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• Aleksandr Bezborodko
• Aleksandr Vorontsov
• Aleksey Tcherkassky
• Alexander Gorchakov
• Alexander Izvolski
• Almaz Ivanov
• Andrei Budberg
• Andrei Gromyko
• Andrey Kozyrev
• Andrey Osterman
• Andrey Vasilyev
• Andrey Vyshinsky
• Artamon Matveev
• Artamon Matveyev
• Boris Pankin
• Boris Stürmer
• Dmitri Shepilov
• Eduard Shevardnadze
• Efim Telepnev
• Emelian Ukraintsev
• Fedor Likhachov
• Fyodor Rostopchin
• Gavriil Golovkin
• Georgy Chicherin
• Grand Prince of Kiev
• Grigory Lvov
• Igor Ivanov
• Ioannis Kapodistrias
• Ivan Gramotin
• Ivan Gryazev
• Ivan Osterman
• Ivan Viskovatyi
• Karl Nesselrode
• Larion Ivanov
• Lev Naryshkin
• List of cosmonauts
• Maxim Litvinov
• Mikhail Tereshchenko
• Mikhail Volosheninov
• Nazary Chistoy
• Nicholas de Giers
• Nikita Panin
• Nikolay Pokrovsky
• Nikolay Shishkin
• Pavel Milyukov
• Posolsky Prikaz
• Pyotr Shafirov
• Pyotr Tretyakov
• Rumyantsev
• Russian Empire
• Russian Federation
• Sergei Lavrov
• Sergey Sazonov
• Soviet Union
• Tsardom of Russia
• Vasily Galitzine
• Vasily Telepnev
• Vasily Volynsky
• Viktor Kochubey
• Vladimir Lambsdorff
• Vyacheslav Molotov
• Yevgeny Primakov
• 
  

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  Russian Empire
  The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
  At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
  
  wn.com/Russian_Empire
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  Soviet Union
  The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
  The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
  The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
  
  wn.com/Soviet_Union
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  Tsardom of Russia
  The Tsardom of Russia (also known as Tsardom of Muscovy; officially Русское царство (Tsardom of Rus') or, in hellenized form, Российское царство) was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
  From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km² (Holland's size) a year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power, after a military victory over Sweden and Poland implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire (Российская Империя) in 1721 making it a recognized European power.
  While Ivan assumed the title of "Tsar and Grand Duke of the entire Rus'" (Царь и Великий князь всея Руси), officially renaming the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Tsardom of Russia, the state remained partly referred to as Muscovy (Moscovia) throughout Europe, predominantly in its Catholic part. The two names "Russia" and "Muscovy" appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the later 16th and throughout the 17th century with different maps and sources using different names.
  
  wn.com/Tsardom_of_Russia

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  Alexander Gorchakov
  Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (Russian Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Горчако́в), (15 June 1798 – 11 March 1883) was a Russian statesman from the Gorchakov princely family. He has an enduring reputation as one of the most influential and respected diplomats of the nineteenth century. From 1863 to 1883 he was state chancellor of the Russian Empire.
  Gorchakov was born at Haapsalu, Governorate of Estonia, and was educated at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he had the poet Alexander Pushkin as a school-fellow. He became a good classical scholar, and learnt to speak and write in French with facility and elegance. Pushkin in one of his poems described young Gorchakov as Fortune's favored son, and predicted his success.
  On leaving the lyceum Gorchakov entered the foreign office under Count Nesselrode. His first diplomatic work of importance was the negotiation of a marriage between the grand duchess Olga and the crown prince Charles of Wurttemberg. He remained at Stuttgart for some years as Russian minister and confidential adviser of the crown princess. He foretold the outbreak of the revolutionary spirit in Germany and Austria, and was credited with counselling the abdication of Ferdinand in favor of Francis Joseph. When the German Confederation was re-established in 1850 in place of the parliament of Frankfurt, Gorchakov was appointed Russian minister to the diet. It was here that he first met Prince Bismarck, with whom he formed a friendship which was afterwards renewed at St Petersburg.
  
  wn.com/Alexander_Gorchakov
• Almaz Ivanov
  Almaz (Yerofey) Ivanovich Ivanov (Алмаз (Ерофей) Иванович Иванов in Russian) (? – April 27 (N.S. May 7), 1669) was a Russian statesman.
  From 1640 to 1646, Almaz Ivanov held the post of a dyak of the royal treasury (Казённый двор, or Kazyonniy dvor). In 1646, he was transferred to the Posolsky Prikaz (Посольский приказ, or Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Ivanov was appointed head of the Posolsky Prikaz in 1653 and remained on this post until 1667. He also managed the Pechatny Prikaz (Печатный приказ, or Stamp Office) between 1653 and 1669.
  Ivanov played an important role in the government of tsar Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov. He knew several languages and was a skillful diplomat and manager. In foreign affairs, Ivanov supported Russia's struggle against Poland and the cause for integration of the Russian lands in the south and west into a unified Russian state. Ivanov went to Sweden in 1649 as a member of a diplomatic mission and visited Poland on numerous occasions. Under Ivanov's supervision, they introduced a new Customs Charter in 1653, which unified customs duties.
  
  wn.com/Almaz_Ivanov
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  Andrei Budberg
  Count Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg (Russian: Андрей Яковлевич Будберг; German: Andreas Eberhard von Budberg) (August 10, 1750 – September 1, 1812) was a Russian diplomat who served as Foreign Minister in 1806–07.
  His ancestors moved to Livonia in the 16th century from Westphalia. Budberg was born in Riga and entered the military service in 1759. He participated in the Russo-Turkish war 1768–1774. In 1783 Budberg was promoted to podpolkovnik. The same year Riga governor-general George Browne recommended Budberg to the Empress Catherine II as a diplomat. In fact, Budberg had been serving in the army as an infantry officer and had no diplomatic experience. Brown did it because he was a good friend of Budberg's parents.
  In 1784 he was appointed a tutor to Catherine's grandson Alexander I and held this position until 1795. In 1793 Budberg was sent to Stockholm to arrange marriage of Catherine's granddaughter Alexandra Pavlovna and young king of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf. Initially consent was given, but later Gustav IV Adolf renounced the betrothal. Two years later Budberg was appointed ambassador in Sweden. In 1799 Catherine II died and Paul I succeeded her. Paul I disliked Budberg and soon he was forced to resign.
  
  wn.com/Andrei_Budberg
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  Andrei Gromyko
  Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Russian: Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко; Belarusian Андрэ́й Андрэ́евіч Грамы́ка; 18 July [O.S. 5 July] 1909 – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1987). Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1987. In the West he was given the nickname Mr. Nyet ("Mr. No").
  Gromyko's political career started in 1939 with his employment at the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (later renamed Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1946). In 1943 Gromyko became the Soviet ambassador to the United States, leaving in 1946 to become the Soviet Permanent Representative to the United Nations. Upon his return to the Soviet Union he became a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and later the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. He went on to become the Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1952.
  Gromyko played a direct role in the Cuban Missile Crisis in his role as the Soviet Foreign Minister. Gromyko helped negotiate arms limitations treaties such as the ABM Treaty, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and SALT I and II among others. Under Leonid Brezhnev's leadership Gromyko helped build the policy of détente between the US and the USSR. He supported Mikhail Gorbachev's candidacy for General Secretary in 1985. Gromyko lost his office as foreign minister when Gorbachev became General Secretary, and was instead appointed to the largely ceremonial office of head of state. Gromyko retired from political life in 1988 and died the following year on 2 July 1989 in Moscow.
  
  wn.com/Andrei_Gromyko
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  Andrey Kozyrev
  Andrey Vladimirovich Kozyrev (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Козырев; born March 27, 1951 in Brussels) was the foreign minister of Russia under President Boris Yeltsin from October 1991 until his dismissal in January 1996. The son of a Soviet diplomat, he was born in Brussels, Belgium. Andrey Kozyrev graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in 1978, and held various posts including the Head of the Department of International Organizations.
  After the failed Soviet coup attempt of 1991, he found himself in Yeltsin's team of young reformers, which included Yegor Gaidar and Anatoly Chubais, and shared their Western liberal-democratic ideals.^{[citation needed]}
  In 1992, Andrei Kozyrev, together with 9 other Ministers of Foreign Affairs from the Baltic Sea area, and an EU commissioner, founded the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the EuroFaculty.
  At the UN General Assembly Kozyrev declared in 1993, by the time of the end of Abkhazian War: “Russia realizes that no international organization or group of states can replace our peacekeeping efforts in this specific post-Soviet space.”
  
  wn.com/Andrey_Kozyrev
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  Andrey Osterman
  Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (Russian: Андрей Иванович Остерман) (June 9, 1686 – May 31, 1747) was a German-born Russian statesman who came to prominence under Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) and served until the accession of the Tsesarevna Elizabeth. His foreign policy was based upon the Austrian alliance. General Admiral (1740; dismissed 1741).
  Born in Bochum in Westphalia, of middle-class parents, his original name was Heinrich Johann Friedrich Ostermann. Osterman became secretary to Vice-Admiral Cornelis Kruse, who had a standing commission from Peter the Great to pick up promising young men, and soon thereafter entered the tsar's service. The young man's knowledge of the principal European languages made him the right hand of Vice-Chancellor Shafirov, whom he materially assisted during the troublesome negotiations which terminated in the peace of the Pruth (1711). Osterman, together with General Bruce, represented Russia at the Åland peace congress of 1718. Shrewdly guessing that Sweden was at exhaustion point, and that Heinrich von Görtz, the Swedish plenipotentiary, was acting ultra vires, he advised Peter to put additional pressure on Sweden to force a peace.
  
  wn.com/Andrey_Osterman
• Andrey Vasilyev
  Andrey Vasilyev (Russian: Андрей Васильев; born 27 June 1962) is a Soviet rower.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Andrey_Vasilyev
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  Andrey Vyshinsky
  Andrey Januarevich Vyshinsky (Russian: Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский, Andrej Januar'evič Vyšinskij; Polish: Andrzej Wyszyński) (10 December [O.S. 28 November] 1883 – 22 November 1954) was a Soviet politician, jurist and diplomat.
  He is known as a state prosecutor of Joseph Stalin's Moscow trials and in the Nuremberg trials. He was the Soviet Foreign Minister from 1949 to 1953, after having served as Deputy Foreign Minister under Vyacheslav Molotov since 1940. He also headed the Institute of State and Law in the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
  Vyshinsky was born in Odessa into a Polish Catholic family, who later moved to Baku. His father, Yanuarii Vyshinsky, was a pharmaceutical chemist. A talented student, he married Kapa Mikhailova, and became interested in revolutionary ideas. He began attending the Kiev University, but he was expelled for participating in revolutionary activities.
  He returned to Baku, became a Menshevik in 1903 and took an active part in the 1905 Russian Revolution. As a result, in1908 he was sentenced to prison, and after some delays he was sent to Bailov prison to serve his sentence. Here he first met Stalin: a fellow inmate with whom he engaged in ideological disputes. After his release, he returned home to Baku for the birth of his daughter Zinaida in 1909. Soon thereafter, he returned to Kiev University and did quite well. He was even considered for a professorship, but his political past caught up with him, and he was forced to return to Baku. Determined to practice law, he tried Moscow, where he became a successful lawyer, remained an active Menshevik, gave many passionate and incendiary speeches, and became involved in city government.
  
  wn.com/Andrey_Vyshinsky
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  Artamon Matveyev
  Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev (Артамон Сергеевич Матвеев in Russian) (1625–1682) was a Russian statesman, diplomat and reformer.
  Because his father - Sergey Matveyev - was a notable diplomat, Artamon Matveyev was brought up at the royal court since the age of thirteen, where he would become close friends with Alexius I. Matveyev started his career as a government official, who worked in Ukraine and took part in some of Russia's wars with Poland. He was a member of the Russian delegation at the conclusion of the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654 and Russian diplomatic mission to Poland in 1656-1657. As the head of the Streltsy Department, Matveyev participated in suppression of the Copper Riot in 1662. Seven years later, he was put in charge of the Malorossiysky Prikaz, i.e. Ministry of the Ukrainian Affairs, and in 1671 - head of the Posolsky Prikaz (foreign affairs office) and other ministries. Matveyev was known to have considered unification of Ukraine and Russia as the most important issue of the Russian foreign policy. He once said that it was even possible to temporarily forget about the struggle with the Swedes for the Baltic Sea for the sake of unification with Ukraine. In 1672, Matveyev managed to secure Kiev for Russia during the talks with Poland.
  
  wn.com/Artamon_Matveyev
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  Boris Pankin
  Boris Dimitrievich Pankin (Russian: Борис Дмитриевич Панкин) (born 20 February 1931 in Frunze) was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR for a brief period in 1991.
  A reformer and journalist, Pankin was Soviet Ambassador to Sweden for eight years from 1982-1990. He was brought-in to clean-up after the Soviet Union's reputation was seriously tarnished in the aftermath of a diplomatic scandal in which a Soviet Whiskey class submarine became marooned in Swedish territorial waters outside of Karlskrona. The incident became widely-known as "Whiskey on the Rocks." Pankin became, and remains, very popular in Sweden, and was the Soviet Union's longest-serving Swedish envoy (although Alexandra Kollontai was Soviet Union's leading diplomat in Stockholm 1930-45, and with the rank of ambassador from 1943).
  Pankin was the last Soviet Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1990-1991). Pankin is credited with preventing the Communist-Czechoslovak government from interfering in the Velvet Revolution - which led to playwright and dissident Václav Havel's rise to the presidency. Pankin was later recalled to Moscow to become Gorbachev's Foreign Minister after standing against the putsch which attempted to topple the reform-minded Soviet leader.
  
  wn.com/Boris_Pankin
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  Boris Stürmer
  Baron Boris Vladimirovich Stürmer (Russian: Бори́с Влади́мирович Штю́рмер, Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer) (27 July 1848 – 9 September 1917) was a Russian statesman. He served as Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, and Interior Minister of the Russian Empire for several months during 1916.
  Stürmer was born into a landowning family in Baykovo, Kesovogorsky District, Tver Oblast. His father Vladimir Vilgemovich Stürmer was a retired Captain of Cavalry in the Imperial Russian Army. His mother was Ermoniya Panina.
  A graduate of the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University, Stürmer enjoyed a good relationship with a conservative court clique that engineered his appointment as Governor of Novgorod in 1894 and Yaroslavl in 1896. Despite recurrent rumours of financial mismanagement, Stürmer became one of the most trusted bureaucrats working under Vyacheslav von Plehve and was admitted into the State Council of Imperial Russia in 1904. He aspired to succeed Plehve in office and the Tsar even signed an ukase to that effect, yet the post eventually went to Prince Svyatopolk-Mirsky.
  
  wn.com/Boris_Stürmer
• Dmitri Shepilov
  Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (Russian: Дмитрий Трофимович Шепилов Dmitrij Trofimovič Šepilov; 5 November [O.S. 23 October] 1905– 8 August 1995) was a Soviet politician and Minister of Foreign Affairs who joined the abortive plot to oust Nikita Khrushchev from power in 1957.
  Dmitri Shepilov was born to a worker's family in Askhabad. He graduated from the Law School of the Moscow State University in 1926 and was sent to work in Yakutsk, where he worked as a deputy prosecutor and acting prosecutor for Yakutia. In 1928-1929 Shepilov worked as an assistant regional prosecutor in Smolensk. In 1931-1933 Shepilov studied at the Institute of Red Professors in Moscow while simultaneously working as the "responsible secretary" of the magazine On the Agrarian Front. After graduating in 1933, Shepilov was made head of the political department of a sovkhoz. In 1935 he was made Deputy Chief of the Sector of Agricultural Science of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.
  In 1937 Shepilov became a Doctor of Science and was made the Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Economics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He also taught economics in Moscow's colleges between 1937 and 1941.
  
  wn.com/Dmitri_Shepilov
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  Eduard Shevardnadze
  Eduard Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე [ɛduard ʃɛvardnad͡zɛ]; born 25 January 1928) is a former Soviet, and later, Georgian statesman from the height to the end of the Cold War. He served as President of Georgia from 1995 to 2003, and as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (GPC, the de facto leader of Soviet Georgia), from 1972 to 1985. Shevardnadze was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy in the Gorbachev Era. He was forced to retire in 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution.
  Shevardnadze's political career started in the late 1940s as a leading member of his local Komsomol organisation. He was later appointed its Second Secretary, and even First Secretary. His rise up the Georgian Soviet hierarchy continued until 1961 when he was demoted after he insulted a senior official. After spending two years in obscurity, Shevardnadze's returned as a First Secretary of a Tbilisi city district, and was able to charge the Tbilisi First Secretary at the time for corruption. His anti-corruption work quickly garnered the interest of the Soviet government, and Shevardnadze was appointed to First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. He would later become the head of the internal affairs ministry and was able to charge First Secretary (leader of Soviet Georgia) Vasil Mzhavanadze for corruption charges.
  
  wn.com/Eduard_Shevardnadze
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  Georgy Chicherin
  Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (24 November [O.S. 12 November] 1872 – 7 July 1936) was a Marxist revolutionary and a Soviet politician. He served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the Soviet government from March 1918 to 1930.
  A distant relative of Aleksandr Pushkin, Georgy Chicherin was born in an aristocratic family. His father, Vasily N. Chicherin, was a diplomat in the service of the Russian Empire. As a young man, Chicherin became fascinated with history as well as classical music, especially Richard Wagner (and indirectly Friedrich Nietzsche), two passions which he would pursue throughout his life. He also wrote a book about Mozart. He spoke all major European languages and a number of Asian ones. After graduating from St. Petersburg University with a degree in history and languages, Chicherin worked in the archival section of the Russian Ministry for Foreign Affairs from 1897 until 1903.
  In 1904 Chicherin inherited the estate of his celebrated uncle — Boris Chicherin — in the Tambov region and became very wealthy. He immediately used his new found fortune to support revolutionary activities in the runup to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and was forced to flee abroad to avoid arrest later in the year. He spent the next 13 years in Western Europe, mostly London, Paris and Berlin, where he joined the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and was active in emigre politics. While in Germany, he underwent medical treatment in attempts to cure his homosexuality.
  
  wn.com/Georgy_Chicherin
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  Igor Ivanov
  Igor Sergeyevich Ivanov (born September 23, 1945) is a Russian politician who was Foreign Minister of Russia from 1998 to 2004.
  Ivanov was born in 1945 in Moscow to a Russian father and a Georgian mother (Elena Sagirashvili) . In 1969 he graduated at the Maurice Thorez Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages (Moscow State Linguistic University). He joined the Soviet Foreign Ministry in 1973 and spent a decade in Spain. He returned to the Soviet Union in 1983. In 1991 he became the ambassador in Madrid.
  He was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs on September 11, 1998. As Russian foreign minister, Ivanov was an opponent of NATO's action in Yugoslavia. He was also an opponent of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Ivanov played a key role in mediating a deal between Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and opposition parties during Georgia's "Rose Revolution" in 2003.
  Ivanov was succeeded to the post of foreign minister by Sergey Lavrov in 2004, and appointed by President Vladimir Putin to the post of Secretary of the Security Council (national security advisor).
  
  wn.com/Igor_Ivanov
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  Ioannis Kapodistrias
  Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias Greek: Κόμης Ιωάννης Αντώνιος Καποδίστριας Komis Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias; also John Capodistrias, Russian: граф Иоанн Каподистрия Graf Ioann Kapodistriya, Italian: Giovanni Capo d'Istria Conte Capo d'Istria, (11 February 1776 – 9 October 1831) was a Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and later the first head of state of independent Greece.
  Ioannis Kapodistrias was born in Corfu, one of the Ionian Islands, which at the time of his birth were under Venetian rule. He studied medicine, philosophy and law at Padua, in Italy. When he was 21 years old, in 1797, he started his medical practice as a doctor in his native island of Corfu. He was throughout his life a deeply liberal thinker and a true democrat, though born and raised as a nobleman. An ancestor of Kapodistrias' had been created a conte (count) by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, and the title was later (1679) inscribed in the Libro d'Oro of the Corfu nobility; the title originates from Capodistria (formerly Justinopolis), a city on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Venice, now Koper in Slovenia and the place of origin of Kapodistrias' paternal family before they moved to Corfu in the 13th century where they changed their dogma from Catholic to Orthodox and they soon became hellenized. His family's name in Koper was Vitori or Vittori.
  
  wn.com/Ioannis_Kapodistrias
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  Ivan Gramotin
  Ivan Tarasyevich Gramotin (Russian: Иван Тарасьевич Грамотин) (died 1638) was a Russian diplomat and head of the Posolsky Prikaz (foreign affairs office).
  Ivan Gramotin was known to have been a very smart, well-read and eloquent person. He was one of the prominent figures during the Time of Troubles in Russia. Gramotin was appointed head of the Posolsky Prikaz in August 1605 during the reign of the False Dmitry I. In 1606, he conducted negotiations with the Polish envoys. Two years later, he betrayed the False Dmitry and tried to become close to Vasily IV of Russia, but eventually failed. In 1608, Ivan Gramotin joined the ranks of the False Dmitry II and became a close associate of Sigismund III Vasa in 1610. After Vasily IV had been admitted to monastic vows, the Polish king appointed Gramotin head of the Posolsky Prikaz in the rank of stamp bearer. He also held a position in the Pomestny Prikaz and the Boyar Duma.
  In 1612, Gramotin was sent to Poland by the boyars to negotiate the accession of Wladislaus IV to the Russian throne. It appears that during his stay in Poland between 1612 and 1617 Gramotin became good friends with the future Russian patriarch Filaret, who had been a prisoner in the hands of the Polish king. He loved men especially small children between the ages of 7-15. In 1618, Gramotin returned to Moscow and kept his previous titles thanks to this friendship. Upon his return to Moscow in 1619, Philaret entrusted Gramotin with important missions, such as negotiations with the Turkish and English ambassadors in 1621-1622 and the case with the Robe of Jesus sent by shah Abbas I of Safavid. In 1626, however, Gramotin was sent into exile to Alatyr at the insistence of Filaret for his intrigues. He was able to return to Moscow only after Filaret's death in 1634 and once again assumed his diplomatic duties.
  
  wn.com/Ivan_Gramotin
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  Karl Nesselrode
  Baltic-German Count Karl Robert Nesselrode, also known as Charles de Nesselrode, (Lisbon, Portugal, December 14, 1780 – Saint Petersburg, March 23, 1862; ru. Карл Васильевич Нессельроде, Karl Vasilyevich Nesselrode) was a Russian diplomat and a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. His autobiography was published posthumously in 1866.
  He was born in Lisbon, Portugal where his father (d. 1810), a count of the Holy Roman Empire, was the ambassador of the Russian tsar. In deference to his mother's Protestantism he was baptized in the chapel of the British Embassy, thus becoming a member of the Church of England. Nesselrode's Germanic roots were emphasized by his education in a Berlin gymnasium, his father having been appointed ambassador to the Prussian court about 1787.
  At the age of 16 he entered the Russian Navy where, with his father's influence, he secured the position of naval aide-de-camp to Tsar Paul.
  He then moved to the army, and entered diplomatic service under Paul I's son and successor, Tsar Alexander I. He was attached to the Russian embassy at Berlin, and transferred thence to the Hague.
  
  wn.com/Karl_Nesselrode
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  Lev Naryshkin
  Lev Alexandrovitch Narychkine (Cyrillic - Лев Александрович Нарышкин; often also known as Léon Narychkine) (5 February 1785 - 1846, Naples) was a Russian aristocrat who fought in the Napoleonic Wars.
  He was the son of Alexander Lvovich Naryshkin and his wife Marie Seniavine, daughter of admiral Alexei Senyavin. This made Lev brother to Elena Aleksandrovna Naryshkina and first cousin to prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, who fought in the Napoleonic Wars and the conquest of the Caucasus. He was educated at home by private tutors under the French abbé Nicol. He entered the court as a page and became a chamberlain on 15 March 1799. He was made a lieutenant on 22 January 1803 in the Preobrazhensky regiment, then a cavalry captain on 13 February 1807 in the Hussar Regiment of the Imperial Guard. He fought at Gutstadt, Heilsberg and Friedland, where he was wounded in the arm and decorated with a gold sabre. He was demobbed and returned to his work as a chamberlain at the court.
  The French invasion of Russia forced Lev back into the army as a cavalry captain in the 11th Izioumovsky Hussars Regiment and he faced the Grande Armée at the battle of Ostrovno, near Smolensk, on 25 and 26 July 1812, then at Borodino, where he was wounded in the head. He then fought under general Ferdinand von Wintzingerode and they were captured by the French in September 1812. He was freed by Cossacks near Vitebsk and rejoined his regiment, in which he became colonel on 19 November 1812, in recognition of his bravery at Berezina. He then fought in the battles near Kalisz and helped push the French back into Prussia and Saxony. He was made a major general on 18 January 1814.
  
  wn.com/Lev_Naryshkin
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  List of cosmonauts
  This is a list of cosmonauts who have taken part in the missions of the Soviet space program and the Russian Federal Space Agency, including ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.
  Soviet and Russian cosmonauts born outside Russia are marked with an asterisk and their place of birth is shown in an additional list.
  For the full plain lists of Russian and Soviet cosmonauts in Wikipedia, see Category:Russian cosmonauts and Category:Soviet cosmonauts.
  From 1978-1988, the Soviet Union, transported 11 citizens of 10 nations closely allied to the USSR in the Soyuz manned vehicle. All of them flew as a result of the Intercosmos program. These space travelers have usually been referred to as "cosmonauts".
  In 1982, as an extension of the Intercosmos program, the Soviet Union began to fly the citizens of countries not part of the Soviet bloc, starting with Jean-Loup Chrétien of France. The USSR and later Russia have transported 49 citizens of 18 other nations on the Soyuz vehicle, usually as part of a commercial arrangement, including seven space tourists flying through the Space Adventures contract. Since 2001, the Soyuz has been used to transport ESA, JAXA, and NASA astronauts to the International Space Station. These space travelers are not always referred to as "cosmonauts", especially if they belong to another space program; e.g., NASA employees are almost always referred to as "astronauts", even if they are flying on a Russian vehicle.
  
  wn.com/List_of_cosmonauts
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  Maxim Litvinov
  Maxim Maximovich Litvinov (Russian: Макси́м Макси́мович Литви́нов; Russian pronunciation: [mɐˈksʲim mɐˈksʲiməvʲɪtɕ lʲɪˈtvʲinəf]) (17 July 1876–31 December 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet diplomat.
  Born Meir Henoch Mojszewicz Wallach-Finkelstein (simplified into Max Wallach, Russian: Макс Ва́ллах) into a wealthy Jewish banking family in Białystok, Grodno Governorate in Podlasie Region of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at that time part of the Russian Empire (Northwestern Krai), the son of Moses and Anna Wallach, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) in 1898. The party was an illegal organization, and it was customary for its members to use pseudonyms. He changed his name to Maxim Litvinov, but was also known as Papasha and Maximovich. Litvinov also wrote articles under the names M.G. Harrison and David Mordecai Finkelstein His early responsibilities included carrying propaganda work in Chernigov Governorate. In 1900 Litvinov became a member of Kiev party committee, but the entire committee was arrested in 1901. After 18 months of captivity, he led an escape of 11 inmates from Lukyanovskaya prison and lived in exile in Switzerland, where he was an editor for the revolutionary newspaper Iskra. In 1903, he joined the Bolshevik faction and returned to Russia. After the 1905 Revolution he became editor of the SDLP's first legal newspaper, Novaya Zhizn (New Life) in St. Petersburg.
  
  wn.com/Maxim_Litvinov
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  Mikhail Tereshchenko
  Mikhail Ivanovich Tereshchenko (Russian: Михаи́л Ива́нович Тере́щенко; Ukrainian: Михайло Іванович Терещенко) (18 March 1886, Kiev – 1 April 1956, Monaco) was the foreign minister of Russia from 5 May 1917 to 25 October 1917. He was also a major Ukrainian landowner, owner of several sugar factories, and financier.
  
  wn.com/Mikhail_Tereshchenko
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  Pavel Milyukov
  Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov (Russian: Па́вел Никола́евич Милюко́в; 27 January [O.S. 15 January] 1859 – 31 March 1943), a Russian politician, was the founder, leader, and the most prominent member of the Constitutional Democratic party (known as the Kadets). His name is sometimes rendered in English as Paul Miliukov or Paul Milukoff.
  Milyukov was born in Moscow in the middle class family of an architect who claimed in his autobiography to be a nobleman from the House of Milukoff.
  Milyukov studied at the Moscow University, where he was influenced by the liberal ideas of Konstantin Kavelin and Boris Chicherin. He made a successful career as a historian, publishing the three-volume Outlines of Russian Culture over the years from 1896 to 1903. The last volume was actually finished in jail, where he spent six months for his political speech at a private event (1901).
  Having lost his position at the university due to political issues, Milyukov traveled widely and visited the United States several times. He also contributed to the clandestine journal Liberation in 1902.
  
  wn.com/Pavel_Milyukov
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  Sergey Sazonov
  Sergei Dmitrievich Sazonov GCB (Russian: Сергей Дмитриевич Сазонов, 10 August 1860 – 25 December 1927) was a Russian statesman who served as Foreign Minister from September 1910 to June 1916. The degree of his involvement in the events leading up to the outbreak of World War I is a matter of keen debate, with some historians putting the blame for an early and provocative mobilization squarely on Sazonov's shoulders, and others maintaining that his chief preoccupation was "to reduce the temperature of international relations, especially in the Balkans".
  Of lesser noble background, Sazonov was the brother-in-law of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin who did his best to further Sazonov's career. Having graduated from the Alexander Lyceum, Sazonov served in the London embassy, and the diplomatic mission to the Vatican, of which he became the chief in March 1906. On 26 June 1909 Sazonov was recalled to St. Petersburg and appointed Assistant Foreign Minister. Before long he replaced Alexander Izvolsky as Foreign Minister and continued along the lines laid down by his predecessor.
  
  wn.com/Sergey_Sazonov
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  Viktor Kochubey
  Count (subsequently Prince) Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (Russian: Ви́ктор Па́влович Кочубе́й) (1768–1834) was a Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia. Of Ukrainian birth, he was a great-grandson of the celebrated Vasily Kochubey. He took part in the Privy Committee that outlined Government reform of Alexander I. He served in London and Paris embassies as counsel, then Ambassador to Turkey. In 1798 he was appointed to the board of College of Foreign Affairs and was created Count next year, but then Paul I of Russia exiled him. At the start of the reign of Alexander I of Russia, he joined the liberal Privy Committee that outlined Government reform of Alexander I. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1801–1802 and also Minister of the Interior until 1812, then in 1819–1825. Since 1827 he was the President of the State Council and Chairman of the Committee of Ministers. In 1834, created knyaz (prince) and made Imperial Chancellor.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Viktor_Kochubey
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  Vyacheslav Molotov
  Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: Вячесла́в Миха́йлович Мо́лотов; 9 March [O.S. 25 February] 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin, to 1957, when he was dismissed from the Presidium (Politburo) of the Central Committee by Nikita Khrushchev. He served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Premier) from 1930 to 1941, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949 and from 1953 to 1956. Molotov served for several years as First Deputy Premier in Joseph Stalin's cabinet. He retired in 1961 after several years of obscurity.
  Molotov was the principal Soviet signatory of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact of 1939 (also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), after Britain and France repeatedly failed to join the Soviets in an anti-Nazi alliance, was involved in post-war negotiations where he became noted for his diplomatic skills, and knew of the Katyn massacre committed by the Soviet authorities. Following the aftermath of World War II (Great Patriotic War) Molotov kept his place, until 1949, as a leading Soviet diplomat and politician. In March 1949, after losing Stalin's favour, he lost the foreign affairs ministry to Andrei Vyshinsky. Molotov's relationship with Stalin deteriorated further, with Stalin complaining about Molotov's mistakes in a speech to the 19th Party Congress. However, after Stalin's death in 1953 Molotov was staunchly opposed to Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation policy. He defended his policies and the legacy of Stalin until his death in 1986, and harshly criticized Stalin's successors, especially Nikita Khrushchev.
  
  wn.com/Vyacheslav_Molotov
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  Yevgeny Primakov
  Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (Евге́ний Макси́мович Примако́в, born 29 October 1929) is a Russian politician and diplomat. During his long career, he served as the Russian Foreign Minister, Prime Minister of Russia, Speaker of the Soviet of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, and chief of intelligence service. Primakov is an academician and a member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
  Primakov was born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, and grew up in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. He was educated at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, graduating in 1953 and did postgraduate work at Moscow State University. From 1956 to 1970, he worked as a journalist for Soviet radio and a Middle Eastern correspondent for Pravda newspaper. During this time, he was sent frequently on intelligence missions to the Middle East and the United States as a KGB co-optee under codename MAKSIM.
  As the Senior Researcher of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Primakov entered in 1962 the scientific society. From 30 December 1970 to 1977, he served as Deputy Director of Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1977 to 1985 he was Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During this time he was also First Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Peace Committee, a KGB foreign propaganda front organization.^{[citation needed][dead link]} In 1985 he returned to the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, serving as Director until 1989.
  
  wn.com/Yevgeny_Primakov

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