australian convicts. Among a group of convicts taken on board a shorthanded ship as crew. The convicts commandeered the ship and sailed for New Zealand. Hagerty was put ashore and died, Badger was never seen again. |- valign="top" | Micajah "Big" Harpe | 1768? – August 1799 | 1797-1799 | United States | One of America's first known serial killers, was a Loyalists and a river pirate and highwayman, who preyed on travelers along the Ohio River and the waterways of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. He and his brother, Wiley "Little" Harpe were associates of Samuel Mason and Peter Alston. |- valign="top" | Wiley "Little" Harpe | 1770? – January 1804 | 1797-1804 | United States | One of America's first known serial killers, alias John Setton, was a Loyalists and a river pirate and highwayman, who preyed on travelers along the Ohio River and Mississippi River and the waterways of Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, and Mississippi. He and his brother, Micajah "Big" Harpe were associates of Samuel Mason and Peter Alston. |- valign="top" |Bully Hayes | 1829-1877 | 1850-1877 | United States | The Pirate of the South Sea, who was in charge of slavey in the South Pacific, and pilling clipper ships, and any other ship. |- valign="top" |Albert W. Hicks | 1820s-1860 | 1840s-1860 | United States | Pirate who pilling Gold Camps in the California Gold Rush and he was hung on Liberty Island in 1860. |- valign="top" | Bill Johnston | 1782-1870 | 1810-1860 | United States | Nicknamed "Pirate of the Thousand Islands". |- valign="top" | Edward Jordan | 1771-1809 | 1794-1809 | Canada | Irish rebel, fisherman and pirate of Nova Scotia. |- valign="top" | Jorgen Jorgensen | 1780-1841 | 1807-1808 | Denmark | Danish adventurer and writer, he was captured by the British as a privateer during the Napoleonic Wars. |- valign="top" | Jean Lafitte | c. 1776-1826? | 1803-1815 and 1817-1820s | France | French pirate (or privateer) active in the Gulf of Mexico during the early 1800s. A wanted fugitive by the United States, he later participated in the Battle of New Orleans on the side of the Americans. |- valign="top" | Pierre Lafitte | 1770-1821 | 1803-1821 | France | French pirate, and lesser-known brother of Jean Lafitte, active mainly in the Gulf of Mexico. |- valign="top" | Sam Hall Lord | 1778-1844 | 1800s-1840s | Barbados | Sam Lord was one of the most famous buccaneers on the island of Barbados. |- valign="top" | Kazimierz Lux | 1780-1846 | 1803-1819 | | Poland | The Polish Pirates of the Caribbean. |- valign="top" | Samuel Mason | 1739-1803 | to 1803 | United States | Initially, an Revolutionary War Patriot captain in the Ohio County, Virginia militia and an associate judge at West County, Virginia, Mason later, ran a gang of highway robbers and waterways river pirates. |- valign="top" | John A. Murrell | (1806?-1844) | to 1834 | United States | Near-legendary bandit, known as the "Great Western Land Pirate," ran a gang of river pirates and highwaymen along the Mississippi River. |- valign="top" | Shap Ng-tsai | fl. 1840s | 1845-1849 | China | Commanded around 70 junks in the South China Sea before retiring and accepting a pardon from the Chinese government. |- valign="top" | Benito de Soto | 1805-1830 | 1827-1830 | Spain | The most notorious of the last generation to attack shipping on the Atlantic Ocean. |- valign="top" | Rachel Wall | c.1760-October 8th, 1789 | 1781-1782 | Province of Pennsylvania | Rachel and her husband George Wall were active off the New Hampshire coast until George and the crew were washed out to sea. She was hanged in Boston on 8 October 1789. |- valign="top" | Alexander White | to 1784 | fl. 1784 | East Coast of America | Hanged for piracy in Cambridge, Massachusetts in November 1784. |- valign="top"| | Dominique You | 1775-1830 | 1802-1814 | Haiti | Acquired a reputation for daring as a pirate. Retired to become a politician in New Orleans. |}

Piracy in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: 1901-

(silver hair) has had his confrontational tactics branded as piratical by some organisations.]] {| class=wikitable |- ! style="width:21%;"| Name ! style="width:7%;"| Life ! style="width:7%;"| Years Active ! style="width:10%;"| Country of origin ! style="width:55%;"| Comments |- valign="top" | Boysie Singh | 1908-1957 | 1947-1956 | Trinidad | Active in the waters between Venezuela and Trinidad. Singh commonly attacked fishing boats, killing the crew and stealing the boat engine, before sinking the boat and selling the engine. |- valign="top" | Paul Watson | born 1950 | 1978- | Canada | Watson has had his confrontational tactics – particularly an incident involving butyric acid as well as sinking of ships – branded as piratical by some organisations.

|- valign="top" | "Roaring" Dan Seavey | 1867-1949 | 1900-1930 | United States | Active in the American Great Lakes.

|- valign="top" | Felix von Luckner | 1881-1966 | 1916-1917 | Germany | German navy officer nobleman privateer who the epithet Der Seeteufel (the Sea-Devil) -- and his crew that of Die Piraten des Kaisers (the Emperor's Pirates) -- for his exploits in command of the sailing commerce raider SMS Seeadler (Windjammer) (Sea Eagle) in 1916-1917, during World War I. |- valign=top | Peter de Neumann | 1917-1972 | 21 June 1941 | United Kingdom | Second Officer aboard the RN prize vessel Criton (captured from the Vichy French). Widely known as "The Man From Timbuctoo". |- valign="top" | Asad 'Booyah' Abdulahi | 1966- | 1998- | Somalia | Somali pirate boss, active in capturing ships in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean for ransoms. |- valign="top" | Abdul Hassan | 1969- | 2005- | Somalia | Somali pirate nicknamed "the one who never sleeps". Leader of the 350-men strong group "Central Regional Coast Guard", active in capturing ships for ransoms. |}

References

Further reading

Ancient World

Bulwer, Edward Lytton. Athens, Its Rise and Fall: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People. New York: Harper & brothers Publishers, 1852.

Livy, History of Rome, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.

Plutarch, "Aratus" in Plutarch's Lives, Arthur Hugh Clough (editor), John Dryden (translator). Two volumes. Modern Library; Modern Library Paperback Ed edition (April 10, 2001). Downloadable version at Project Gutenberg. Vol. 2: ISBN 0375756779.

Polybius, Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).

Pritchett, William Kendrick. The Greek State at War. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974. ISBN 0-520-02565-2

Rawlinson, George; Benjamin Jowett, Henry Graham Dakyns and Edward James Chinnock. Greek Historians: The Complete and Unabridged Historical Works of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Arrian. New York: Random House Incorporated, 1942.

Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X

Shaw, Philip. The Sublime. New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 0-415-26847-8

Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). Books 8-9: ISBN 0-674-99216-4, Books 13-14: ISBN 0-674-99246-6.

Thirlwall, Connop. A History of Greece. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1846.

Walbank, F. W., Philip V of Macedon, The University Press (1940).

Waltari, Mika; The Etruscan (Turms kuolematon, 1955).

Wilkes, John, The Illyrians (Peoples of Europe), Blackwell Publishers, (December 1, 1995) ISBN 0-631-19807-5.

Middle Ages

Bono, Salvatore, Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs in the Mediterranean), Oscar Storia Mondadori. Perugia, 1993.

Bottling, Douglas. The Pirates. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1978.

Bracker, Jörgen : Klaus Störtebeker – only one of them. The history of the Vitalienbrüder. In: Wilfried honour-break (Hrsg.): Störtebeker. 600 years after its death (Hansi studies; Bd. 15). Porta Alba publishing house, Luebeck 2001, ISBN 3-933701-14-7

Bradford, Ernle, The Sultan's Admiral: the Life of Barbarossa, London, 1968.

Currey, E. Hamilton, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean,, London, 1910

John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edited by William Forbes Skene, translated by Felix J.H. Skene. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X

Knecht, R.J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-57885-X

McDonald, R. Andrew ''Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8

Oram, Richard, David I: The King who made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X

Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X

William of Newburgh, Historia rerum anglicarum, Book 1 Ch.24, "Of bishop Wimund, his life unbecoming a bishop, and how he was deprived of his sight", Full-text online.

Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, New York, 1979; ISBN 0-393-01205-0

Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Privateers: 1560-1650

Andrade, Tonio. "The Company's Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War Against China, 1621-1662."

Bicheno, Hugh Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571, Phoenix Paperback, 2004, ISBN 1-84212-753-5

Currey, E. Hamilton Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, London, 1910.

Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars, 2003

Gerhard, Peter. Pirates of New Spain, 1575-1742. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-42611-4

van der Hoven, Marco, ed. Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648. Brill Academic Publishers, 1997. ISBN 90-04-10727-4

Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York, 2004. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.

Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-55835-8

Lane, Kris E. Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. ISBN 0-7656-0257-1

Manthorpe, Jonathan. Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan. New York, 2005.

Mattingly, Garett, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, ISBN 0-395-08366-4 – a detailed account of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, it received a special citation from the Pulitzer Prize committee in 1960.

Maxwell, Kenneth. Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues. London: Routledge (UK), 2003. ISBN 0-415-94576-3

Mcgrath, John Terrence. The French in Early Florida: In the Eye of the Hurricane. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ISBN 0-8130-1784-X

Michael, Franz. The Origin of Manchu Rule in China. Baltimore, 1942. Journal of World History, 2004 Dec.; 15(4):415-444.

Miguel de Cervantes, in chapter XXXIX of his classic El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, mentions Uluç Ali under the name of "Uchali", describing briefly his rise to the regency of Algiers.

Rodger, N.A.M. The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660-1649. (London, 1997).

Roding, Juliette and Lex Heerma van Voss, ed. The North Sea and Culture (1550–1800). Larenseweg, Netherlands: Uitgeverij VerLoren, 1996. ISBN 90-6550-527-X

Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X

Schmidt, Benjamin. Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80408-6

Stradling, R.A. The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568-1668 (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History). Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0521405348 (issued in paperback 2004, ISBN 978-0521525121)

Wolf, John B. The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, W.W. Norton, New York/London, 1979, ISBN 0-393-01205-0.

Age of the Buccaneers: 1650-1690

Haring, Clarence. The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century. Methuen, 1910.

Walpole, Horace, Letters, Volume 4 (at Project Gutenberg)

Marley, David F. Pirates and Privateers of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1994.

Morris, Mowbray. Tales of the Spanish Main. Kessinger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 141795373X

Riccardo Capoferro, Frontiere del racconto. Letteratura di viaggio e romanzo in Inghilterra, 1690-1750, Meltemi, 2007.

Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X

Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates: an A-Z Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.

The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp and Others in the South Sea, Being a Journal of the Same; Also Capt. Van Horn with His Buccanieres Surprising of La Veracruz; to Which is Added the True Relation of Sir Henry Morgan His Expedition Against the Spaniards in the West-Indies and His Taking Panama; Together with the President of Panama’s [i.e., Juan Perez de Guzman] Account of the Same Expedition, Translated Out of the Spanish; and Col. Beeston’s Adjustment of the Peace Between the Spaniards and English in the West Indies. London: Printed by B.W. for R.H. and S.T. and are to be sold by Walter Davis…, 1684.

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Golden Age of Piracy: 1690-1730

Andrews, Thomas F. (editor) (1979) English Privateers at Cabo San Lucas: the Descriptive Accounts of Puerto Seguro by Edward Cooke (1712) and Woodes Rogers (1712), with Added Comments by George Shelvocke (1726) and William Betagh (1728). Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles.

Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail.

Breverton, Terry (2003) The Book of Welsh Pirates and Buccaneers. Glyndwr Publishing. ISBN 1-903529-09-3

Cooke, Edward (1712) A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World. 3 vols. Lintot, London

Ellms, Charles (1837) The Pirate's Own Book: Authentic Narratives of the Most Celebrated Sea Robbers. Portland ME: Sanborn & Carter (reissued: New York: Dover Publications 1993 ISBN 0-486-27607-4)

Gilbert, H. (1986) The Book of Pirates. London: Bracken Books.

Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Pyrates. 2 vols. London: Charles Rivington

*Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Pyrates, from their First Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, to the Present Time.... 2nd ed. London: Printed for, and sold by, T. Warner

*Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates (1998 ed.). Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-732-0.

*Johnson, Charles (1728) The History of the Pirates: containing the lives of Captain Mission…. London: Printed for, and sold by, T. Woodward, 1728.

Little, Bryan (1960) Crusoe's Captain: Being the Life of Woodes Rogers, seaman, trader, colonial governor. London: Odhams Press

Menefee, S. P. "Vane, Charles," in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 56 (2004): pp. 94–95.

Pennell, C. R. (2001) Bandits at Sea: a Pirates Reader. New York: NYU Press ISBN 0-8147-6678-1

Pickering, David (2006) ''Pirates". CollinsGem. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; pp 80–82

Rediker, Marcus (2004) Villains of All Nations: Atlantic pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press ISBN 0-8070-5024-5

Rogers, Woodes (1712) A Cruising Voyage Round the World. London: Andrew Bell

Rogozinski, Jan (1996) Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-80722-X

Rogozinski, Jan (2000) Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Stackpole Books ISBN 0811715299

Seitz, Don Carlos, Gospel, Howard F. & Wood, Stephen (2002) Under the Black Flag: Exploits of the Most Notorious Pirates. Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-42131-7

Smith, Captain Alexander (1926) History of the Highwaymen. London: George Routledge & Sons ISBN 0-415-28678-6

Steele, Philip (2004) The World of Pirates. Boston: Kingfisher Publications ISBN 0-7534-5786-5

The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates. London: Printed for Benj. Cowse at the Rose and Crown in St Paul's Church-Yard, 1719.

Decline of Piracy: 1730-1900

Cordingly, David (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books.

Gregory, Kristiana. The Stowaway: A Tale of California Pirates. Scholastic Trade, 1995. ISBN 0-590-48822-8

Pickering, David. "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. pp-96-97. 2006

Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock, Otto A. Rothert, Cleveland 1924; rpt. 1996 ISBN 0-8093-2034-7

External links

;Ancient World

An article about the Roman Navy, with information on Anicetus.

Herodotus - The History of Herodotus, with information on Dionysius the Phocaean.

The Pirates Hold - Entry for Glauketas.

;Middle Ages

Jean Ango at Encyclopædia Britannica.com

Genealogy - Pier Gerlofs Donia at Langenberg-Laagland.com, see Pier Gerlofs biography, downloadable PDF

An article from the English Historical Review, vol 27 (1912) gives biographical details of Eustace the Monk.

Chronological list of important dates and events in the life of Turgut Reis (Italian)

Agreement on reparations for injuries and damages by vitalians (made between King Henry IV of England and the Hanseatic League)

Male Pirates: Klaus Störtebeker at Outlaw Wolf, an Outlaws Blog

Magister Wigbold and the Likedeelers (in German)

"Heard at Byland: Wimund’s Woes" from Byland Abbey website, Retrieved Jan. 2005.

;Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Privateers (1560–1650)

Two variants on the ballad of Andrew Bartin / Barton.

Pirate's Cove: Abraham Blauvelt

A short biography of Hendrik Brouwer.

John D. Neville. "History of Thomas Cavendish", Heritage Education Program, US National Park Service.

Christian Isobel Johnstone (1831). Lives and Voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier. Oliver & Boyd. From Google Books.

Christian Isobel Johnstone (1892). Early English voyagers : or, The adventures and discoveries of Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier. London: Nelson. From Internet Archive

Francois Le Clerc, at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove

Isle of Tortuga: Jacob Collaart

Oliver Seeler's website "Sir Francis Drake"

Biography of Peter Easton at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

An exhibit in the National Archives on John Hawkins.

A timeline of Piet Hein's life.

Granuaile (Grace O'Malley) story and poem

Privateers and Pirates: James Riskinner

Captain John Ward at vleonica.com

;Age of the Buccaneers (1650–1690)

Jean Bart (English)

Un dictionnaire biographique de la flibuste (1648-1688), Biographies - B

Famous Historical Pirates - Edward Collier

John Coxon at The Pirate King

Notable Voyagers, W.H.G. Kingston and Henry Frith - Chapter XXI: Voyages and adventures of William Dampier — from AD 1674

;Golden Age of Piracy (1690–1730)

Brethren of the Coast: Captain Thomas Anstis

Biography of Bartholomew Roberts

The Pirate Cove! - George Booth

Account of John Bowen's life by V'léOnica Roberts

National Geographic, "Capt. Samuel Bellamy, Rogue Romeo"

A Biography of Stede Bonnet

Anne Bonny at TheWayofthePirates.com

Christopher Condent at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove!

Pirate Encyclopedia: Howell Davis

Edward England section on V'lé Onica's Pirate Cove website

Pirates hold: William Fly

The Pirate Cove! - John Halsey

Biography of Miguel Henríquez

Benjamin Hornigold at TheWayofthePirates.com

Benjamin Hornigold at AgeofPirates.com

Entry for Thomas Howard on www.vleonica.com

;Decline of Piracy (1730–1900)

The California State Military Museum - Spanish and Mexican California: Hippolyte de Bouchard and His Attacks on the California Missions

Hipólito (Hypolite) Bouchard and the Raid of 1818 article at the Monterey County Historical Society official website – URL accessed on December 2, 2005.

American Museum of Natural History - Spanish Colonial History

Gasparilla Pirate Festival

José Gaspar site

Bradlee's account of Gasparilla and the Story of Juan Gomez

Charles Gibbs Treasure

Charles Gibbs at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove!

Don Pedro Gilbert at Age of Pirates.com

"The Execution of Gordon, The Slave-Trader", Harper's Weekly, March 8, 1862.

"Slave Captain to be Hanged", Worcester Aegis and Transcript, December 7, 1861, p 1. (From Letters of the Civil War (website), archived at Wayback Machine, November 15, 2004.)

Australian Broadcasting Commission, 22 September 2003, transcript of television program on Jorgen Jorgenson

A biography of Jørgensen

Bell Anthology - Samuel Mason

Samuel Mason at Cave-in-Rock

Ching Shih at the Pirate's Hold

Cheung Po Tsai Cave at discoverhongkong.com

;Piracy in the 20th and 21st centuries

The Politics of Extinction

The New Yorker, November 5, 2007">Detailed profile of Paul Watson by Raffi Khatchadourian, from The New Yorker, November 5, 2007

! Pirates Pirates Category:Piracy