Roughly long and wide, with the Coatzalcoalcos River system running through the middle, the heartland is home to the major Olmec sites of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Laguna de los Cerros, and Tres Zapotes.
left|thumb|350px|The Olmec Heartland, showing La Venta.By no later than 1200 BCE, San Lorenzo had emerged as the most prominent Olmec center. While a layer of occupation at La Venta dates to 1200 BCE, La Venta did not reach its apogee until the decline of San Lorenzo, after 900 BCE. After 500 years of pre-eminence, La Venta was all but abandoned by the beginning of the fourth century BCE.
Located on an island in a coastal swamp overlooking the then-active Río Palma, La Venta probably controlled a region between the Mezcalapa and Coatzacoalcos rivers. The site itself is about inland with the island consisting of slightly more than 2 square miles (5 km²) of dry land. The main part of the site is a complex of clay constructions stretched out for in a north-south direction, although the site is oriented 8° west of north. The urbanized zone may have covered an area as large of 2 km².
Unlike later Maya or Aztec cities, La Venta was built from earth and clay—there was little locally abundant stone for the construction. Large basalt stones were brought in from the Tuxtla mountains, but these were used nearly exclusively for monuments including the colossal heads, the "altars" (actually thrones), and various stelae. For example, the basalt columns that surround Complex A were quarried from Punta Roca Partida, on the Gulf coast north of the San Andres Tuxtla volcano.
Today, the entire southern end of the site is covered by a petroleum refinery and has been largely demolished, making excavations difficult or impossible. Many of the site's monuments are now on display in the archaeological museum and park in the city of Villahermosa, Tabasco.
As a ceremonial center, La Venta contains an elaborate series of buried offerings and tombs, as well as monumental sculptures. These stone monuments, stelae, and "altars" were carefully distributed amongst the mounds and platforms. The mounds and platforms were built largely from local sands and clays. It is assumed that many of these platforms were once topped with wooden structures, which have long since disappeared.
Also unearthed in Complex A were 3 rectangular mosaics (also known as "Pavements") each roughly 15 ft × 20 ft and each consisting of up to 485 blocks of serpentine. These blocks were arranged horizontally to form what has been variously interpreted as an ornate Olmec bar-and-four-dots motif, the Olmec Dragon, a very abstract jaguar mask, a cosmogram, or a symbolic map of La Venta and environs. Not intended for display, soon after completion these pavements were covered over with colored clay and then many feet of earth.
Five formal tombs were discovered within Complex A, one with a sarcophagus carved with what seemed to be an earth monster. Diehl states that these tombs "are so elaborate and so integrated to the architecture that it seems clear that Complex A really was a mortuary complex dedicated to the spirits of deceased rulers".
Other notable artifacts within Complex A include:
This layout has led researchers to propose that the platforms surrounding the plaza functioned as stages where ritual drama was enacted for viewers within the plaza. These rituals were likely related to the "altars", monuments, and the stelae surrounding and within the plaza. These monuments, including Colossal Head 1, were of such a large size and were placed in such a position that they could convey their messages to many viewers at once.
Three of the heads—Monuments 2, 3, & 4—were found roughly 150 meters north of Complex A, which is itself just north of the Great Pyramid. These heads were in a slightly irregular row, facing north. The other colossal head—Monument 1 (shown at left) -- is a few dozen meters south of the Great Pyramid.
The La Venta heads are thought to have been carved by 700 BCE, but possibly as early as 850 BCE, while the San Lorenzo heads are credited to an earlier period. The colossal heads can measure up to 9 ft 4 in. in height and weigh several tons. The sheer size of the stones causes a great deal of speculation on how the Olmecs were able to move them. The major basalt quarry for the colossal heads at La Venta was found at Cerro Cintepec in the Tuxtla Mountains, over 80 km away.
Each of the heads wears headgear reminiscent of 1920s-style American football helmets, although each is unique in its decoration. These helmets probably served as protection in war and in the ceremonial Mesoamerican ballgame played throughout Mesoamerica. The consensus is that the heads likely represent mighty Olmec rulers.
The figure on Altar 4 is sitting inside what appears to be a cave or the mouth of a fantastic creature, holding a rope which wraps around the base of the altar to his right and left. On the left side, the rope is connected to a seated bas-relief figure. The right side is eroded away but is thought to be similar to the scene on the right.
The consensus today is that these "altars" are thrones on which the Olmec rulers were seated during important rituals or ceremonies. This leads many researchers to interpret the figure at the front of Altar 4 as a ruler, who is contacting or being helped by his ancestors, the figures on either side of the altar. Alternatively, some believe the side figures to be bound captives.
Altar 5 faces Altar 4 across Structure D-8 (one of the dozens of mounds at La Venta, the remains of platforms). Altar 5 is similar in design and size to Altar 4, except that the central figure holds an inert, perhaps dead, were-jaguar baby. The left side of Altar 5 features bas-reliefs of humans holding quite lively were-jaguar babies. Like the Altar 4, the right side of Altar 5 has been defaced.
Some have seen child sacrifice echoed in the limp were-jaguar baby on the front of Altar 5. Others, however, view the tableau as a myth of human emergence or as story of a spiritual journey.
Although less striking and displaying a lesser degree of craftmanship, Altars 2 and 3 are similar to Altars 4 and 5. They each show a central figure, one with a baby and one without, and they sit facing each other on the southern edge of the Great Pyramid.
It has been estimated that La Venta would need to be supported by a population of at least 18,000 people during its principal occupation.
La Venta was first excavated by Matthew Stirling between 1941 and 1943, with several subsequent excavations following through the 1960s. Stirling is sometimes credited with identifying the Olmec civilization; although some Olmec sites and monuments had been known earlier, it was Stirling's work that put the Olmec culture into context.
Rebecca Gonzalez-Lauck led an INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) team on digs here in the 1980s.
Category:Mesoamerica Category: Mesoamerican sites Category:Archaeology of Mexico Category: Archaeological sites in Mexico Category:Ruins in Mexico Category:Olmec sites Category:Former populated places in Mexico Category:Archaeological sites in Tabasco
be:Ла-Вента, альмекі cs:La Venta de:La Venta (Mexiko) es:La Venta fr:La Venta (Mexique) it:La Venta lt:La Venta hu:La Venta pl:La Venta pt:La Venta ru:Ла-Вента (ольмеки) sk:La Venta sh:La VentaThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 6°8′0″N102°15′0″N |
---|---|
Name | Venta |
Settlement type | City |
Pushpin map | Lithuania |
Pushpin label position | |
Pushpin map caption | Location of Venta |
Image shield | Venta COA.gif |
Coordinates display | inline,title |
Coordinates type | region:LT_type:city(3400) |
Subdivision type | Country |
Subdivision name | |
Subdivision type1 | Ethnographic region |
Subdivision name1 | Samogitia |
Subdivision type2 | County |
Subdivision name2 | Šiauliai County |
Subdivision type3 | Municipality |
Subdivision name3 | Akmenė district municipality |
Subdivision type4 | Eldership |
Subdivision name4 | Venta eldership |
Subdivision type6 | Capital of |
Subdivision name6 | Venta eldership |
Established date | 1966 |
Established name | Established |
Established date2 | 1978/1994 |
Established name2 | Granted city rights |
Population total | 3,412 |
Population as of | 2001 |
Timezone | EET |
Utc offset | +2 |
Timezone dst | EEST |
Utc offset dst | +3 }} |
The town grew after World War II together with a lime factory which later produced bricks. At its peak the factory employed about 1,000 people. The city was formed when Bauskas and Purviai villages were joined in 1966. After the 1990 declaration of independence, the factory faced severe financial difficulties while shifting from planned economy to free market. The factory's departments were made into separate companies. Some went bankrupt and their buildings were destroyed; others were privatized. In 1999 a public company, "''Naujasis kalcitas''" (English: ''The New Calcite''; the only manufacturer of quicklime in Lithuania, supplying 50-55% of the domestic market) purchased and reconstructed a remaining lime burning technology line with rotary kiln. Recently a new heating facility using natural gas was built to provide heat for the city.
In 1961 a public library was established in Venta. It started with 6,150 books and grew to 18,000 in 2000. In 1996 it won the second place in "''Biblioteka - kultūros centras''" (English: ''Library - cultural center'') contest organized by the Open Society Fund Lithuania. A club, "''Ventos mūzų malūnas''", was established by the library and gathers people interested in art and poetry. Juozas Miltinis (1907–1994) was born in what is now Venta.
Category:Akmenė district municipality Category:Cities in Lithuania Category:Cities in Šiauliai County
be-x-old:Вэнта (горад) da:Venta et:Venta lt:Venta (miestas) pms:Venta pl:Wenta (miasto) ru:Вянта fi:Venta vo:Venta bat-smg:Vėnta (miests)This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 6°8′0″N102°15′0″N |
---|---|
Name | Kany García |
Background | solo_singer |
Birth name | Encarnita García De Jesus |
Also known as | Kany García |
Birth date | September 25, 1982 |
Origin | Toa Baja, Puerto Rico |
Instrument | VoiceGuitarCello |
Genre | Latin pop |
Occupation | Singer, songwriter |
Years active | 2006–present |
Label | Sony BMG (2006–present) |
Influences | Juan Luis Guerra, Reyli, Ricardo Arjona, Franco De Vita, Julieta Venegas |
Website | Official Website }} |
In 2006, García signed a recording contract with Sony BMG, releasing her debut album "''Cualquier Día''" (2007), which was a commercial success spawning four top 40 singles on the Billboard Latin Tracks. A year later, she released her second studio album, "''Boleto De Entrada''" (2009), which peaked within the top five of the ''Billboard'' Latin albums chart, and produced her first US Top 20 hit single, "Feliz" on Billboard Hot Latin Tracks. With great praise for her work, she was nominated for four Latin Grammy awards in 2008, and won Best Female Pop Vocal Album for "''Cualquier Día''" and Best New Artist.
On September 10, 2008, Kany received 4 nominations for the 2008 Latin Grammy Awards in the categories of: "Song of the Year", "Album of the Year", "Best New Artist" and "Best Female Pop Vocal Album". The fifth single of ''Cualquier Dia'' is "Estigma De Amor". On October 3, 2008, García offered her first big concert of her tour in Mexico with over 3,000 attendees. "Estigma De Amor" debuted on ''Billboard'' Latin Pop Airplay at #38 and reached #15 becoming Kany's 3rd Top 20 hit. It also charted on ''Billboard Hot Latin Songs'' at #43, her 3rd song to entered the chart. Kany's voice, lyrics and music has been compared with others like Shakira and Julieta Venegas. On November 11, 2008, Kany was awarded two Latin Grammys for "Best New Artist" and "Best Female Pop Vocal Album". Kany also performed her hit single "''Esta Soledad''". The album was certified "Disco De Oro" on November by AMPROFON in Mexico for selling over 50,000 in that country alone.
After a successful year, Kany entered the recording studio to record her second album. Garcia started recording new songs, a song called "''Todavia''", is one of those new songs that will appear on her second album. Kany says about the song that "speaks a little of everything that we still need to be done ... so many trips we have done and what we're back in a myriad of things." According to Kany herself, the album will be more "pop, rock and soft ballads". Garcia is also looking to collaborate with other musicians. She wants a duet with some of her favorite artists like Julieta Venegas, Reyli, Juan Luis Guerra or if the song is in English, with John Mayer. She says that she has written many songs for her next project. Kany received her first nomination for the 2009 Premio Lo Nuestro Awards. She was nominated for "Female Pop Artist of the Year". Kany teamed up with fellow musician, reggaeton artist Tego Calderón for a duet for his upcoming album ''Mr. T''. The song is about a "young girl suffering from sexual abuse". Kany released her first single from her second album "''Boleto De Entrada''", the song is called "Feliz". The song has so far peaked at #5 on Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart becoming her 3rd Top 10 song and #15 on Latin Song chart. Kany was part of a tribute album for Spanish Artist Rocío Dúrcal. She sang a duet in the song "Infiel". She released her second album "Boleto De Entrada". The album debuted at #6 on Billboard Latin Albums and #3 on Billboard Latin Pop Album, becoming Kany's first top 10 album on Latin Album chart and second on Latin Pop chart. Kany joined forces with international recording artists Reyli, Gian Marco and ex-band member of Sin Bandera, Noel Schajris to creat a song for Teleton 2009. The song was created to raise money for kids in Mexico. The song is titled "No hay imposibles". The second single, "Esta Vida Tuya Y Mía" was released on January 12, 2010. The song did not get any promotion or music video as Kany was preparing for her tour. Even with no promotion behind it, the song manage to chart on the states and in Puerto Rico. The song charted at #39 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs and #14 on the Pop charts. In May of that year, Kany became part of an educational campaign of the attorney of women in Puerto Rico, regarding domestic violence. A song of her second album, "Para Volver a Amar" was chosen as the theme song that will represent the cause. The song was released to radios on May 18, 2010. It impacted the Latin charts the following week on where it debuted at #39 on Billboard's Latin Pop charts. So far, it has reached at #22. Kany can be heard in Gilberto Santa Rosa's new album "''Irrepetible''" on a track titled "Y tú y yo". On September 8, 2010, ''Boleto De Entrada'' received a nomination for the 2010 Latin Grammy Awards in the category of "Best Female Pop Vocal Album".
;Songs by Kany García
Kany teamed up with international recording artists Reyli, Gian Marco and ex-band member of Sin Bandera, Noel Schajris to creat a song for Teleton 2009. The song was created to raise money for kids in Mexico. The song is titled "No hay imposibles".
{| class=wikitable |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !Year !Category !Genre !Recording !Result |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" | colspan=5 align=center | Latin Grammy Awards |- |- align=center |align="left" rowspan=4|2008 |Best New Artist |General |''Kany García'' | |- |- align=center |Best Female Pop Vocal Album |Pop |"Cualquier Día" | |- |- align=center |Song of the Year |Pop |"Hoy Ya Me Voy" | |- |- align=center |Album of the Year |General |''Cualquier Día'' | |- |align="left" rowspan=1|2010 |Best Female Pop Vocal Album |Pop |"Boleto De Entrada" |
;As Guest Performer
Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Puerto Rican composers Category:Puerto Rican female singers Category:Puerto Rican guitarists Category:Puerto Rican singer-songwriters Category:Puerto Rican singers Category:Latin pop singers Category:Spanish-language singers Category:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent Category:Latin Grammy Award winners
es:Kany García it:Kany García pt:Kany GarcíaThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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