Izrael Poznanski's Palace
Łódź ([wut͡ɕ] (
listen); Yiddish: לאדז', Lodzh) is the third-largest city in Poland. Located in the central part of the country, it had a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is approximately 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting: depicting a boat, it alludes to the city's name which translates literally as "boat".
Sigillum oppidi Lodzia 1577
Łódź first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek. In 1423 King Władysław Jagiełło granted city rights to the village of Łódź. From then until the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
With the second partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź became part of the Kingdom of Prussia's province of South Prussia, and was known in German as Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalised the town, and it lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 Łódź joined the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and in 1810 it had 190 inhabitants. In the 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty it became part of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.
A map of Oskara Flatta area of Łódź in 1853, (Polish edition)
In the 1815 treaty, it was planned to renew the dilapidated town and with the 1816 decree by the Czar a number of German immigrants received territory deeds for them to clear the land and to build factories and housing. In 1820 Stanisław Staszic aided in changing the small town into a modern industrial centre. The immigrants came to the Promised Land ( Ziemia obiecana, the city's nickname) from all over Europe. Mostly they arrived from Southern Germany, Silesia and Bohemia, but also from countries as far away as Portugal, England, France and Ireland. The first cotton mill opened in 1825, and 14 years later the first steam-powered factory in both Poland and Russia commenced operations. In 1839 the population was 80% Germans and German schools and churches were established.
A constant influx of workers, businessmen and craftsmen from all over Europe transformed Łódź into the main textile production centre of the Russian Empire. Three groups dominated the city's population and contributed the most to the city's development: Poles, Germans and Jews, who started to arrive since 1848. Many of the Łódź craftspeople were weavers from Silesia.
In 1850, Russia abolished the customs barrier between Congress Poland and Russia proper; industry in Łódź could now develop freely with a huge Russian market not far away. Soon the city became the second-largest city of Congress Poland. In 1865 the first railroad line opened (to Koluszki, branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway), and soon the city had rail links with Warsaw and Białystok.
One of the most important industrialists of Łódź was Karl Wilhelm Scheibler.[1] In 1852 he came to Łódź and with Julius Schwarz together started buying property and building several factories. Scheibler later bought out Schwarz's share and thus became sole owner of a large business. After he died in 1881 his widow and other members of the family decideZd to pay homage to his memories by erecting a chapel, intended as a mausoleum with family crypt, in the Lutheran part of the Łódź cemetery in ulica Ogrodowa (later known as The Old Cemetery).[2]
In the 1823–1873, the city's population doubled every ten years. The years 1870–1890 marked the period of most intense industrial development in the city's history. Many of the industrialists were Jewish. Łódź soon became a major centre of the socialist movement. In 1892 a huge strike paralysed most of the factories.
By 1897, the share of the German population had dropped from 80 to 40%.[citation needed] According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 315,000, Jews constituted 99,000 (around 31% percent).[3]
During the 1905 Revolution, in what became known as the June Days or Łódź insurrection, Tsarist police killed more than 300 workers.
Despite the air of impending crisis preceding World War I, the city grew constantly until 1914. By that year it had become one of the most densely-populated industrial cities in the world—13,280 inhabitants per square kilometre (34,400 /sq mi). A major battle was fought near the city in late 1914, and as a result the city came under German occupation after 6 December but with Polish independence restored in November 1918 the local population liberated the city and disarmed the German troops. In the aftermath of World War I, Łódź lost approximately 40% of its inhabitants, mostly owing to draft, diseases and because a huge part of the German population was forced to move to Germany.
In 1922, Łódź became the capital of the Łódź Voivodeship, but the period of rapid growth had ceased. The Great Depression of the 1930s and the Customs War with Germany closed western markets to Polish textiles while the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) and the Civil War in Russia (1918–1922) put an end to the most profitable trade with the East. The city became a scene of a series of huge workers' protests and riots in the interbellum. On 13 September 1925 a new airport, Lublinek Airport, started operations near the city of Łódź. In the interwar years Łódź continued to be a diverse city, with the 1931 Polish census showing that the total population of 604,470 included 315,622 (52.21%) Poles, 202,497 (33.49%) Jews and 86,351 (14.28%) Germans (determination based on the declaration of language used).
Also read Battle of Łódź (1939) Prelude.
During the Invasion of Poland the Polish forces of the Łódź Army of General Juliusz Rómmel defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the Wehrmacht captured the city on 8 September. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish exclave, attached to the General Government, the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of Reichsgau Wartheland, Arthur Greiser, and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of Litzmannstadt after the German general Karl Litzmann, who captured the city during World War I. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign Volksliste and become Volksdeutsche, instead being deported to the General Government.
Soon the Nazi authorities set up the Łódź Ghetto in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area.[4] As Jews were deported from Litzmannstadt for extermination others were brought in. Due to the value of the goods that the ghetto population produced for the German military and various civilian contractors it was the last major ghetto to be "liquidated" (destroyed); approximately 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August 1944. Several concentration camps and death camps arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous Radogoszcz prison and several minor camps for the Romani people and for Polish children.
By the end of World War II, Łódź had lost approximately 420,000 of its pre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Polish Jews and approximately 120,000 other Poles. In their place were thousands of new German residents, many of whom were Volksdeutsch who had been repatriated from Russia during the time of Hitler's alliance with the Soviet Union. In January 1945 most of the German population fled the city for fear of the Red Army. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting them to Germany. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial bombardment and the fighting, Łódź had lost most of its infrastructure.
The Soviet Red Army entered the city on 18 January 1945. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the operation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.[5] In time, Łódź became part of the People's Republic of Poland.
Sculpture of
Artur Rubinstein on Piotrkowska Street, in Łódź, Poland, where Rubinstein once lived.
Prior to World War II, the Jewish population of Łódź numbered about 233,000, accounting for one-third of the city’s population. The community was wiped out in the Holocaust.[6]
At the end of World War II, Łódź had fewer than 300,000 inhabitants. However the number began to grow as refugees from Warsaw and territories annexed by the Soviet Union immigrated. Until 1948 the city served as a de facto capital of Poland, since events during and after the Warsaw uprising had thoroughly destroyed Warsaw, and most of the government and country administration resided in Łódź. Some[who?] planned moving the capital there permanently, however this idea did not gain popular support and in 1948 the reconstruction of Warsaw began. Under the Polish Communist regime many of the industrialist families lost their wealth when the authorities nationalised private companies. Once again the city became a major centre of industry. In mid-1981 Łódź became famous for its massive, 50,000 hunger demonstration of local mothers and their children (see: Summer 1981 hunger demonstrations in Poland).
After the period of economic transition during the 1990s, most enterprises were again privatised. In 2002 the city came to national attention due to the "Skin Hunters" scandal: doctors and paramedics in one of the city's hospitals were caught murdering patients and selling their details to funeral homes for them to contact the relatives.[7] Four men have been convicted but others are still under investigation. A film was made of the events in 2003.[8]
| Year |
Population |
| 1793 |
190 |
| 1806 |
767 |
| 1830 |
4,300 |
| 1850 |
15,800 |
| 1880 |
77,600 |
| 1905 |
343,900 |
| 1925 |
538,600 |
| 1990 |
850,000 |
| 2003 |
781,900 |
| 2007 |
753,192 |
| 2009 |
742,387 |
Three major novels depict the development of industrial Łódź: Władysław Reymont's The Promised Land (1898), Joseph Roth's Hotel Savoy (1924) and Israel Joshua Singer's The Brothers Ashkenazi (1937). Roth's novel depicts the city on the eve of a workers' riot in 1919. Reymont's novel was made into a film by Andrzej Wajda in 1975: see The Promised Land. In the 1990 film Europa Europa, Solomon Perel's family flees pre-WWII Berlin and settles in Łódź. Scenes of David Lynch's 2006 film Inland Empire were shot in Łódź. Sections of Harry Turtledove's Worldwar alternate history series take place in Łódź.
Piotrkowska Street is the main artery and attraction stretching north to south for a little over five kilometres, making it (one of) the longest commercial streets in the world. A few of the building fronts have been renovated and date back to the 19th century.
Although Łódź does not have any hills nor any large body of water, one can still get close to nature in one of the city's many parks, most notably Łagiewniki (the largest city park in Europe). Łódź has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland, Muzeum Sztuki on Więckowskiego Street, which displays art by all important contemporary Polish artists. Despite insufficient exhibition space (many very impressive paintings and sculptures lie in storage in the basement), there are plans to move the museum to a larger space in the near future. There is also a branch of Muzeum Sztuki called MS2 located in the area of Łódź largest mall "Manufaktura".
Another popular source of recreation is the Lunapark, an amusement park featuring about two dozen attractions including an 18 metre tall roller coaster and two dozen other rides and features, located near the city's zoo and its botanical gardens.
The largest 19th Century textile factory complex which was built by Izrael Poznanski has been turned into a shopping centre called "Manufaktura" which is an example of a modern business which operates in restored nineteenth century buildings.
Liberty Square (Plac Wolności)
Planned motorway network around Łódź
Łódź and vicinities, LandSat-5, false colors, 2011-09-26
Before 1990, Łódź's economy focused on the textile industry, which in the nineteenth century had developed in the city owing to the favourable chemical composition of its water. Because of the growth in this industry, the city has sometimes been called the "Polish Manchester". As a result, Łódź grew from a population of 13,000 in 1840 to over 500,000 in 1913. By the time right before World War I Łódź had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world, with 13,280 inhabitants per km2. The textile industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991, and no major textile company survives in Łódź today. However, countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles, mostly for export to Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union.
The city benefits from its central location in Poland. A number of firms have located their logistics centres in the vicinity. Two planned motorways, A1 spanning from the north to the south of Poland, and A2 going from the east to the west will intersect northeast of the city. When these motorways are completed around 2012, the advantages due to the city's central location should increase even further. Work has also begun on upgrading the railway connection with Warsaw, which reduces the 2 hour travel time to make the 137 km (85 mi) journey to 1.5 hours in 2009. In the next few years much of the track will be modified to handle trains moving at 160 km/h (99 mph), cutting the travel time to about 75 minutes.
Recent years has seen many foreign companies opening offices in Łódź. Indian IT company Infosys has one of its centres in Łódź. Despite the fact that Łódź is regarded to be the poorest among Polish cities with population over 500,000, the GDP per capita in Łódź was 123,9% of Poland's average (2008).
In January 2009 Dell announced that it will shift production from its plant in Limerick, Ireland to its plant in Łódź, largely because the labour costs in Poland are a fraction of those in Ireland.[9] The city's investor friendly policies have attracted 980 foreign investors by January 2009.[9] Foreign investment was one of the factors which decreased the unemployment rate in Łódź to 6.5 percent in December 2008, from 20 percent four years earlier.[9]
Currently Łódź hosts three major state-owned universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. The tertiary institutes with the most students in Łódź include:
The Leon Schiller's National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the most notable academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff in Poland. It was founded on 8 March 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and today is one of the best-known institutions of higher education in that town.
At the end of the Second World War Łódź remained the only large Polish town besides Kraków which war had not destroyed. The creation of the National Film School gave the town a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students of the School include the directors Andrzej Munk, Andrzej Wajda, Kazimierz Karabasz (one of the founders of the so called Black Series of Polish Documentary) and Janusz Morgenstern, who at the end of the Fifties became famous as one of the founders of the Polish Film School of Cinematography.
Immediately after the war, Jerzy Bossak, Wanda Jakubowska, Stanisław Wohl, Antoni Bohdziewicz and Jerzy Toeplitz worked as the first teachers. The internationally renowned film director Roman Polański was among the many talented students who attended the School in the 1950s. Łódź's cinematic involvement and its Hollywood-style star walk on Piotrkowska Street have earned it the nickname "Holly-Łódź". The school is also associated with the Camerimage Film Festival, which occurs annually in late November and early December. Founded in Toruń in 1993, the festival was specifically organised to focus on the art of cinematography and is well-attended every year by world-renowned cinematographers, many of whom also participate in seminars, workshops, retrospectives and Q&A sessions. Because of both subject matter and attendee composition, it is considered a key event for industry exhibitors, who often make European debuts of their products here.
Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Łódź constituency:
Members of Parliament (Senat) elected from Łódź constituency:
Łódź is twinned with:[10]
Łódź belongs also to the Eurocities network.
- Daniel Amit, Israeli physicist
- Grażyna Bacewicz, composer
- Aleksander Bardini, stage director and actor
- Andrzej Bartkowiak, cameraman and film director
- Jurek Becker (1937–1997) writer
- Kazimierz Brandys, writer
- Artur Brauner, film producer
- Jacob Bronowski, writer, mathematician, and Britain's leading academic TV figure of the 1970s.
- Sabina Citron, Holocaust survivor, activist, and author
- Karl Dedecius, translator
- Karl Dominik (Born:Karol Dominik Ignaczak), China's first Chinese speaking Polish actor
- Max Factor, Sr., businessman, founder of the Max Factor cosmetics company
- Piotr Fronczewski, Polish actor
- Marcin Gortat, NBA basketball player for the Phoenix Suns
- Mendel Grossman, Łódź ghetto photographer[18]
- Józef Hecht (1891–1951), engraver and printmaker
- Josef Joffe, journalist
- Jan Karski, diplomat and antinazi resistant
- Aharon Katzir (1914–72), Israeli pioneer in study of electrochemistry of biopolymers; killed in Lod Airport Massacre
- Paul Klecki, conductor
- Katarzyna Kobro, sculptor, Strzeminski's wife
- Jerzy Kosinski, writer
- Jan Kowalewski, Polish cryptologist who broke Soviet military codes and ciphers during the Polish-Soviet War
- Feliks W. Kres, fantasy writer
- Daniel Libeskind, architect
- Tadeusz Miciński, poet
- Zew Wawa Morejno, Chief Rabbi
- Zbigniew Nienacki, writer
- Josef Olechowski, Lawyer, Polish Senator, Anti-Soviet counter-espionage operative
- Marian P. Opala, Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice
- Władysław Pasikowski, director
- Roman Polanski, cinema director, Oscar and Golden Palm winner
- Zbigniew Rybczyński, animator and Oscar winner
- Władysław Reymont, writer, Nobel Prize winner
- Joseph Rotblat, Nobel Prize winner
- Stefan Rozental, nuclear physicist
- Arnold Rutkowski, opera singer
- Artur Rubinstein, pianist, settled
- Andrzej Sapkowski, fantasy writer
- Carl Wilhelm Scheibler (1820–1881) one of the most important Łódź industrialists
- Piotr Sobociński, cinematographer
- Andrzej Sontag, track-and-field star
- Natan Spigel, painter (1900–1942)
- Władysław Strzemiński, painter, Kobro's husband
- Arthur Szyk, artist
- Aleksander Tansman, composer and pianist
- Jack Tramiel, computer manufacturer, founder of Commodore and Atari
- Julian Tuwim, poet
- Miś Uszatek, cartoon character
- Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm, writer
- Marek Saganowski, football player
- Adam Ostrowski, better known as O.S.T.R., rapper
-
Łódź City Hall, formerly Heinzel Palace
-
-
European Institute, formerly Schweikert Palace
-
Andel's Hotel, near Manufaktura shopping mall
-
Music Academy, formerly Poznanski Palace
- Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City, Gordon H Horwitz, Harvard University Press, 2009
- "A Stairwell in Lodz," Constance Cappel, 2004, Xlibris, (in English).
- "Lodz – The Last Ghetto in Poland," Michal Unger, Yad Vashem, 600 pages (in Hebrew)
- ^ "Neues Leben in alten Fabriken: Lódz baut auf Kultur" (in (German)). Weser Kurier. 22 September 2009. http://www.weser-kurier.de/Artikel/Ratgeber/Reise/36989/Neues+Leben+in+alten+Fabriken:+Lodz+baut+auf+Kultur.html. Retrieved 2 Oct. 2009.
- ^ "Foundation For Saving Karol Scheibler's Chapel". Scheibler.org.pl. http://www.scheibler.org.pl/eng_fundation.htm. Retrieved 25 Jan. 2010.
- ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
- ^ Isaiah Trunk: 2006, Page xi
- ^ Blobaum, Robert. "On Strike on Łódź. "Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904–1907". Cornell University Press, 1995. p. 75.
- ^ Weiner, Rebecca. The Virtual Jewish History Tour. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved on 15 January 2008.
- ^ Easton, Adam (16 Dec. 2003). "World | Europe | Paramedic held in funeral scam". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3323663.stm. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Lowcy skór (2003)". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0385061/. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ a b c (AFP)–24 Jan 2009 (24 Jan, 2009). "AFP: Dell seeks refuge in Poland as crisis bites". Google.com. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jfg1UcJtfo3IzRq-Dne3j2H1cSoA. Retrieved 11 Apr, 2010.
- ^ "Twin Cities". The City of Łódź Office.
(in English and Polish) © 2007 UMŁ. http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029. Retrieved 23 Oct. 2008.
- ^ Stuttgart official website, 23 Mar 2008[dead link]
- ^ "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". © 2008 Mairie de Lyon. http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1. Retrieved 21 Oct. 2008.
- ^ "Kaliningrad -Partner Cities". © 2000–2006 Kaliningrad City Hall. http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=. Retrieved 8 Dec. 2008.
- ^ "Twin towns of Minsk". © 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng. Retrieved 8 Dec. 2008.
- ^ [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities /Index.asp "Tel Aviv sister cities"] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities /Index.asp. Retrieved 19 Jan. 2008.
- ^ Vänorter – orebro.se
- ^ Sister Cities of Los Angeles
- ^ Holocaust chronicles... – Google Books. Books.google.com. 1999-05. ISBN 978-0-88125-630-7. http://books.google.com/?id=dnMMxHaUzT8C&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=mendel+grossman+photos. Retrieved 25 Jan. 2010.
- Horwitz, Gordon J. (2008). Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-674-02799-2. http://books.google.com/?id=JL-ujgqHlEcC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- Stefański, Krzysztof (2000). Gmachy użyteczności publicznej dawnej Łodzi, Łódź 2000 ISBN 83-86699-45-0.
- Stefański, Krzysztof (2009). Ludzie którzy zbudowali Łódź Leksykon architektów i budowniczych miasta (do 1939 roku), Łódź 2009 ISBN 978-83-61253-44-0.
- Trunk, Isaiah; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2006). Łódź Ghetto: a history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN 978-0-253-34755-8. http://books.google.com/?id=ugVsNrbMSx4C. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
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