Saracen is an historical term for a certain group of people but the meaning changed during its history. In the early centuries AD in Greek and Latin it referred to a people who lived in desert areas in and near the Roman province of Arabia, and who were specifically distinguished from Arabs.^[1][2] In Europe during the Early Middle Ages, the term began to be used to describe Arab tribes.^[3] By the 12th century, "Saracen" had become synonymous with "Muslim" in Medieval Latin literature. This expansion of the meaning had begun centuries earlier among the Byzantine Greeks, as evidenced in Byzantine Greek documents from the era of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate.^[4][1][5]

Early usage and origins[link]

Ptolemy's Geography from the second century CE describes Sarakene as a region in the northern Sinai peninsula.^[2] Ptolemy also mentions a people called the Sarakenoi living in north-western Arabia (near neighbor to the Sinai).^[2] Eusebius of Caesarea references Saracens in his Ecclesiastical history, in which he narrates an account wherein Dionysus, Bishop of Alexandria mentions Saracens in a letter while describing the Roman emperor Decius' persecution: "Many were, in the Arabian mountain, enslaved by the barbarous sarkenoi."^[2] The Historia Augusta also refers to an attack by Saraceni on Pescennius Niger's army in Egypt in 193 CE but provides little information on who they might have been.^[6]

Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.^[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.^[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appear as people with a certain military ability who are opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.^[2]

The Saracens are described as forming the equites (heavy cavalry) from Phoenicia and Thamud.^[7] In one document the defeated enemies of Diocletian's campaign in the Syrian desert are described as Saracens. Other 4th century military reports make no mention of Arabs but refer to as Saracens groups ranging as far east as Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) that were involved in battles on both the Persian and Roman sides.^[7][8] They are described in the Roman administrative document Notitia dignitatum—dating from the time of Theodosius I in the 4th century—as comprising distinctive units in the composition of the Roman army and they are distinguished in the document from Arabs and Iiluturaens.^[7]

Medieval usage[link]

An illumination depicting Romans punishing Cretan Saracens, taken from the Madrid Skylitzes, a 12th-century Byzantine manuscript.

An illumination from the Auchinleck manuscript, a 14th-century manuscript which included The King of Tars.

Usage of the term in the Latin West changed as the Middle Ages progressed, but its connotation remained negative and its exact definition continued to be unclear.^[9] In an 8th century polemical work, John of Damascus criticized the Saracens as followers of a false prophet and "forerunner[s] to the Antichrist."^[10] Two centuries later, Europeans perceived Saracens as poor, uneducated idolaters belonging to a group wholly separate from the Arabs who brought Aristotle to the Latin West and the Moors and Berbers fighting Christians in Spain; someone who got all of his or her information on Islam from medieval sources would not conclude the three groups represented one continuous culture.^[9]

Medieval literature and race[link]

By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans had more specific conceptions of Islam and "Saracen" had become a racial and religious marker.^[1][11] In some Medieval literature Saracens—that is, Muslims—are black-skinned, while Christians are fair-skinned. An example is in The King of Tars, a medieval romance.^[12][13] The Song of Roland, an Old French 11th-century heroic poem, takes the association of black skin with Saracens a step further by making it their only exotic feature.^[14]

See Also[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Saracens.

• Byzantine-Arab Wars
• Medieval Christian view of Muhammad
• Mohammedan
• Moors
• Orientalism
• Serkland
• Tatars

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Daniel, Norman. 1979. The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe. Longman Group Limited. ISBN 0-582-78088-8
• Heng, Geraldine. 2004. Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy. Columbia University Press ISBN 978-0-231-12527-7
• Kahf, Mohja. 1999. Western Representations of the Muslim Women: From Termagant to Odalisque. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-74337-3
• Retso, Jan. 2003. The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1679-1
• Tolan, John Victor. 2002. Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12333-4

Ali Baba by Maxfield Parrish (1909)

Ali Baba (Arabic: علي بابا‎ ʿAli Bāba) is a fictional character from medieval Arabic literature. He is described in the adventure tale of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.

This story has been used as a popular pantomime plot such as in the pantomime/musical Chu Chin Chow (1916). Like many other folk tales frequently adapted for children, the original tale is darker and more violent than the more familiar bowdlerised versions. Popular perception of Ali Baba, and the way he is treated in popular media, sometimes implies that he was the leader of the "Forty Thieves": in the story he is actually an "honest man"^[1] whom fortune enables to take advantage of the thieves' robberies.

Textual history[link]

Some critics believe that this story was added to One Thousand and One Nights by one of its European translators, Antoine Galland, an 18th-century French orientalist who may have heard it in oral form from a Middle Eastern story-teller from Aleppo, in modern day Syria. In any case, the first known text of the story is Galland's French version. Richard F. Burton, however, claimed it to be part of the original One Thousand and One Nights.

The American Orientalist Duncan Black MacDonald discovered an Arabic-language manuscript of the legend at the Bodleian Library;^[2] however, this was later found to be a counterfeit.

Story[link]

Ali Baba and his elder brother Cassim are the sons of a merchant. After the death of their father, the greedy Cassim marries a wealthy woman and becomes well-to-do, building on their father's business—but Ali Baba marries a poor woman and settles into the trade of a woodcutter.

One day Ali Baba is at work collecting and cutting firewood in the forest, and he happens to overhear a group of forty thieves visiting their treasure store. The treasure is in a cave, the mouth of which is sealed by magic. It opens on the words "iftah ya simsim" (commonly written as "Open Sesame" in English), and seals itself on the words "Close, Simsim" ("Close Sesame"). When the thieves are gone, Ali Baba enters the cave himself, and takes some of the treasure home.

Ali Baba borrows his sister-in-law's scales to weigh this new wealth of gold coins. Unbeknownst to Ali, she puts a blob of wax in the scales to find out what Ali is using them for, as she is curious to know what kind of grain her impoverished brother-in-law needs to measure. To her shock, she finds a gold coin sticking to the scales and tells her husband, Ali Baba's rich and greedy brother, Cassim. Under pressure from his brother, Ali Baba is forced to reveal the secret of the cave. Cassim goes to the cave and enters with the magic words, but in his greed and excitement over the treasures forgets the magic words to get back out again. The thieves find him there, and kill him. When his brother does not come back, Ali Baba goes to the cave to look for him, and finds the body, quartered and with each piece displayed just inside the entrance of the cave to discourage any similar attempts in the future.

Ali Baba brings the body home, where he entrusts Morgiana, a clever slave-girl in Cassim's household, with the task of making others believe that Cassim has died a natural death. First, Morgiana purchases medicines from an apothecary, telling him that Cassim is gravely ill. Then, she finds an old tailor known as Baba Mustafa whom she pays, blindfolds, and leads to Cassim's house. There, overnight, the tailor stitches the pieces of Cassim's body back together, so that no one will be suspicious. Ali and his family are able to give Cassim a proper burial without anyone asking awkward questions.

The thieves, finding the body gone, realize that yet another person must know their secret, and set out to track him down. One of the thieves goes down to the town and comes across Baba Mustafa, who mentions that he has just sewn a dead man's body back together. Realizing that the dead man must have been the thieves' victim, the thief asks Baba Mustafa to lead the way to the house where the deed was performed. The tailor is blindfolded again, and in this state he is able to retrace his steps and find the house. The thief marks the door with a symbol. The plan is for the other thieves to come back that night and kill everyone in the house. However, the thief has been seen by Morgiana and she, loyal to her master, foils his plan by marking all the houses in the neighborhood with a similar marking. When the 40 thieves return that night, they cannot identify the correct house and the head thief kills the lesser thief. The next day, another thief revisits Baba Mustafa and tries again, only this time, a chunk is chipped out of the stone step at Ali Baba's front door. Again Morgiana foils the plan by making similar chips in all the other doorsteps. The second thief is killed for his stupidity as well. At last, the head thief goes and looks for himself. This time, he memorizes every detail he can of the exterior of Ali Baba's house.

The chief of the thieves pretends to be an oil merchant in need of Ali Baba's hospitality, bringing with him mules loaded with thirty-eight oil jars, one filled with oil, the other thirty-seven hiding the other remaining thieves. Once Ali Baba is asleep, the thieves plan to kill him. Again, Morgiana discovers and foils the plan, killing the thirty-seven thieves in their oil jars by pouring boiling oil on them. When their leader comes to rouse his men, he discovers that they are dead, and escapes.

To exact revenge, after some time the thief establishes himself as a merchant, befriends Ali Baba's son (who is now in charge of the late Cassim's business), and is invited to dinner at Ali Baba's house. The thief is recognized by Morgiana, who performs a dance with a dagger for the diners and plunges it into the heart of the thief when he is off his guard. Ali Baba is at first angry with Morgiana, but when he finds out the thief tried to kill him, he gives Morgiana her freedom and marries her to his son. Ali Baba is then left as the only one knowing the secret of the treasure in the cave and how to access it. Thus, the story ends happily for everyone except the forty thieves and Cassim.

Classification[link]

The story has been classified in the Aarne–Thompson classification system as AT 676.^[3]

Adaptations[link]

• The story was made into an Egyptian movie in 1942 as "Ali Baba We El Arbeen Haramy" (Alibaba and the Forty Thieves), with Ali AlKassar playing the lead as Ali Baba, and the comedian actor Ismail Yasin as his assistant.
• An 1878 British pantomime version was The Forty Thieves.
• A French film Ali Baba et les quarante voleurs starring Fernandel and Samia Gamal (1954).
• A French telefilm starring Gérard Jugnot and Catherine Zeta-Jones (2007).
• In 1970s Alibaba story was adapted in a Bengali film called 'Morgiana Abdulla'.
• A Soviet-Indian joint film of 1979 Ali Baba aur 40 Chor, starring Dharmendra, Hema Malini, Rolan Bykov and Zeenat Aman, was largely based on this adventure tale.
• A Malaysian comedy film, Ali Baba Bujang Lapok (1960) which quite faithfully adhered to the tale's plot details, but introduced a number of anachronisms for humour, for example the usage of a truck by Kassim Baba to steal the robbers' loot.
• There are two Tamil films under the title Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum ("Alibaba and Forty Thieves"). The first film starring N. S. Krishnan as Ali Baba released in 1941, the second film starring M. G. Ramachandran, released in 1956.
• The story was adapted in the 1971 anime Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (アリババと４０匹の盗賊, Aribaba to Yonjuppiki no Tozoku^?), storyboarded by Hayao Miyazaki.
• The concept of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves was used for the last installment of Disney's Aladdin series, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, released in 1996, introducing Cassim the King of Thieves as Aladdin's father.
• In the television mini-series Arabian Nights, the story is told faithfully with two major changes. The first is that when Morgiana discovers the thieves in the oil jars, she alerts Ali Baba and together with a friend, they release the jars on a street with a steep incline and allow them roll down to break open. Furthermore, the city guard is alerted and arrest the disoriented thieves as they emerge from their containers. Later when Morgiana defeats the thief leader, Ali Baba, who is young and has no children, marries the heroine himself.
• A film adaption Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves was made in 1944. The film was remade in 1965 as The Sword of Ali Baba. Frank Puglia portrayed the character named Kassim in both versions.
• At the United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Squadron 40 was originally nicknamed "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" before eventually changing its name to the "P-40 Warhawks"
• A mythopoeic novel by Tom Holt, 'Open Sesame', is based on characters from the story of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"

In other media[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011)

• A Merrie Melodies Bugs Bunny/Daffy Duck cartoon, Ali Baba Bunny, has a similar premise to the concept of the treasure-filled magical cave.

• A Popeye cartoon, Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves, features Popeye meeting and defeating the titular group.

• In the Disney film Aladdin there are several references to the story. Also, in Aladdin and the King of Thieves the forty thieves play an integral part in the story. However the story is very different than the original Ali Baba story, particularly Cassim's new role as the King of Thieves.

• In the Simpsons episode Moe Goes From Rags To Riches, Lisa is Scheherazade and Nelson Muntz is King Shahryar, and Lisa tells him the story.

• The 1971 Japanese film, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (アリババと40匹の盗賊, Aribaba to Yonjūbiki no Tozuku^?), for which Hayao Miyazaki was key animator and organizer.

• A 1981 computer video game by Quality Software^[4]

• Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves, a 1982 arcade video game by Taito

• Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, a computer game for the Apple II published in 1982

• A version of Ali Baba appears in Sonic and the Secret Rings, where he is portrayed by the character Tails.

Iraq War[link]

• The name "Ali Baba" was often used as derogatory slang by American and Iraqi soldiers and their allies in the War in Iraq to describe individuals suspected of a variety of offenses related to theft and looting.^[5] British soldiers routinely used the term to refer to Iraqi civilians.^[6] In the subsequent occupation it is used as a general term for the insurgents, similar to Charlie for the Viet Cong in the Vietnam War.^[7]

• Due to interaction of the two peoples, the term "Ali Baba" was adopted by the Iraqis to describe foreign troops suspected of looting,^[8] and the English-speaking mainstream press mistakenly reported the slang to be native to the locals.^[9]

Gallery[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ali Baba

• "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" (e-text, in English)
• Waller Hastings, "Ali Baba and the forty Thieves": essay
• Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and Arabian Nights and The Sword of Ali Baba at the Internet Movie Database

Danny Care

Personal information
Full name	Daniel Stuart Care
Date of birth	(1987-01-02) 2 January 1987 (age 25)
Place of birth	Leeds, West Yorkshire, England
Height	1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Weight	85 kg (13 st 5 lb) [1]
School(s) attended	Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley
Club information
Position(s)	Scrum-half
Current club	Harlequins
Youth clubs
Years Club 1993–1997 2002–2003 West Park Bramhope Otley
Senior clubs*
Years Club Apps (points) 2003–2006 2006 ‐ Leeds Tykes Harlequins 13 (26) 116 (157)
Representative teams**
2008 – 2008 – 2008 – Saxons England XV England 1 4 (5) 32 (18)
Sevens National teams**
2006 – England
* Professional club appearances and points counted for domestic first grade only. ** Representative team caps and points correct as of 13 August 2011.

Daniel Care (born 2 January 1987 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England) is an English rugby union player who plays for Harlequins in the Aviva Premiership, primarily playing at scrum-half but he can also operate in the fly-half role.

Care is a full England international and has also represented England Sevens and England Saxons.

Early career[link]

Danny Care first played rugby union as a 6 year old with his local club in Leeds, West Park Bramhope RUFC (now called West Park Leeds RUFC), although his first love was football. At the age of 11 he was invited to join the Academy at Sheffield Wednesday Football Club which meant giving up club rugby although he was able to continue playing the game at Prince Henry's Grammar School in Otley.^[2]

He helped Prince Henry's win the Yorkshire Cup for Under-13's in 2000 but he missed almost all of the next season recovering from a broken leg sustained in a school game.

The following season he was forced to choose between football & rugby union and he asked Sheffield Wednesday to release him from his Academy contract so that he could concentrate on rugby and by the end of the season he had been selected for Yorkshire Schools Under-15's. This was his first taste of representative rugby which included a man-of-the-match performance in the Roses game against Lancashire at Pontefract. In May 2002 he was part of the West Yorkshire team that won the inaugural Under-15 National 10-a-side Festival with the final being played in the Commonwealth Games stadium in Manchester.

Further honours followed next season with selection for Yorkshire and the North of England before making his debut for England Schools Under-16's against Wales at Neath in April 2003. By now Care had resumed club rugby with Otley RUFC and the season also brought another Yorkshire Cup success at Under-16's with Prince Henry's.

Care's progress led to an invitation to join the Leeds Tykes Academy at the start of the 2003–04 season – a season which ended with Tykes winning the National Colts Cup for Under-19's and Care being named as Tykes' Players' Young Player of the Year. At school level Care spent the season playing at fly-half and helped Prince Henry's to success in the Yorkshire Cup for Under-18's as well as a famous victory at Twickenham in the final of the Daily Mail Under-18 Vase where he scored 13 points in an 18–11 win against St Columba's College from St Albans. The season finished with selection for the England Clubs Under-18's squad for the Four Nations Tournament held in Belfast where he played against Ireland, Scotland & Wales. He also received a late call up to the replacements' bench for England Under-19's against Ireland although he was not used.

Leeds Tykes[link]

The following season saw further progress at Leeds Tykes where he made his first XV debut on the wing as a second-half replacement in a pre-season friendly against Exeter Chiefs. His continued involvement with the England Under-19 squad resulted in selection for Team England in the rugby sevens at the 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games in Bendigo, Australia, his first experience of sevens. England came home with the silver medal, losing narrowly 26–24 to the hosts, Australia, in the Final. Care scored 7 tries during the tournament making him the top try scorer in the competition.

Having been an unused replacement for Tykes in home and away European Challenge Cup games against Grenoble, Care finally made his competitive debut for the club at fly-half away to VRAC in Valladolid, Spain in the European Challenge Shield just a week after returning from Australia. His involvement lasted just 23 minutes before he suffered a broken leg, by which time he had scored a try and kicked 4 conversions.

Despite Care's injury Tykes came forward with the offer of his first professional contract which he signed in December 2004.

Whilst the injury prevented Care taking part in any of England's Under-19 Six Nations games that season he was selected for the squad which travelled to South Africa for the IRB Under-19 World Championship. Unfortunately a knee injury sustained whilst recovering from the broken leg forced him to return home to undergo surgery without playing any part in the Tournament.

After a summer spent getting fit and completing his A-level studies at Prince Henry's, Care was able to join Tykes on a full-time basis with the opportunity to train alongside All Black scrum-half legend Justin Marshall who signed for the club during the close season. A pre-season injury to Tykes' No.2 scrum-half Mark McMillan gave Care an early opportunity to understudy Marshall and he made his Guinness Premiership debut away at Saracens in September 2005 as a replacement for Marshall late in the game. Over the coming weeks further opportunities arose for first team experience including starting appearances in the Powergen Cup against Sale (which brought his first senior try) and against Newcastle (which brought his first man-of-the-match award).

Sevens career[link]

Early in the 2005–06 season he was named in the core squad for the senior England Sevens team and in February 2006 he made his debut at Wellington in the New Zealand leg of the IRB Sevens series. England lost to France in the quarter final of the Cup but bounced back to beat Argentina in the final of the Plate. The squad moved straight on to Los Angeles where they beat Fiji in the final of the Cup to record England's first ever win in the USA leg of the IRB Sevens.

Care's performances in Wellington & Los Angeles earned him selection for Team England at the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne where he picked up a silver medal after defeat by New Zealand in the final of the competition, England's first ever medal in the Games at Rugby Sevens. This success gave Care a unique double as the only England rugby player to win medals at the Commonwealth Youth Games and the senior Commonwealth Games.

In between Los Angeles and Melbourne Care had belatedly had the opportunity to make his debut for the England Under-19 team – 2 years after his first call up as an unused replacement. He marked the occasion by scoring 2 tries in a 35–5 victory over Scotland at the Twickenham Stoop. Later in the season he travelled to Dubai where he was a member of the England squad which achieved 3rd place in the IRB Under-19 World Championship, England's highest ever position in the tournament. Care started the tournament in his customary position at scrum-half but he was selected to start at fly-half in the crucial 3rd/4th place game against France as first choice fly-half Daniel Cipriani had suffered concussion in an earlier game against South Africa. Care scored a try late in the game which was converted to bring the game level at 12–12 – England clinching 3rd place by virtue of out-scoring France 2 tries to nil.

Harlequins[link]

At the end of the 2005–06 season Care left Leeds Tykes and signed a 3 year contract with Harlequins. Before joining his new club he was a member of the England squad taking part in the IRB Under-21 World Championship in France, making his debut at that level in the opening game against Fiji which England won 34–8. He won 4 caps during the tournament including a starting appearance in the 5th/6th place game against Ireland. Care scored the first try in England's 32–8 victory which gave them 5th place, their highest ever finishing position in the competition.

At Harlequins Care initially found himself understudying Samoan international Steve So'oialo at scrum-half but after disappointing results early in the season the club recruited the experienced Andy Gomarsall, a member of England's World Cup winning squad in 2003. This pushed Care down the pecking order at Harlequins and restricted his game time although he did get opportunities to start in EDF Energy Cup & European Challenge Cup games before making his first Guinness Premiership start for his new club in a memorable 9–3 home win against Bath in January 2007. Later that month he was named as captain of the England Under-20 team for the forthcoming series of Six Nations games, his first experience of captaincy at any level of the game.

Care's debut as captain saw England gain a comfortable 31–5 victory over Scotland at Bath although he was forced to leave the field early in the second half with a bruised hip. A week later Care had recovered sufficiently from his injury to lead his side to a 30–10 victory over Italy, again at Bath, with Care contributing a drop goal in the second half. However England's Grand Slam ambitions were thwarted in the next game 2 weeks later when they lost narrowly 13–6 against Ireland in Athlone. England finished the championship in 3rd place after losing 32–13 to France at Northampton and drawing 21–21 against Wales at Newport with Care captaining the side in all 5 games.

After completing the Six Nations Championship with the England Under-20 team Care was recalled to the England Sevens squad for the Hong Kong & Adelaide legs of the IRB Sevens Tournament during late March / early April 2007. England were knocked out at the quarter final stage in both tournaments. In Hong Kong they lost to New Zealand and in Adelaide they were beaten by Kenya.

At the end of the season Care was part of the Harlequins squad which won the London Floodlit Sevens title at Rosslyn Park for the first time since 1987 before joining up again with the England Sevens squad for the final legs of the 2006/2007 IRB Sevens series at Twickenham & Murrayfield. At Twickenham England failed to qualify for the quarter finals of the Cup after a disastrous 22–0 defeat at the hands of Wales on Day 1. The highlight for Care was a hat-trick of tries in a 17–14 victory over South Africa. On Day 2 England beat Kenya, France & Portugal to win the Bowl competition.

A week later at Murrayfield England again disappointed on Day 1 by failing to qualify for the quarter finals of the Cup after defeats against Argentina & New Zealand. However, once again the team bounced back strongly on Day 2 to win the Bowl beating Portugal 31–0 in the final. Due to the late withdrawal from the squad of England Sevens captain Simon Amor following the birth of his first child, Care was asked to take on additional responsibility by assuming the main play-maker role within the team. He responded by being the 2nd highest scorer in the tournament with 42 points (4 tries + 11 conversions) including 2 spectacular individual tries in a thrilling 24–19 victory over Australia in the Bowl semi-final which went into extra-time.

Season 2007–08[link]

The start of the 2007–08 season presented Care with a chance of an extended run as starting scrum-half at Harlequins as Andy Gomarsall & Steve So'oialo were away at the Rugby World Cup in France with England & Samoa respectively. A good pre-season led to selection for the opening Guinness Premiership fixture of the season in the London Double Header against London Irish at Twickenham. Care was prominent as Harlequins beat London Irish 35–27 although he was forced to leave the field with an ankle injury mid-way through the second half and was sidelined for 5 weeks. By the time he had recovered Gomarsall & So'oialo had returned to club action and game time was limited in the Premiership although he did start several games in the Heineken Cup & EDF Energy Cup. However the lack of game time did not prevent his call up for the England Saxons training squad in January 2008, followed a few days later by selection for the England Sevens squad to play in Wellington in the New Zealand leg of the IRB Sevens. In Wellington England again disappointed on Day 1 losing all 3 games, including an embarrassing defeat against the Cook Islands. However, as at Twickenham & Murrayfield in 2007, the team bounced back on Day 2 to win the Bowl, beating Argentina 12–7 in the Final. On his return from Wellington he was called into the England Saxons training squad and selected as a replacement for the game against Italy A in Ragusa, Sicily in February 2008. Care made his Saxons debut in the 2nd half helping the team to a comfortable 38–15 victory.

Care's performances during the early part of 2008 earned him a call-up to the England training squad before the Six Nations games against Scotland & Ireland although he was not included in the final 22 for either game. He was named as the Guinness Premiership Player of the Month for March 2008 and in May he was selected for the England squad for the end of season game against the Barbarians and the summer tour to New Zealand. Care made his England debut as a 2nd half replacement in the "non-cap" game against the Barbarians at Twickenham which England won 17–14. His first cap came 2 weeks later as a 2nd half replacement in the First Test against New Zealand at Eden Park, Auckland which New Zealand won 37–20. A week later came his first start for England in the Second Test at Christchurch which New Zealand won 44–12 with Care scoring his first try for England in the 2nd half.

Season 2008–09[link]

In July 2008 Care was selected in the England Elite Player Squad for the forthcoming season. His excellent early season performances for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership and the Heineken Cup earned him selection for his third England cap as starting scrum-half for the opening Autumn International against the Pacific Islands at Twickenham. Care played a prominent role in England's 39–13 victory and his performance was sufficient to earn him selection in the starting line-up for the 3 remaining Autumn International against Australia, South Africa & New Zealand – England lost all 3 games.

Care was selected to start in the opening game of the 2009 RBS 6 Nations competition against Italy but a slip on ice after a training session at the team hotel in Surrey caused him to withdraw with damaged ankle ligaments and his place in the team was taken by Harry Ellis. The injury meant that Care also missed the next game against Wales but he recovered sufficiently to take a place on the bench against Ireland at Croke Park, Dublin. He came onto the field with 20 minutes of the game remaining with England losing 11–6 but within 10 minutes he had been sent to the sin-bin and England eventually lost narrowly, 14–13. Care was heavily criticised in the national press for his performance in Dublin but England Team Manager, Martin Johnson, resisted calls for him to be dropped from the squad as part of wider criticism of the lack of discipline on the field by the England squad. Care retained his place on the bench for the final RBS 6 Nations games at home to France & Scotland, games that resulted in 2 victories which gave England the runners-up position in the championship. Care replaced Ellis in both games and in the final game against Scotland he was on the field as early as the 16th minute following a head injury to Ellis. Care contributed a drop goal as England beat Scotland 26–12 to regain the Calcutta Cup.

Care had a successful season at club level in 2008–09 with Harlequins who finished 2nd in the Guinness Premiership and reached the quarter-finals of the Heineken Cup, at that point the club's best season in the professional era. Care was considered by many to be unlucky not to be selected for the British & Irish Lions squad for the summer tour to South Africa but he retained his place in the England squad for the end of season game against the Barbarians and the 2 match series against Argentina. Care started all 3 games which began with a 33–26 defeat in the "non-cap" game against an experienced Barbarians team at Twickenham. A week later England beat Argentina 37–15 at Old Trafford, Manchester but lost the return fixture 24–22 the following week in Salta, Argentina meaning that the 2 game series was drawn.

In July 2009 Care was named in the England Elite Player Squad for the forthcoming season. Earlier in the year he had agreed a 2 year contract extension with Harlequins, committing himself to the club until June 2011.

Season 2009–10[link]

Care retained his position as starting scrum-half for the first of the Autumn Internationals in 2009 against Australia, England lost the game 18–9. There was widespread criticism of the overall team performance and there were 4 changes for the game the following week against Argentina with Care moving to the replacements' bench to be replaced by Paul Hodgson. In another disappointing game England beat Argentina 16–9 and Care remained on the bench for the final game against New Zealand which England lost 19–6. Care made brief appearances late in the game against both Argentina and New Zealand.

By the start of the 2010 RBS 6 Nations Care had regained his place as No.1 scrum-half and he started all 5 games in the championship. He played a prominent part in England's 30–17 victory against Wales in the opening game at Twickenham, scoring a try early in the second half and the following week against Italy in Rome, England won 17–12. England selected an unchanged team for the next game at home to Ireland but lost 20–16 to a late Irish try. England's championship hopes ended in the next game, away to Scotland, which finished 15-all. Care was part of a much improved England performance in the final game of the championship against France in Paris. France won 12–10 to claim the Grand Slam, England finished in 3rd place.

At club level Care had a disappointing season with Harlequins who finished in 8th place in the Guinness Premiership, missing out on qualification for the Heineken Cup.

At the end of the season Care was part of the England squad which travelled to Australia & New Zealand for a 5 game tour including 2 Tests against Australia but before the tour party left England played against the Barbarians at Twickenham in a "non-cap" game. Care started the game which England won 35–26.

In Australia Care started the 1st Test against Australia in Perth which Australia won 27–17. England's poor performance in the game attracted significant criticism and Care was replaced by Ben Youngs for the 2nd Test one week later in Sydney. England narrowly won the 2nd Test 21–20 to tie the Test series 1 game all with Care coming off the bench after 66 minutes with England just 1 point ahead to help guide the team to a famous victory, only the 3rd time England had beaten Australia in Australia.

After the Australian leg of the tour England moved on to New Zealand to play against New Zealand Maori in Napier in a "non-cap" game as part of the centenary celebrations for Maori rugby. Care started the game and scored a try late in the 1st half to help England to a 28–17 lead at half-time but England failed to capitalise on that lead and lost the game 35–28.

In July 2010 Care was named in the England Elite Player Squad for the forthcoming season. At the same time, in the July edition of Company magazine Care was nominated at 11th in the list of "the 50 sexiest single men in the UK". In August 2010 Care agreed a 2 year contract extension with Harlequins, committing himself to the club until June 2013. In October 2010, Care visited Wallington County Grammar School to attend the Sports Hall opening. The Newsletter confirming Care's visit.

Season 2010–11[link]

During the Autumn internationals in November 2010 Care found himself on the replacements bench for all 4 games with Ben Youngs taking the starting position. England lost the opening game to New Zealand 26–16 before wins against Australia by 35–18 & against Samoa 26–13. The final game of the series against South Africa saw England lose 21–11. Care made second-half appearances in all 4 games and the South Africa game saw him reach the landmark of 25 caps at the age of just 23. He made significant contributions in all 4 games including an "assist" for a late try by Tom Croft which clinched the victory against Samoa. Care's club Director of Rugby at Harlequins, Conor O'Shea, commented "When Danny came off the bench in the Autumn Internationals he was outstanding. Hopefully he will keep getting better and better". In January 2011 Care was named in the revised England Elite Player Squad for the 2011 RBS 6 Nations series.

Care was again on the England bench throughout the 2011 RBS 6 Nations with Ben Youngs starting at scrum-half alongside Toby Flood at fly-half in all 5 games. In the opening game against Wales in Cardiff, Care & Jonny Wilkinson were brought on in the 2nd half to replace Youngs & Flood to close out a narrow 26–19 victory. A week later at Twickenham against Italy, Care & Wilkinson were again brought on mid-way through the 2nd half to replace Youngs & Flood but this time in different circumstances as England won comfortably 59–13 with Care scoring one of England's eight tries on the day shortly after coming onto the pitch. In Round 3 of the championship England beat France 17–9 at Twickenham with Care & Wilkinson coming on in the 2nd half to help steer England to victory. In Round 4 against Scotland at Twickenham Care & Wilkinson again replaced Youngs & Flood in the 2nd half to help protect a narrow lead with England eventually winning 22–16. A week later England travelled to Dublin to play Ireland in Round 5 knowing that a win would give them the Championship and a Grand Slam. Care was again on the bench but was on the pitch as early as the 46th minute to replace Ben Youngs who had earlier been sin-binned. England were well beaten 24–8 but won the 2011 RBS 6 Nations Championship as nearest rivals Wales were beaten by France in Paris.

Care had a successful season at club level with Harlequins, picking up a winners medal as the club won the Amlin Challenge Cup, the 2nd tier European club rugby competition. Care made 7 appearances during the Cup run contributing 3 tries + 1 conversion. Having come top of their Pool which consisted of Bayonne (France), Connacht (Ireland) & I Cavalieri Prato (Italy), Harlequins beat Wasps (England) at home in the quarter-final & Munster (Ireland) away in the semi-final to qualify for a place in the final at the Cardiff City Stadium against Stade Francais (France). The semi-final over Munster was memorable as it was only the 2nd home defeat for the Irish province in 16 years of European competitions. Care scored important tries against Wasps & Munster and with Harlequins losing 18–12 in the final with only 5 minutes to play he produced a line break and chip kick to enable Gonzalo Camacho to score a vital try out wide which was converted by Nick Evans to give Harlequins a narrow win, 19–18. The win was crucial to enable Harlequins to qualify for the 1st tier European club rugby competition, the Heineken Cup, for the 2011–12 season as the club had failed to qualify via the Aviva Premiership by finishing 7th, just outside the top 6 places which automatically qualified. Care scored 7 tries in all competitions during the season and was named in the ESPN Dream Team for 2010–11.

In June 2011 Care was named in England's preliminary 45 man training squad prior to the Rugby World Cup. At the same time, in the July edition of Company magazine Care was nominated at 27th in the list of "the 50 sexiest single men in the UK".

England's home-and-away Rugby World Cup "warm up" games against Wales in August gave Care the chance to press his claims for a place in the final 30-man squad to travel to New Zealand as well as an opportunity to re-claim the starting jersey in the absence of Ben Youngs who was recovering from knee surgery. In the opening game at Twickenham Care was partnered by Jonny Wilkinson at fly-half as England won 23–19. Paul Ackford of the Sunday Telegraph said Care was "part of a fine half-back pairing". Care received widespread praise, especially in Wales, for his sportsmanship during the game in refusing to play the ball at the base of a ruck when it was clear that Welsh full-back Morgan Stoddart was badly injured following a tackle. Referee Steve Walsh was forced to stop the game to allow Stoddart to be treated for what turned out to be a double fracture of tibia and fibia. For the return game in Cardiff a week later Wilkinson was rested in favour of Toby Flood and Care was on the replacements' bench with Richard Wigglesworth starting. Care was on the field as early as the 29th minute when Wigglesworth suffered a head injury. England lost 19–9 but Stephen Jones of the Sunday Times, a long time critic of Care, said "Danny Care made a significant impact and was probably England's best player". Unfortunately Care sustained a torn plantar plate affecting the big toe of his left foot during the game, an injury which required surgery and which kept him out of England's squad for the World Cup. Ironically the medical reports confirming that surgery was required came just a few hours after Care had been informed by England Head Coach Martin Johnson that he would be included in the squad.^[3][4]

Whilst recovering from his injury Care worked for ESPN & Sky Sports on rugby coverage as well as being an analyst for ITV's coverage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

Off-field controversies[link]

Care was arrested on 10 December 2011 on suspicion of being drunk and disorderly. He was not charged but was subsequently fined by Harlequins. He was also arrested and charged with drink driving on 1 January 2012. He was again disciplined by Harlequins and was told that he would not be considered for selection for the England Six Nations squad. On 16 January 2012 Care attended Southampton Magistrates' Court where he pleaded guilty to a charge of drink driving. He was banned from driving for 16 months and fined £3,100.^[5] Care was arrested outside the Queens Hotel in the early hours of 4 March 2012 in Leeds. He was taken to a station by officers and questioned about the offence before being released. Care was given a caution for being drunk and disorderly.^[6] On 23 March 2012 Care was questioned over an alleged sexual assault earlier in the month. He was bailed pending further enquiries.

Season 2011–12[link]

Despite his off-field issues Care helped Harlequins to their best ever season as they became English champions for the first time in the club's history. Quins finished top of the Aviva Premiership at the end of the regular season and qualified for a home semi-final in the play-offs against Northampton Saints. Care missed the semi-final due to a shoulder injury but Quins beat Northampton 25-23 to quality for the final against Leicester Tigers. Care had recovered from injury in time to play a prominent part in the play-off final at Twickenham as Quins beat Leicester 30-23. Stephen Jones of the Sunday Times said "Danny Care at scrum-half had what may well have been the game of his career. He was marvellously sharp and his decision-making was immaculate". Care made 16 appearances during the Premiership season and contributed 4 tries + 1 drop goal.

Despite winning 5 out of 6 group games in the Heineken Cup, Harlequins failed to qualify for the quarter-finals and dropped down to the Amlin Challenge Cup which gave them the opportunity to defend the trophy they had won the previous season. Harlequins lost 37-8 away to RC Toulon in the Amlin Challenge Cup quarter-final, Care scored Harlequins only try late in the game. Care's excellent end of season form earned him a recall to the England senior squad for the summer tour to South Africa

Honours[link]

Harlequins[link]

Aviva Premiership Winners 2012

Amlin Challenge Cup Winners 2011

England[link]

RBS Six Nations Winners 2011

England Sevens[link]

Commonwealth Youth Games 2004 Silver medal

Commonwealth Games 2006 Silver medal

International tries[link]

Try	Opposing team	Location	Venue	Competition	Date	Result
1	New Zealand	Christchurch, New Zealand	AMI Stadium	Test match	02008-06-2121 June 2008	Lost 44-12
2	Wales	London, England	Twickenham	RBS Six Nations 2010	02010-02-066 February 2010	Won 30-17
3	Italy	London, England	Twickenham	RBS Six Nations 2011	02011-02-1212 February 2011	Won 59-13

References[link]

External links[link]

• Harlequins profile
• Leeds profile
• England profile
• Weekly blog on ITV.com