- published: 14 Jan 2011
- views: 9917
- author: fyldevideo
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- 105.4 Real Radio
- A6 road (England)
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A6 road (England)
The A6 is one of the main historic north south roads in England. It currently runs from Luton in Bedfordshire to Carlisle in Cumbria, although it formerly started at a junction with the A1 at Barnet.
Running north west from Luton, the road travels through Bedford, bypasses Rushden, Kettering and Market Harborough, continues through Leicester, Loughborough, Derby and Matlock before going through the Peak District to Bakewell, Buxton, Stockport, Manchester, Salford, Pendleton, Irlams o' th' Height, Pendlebury, Swinton, Walkden, Little Hulton, Bolton, Chorley, Preston, Lancaster, Kendal and Penrith before reaching Carlisle.
South of Derby, the road is paralleled by the M1 motorway, and north of Manchester the M6 and M61 motorways approximate its course. Between Derby and Manchester the A6 follows a completely different routing to the motorway network, crossing the Peak District rather than going around it. Because of these duplications, the A6 is less important than formerly.
The A6 begins as St Mary's Road at an elongated roundabout with the A505 road, part of the Luton inner ring road. The road follows Guildford Street near the railway station and then New Bedford Road. It meets the A5228 outer ring road at a roundabout. On the outskirts of Luton as Barton Road, it meets the Icknield Way Path. Leaving Luton, it enters Central Bedfordshire after a roundabout with Quantock Rise.
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Aberdeen
Coordinates: 57°09′09″N 2°06′36″W / 57.1526°N 2.1100°W / 57.1526; -2.1100
Aberdeen
i/æbərˈdiːn/ (Scots: Aiberdeen 
listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain [ˈopər ˈʝɛhɪn]) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city, with an official population estimate of 220,420.
Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, whose mica deposits sparkle like silver. The city has a long, sandy coastline. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of Europe or the Energy Capital of Europe. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don.
Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from King David I (1124–53), transforming the city economically. The city's two universities, the University of Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and The Robert Gordon University, which was awarded university status in 1992, make Aberdeen the educational centre of the north-east. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland.
wn.com/Aberdeen -
Accrington
Coordinates: 53°45′12″N 2°21′50″W / 53.75337°N 2.36384°W / 53.75337; -2.36384
Accrington is a town in Lancashire, within the borough of Hyndburn. It lies about 4 miles (6 km) east of Blackburn, 6 miles (10 km) west of Burnley, 20 miles (32 km) north of Manchester city centre and is situated on the mostly culverted River Hyndburn. The town has a population of 35,203 according to the 2001 census and the urban area has a population of over 70,000.
The town is a former centre of the cotton and textile machinery industries. The town is famed for manufacturing the hardest and densest building bricks in the world, "The Accrington NORI" (iron), which were used in the construction of the Empire State Building and for the foundations of Blackpool Tower; famous for its football team and for having Europe's largest collection of Tiffany Glass.
Accrington is commonly abbreviated by locals to "Accy".
The name Accrington appears to be Anglo-Saxon in origin. Its derivation is uncertain.
In the records it variously appears as Akarinton in 1194; Akerunton, Akerinton and Akerynton in 1258; Acrinton in 1292; Ackryngton in 1311 and Acryngton in 1324.
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Almelo
Almelo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑlməˌloˑ] (
listen)) is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. The main population centres in the town are Aadorp, Almelo, Mariaparochie and Bornerbroek.
Almelo has about 72,000 inhabitants in the middle of the rolling countryside of Twente, with the industrial centres of Enschede and Hengelo as close neighbours but also with tourist towns like Ootmarsum, Delden and Markelo only a bicycle ride away. Almelo received city rights in 1394. Within the city limits lies the castle of the Counts of Almelo.
At the end of the 19th century textile emerged as a major employer and drew many workers to Almelo, at first from within the Netherlands. Since the 1960s workers from Spain and Turkey came to Almelo. The first mosque of the Netherlands was built in Almelo in 1976 for the Turkish population of the city.
In the 1970s the industry dwindled and most factories were relocated to countries with cheaper labour. Some factories remain in the city centre and are now in use for apartments or offices.
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Amounderness
Coordinates: 53°52′N 2°47′W / 53.86°N 2.78°W / 53.86; -2.78
Amounderness was a hundred of Lancashire in North West England. Formerly, the name had been used for territories now in Lancashire and north of the River Ribble that had been included in Domesday Yorkshire.
There are two suggested etymologies for Amounderness. The traditional 19th century reading was that the name derived from ac (oak) and mund (protection), "a ness or promontory sheltered by oaks". This was given currency by Porter.
The current view is that the area is named after Agmundr, a Norse warlord who died at the Battle of Tettenhall in August 910; Partington's early 20th century description of "Amounder ... the first Viking who settled in the Fylde country" now being considered more fanciful than historically accurate.
In The Place-names of Lancashire, Ekwall supports an early 10th century coinage citing A[g]hemundesnes and the late 11th century Agmundrenesse. The etymology of Agmundr is Old West Scandinavian agi- ("awe, terror") or possibly the German *ag- ("point, weapon point"), with -mundr, from Old West Scandinavian *-munduR ("protection"). The name appears in Old Swedish as Aghmund and in Old West Norse as Ogmundr. While the formal title of the warrior was almost certainly Agmundrholdr, his familiar or lall-name would have been Mundi.
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Ashton Park
Coordinates: 53°45′59″N 2°44′46″W / 53.7664°N 2.7460°W / 53.7664; -2.7460 Ashton Park is situated in Ashton-on-Ribble to the west of Preston, Lancashire, England. It has two bowling greens, two play areas, with swings, roundabouts and climbing frames, several football pitches within a large, main field, and contains within it a magnificent country house. It also has a beautiful woodland area, ornamental gardens and many flower beds. Ashton House, the large country house within the park, has recently undergone extensive repair and restoration and is particularly well used as a children's nursery school. Extensive parking facilities are provided in the park which is located immediately to the south of Blackpool Road, which proceeds westwards to Cottam. Nearby on the southern side are the docks, and Riversway complex, containing many offices and shops including Morrisons, McDonalds, and Pets at Home. To the west are the Larches and Savick estates and Lea.
Ashton Park has a colourful history started by the Pedders family, who had made their fortune by founding the Old Preston Bank (located on Church St), built the Ashton Estate and Mansion in 1810 and lived there until 1861. Nearby Pedders Street and Pedders Lane are testimony to the importance of the family.
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Avenham
Avenham and Frenchwood are the central communities which make up the Town Centre ward, of Preston City Council, in Lancashire, England. The name of the ward was chosen by the Boundary Committee for England prior to Preston being awarded city status.
In addition to Avenham and Frenchwood, Town Centre ward consists of the city centre itself, which includes numerous pubs, clubs, and new build housing. Landmarks such as the Harris Museum, and Preston Bus Station are also in this ward. The difference between the new build 6-figure sum properties of Winckley Square and the community association housing in Avenham is stark, as is the continuing regeneration of the city.
Avenham and Frenchwood form part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston City, in addition to the Broadgate and docklands ward of Riversway.
Avenham is a varied and multi-cultural part of the city of Preston, with the most recent census recording a population of 6,671 for the whole Town Centre electoral ward, from which only just half (49.7%) recorded themselves as Christian, whilst 25.6% used the designation Muslim, a further 5.3% using Hindu. In recent years the increase of Eastern European immigration, in addition to students of University of Central Lancashire has made the Avenham area an increasingly varied area. The electoral ward of Town Centre goes as north as an estate of housing for elderly residents and the “Trinity Student Village”, a gated community for UCLaN students. At the Preston Council election, 2008 the recorded electorate of Town Centre ward was 5,296
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Avenham Park
Avenham Park is a public park in Avenham, close to the centre of Preston in Lancashire in the northwest of England, and managed by Preston City Council.
The park is located in Preston's Conservation area and leads down to the banks of the River Ribble. It was designed and built in the 1860s.
As an English Heritage Grade II listed park, it features a number of historical structures such as The Belvedere, The Swiss Chalet, The Boer War Memorial and Riverside Walk. The park is one of two city centre Victorian parks in Preston, the other being its neighbour - Miller Park. The two parks are separated by the East Lancashire Railway embankment and access is through the Ivy Bridge and along Riverside Walk. The East Lancashire Railway line closed in the 1970s although the viaduct across the river, which is a Grade II listed building, remains.
The park was designed by Edward Milner as a "harmonious whole" including the adjacent Miller Park. The park includes long open lawn areas and hosts a number of annual events throughout the year. Most notable among its many features is the Japanese garden or Rock Garden, which was added in the 1930s when this type of design became fasionable.
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Bacup
Coordinates: 53°42′14″N 2°11′56″W / 53.704°N 2.199°W / 53.704; -2.199
Bacup ( /ˈbeɪkəp/) is a town within the Rossendale borough of Lancashire, England. It is located amongst the South Pennines, along Lancashire's eastern boundary with West Yorkshire. The town sits within a rural setting in the Forest of Rossendale, amongst the steep-sided upper-Irwell Valley, through which the River Irwell passes. It is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) east of Rawtenstall, 6.4 miles (10.3 km) north of Rochdale, and 21 miles (34 km) east of Preston. At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Bacup—which encompasses the outlying communities of Britannia, Stacksteads, Rockcliffe, Trough Gate and Weir—had a population of 12,763.
Bacup emerged as a settlement following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the Early Middle Ages. For centuries, Bacup was a small and obscure centre of domestic flannel and woollen cloth production, and many of the original weavers' cottages survive today as listed buildings. Following the Industrial Revolution Bacup became a mill town, its landscape dominated by distinctive and large rectangular woollen and cotton mills. Bacup received a charter of incorporation in 1882, giving it honorific borough status and its own elected town government, consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors to oversee local affairs.
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BAE Samlesbury
Samlesbury Aerodrome is a disused airfield at Balderstone near Samlesbury, in the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire. The aerodrome is owned by defence company BAE Systems which uses the site for manufacturing of several aircraft types. Currently BAE employ approximately 3,000 people at the site.
The origins of the site, which was once an active aerodrome, date back to 1922 when it was proposed that a municipal airfield be constructed to serve the nearby towns of Blackburn and Preston; however, construction did not commence on the airfield until April 1939 - the construction was accelerated because of the Second World War, when the Air Ministry instructed the English Electric Company (EE) to proceed with the construction of flight shed number 1. The first of the Handley Page Hampdens built by EE made its maiden flight on 22 February 1940 and by 1942 770 Hampdens had been delivered from Samlesbury. In 1940 a second factory was built and the runway was extended so construction of the Handley Page Halifax began. By 1945 all five main hangars and three runways had been completed. During the war the site was also home to No. 9 Group RAF who flew Hawker Hurricanes and Airspeed Oxfords from the site. By the end of the war over 3,000 bombers had been built and flown from Samlesbury.
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BAE Systems
Coordinates: 51°16′25″N 0°46′00″W / 51.27361°N 0.7666667°W / 51.27361; -0.7666667
BAE Systems plc (LSE: BA.) is a British multinational defence, security and aerospace company headquartered in London, United Kingdom, that has global interests, particularly in North America through its subsidiary BAE Systems Inc. BAE is among the world's largest military contractors; in 2009 it was the second-largest based on revenues. It was formed on 30 November 1999 by the £7.7 billion merger of two British companies, Marconi Electronic Systems (MES), the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc (GEC), and aircraft, munitions and naval systems manufacturer British Aerospace (BAe).
BAE Systems is the successor to various aircraft and defence electronics companies, including The Marconi Company, the first commercial company devoted to the development and use of radio; A.V. Roe and Company, one of the world's first aircraft companies; de Havilland, manufacturer of the world's first commercial jet airliner; British Aircraft Corporation, co-manufacturer of the Concorde supersonic transport; and Supermarine, manufacturer of the Spitfire. Since its formation it has sold its shares in Airbus, Astrium, AMS and Atlas Elektronik, and made a number of acquisitions, most notably United Defense and Armor Holdings of the United States.
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BAE Warton
Warton Aerodrome (ICAO: EGNO) is located near to Warton village on the Fylde in Lancashire, England. The aerodrome is 6 NM (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of Preston, Lancashire, UK.
Today the airfield is a major assembly and testing facility of BAE Systems Military Air Solutions.
Warton Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P748) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (BAE Systems (Operations) Limited).
In 1940 new runways were built at Warton so that it could act as a "satellite" airfield for the RAF Coastal Command station at Squires Gate airfield in Blackpool
The airfield was first operated as an air depot of the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II, as thousands of aircraft were processed on their way to active service in Britain, North Africa, the Mediterranean and mainland Europe. On 23 August 1944, the accidental crash of an American United States Army Air Force B-24 Liberator heavy bomber caused the Freckleton Air Disaster.
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Bamber Bridge
Coordinates: 53°43′59″N 2°39′36″W / 53.733°N 2.660°W / 53.733; -2.660
Bamber Bridge is a village to the south of Preston, Lancashire, England. The name derives from the Old English 'bēam' and 'brycg', which probably means "tree-trunk bridge". It is mentioned in an undated medieval document. The village is often referred to as "Brig" by residents. People born in the village, are known as "Briggers".
By 1764 calico printing had been established in the village and this was the first example of calico printing anywhere in Lancashire. Prior to the establishment of calico printing in the north, it was predominantly carried out in the south of England, before spreading to Scotland and the northern counties.
In 1857, the effect of the downturn in the cotton trade was such that a large manufacturer and spinner (Bamber Bridge SP & WN Co.) in the village reported liabilities estimated at £40,000 to £60,000, and were about to go on short time.
At approximately 7:00pm on Monday, 31 October 1859, a catastrophic fire burnt down the Withy Trees Mill in the village, owned by Eccles and Company. Contemporary reports said that the spinning-master and engineer had stayed on after the mill had closed at 6:00pm in order to effect some repairs to machinery on the third floor. A spark from the lamp they were using for illumination is said to have dropped upon some cotton waste, igniting it. Nobody was killed or injured in the fire, but between 16,000 and 17,000 spindles and 270 looms were destroyed and 250 hands were rendered unemployed at a stroke.
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Barnoldswick
Coordinates: 53°54′53″N 2°11′22″W / 53.9147°N 2.1895°W / 53.9147; -2.1895
Barnoldswick (colloquially known as Barlick) is a town and civil parish within the West Craven area of the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England just outside the Yorkshire Dales National Park and the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town is built in the shadow of Weets Hill, and Stock Beck, a tributary of the River Ribble runs through the town. It has a population of 10,859.
Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and nestling on the lower slopes of Weets Hill in the Pennines astride the natural watershed between the Ribble and Aire valleys, Barnoldswick is the highest town on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, lying as it does on the summit level of the canal between Barrowford Locks to the south west and Greenberfield Locks just north east of the town. It is approximately 30 miles (48 km) from the cities of Leeds, Manchester and Preston, and 27 miles (43 km) east southeast from the county town of Lancaster. Nearby towns include Clitheroe to the west, Nelson and Burnley to the south and Keighley to the east southeast.
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Birmingham
Birmingham (i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
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Blackburn
Coordinates: 53°44′42″N 2°28′37″W / 53.7449°N 2.4769°W / 53.7449; -2.4769
Blackburn ( pronounced /ˈblækbɜrn/) (help·info)) is a large town in Lancashire, England. It lies to the north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley, 9 miles (14 km) east of the city of Preston, 27 miles (43 km) north-northwest of the city of Manchester. and is 13 miles (21 km) north of the border with Greater Manchester. Blackburn is bounded to the south by Darwen, with which it forms the unitary authority area of Blackburn with Darwen, Blackburn being the administrative centre. At the time of the UK Government's 2001 census, Blackburn had a population of 105,085, whilst the wider borough of Blackburn with Darwen had a population of 140,700.
A former mill town, textiles have been produced in Blackburn since the middle of the 13th century, when wool was woven in people's houses in the domestic system. Flemish weavers who settled in the area during the 14th century helped to develop the woollen cottage industry in the region.James Hargreaves, inventor of the spinning jenny, was a weaver in Blackburn. The most rapid period of growth and development in Blackburn's history coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing. Blackburn was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first industrialised towns in the world.
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Blackpool
Blackpooli/ˈblækpuːl/ is a borough, seaside town, and unitary authority area of Lancashire, in North West England. It is situated along England's west coast by the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries, 17.5 miles (28.2 km) northwest of Preston, 27 miles (43 km) north of Liverpool, 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Bolton and 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Manchester. It has an estimated population of 140,000, making it the third most populous settlement in North West England after Manchester and Liverpool, and a population density that makes it the fourth most densely populated borough of England and Wales outside Greater London.
Throughout the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, Blackpool was a coastal hamlet in Lancashire's Hundred of Amounderness, and remained such until the mid-18th century when it became fashionable in England to travel to the coast during the summer to bathe in sea water to improve well-being. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpool's 7-mile (11 km) sandy beach were able to use a newly built private road, built by Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Hoghton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, and from Halifax in 1782. In the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St John's Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821.
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Bradford
Coordinates: 53°48′00″N 1°45′07″W / 53.8000°N 1.75206°W / 53.8000; -1.75206
Bradford (i/ˈbrædfəd/) lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, in Northern England. It is situated in the foothills of the Pennines, 8.6 miles (13.8 km) west of Leeds, and 16 miles (25.7 km) northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the wider metropolitan borough.
Bradford has a population of 293,717, making it the fourteenth-most populous settlement in the United Kingdom. Bradford forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2001 had a population of 1.5 million and is part of the Leeds-Bradford Larger Urban Zone (LUZ), the third largest in the UK after London and Manchester, with an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2.4 million.
Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture, particularly wool. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, rapidly becoming the "wool capital of the world". The area's access to a supply of coal, iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of Bradford's manufacturing base, which, as textile manufacture grew, led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment; Bradford has fine Victorian architecture including the grand Italianate City Hall.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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Carnforth
Coordinates: 54°07′23″N 2°45′58″W / 54.123°N 2.766°W / 54.123; -2.766
Carnforth is a small town and civil parish near Lancaster in the north of Lancashire, England, situated at the north east end of Morecambe Bay. The parish of Carnforth had a population of 5,350 recorded in the 2001 census, and forms part of the City of Lancaster.
Due to the closeness of the coast and the hills, Carnforth is a popular base for walkers and cyclists exploring the area. the West Coast Main Line (WCML), the A6 and the Lancaster Canal pass through the town. The M6 motorway passes just to the east, linked to Carnforth by the A601(M).
Much of the history of Carnforth revolves around the railway and ironworks. Vast deposits of limestone located locally made Carnforth an ideal place for an ironworks, as limestone is a key component of the smelting process. In 1846 the Carnforth Ironworks Company established a works, located near the railway station. In the same year a recession occurred in the Earl of Dudley ironworks in Worcestershire, this meant there was a surplus of workers. A number of workers moved to the ironworks and lived in the nearby company village of Dudley (now called Millhead). In 1864 the Carnforth Haematite Company took over the works and production was vastly increased due to iron ore that was brought in by rail from the Furness Peninsula. By 1872 steel production became the main focus for the works using the new Bessemer process. By 1889 this process had failed.[citation needed]Iron production continued at the works until 1929 when it eventually closed down. The site was taken over by the War Department (UK) as an ordnance depot and remained as such until the 1960s. From then to the present the site is now an industrial estate consisting of several businesses.
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Central Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°42′36″N 2°38′35″W / 53.710°N 2.643°W / 53.710; -2.643
Central Lancashire is a designated new town in England. The designated area covers the towns of Preston, Leyland (in South Ribble) and Chorley (in the borough of Chorley). It was designated a new town by the Secretary of State for the Environment on 26 March 1970, the last designation to be made.
The largest of the English new towns, Central Lancashire New Town covers 35,255 acres (143 km2), the entirety of the county borough of Preston, parts of Chorley, Fulwood, Leyland and Walton-le-Dale, and also parts of Chorley Rural District and Preston Rural District..
Central Lancashire New Town pioneered the use of Shared Ownership (a new form of Property ownership introduced by the Housing Act 1980) and also witnessed the first transfer of social housing stock to registered Housing Associations following tenant consultation and ballots.
The three local government district councils for the City of Preston, the Borough of South Ribble and the Borough of Chorley have adopted the name "Central Lancashire" to refer the entirety of all three districts. The British Office for National Statistics gives a figure for the Preston Urban Area, covering Preston, Leyland, Chorley, Euxton and Wymott Prison, of 264,601.
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Chorley
Coordinates: 53°39′11″N 2°37′55″W / 53.653°N 2.632°W / 53.653; -2.632
Chorley is a market town in Lancashire, in North West England. It is the largest settlement in the Borough of Chorley. Chorley is located 8.1 miles North of Wigan and 19.5 miles north west of Manchester. As with the Lancashire and Greater Manchester region, the town's wealth came principally from the cotton industry. As recently as the 1970s the skyline was dominated by numerous factory chimneys, but most are now demolished: remnants of the industrial past include Morrison's chimney and a few other mill buildings, and the streets of terraced houses for mill workers. Chorley is known as the home of the Chorley cake.
The name Chorley came from Anglo-Saxon Ceorla-lēah = "the peasants' clearing".
The area around Chorley has been inhabited since at least the Bronze Age. The earliest find came from 3500 BC on Anglezarke Moor at Round Loaf. A farmer at Astley Hall Farm found a pottery burial urn from this period in 1963. This find was followed up with further excavations, with further artifacts being found. Objects from these excavations are on display at the hall's museum.[citation needed]
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City of Lancaster
The City of Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkəstər/), is a local government district of Lancashire, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Lancaster, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Morecambe, Heysham, and Carnforth, as well as outlying villages, farms and rural hinterland. The city has a population of 133,914, and an area of 222 square miles (575 km2).
The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts—the municipal boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, together with the Carnforth Urban District and rural districts of Lancaster and Lunesdale, all from the administrative county of Lancashire.
The higher tier of local government is Lancashire County Council. At a lower level, there are many parish councils. There is a List of civil parishes in the district.
The district comprises two parliamentary constituencies: Lancaster and Fleetwood and Morecambe and Lunesdale. In the 2010 General Election both seats were won by the Conservatives.
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Clayton-le-Moors
Coordinates: 53°46′45″N 2°23′18″W / 53.779200°N 2.388444°W / 53.779200; -2.388444
Clayton-le-Moors is a township in Hyndburn in Lancashire, England. The town is locally referred to as 'Clayton'. To the west lies Rishton, to the north Great Harwood, and two miles to the south, Accrington. Clayton-le-Moors is situated on the A680 road alongside the M65 motorway.
It is thought that the town developed while the Leeds Liverpool Canal was being built. The half-way point of the Leeds Liverpool Canal is Clayton-le-Moors. A mural that depicted this fact has been demolished. The town's main thoroughfare is Whalley Road, which still has some canal workers' cottages.
Attractions include Mercer Park, freely open to the public, with an updated war memorial, once the grounds of Mercer House. The house was previously Oakenshaw Cottage and it was where John Mercer lived towards the end of his life. Mercer, a self-taught chemist born in Great Harwood, invented the mercerisation process for treating cotton which is still in use today. He was a pioneer of colour photography.
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Cleveleys
Coordinates: 53°52′52″N 3°02′24″W / 53.881°N 3.040°W / 53.881; -3.040
Cleveleys (with its neighbouring village of Thornton, collectively known as Thornton-Cleveleys) is a town on the Fylde Coast of Lancashire, England, about 4 miles north of Blackpool and 2 miles south of Fleetwood. It is part of the Borough of Wyre.
At the start of World War II, several departments of the Ministry of Pensions, the Ministry of Education and the Board of Trade were moved to the Cleveleys area. Some were housed in the Rossall School briefly. An extensive site was developed for the Ministry of Pensions in the Norcross section of Carleton and all the government departments moved out in 1940.
Cleveleys is the hometown of published author Malcolm Brocklehurst. His works include 'The Secret History of Christianity' 2008 and 'The House of Cavendish~Outroads' 2010
On 1 February 2008, the MS Riverdance ferry, while undertaking a regular sailing from Northern Ireland to Heysham under severe stormy conditions, ran aground on the beach, close to the boundary with Blackpool.
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Clitheroe
Coordinates: 53°52′16″N 2°23′30″W / 53.8711°N 2.3916°W / 53.8711; -2.3916
Clitheroe ( /ˈklɪðɨroʊ/) is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England. It is near the Forest of Bowland and is often used as a base for tourists in the area. It has a population of 14,697. The most notable building in the town is Clitheroe Castle, suggested to be one of the smallest Norman keeps in the country.
The town elected two members to the Unreformed House of Commons. The Great Reform Act reduced this to one. It was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and remained a municipal borough until the Local Government Act 1972 came into force in 1974 when it became a successor parish within the Ribble Valley district.
The name Clitheroe is thought to come from the Anglo-Saxon for "Rocky Hill", and was also spelled Clyderhow and Cletherwoode. The town was the administrative centre for the lands of the Honor of Clitheroe. These lands were held by Roger de Poitou, who passed them to the De Lacy family from whom they passed in 1311 to Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and subsequently, to the Duchy of Lancaster. At one point the town of Clitheroe was given to Richard, 1st Duke of Gloucester. Up until 1835 the Lord of the Honor was also by right Lord of Bowland, the so-called Lord of the Fells.
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Colne
Coordinates: 53°51′19″N 2°10′32″W / 53.8554°N 2.1756°W / 53.8554; -2.1756
Colne (/kɒln/) is the second largest town and civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England, with a population of 20,118. It lies at the eastern end of the M65, 6 miles north-east of Burnley, with Nelson immediately adjacent, in the Aire Gap with two main roads leading into the Yorkshire towns of Skipton and Keighley. It is 25 miles east of Preston, 25 miles north of Manchester and 30 miles west of Leeds. There is beautiful countryside around Colne and many old villages close by, including the Bronte Country and Haworth to the south east and Pendle Hill, Newchurch and Barley and Clitheroe to the north west. Nearby villages include Barrowford, Foulridge, Winewall, Cottontree, Trawden and Laneshaw Bridge and the hamlet of Wycoller with its historic pack horse bridge and clam bridge said to date back to the Iron Age. Wycoller Hall is a ruin there. There are narrow roads to the south over the moors to Hardcastle Crags and Hebden Bridge. The attractive Forest of Bowland lies near Pendle.
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Coronation Street
Coronation Street is an English television soap opera set in Weatherfield, a fictional town in Greater Manchester based on Salford. Created by Tony Warren, Coronation Street was first broadcast on 9 December 1960. The show has been on the air for over 51 years. Coronation Street is produced by ITV Granada Television under ITV Studios and shown in all ITV regions. It has been filmed in Manchester at the Granada Studios since inception, but filming will move to a new set at Media City in Trafford in 2013.
Since first being aired, it has been one of the most financially lucrative programmes on British commercial television, underpinning the success of its broadcaster ITV and its franchise Granada Television. On 17 September 2010, it became the world's longest-running TV soap opera in production, after the United States soap opera As the World Turns ended.
The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 and was not initially a critical success; Daily Mirror columnist Ken Iriwin claimed the series would only last three weeks. Granada Television commissioned only 13 episodes and some inside the company doubted the show would last its planned production run. Despite the criticism, viewers were immediately drawn to the serial, won over by Coronation Street's 'ordinary' characters. The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect; affectionate local terms like "eh, chook?", "nowt" (IPA
/ˈnaʊt/, means nothing), and "by heck!" became widely heard on British television for the first time.
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Darwen
Coordinates: 53°41′53″N 2°27′40″W / 53.698°N 2.461°W / 53.698; -2.461
Darwen is a market town and civil parish located within Lancashire, England. Along with its northerly neighbour, Blackburn, it forms the Borough of Blackburn with Darwen — a unitary authority area. It is known locally as "Darren", and its residents are known as "Darreners". The main road through Darwen is the A666 towards Blackburn to the north and Bolton to the south, and ultimately Manchester. The town stands on the River Darwen, which flows from south to north and is visible only in the outskirts of the town, as within the town centre it is submerged.
Most authorities trace the name 'Darwen' to the Brythonic derw "oak", originally applied to the river; an etymology supported an older form of the name, Derewent (1208). It has also been claimed that the name Darwen stems from "Dwrgwyn", from the Old Welsh (also a Brythonic language) dwr or "water" and gwyn Brythonic for "white" or "clear". Thus the name may mean "clear water".
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Deepdale, Preston
Coordinates: 53°46′12″N 2°40′59″W / 53.770°N 2.683°W / 53.770; -2.683
Deepdale is an electoral ward in Preston, Lancashire, England. The ward is home to the Deepdale football stadium of Preston North End. The ward is a predominately urban area of terraced housing, notable for one of the largest Muslim populations in the city.
Deepdale borders Moor Park, boasting a number of mosques and the only branch of Domino's Pizza in Preston. The former Deepdale railway station was to be found in this ward.
Two members of Preston City Council, elected 'in thirds' in first past the post elections each year, are returned from the ward.
The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston Central North.
From the 2001 census, Deepdale ward had a population of 5,802. Of this figure, 44% described themselves as Muslim, and 38% as Christian.
The ward is in the east of the city on the outskirts of the centre, largely following Deepdale Road from HMP Preston to Watling Street Road, then continuing through terraced and detached housing in an easterly direction. A number of Stagecoach in Preston services use the local roads through the area. Deepdale ward also includes Holme Slack estate and Deepdale Retail Park.
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Diocese of Blackburn
Coordinates: 53°45′00″N 2°29′06″W / 53.750°N 2.485°W / 53.750; -2.485
The Diocese of Blackburn is a Church of England diocese, covering much of Lancashire, created on 12 November 1926 from part of the Diocese of Manchester. The Diocese includes the towns of Blackburn, Blackpool, Burnley, and the cities of Lancaster, and Preston, as well as a large part of the Ribble Valley. The cathedral is Blackburn Cathedral and the Diocesan Bishop is The Rt Revd Nicholas Reade, Bishop of Blackburn, appointed in 2004.
The Diocese has two Suffragan Bishops, The Rt Revd John Goddard, Bishop of Burnley, appointed in 2000, and The Rt Revd Geoff Pearson, Bishop of Lancaster, appointed in 2007.
The Diocesan retreat and conference centre is located at Whalley Abbey in the Ribble Valley, alongside the ruins of the 14th century Cistercian monastery, dissolved in 1537. The Abbey was in private possession until 1923 and has been in the possession of the Diocese of Blackburn since 1926.
As of September 2011, the honorary assistant bishops of the diocese include the Rt Revd Alan Winstanley, former Bishop of Bolivia and Peru (Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of America). In September 2011, it was announced that Winstanley will move to Exeter diocese (where, presumably, he will become an honorary assistant bishop, vacating that role in Blackburn).
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Earby
Coordinates: 53°54′51″N 2°08′41″W / 53.9143°N 2.1446°W / 53.9143; -2.1446
Earby is a small town and civil parish within the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England. It is 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Colne, 7 miles (11.3 km) south-west of Skipton, and 11 miles (17.7 km) north-east of Burnley. The parish had a population of 4,348 recorded in the 2001 census,
Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, from 1909 to 1974, Earby formed an urban district. Since 1974 Earby has been in the West Craven area of Pendle, has a town council, and is part of the West Craven Area Committee on Pendle Borough Council.
Other smaller nearby towns include Thornton in Craven and Sough.
Earby also had its own railway station, but it was closed in 1970. The station was an interchange with the small branch to Barnoldswick.
Earby is served by television from both Leeds and Manchester; ITV (Yorkshire Television) and BBC North are both transmitted from the television mast at East Marton, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Earby.BBC North West and ITV (Granada Television) are both received directly from the main Winter Hill transmitter. The BBC has a relay that overlooks Earby and has the four main BBC national FM radio stations (Radio 1 to 4).Fresh Radio in Skipton covers the area on MW 1413 kHz.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Fleetwood
Coordinates: 53°55′23″N 3°00′54″W / 53.923°N 3.015°W / 53.923; -3.015
Fleetwood is a town within the Wyre district of Lancashire, England, lying at the northwest corner of the Fylde. It had a population of 26,840 people at the 2001 Census. It forms part of the Greater Blackpool conurbation. The town was the first planned community of the Victorian era. For most of the 20th century, Fleetwood was a prominent deep-sea fishing port, but, since the 1970s, the fishing industry has declined precipitously and the town has undergone economic difficulties. Fleetwood is also a seaside resort, serving as a quiet contrast to nearby Blackpool.
Ptolemy's Geographia in the 2nd century AD records a tribe known as the Setantii living in what is believed to be present-day West Lancashire, and a seaport built by the Romans called PORTVS SETANTIORVM ('the port of the Setantii') abutting Moricambe Aestuarium (presumably Morecambe Bay). There is also evidence of a Roman road running from Ribchester to Kirkham (12 miles southeast of Fleetwood) which then makes a sharp turn to the northwest. Together, these suggest that Fleetwood may well have been the location of this Roman port. No direct evidence of the port has been found, but in 2007, an Iron Age settlement was discovered at Bourne Hill, just south of present-day Fleetwood, suggesting the area was populated in pre-Roman times.
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Forest of Bowland
The Forest of Bowland, also known as the Bowland Fells, is an area of barren gritstone fells, deep valleys and peat moorland, mostly in north-east Lancashire, England. A small part lies in North Yorkshire, and much of the area was historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Once described as the "Switzerland of England", it has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) since 1964, and is used for grouse shooting, walking and cycling, though it is relatively unfrequented by tourists. One of the best known features of the area is Pendle Hill, which is separated from the main part of the Forest of Bowland AONB by the Ribble Valley.
In total, 13% of the AONB is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for its important areas of heather moorland and blanket bog. The area is nationally and internationally important for its upland bird populations – the hen harrier is the symbol of the AONB. There are over 500 listed buildings and 18 scheduled monuments within the AONB.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Freckleton
Coordinates: 53°45′12″N 2°52′03″W / 53.7533°N 2.8675°W / 53.7533; -2.8675
Freckleton is a village and civil parish on the Fylde coast in Lancashire, England, to the south of Kirkham and east of the seaside resort of Lytham St. Annes. It has a population of 6,045.
Freckleton is near to Warton, with its links to BAE Systems. Warton Aerodrome's 2.4 km runway is partly within Freckleton's boundary.
The name of the village appears in the Domesday Book as Frecheltun and is said to derive from "Farmstead of a man called Frecla", with Old English tun and Nordic personal name. An alternative spelling of Frequleton has been referred to in local history publications.
In the 19th century, Freckleton, already a place used to supply water to the Roman fort at Kirkham, was used as a port assisting the ship building industry[citation needed]. The local community helped making rope and sail cloth, remnants of which exist in local street names.
Freckleton has a parish council, and is part of the Fylde borough, and the Fylde constituency.
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Fulwood, Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°46′46″N 2°41′37″W / 53.779444°N 2.693611°W / 53.779444; -2.693611
Fulwood is an extensive suburb of Preston, Lancashire, England, forming much of the northern half of the unparished area of the City of Preston district. It had a population of 33,171 in 2001. Historically, Fulwood was governed independently from Preston until 1974.
Fulwood remains a distinctive division of Preston. The suburb is widely considered to be a safe and sought-after area of Preston.
Fulwood has expanded in the 20th century, and has been popular with housing and business developers, with its close links to the M6 and M55 motorways. Since the 1970s when the Central Lancashire New Town was proposed, large sites have been made available for development, such as Longsands, which is a residential area, and "East Preston", where many businesses are currently located, including the Lancashire Evening Post (LEP), Asda, Royal Mail sorting office, Independent Inspections, Xchanging, CPC,EDS and Holiday Inn. The B6241 (Eastway) provides a vital route, bypassing much of the residential and central areas of Preston, and a road via Longsands connects it to the M6 motorway (at junction 31A which was opened in the 1990s) and the Bluebell Way business park on the boundary with Brookfield.
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Garstang
Coordinates: 53°54′11″N 2°46′01″W / 53.903°N 2.767°W / 53.903; -2.767
Garstang is a small town and civil parish within the Wyre borough of Lancashire, England. It is ten miles north-northwest of the city of Preston and eleven miles south of Lancaster, and had a total resident population of 4,074 in 2001.. It is famous for being the world's first ever Fairtrade Town.
A brief but comprehensive history of the parish, including the parish church of St Helen in Churchtown and Greenhalgh Castle can be found in "The Parish of Garstang", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 7.
King Charles II is alleged to have spent the night in a town centre pub, the Royal Oak, during the Civil War.[citation needed]
St. John Plessington was born at Dimples Hall, which is just outside the town.
Garstang was once served by Garstang and Catterall railway station which closed in 1969, and Garstang Town railway station which closed to passengers in 1930.
The town is overlooked by the ruined remains of Greenhalgh Castle, built in 1490 by Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Glasgow
Coordinates: 55°51′29″N 4°15′32″W / 55.858°N 4.259°W / 55.858; -4.259
Glasgow (i/ˈɡlɑːzɡəʊ/, locally /ˈɡlazɡo/, GLAZ-goh; Scots: Glesga listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Glaschu ([ˈkɫ̪as̪əxu] listen (help·info))) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands.
Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become one of the largest seaports in Britain. Expanding from the medieval bishopric of Glasgow and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th century. From the 18th century the city also grew as one of Britain's main hubs of transatlantic trade with British North America and the British West Indies. With the Industrial Revolution, the city and surrounding region shifted to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of heavy engineering, most notably in shipbuilding and marine engineering industry, which produced many innovative and famous vessels. Glasgow was known as the "Second City of the British Empire" for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period. Today it is one of Europe's top ten financial centres and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses. Glasgow is also ranked as the 57th most liveable city in the world.
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Great Harwood
Coordinates: 53°46′55″N 2°23′54″W / 53.7820°N 2.3984°W / 53.7820; -2.3984
Great Harwood is a small town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north-east of Blackburn.
Great Harwood is a town with a industrial heritage. The Mercer Hall Leisure Centre in Queen Street and the town clock pay tribute to John Mercer (1791–1866), the 'father' of Great Harwood, who revolutionised the cotton dyeing process with his invention of mercerisation. An agricultural society is also maintained.
The town was once on the Great Harwood loop of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, the last train running in November 1957. The Martholme Viaduct on the line remains about 1 mile north-east.
The town football team, Great Harwood Town, closed in July 2006.
Great Harwood Cricket Club, is a member of the Ribblesdale Cricket League, winning the senior division in 2008, and has seven teams ranging from under 9s through to senior level.
Great Harwood used to have a lively and bustling market around the town clock in the main square. It was very popular and drew people from across the county every week. It has declined in the last 15 years and almost disappeared but is now steadily increasing and with several stalls every Friday with fruit, vegetables, fish, meat, clothes and pet supplies.[citation needed]
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Harris Museum
Coordinates: 53°45′33″N 2°41′54″W / 53.75911°N 2.69825°W / 53.75911; -2.69825
The Harris Museum, Art Gallery & Preston Free Public Library is a Grade I listed museum building in Preston and has the largest gallery space in Lancashire, England.
In the 19th century, a Public Library boom hit the United Kingdom. The town of Preston wanted a grand museum and library for its inhabitants. Since 1850, locals had held fund-raising events to get enough money to build a museum and public library. In 1877, a Preston lawyer called Edmund Robert Harris, finally made the dream of Preston into a reality. He left instructions in his will with a sum of £300,000 to establish a trust that would provide funds to support the creation of several organisations in Preston including a library, museum and art gallery. The trust would work with Preston Council. In 1879, the first Preston lending library was set up in the Town Hall basement, while a public museum was set up on Cross Street, opening Ist May 1880. The popularity of this made the council decide to make a purpose built building to house the Public Library and Museum. Building work officially started on the museum in 1882 during the Preston Guild and it officially opened in 1893.
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Haslingden
Coordinates: 53°42′18″N 2°19′41″W / 53.705°N 2.328°W / 53.705; -2.328
Haslingden is a small town in Rossendale, Lancashire, England. It is 19 miles (31 km) north of Manchester. The name means 'valley of the hazels', though the town is in fact set on a high and windy hill. In the early 20th century Haslingden had the status of a municipal borough, but following local government reorganisation in 1974 it became part of the Borough of Rossendale. In 1831 there was a population of 7,776.
Haslingden is the birthplace of the composer Alan Rawsthorne (1905–1971) and the Manchester City and England footballer Colin Bell (b.1946), was the home for many years of the Irish Republican leader, Michael Davitt (1846–1906), and Haslingden Cricket Club is a member of the noteworthy Lancashire League.
Part of what is now Haslingden, along with that of the neighbouring towns of Rawtenstall and beyond that Bacup were part of the Forest of Blackburnshire, that part being the Forest of Rossendale. The Forest was a hunting park during the late 13th and 14th centuries; 'Forest' referred to it being parkland rather than being heavily wooded, as the forest declined much earlier, during the Neolithic period.
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Heysham
Coordinates: 54°02′46″N 2°53′38″W / 54.046°N 2.894°W / 54.046; -2.894
Heysham (i/ˈhiːʃəm/ HEE-shəm) is a large coastal village near Lancaster in the county of Lancashire, England. Overlooking Morecambe Bay, it is a ferry port with services to the Isle of Man and Ireland. Heysham is the site of two nuclear power stations which are landmarks visible from hills in the surrounding area. Heysham has been identified as one potential location for the next generation of nuclear power stations.
Administratively, Heysham is part of the City of Lancaster district, with three wards: Heysham Central (with a population of 4,397), Heysham North (5,477), and Heysham South (6,262); together they have a population of 16,136 (2001 census), although these extend into areas beyond the village of Heysham itself, which has a population of approximately 6,500.
Of historical interest are the stone graves in the ruins of the ancient St. Patrick's Chapel, close to St. Peter's Church. They are thought to date from the 11th century[citation needed], and are hewn from solid rock. Local legend has it that St. Patrick landed here after crossing from Ireland and established the chapel. However it has been established that the chapel was built around 300 years after Patrick's death. These stone graves appear on the cover of the Black Sabbath CD, 'The Best of Black Sabbath'.
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Hyndburn
Coordinates: 53°46′05″N 2°22′55″W / 53.768°N 2.382°W / 53.768; -2.382
Hyndburn is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Accrington. The district is named after the River Hyndburn.
It was formed in 1974 by the amalgamation of the Borough of Accrington, the Urban Districts of Church, Clayton-le-Moors, Great Harwood, Oswaldtwistle and Rishton, and part of the Burnley Rural District.
In June 2007, the council proposed changing the name of Hyndburn, and replace it with Accrington & Districts, to aid recognition of the borough by those not familiar with the area.
In 2010, Hyndburn was voted the 10th best council in the Times "Best Public Sector Places to Work" and made it to the Times Best Companies Guide.
There are approximately nine state secondary schools in Hyndburn. These include Norden High School, St Christopher's Church of England High School, Accrington Academy, Rhyddings High School, Mount Carmel RC High School, The Hollins Technology College along with Broadfield Specialist School,White Ash School and North Cliffe School.
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Inverness
Coordinates: 57°28′18″N 4°13′31″W / 57.4717°N 4.2254°W / 57.4717; -4.2254
Inverness (from the Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Nis pronounced [iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ], meaning "Mouth of the River Ness" listen (help·info)) is a city in the Scottish Highlands. It is the administrative centre for the Highland council area, and is regarded as the capital of the Highlands of Scotland. Inverness lies near two important battle sites: the 11th century battle of Blàr nam Fèinne against Norway which took place on The Aird and the 18th century Battle of Culloden which took place on Culloden Moor. It is the northernmost city in the United Kingdom and lies within the Great Glen (Gleann Mòr) at its north-eastern extremity where the River Ness enters the Moray Firth. At the latest, a settlement was established by the 6th century with the first royal charter being granted by Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (King David I) in the 12th century. The Gaelic king, Mac Bethad mac Findláich (MacBeth) nicknamed An Rígh Dearg (The Red King) held a castle within the city where he ruled as Mormaer of Moray and Ross.
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Irish Sea
The Irish Sea (Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann,Scottish Gaelic: Muir Èireann or Muir Mhanainn,Manx: Mooir Vannin or Y Keayn Yernagh,Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, Scots: Erse Sea) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Atlantic Ocean in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.
The sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping and transport, fishing, and power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and 17 million tonnes of traded goods.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Irish Sea (with St George's Channel) as follows:
On the North. The Southern limit of the Scottish Seas [or Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland, defined as "a line joining the South extreme of the Mull of Galloway (54°38'N) in Scotland and Ballyquintin Point (54°20'N) in Ireland"].
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Kalisz
Kalisz [ˈkalʲiʂ] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 106,857 inhabitants (June 2010), the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the city forms a conurbation with the nearby towns of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Nowe Skalmierzyce. See Kalisz County for the regional administrative area (powiat).
Kalisz is an important regional industrial and commercial centre[citation needed], with many notable factories[which?]. The city is also a centre for traditional folk art. The town was also the site of the former 'Calisia' piano factory, until it went out of business in 2007.
The name itself stems from the Celtic term cal which means stream, or Slavic term kal, meaning swamp or marsh.
Kalisz has long been considered the oldest city of Poland because it was mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D., but the claim is now doubted by some (cf. Calisia). The location mentioned by Ptolemy was situated in the territory of the Diduni in Magna Germania on the Amber Trail. There are many artefacts of the Roman times in the area, pointing out that it could have been one of the stops of the Roman caravans heading for the Baltic Sea.
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Kirkham, Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°46′55″N 2°52′12″W / 53.782°N 2.870°W / 53.782; -2.870
Kirkham, or as it once was known, Kirkam-in-Amounderness is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Fylde in Lancashire, England, midway between Blackpool and Preston (11 miles west of Preston) and adjacent to the smaller town of Wesham. It owes its existence to Carr Hill upon which it was built and which was the location of a Roman fort. It has a population of 7,127.
In his 1878 History of the Fylde of Lancashire, John Porter described Kirkham as ".. probably the earliest inhabited locality in the Fylde district." Remains found at Carleton in the 1970s of an elk with two harpoons embedded suggest that the Fylde was inhabited as long ago as 8,000 BC.
The town is pre-Roman in its origin with a name originating from the Danish kirk (church) and -ham (Saxon for settlement, or "home"). It appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name of Chicheham and is described as lying on the Roman road between Ribchester (Bremetennacum) and the River Wyre. The town's market charter was granted in 1269–70 by King Henry III.
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Lake District
The Lake District, also commonly known as The Lakes, is a mountainous region in North West England. A popular holiday destination, it is famous not only for its lakes and its mountains (or fells) but also for its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the other Lake Poets.
The majority of the area was designated as the Lake District National Park in 1951. It is the largest of the thirteen National Parks in England and Wales, and the second largest in the UK (after the Cairngorms). It lies entirely within the modern county of Cumbria, shared historically by the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire. All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest lakes in England, Wastwater and Windermere, respectively.
The precise extent of the Lake District was not defined traditionally but is approximated by the boundary of the National Park, the total area of which is about 885 square miles (2,292 km2). The Park extends just over 32 miles (52 km) from east to west and nearly 40 miles (64 km) from north to south, with areas such as the Lake District Peninsulas to the south lying outside the National Park.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
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Lancaster Canal
The Lancaster Canal is a canal in the north of England, originally planned to run from Westhoughton in Lancashire to Kendal in south Cumbria (then in Westmorland). The section around the crossing of the River Ribble was never completed, and much of the southern end leased to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, of which it is now generally considered part.
Of the canal north of Preston, only the section from Preston to Tewitfield near Carnforth in Lancashire is currently open to navigation for 42 miles (67.6 km), with the canal north of Tewitfield having been severed in three places by the construction of the M6 motorway, and by the A590 road near Kendal. The southern part, from Johnson's Hillock to Wigan Top Lock, remains navigable as part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The planned continuation to Westhoughton was never built.
The line of the canal was first surveyed by Robert Whitworth in 1772. In 1791, John Longbotham, Robert Dickinson and Richard Beck resurveyed the proposed line, and a final survey was carried out later the same year by John Rennie.
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Leeds
Coordinates: 53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W / 53.79972°N 1.54917°W / 53.79972; -1.54917 Leeds (i/ˈliːdz/) is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city has a population of 798,800 (2011 est.), making it the 24th-most populous city in the European Union
Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds-Bradford Metropolitan Area, of which Leeds is the integral part, had a population of around 2.3 million, making it the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. In addition, the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and its office market is the best in Europe for value. Leeds is considered a Gamma World City, alongside cities such as Phoenix, St. Petersburg and Valencia.
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Leyland, Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°41′31″N 2°41′49″W / 53.692°N 2.697°W / 53.692; -2.697
Leyland is a town in the South Ribble district, in the county of Lancashire, England. It is approximately six miles (10 km) south of the city of Preston.
Throughout the 20th and 21st century, the community has seen a large growth in industry, population and farming, due to the establishment of Leyland Motors, housing developments and the surrounding usable arable land.
The name of the town is of old Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning "untilled land".
Before the control of the English Leyland was an area of fields, with Roman roads passing through, from ancient Wigan to Walton-le-Dale.
It was left undisturbed for many centuries until rediscovered shortly after the Battle of Hastings (1066). Leyland is mentioned in the Domesday Book (1085). In 1066 King Edward the Confessor presided over the whole of Leyland. The manor was divided into three large ploughlands, which were controlled by local noblemen. In the 1100s, it came under the barony of Penwortham.
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Liverpool
Liverpool ( /ˈlɪvəpuːl/) is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Liverpool was 445,200 and was part of a larger urban area of 816,216.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the urbanisation and expansion of Liverpool were both largely brought about by the city's status as a major port. By the 18th century, trade from the West Indies, Ireland and mainland Europe coupled with close links with the Atlantic Slave Trade furthered the economic expansion of Liverpool. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks, contributing to Liverpool's rise as a major city.
Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians but are also colloquially known as "Scousers", in reference to the local dish known as "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, were drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
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Longridge
Coordinates: 53°49′52″N 2°35′49″W / 53.831°N 2.597°W / 53.831; -2.597
Longridge is a small town and civil parish in the borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England. It is situated 8 miles (13 km) north-east of the city of Preston, at the western end of Longridge Fell, a long ridge above the River Ribble. Its nearest neighbours are Grimsargh and the Roman town of Ribchester (Bremetennacum), 3.5 miles (6 km) to the southeast. The parish of Longridge had a population of 7,546 recorded in the 2001 census.
The Battle of Preston started from Longridge, Cromwell halting there before taking on Monarchist forces from Scotland.[citation needed]
Longridge initially developed outwards from an area around St. Lawrence's Church, at the boundary of the townships of Dilworth and Alston and to the south of the modern-day town centre. Though there was a thoroughfare called 'Market Place', there was no development around that area. Most of the development of the town occurred after 1800. After this time, development occurred at a much faster pace, with expansion northwards including a mill to the north of Kestor Lane.
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Luguvalium
Luguvalium (or, possibly, Luguvalium Carvetiorum) was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Carlisle, located in the English county of Cumbria (formerly in Cumberland).
Limited Iron Age occupation of the site presumably represents the Brythonic settlement of Luguvalion. The name means 'the strong place of Luguwalos' (Luguwalos is believed to be the personal name derived from the Celtic deity, Lugus). Or a proper name of a Celtic noble of the local Carvetii tribe. Luguvalium is the Latin form.
Around AD 72, the Romans built a timber fort on the site. Following its demolition around AD 103, a second timber fort was built. About AD 165 the fort was replaced by a stone fort. Timber structures further to the south-east were probably associated military buildings. These were later replaced in stone. When the civilian settlement in this area was enclosed by a stone wall is unknown, but it is generally assumed to have followed the line of the later medieval wall. The town probably became the civitas capital of the Carvetii tribe some time in the 2nd century. A single large stone building has been located which may have been for administrative use. Industry included copper working and tanning, while merchant traders were also in evidence. Inscriptions show there was a Mithraeum in the town and possibly a temple to Mars.
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Lytham St Annes
Coordinates: 53°44′33″N 2°59′49″W / 53.7426°N 2.9970°W / 53.7426; -2.9970
Lytham St Annes is a conurbation in the Fylde district of Lancashire, England. The neighbouring towns of Lytham and St-Anne's-on-the-Sea (or St-Anne's-on-Sea, but nearly always abbreviated to St Annes) have grown together and now form a seaside resort. The towns are situated on the Fylde coast, south of Blackpool at the point where the coastline turns east to form the estuary of the River Ribble leading inland to Preston. St Annes is situated on the northern side of the turning and, like Blackpool, overlooks the Irish Sea, whereas Lytham is on the eastern side and overlooks the Ribble Estuary.
Lytham St Annes is internationally renowned for golf and has four courses and links, the most notable being the Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club, one of the host courses for the Open Championship, also known as the "British Open", which has been a competition course since first hosting the Open in 1926. Approximately once every ten years, the coming of The Open—a major sporting event—brings a major influx of visitors, including the world's media, into a fairly peaceful community. Lytham St Annes is considered to be a wealthy area with residents' earnings among the highest in Lancashire. It is popular with engineers and scientists from the nearby BAE Systems site in Warton, which provides some highly paid jobs that underpin the local economy.
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M55 motorway
The M55 is a motorway in Lancashire, England, which can also be referred to as the Preston Northern Bypass. It connects the seaside resort of Blackpool to the M6 at Preston. It is 11.4 miles (18.4 km) in length.
The M55 has three lanes in both directions for most of its length. After leaving the M6 at junction 32, the road immediately interchanges with the A6. It then crosses the West Coast Main Line and Lancaster Canal before passing north of Wesham to meet junction 3. It then continues west in a rural setting to meet junction 4, where the motorway ends and becomes the A5230. The western part of the M55, and the first few hundred metres of the A5230, occupy the route of the old Blackpool Branch railway line.
The first motorway constructed in Great Britain was the M6 Preston Bypass, opened in 1958. This ran from the current M6 junction 29 to the M55 junction 1. It was built as a 2 lane route. In 1965 the M6 was extended north from what is the current day junction 32 to meet the Lancaster Bypass, and the M6 junction was rebuilt to its current design to connect the A6 at the now M55 junction 1. Due to increasing traffic, it was decided to provide a motorway link to Blackpool and this road was opened in 1975.
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M61 motorway
The M61 motorway is a motorway in North West England. It runs from the M60 motorway northwest of Manchester and heads northwest past Bolton and Chorley to join the M6 just north of the junction between the M6 and M65 motorways to the south of Preston.
Perhaps the most distinguishing section of the M61 is to be found at the southern end at the Worsley Braided Interchange between junctions 1 and 3. This stretch of the road on the approach to the terminus with the M60 ring road is a collection of sliproads and overpass tunnels providing free-flowing access to and from the following:
This complicated junction earns a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the most traffic lanes side by side (17), spread across several parallel carriageways at Linnyshaw. The Google Maps location of this incidence is [1]
The M61 has one service station: Rivington services (formerly Bolton West services), located between Junctions 6 and 8 (as Junction 7 was never built). This motorway service area was used in the filming of The Services, a pilot episode for the Farnworth-born comedian Peter Kay series That Peter Kay Thing, a spoof documentary of a day in the life of the services staff.
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M65 motorway
The M65 is a motorway in Lancashire, England. It runs from just south of Preston through the major junction of the M6 and M61 motorways, east past Darwen, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and ends at Colne.
The M65 was opened in the following sections:
The first section of the motorway was opened in 1981, connecting Burnley to Brierfield. Over the years, several extensions were made, the largest being the link from Whitebirk to the M6 and M61 motorways in 1997. This extension was the scene of a standoff between construction security workers and protesters (often known as 'eco-warriors').
Junctions 1a to 6 were opened 18 December 1997 by Jack Straw, Home Secretary and Member of Parliament for Blackburn. The opening ceremony took place on the westbound carriageway beneath junction 5 at Guide with a heavy police presence as protesters threatened to bring a halt to the proceedings.
Much of the 1997 extension was relaid shortly after it opened with a new, quieter tarmac because the amount of road noise had been so great that it prevented birds of prey (mainly owls) from foraging effectively.
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Manchester
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467°N 2.233°W / 53.467; -2.233
Manchesteri/ˈmæntʃɛstər/ is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England with an estimated population of 498,800 in 2010. Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest urban areas; the Greater Manchester Urban Area which has a population of 2.2 million. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian and the local authority is Manchester City Council.
Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.
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Manchester Airport
Manchester Airport (IATA: MAN, ICAO: EGCC), is an international airport at Ringway, Manchester, England. In 2011 it was third busiest airport in the United Kingdom in terms of passenger numbers, and the 23rd busiest airport in Europe. Manchester Airport is the largest outside the London region with over double the passengers of its nearest non-London rival, Edinburgh Airport.
The terminals are 7.5 NM (13.9 km; 8.6 mi) south of Manchester city centre. It officially opened on 25 June 1938 and was initially known as Ringway Airport. During World War II, it was called RAF Ringway and from 1975 until 1986 Manchester International Airport. The airport is owned and managed by the Manchester Airports Group (MAG), a holding company owned by the ten metropolitan borough councils of Greater Manchester, with Manchester City Council owning the largest stake. A Category 10 airport, the airport comprises three terminals, a goods terminal and a railway station. It is the only British airport other than London Heathrow to have two runways over 3,000 metres in length.
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Miller Park, Preston
Coordinates: 53°45′07″N 2°42′14″W / 53.751957°N 2.703996°W / 53.751957; -2.703996 Miller Park is a public park under the management of Preston City Council. It is located on the banks of the River Ribble in Preston, Lancashire in the north west of England. The park is one of two city centre Victorian era parks, the other being the adjacent and larger Avenham Park. It was designed and built in the 1860s and has matured over the last 140 years into one of the most attractive parks in the region. As an English Heritage Grade 2 listed park, it features a number of historical structures including a sundial, a grotto and a fountain. There is also an impressive statue of the 14th Earl of Derby who was British Prime Minister 1866 - 1868 [1]. The two parks are separated by the East Lancashire Railway embankment and access is through the Ivy Bridge and along Riverside Walk. The East Lancashire Railway line closed in the 1970s although the viaduct across the river, which is a Grade II listed building, remains, as it carries a public footpath across the river. The west edge of the park is bounded by the embankment carrying Preston's main rail link, the West Coast Main Line.
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Moor Park, Preston
Moor Park is a large park (approx 2 miles perimeter) to the north of the city centre of Preston, Lancashire, England. Moor Park is also the name of the electoral ward covering the park and the surrounding area. The ward borders the traditional boundary of Fulwood.
Moor Park lies to the north of Preston city centre on the A6 (Garstang Road), which forms the western boundary of the park. Blackpool Road between the A6 and Deepdale Road is the northern boundary. The latter forms the eastern side. Opposite the park on Deepdale Road is the Preston North End F.C.'s Deepdale stadium and National Football Museum.
Moor Park is Preston's largest and oldest park. The park was originally a farm and was run by George Dartford from a famous house called the Barn. In her book People's Parks (Cambridge University Press, 1991) Hazel Conway states that Moor Park is the first municipal park to be created in the newly-emerging industrial towns of Britain.
Preston Moor was an area of land to the north on Preston. It was originally common land derived from the Royal Forest of Fulwood by the Charter of Henry III in 1235.
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Morecambe
Coordinates: 54°03′50″N 2°52′43″W / 54.0640°N 2.8786°W / 54.0640; -2.8786
Morecambe ( /ˈmɔrkəm/) is a resort town and civil parish within the City of Lancaster in Lancashire, England. As of 2001 it has a resident population of 38,917. It is situated on Morecambe Bay. Morecambe and the nearby village of Heysham have a combined population of 51,400.
In 1846, the Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was formed to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay, close to the fishing village of Poulton-le-Sands, and a connecting railway. By 1850, the railway linked to Skipton, Keighley and Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and a settlement began to grow around the harbour and railway, to service the port and as a seaside resort. The settlement expanded to absorb Poulton, and the villages of Bare and Torrisholme. The settlement started to be referred to as "Morecambe", possibly after the harbour and railway. In 1889 the new name was officially adopted.
Morecambe was a thriving seaside resort in the mid-20th century. While the resort of Blackpool attracted holiday-makers predominantly from the Lancashire mill towns, Morecambe had more visitors from Yorkshire (due to its railway connection) and Scotland. Between 1956 and 1989 it was the home of the Miss Great Britain beauty contest.
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Nelson, Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°50′05″N 2°13′05″W / 53.8346°N 2.2180°W / 53.8346; -2.2180
Nelson is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England, with a population of 28,998 in 2001. It lies 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Burnley on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
It developed as a mill town during the Industrial Revolution, but has today lost much of its industry and is characterised by pockets of severe deprivation and some of the lowest house prices in the country.
The town was originally two villages, Little Marsden and Great Marsden. A small mill had been established by the Ecroyd family at Edge End as early as 1740, and there were two coal mines nearby, but it was the coming of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1796, followed by the East Lancashire Railway in 1849, that spurred its development as an industrial town, with an economy based mainly upon cotton weaving.
There was already a Marsden on the railway network in the neighbouring county of Yorkshire (West Riding), so the new railway station was called the Nelson Inn, Great Marsden, after the adjacent public house, the Lord Nelson Inn named after Admiral Lord Nelson, from which the town also in time derived its name.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Longton
Coordinates: 53°43′37″N 2°44′47″W / 53.726932°N 2.7464479°W / 53.726932; -2.7464479
New Longton is a village located to the south west of Preston, in the district of South Ribble, in the county of Lancashire, North West England. It is in the parish of Longton, which is the name of the older village located 2 miles (3 km) to the west of New Longton.
The development of New Longton was prompted by the building of the West Lancashire Railway between Preston and Southport in Victorian times. A station called "Hutton and Howick", later renamed "New Longton and Hutton" was built at the junction of what is now Station Road and Chapel Lane, where there was a level crossing.
Since the 1940s housing estate development has taken place south of Hugh Barn Lane and Wham Lane. Other small estates, including the council estate in Dickson Hey, were built on both sides of Station Road. The village lost its railway service in the 1960s, but remains a commuter village with a regular bus service into Longton and Preston. Longer distance commuting to Manchester, Merseyside and Lancaster is afforded by the proximity of the M6, M61 and M65 motorways.
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Northern England
Northern England, also known as the North of England, the North or the North Country, is a cultural region of England. It is not an official government region, but rather an informal amalgamation of counties. The southern extent of the region is roughly the River Trent, while the North is bordered by Scotland.
Northern England comprises three regions of England - the North East, North West and Yorkshire and the Humber. The counties of Northern England combined have a population of around 14.5 million covering an area of 37,331 km2 (14,414 sq mi).
During antiquity most of the area was part of Brigantia — homeland of the Brigantes and the largest Brythonic kingdom of Great Britain. After the Roman conquest of Britain the city of York became capital of the area, called Britannia Inferior then Britannia Secunda. In Sub-Roman Britain new Brythonic kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd emerged. The Angle settlers created Bernicia and Deira from which came Northumbria and a Golden Age in cultural, scholarly and monastic activity, centred around Lindisfarne and aided by Irish monks.Norse and Gaelic Viking raiders gained control of much of the area, creating the Danelaw. During this time there were close relations with Mann and the Isles, Dublin and Norway. Northumbria was unified with the rest of England under Eadred around 952.
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Ormskirk
Coordinates: 53°33′59″N 2°53′13″W / 53.5665°N 2.8869°W / 53.5665; -2.8869
Ormskirk is a market town in West Lancashire, England. It is situated 13 miles (21 km) north of Liverpool city centre, 11 miles (18 km) northwest of St Helens, 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Southport and 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Preston.
Ormskirk lies on sloping ground on the side of a ridge, whose highest point is 68 metres (223 ft) above sea-level, at the centre of the West Lancashire Plain, and has been described as a "planned borough", laid out in the 13th century.
Ormskirk is an unparished area, surrounded by the parishes of Bickerstaffe, Aughton, Scarisbrick, Burscough, Lathom and Lathom South.
The town is located in the district of West Lancashire and is the site of the headquarters of West Lancashire Borough Council. Ormskirk is also a 'post town' in the Liverpool postcode area.
Since Ormskirk does not have a parish council, a voluntary association, Ormskirk Community Partnership, was created in 2009, with the support of the West Lancashire Borough Council, to act as a voice for Ormskirk.
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Oswaldtwistle
Coordinates: 53°44′36″N 2°23′37″W / 53.7434°N 2.3935°W / 53.7434; -2.3935
Oswaldtwistle ( /ˈɒzəl.twɪzəl/ "ozzel-twizzel") is a town within the Hyndburn borough of Lancashire, England. It lies on the course of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 3 miles (4.8 km) east-southeast of Blackburn and is contiguous to Accrington.
The name is derived from "Oswald" and "Twistle". The word "twistle" is an old English word meaning "brooks meet". Legend has it that St.Oswald, King of Northumbria passed through, giving the area its full title of Oswald's Twistle, which in time came to be Oswaldtwistle. However, it is more likely derived from the name of the Anglo-Saxon who farmed the land.
Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, who, as a factory-owner, effected wide developments in the cotton industry, was born at Peelfold, within the township, in 1750. Another historical figure associated with the textile industry was James Hargreaves, inventor of the Spinning Jenny.
The centre of Oswaldtwistle is home to a: Lloyds TSB, Betfred, Oswaldtwistle Clinic, Travis Perkins building merchants as well as a Co-Op supermarket, which was a Gateway, Solo and a Somerfield before becoming a Co-Op. Also there is a Tesco Express and a SPAR. Other stores include an appliance repairs/sales, numerous takeaways, numerous barbers (M & F), estate agents, off licences, bakers, butchers, funeral directors and many more shops.
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Pendle
Coordinates: 53°52′08″N 2°09′50″W / 53.869°N 2.164°W / 53.869; -2.164
Pendle is a local government district and borough of Lancashire, England. It adjoins the Lancashire boroughs of Burnley and Ribble Valley, the North Yorkshire district of Craven and the West Yorkshire districts of Calderdale and the City of Bradford. It has a total population of about 90,000 people, and is represented in Parliament by Andrew Stephenson, Conservative.
It was created in 1974 as a result of local government reorganisation from the former Municipal Boroughs of Nelson and Colne, the former urban districts of Barnoldswick, Barrowford, Brierfield, Earby and Trawden, and from parts of Burnley Rural District and Skipton Rural District. It was named after the historical district of Pendle Forest, whose ancient lordship has been held by the Barons Clitheroe since 1945. The Barnoldswick, Earby and Skipton parts are historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
The three main employers in the borough are Rolls-Royce plc, Silentnight and the Daisy Group.
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Penwortham
Coordinates: 53°44′N 2°43′W / 53.74°N 2.72°W / 53.74; -2.72
Penwortham is a town and civil parish on the south bank of the River Ribble facing the city of Preston, Lancashire, England. The town is at the most westerly crossing point of the river, with major road and rail links crossing here.
The distinctive town name is derived from pen (meaning a hill), weid (meaning ford) and ham (meaning settlement) with earlier names of Peneverdant and Pendrecham in 1200; Penwrtham in 1204; Penuertham in 1212; Penwortham 1260 and Penewrthamn in 1292.
The town's history can be traced to pre-historic times with archaeological evidence showing that the ford at Middleforth was used to cross the Ribble. Penwortham was listed in the Domesday Book as "Penverdent". At the Norman conquest in 1066 the Barony was held by King Edward. In the 12th century Penwortham was the head of a barony held by Warine Bussel which included a large part of Leyland Hundred and manors in West Derby and Amounderness. Penwortham Castle, a motte-and-bailey castle was built during the post-Norman conquest period overlooking the Ribble and its ford by Roger of Poitou and served to guard the estuary and a ford crossing it. After Roger built Lancaster Castle, Penwortham declined in importance. Some evidence of this castle is still evident in St Mary's Churchyard but only the mound remains. In later centuries a manor house was built, but no evidence remains.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Poulton-le-Fylde
Coordinates: 53°50′49″N 2°59′42″W / 53.847°N 2.995°W / 53.847; -2.995
Poulton-le-Fylde (also known as Poulton) is a market town in Lancashire, England, situated on the coastal plain called the Fylde. As of the 2001 United Kingdom census, it had a population of 18,264. There is evidence of human habitation in the area from 12,000 years ago and several archaeological finds from Roman settlement in England have been found in the area. At the time of the Norman conquest of England Poulton was a small agricultural settlement in the hundred of Amounderness. The church of St Chad was recorded in 1094 when it was endowed to Lancaster Priory. By the post-Medieval period the town had become an important commercial centre for the region with weekly and triannual markets. Goods were imported and exported through two harbours on the River Wyre. In 1837, the town was described as the "metropolis of the Fylde", but its commercial importance waned from the mid-19th century with the development of the nearby coastal resorts of Fleetwood and Blackpool.
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Preesall
Coordinates: 53°55′01″N 2°58′01″W / 53.917°N 2.967°W / 53.917; -2.967
Preesall is a town and civil parish in Lancashire, England. The parish (until 1910 known as Preesall with Hackensall) covers the eastern bank of the estuary of the River Wyre, including Knott End-on-Sea, Pilling Lane and the village of Preesall itself. The parish of Preesall had a population of 5,314 recorded in the 2001 census.
There is evidence that the eastern side of the River Wyre was occupied during the Danish invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries. Preesall is mentioned in the Domesday Book (1086) as being a part of the Hundred of Amounderness and the Domesday place name is given as Pressouede.
The names Preesall and Hackensall are both probably Norse in origin, with Preesall meaning "a hill and a heath" and Hackensall probably deriving from "Haakon", a Viking seafarer who sailed up the River Wyre and set up an encampment in the 10th century. In 1190 the land was granted to a bowman in the service of Prince John, and in the 16th century, the land, like much in this area, passed into the possession of the Fleetwood family. Richard Fleetwood built Hackensall Hall in 1656 after their home at Rossall Hall was flooded. Nearby Parrox Hall was built about the same time, and has been in the possession of the Elletson family since 1690.[citation needed]
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Preston bus station
Coordinates: 53°45′40″N 2°41′46″W / 53.761°N 2.696°W / 53.761; -2.696
Preston Bus Station is the central bus terminus in the city of Preston in Lancashire, England.
Built in the Brutalist architectural style between 1968 and 1969, designed by Keith Ingham and Charles Wilson of Building Design Partnership with E. H. Stazicker, it has a capacity of 80 double-decker buses, 40 along each side of the building. Some claim that it is the second largest bus station in Western Europe. Pedestrian access to the Bus Station is through any of three subways, one of which links directly to the adjacent Guild Hall, while the design also incorporates a multi-storey car park of five floors with space for 1,100 cars.
The building's engineers, Ove Arup and Partners, designed the distinctive curve of the car park balconies "after acceptable finishes to a vertical wall proved too expensive, contributing to the organic, sculptural nature of the building. The edges are functional, too, in that they protect car bumpers from crashing against a vertical wall. The cover balustrade protects passengers from the weather by allowing buses to penetrate beneath the lower parking floor."
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Preston Bus Station
Coordinates: 53°45′40″N 2°41′46″W / 53.761°N 2.696°W / 53.761; -2.696
Preston Bus Station is the central bus terminus in the city of Preston in Lancashire, England.
Built in the Brutalist architectural style between 1968 and 1969, designed by Keith Ingham and Charles Wilson of Building Design Partnership with E. H. Stazicker, it has a capacity of 80 double-decker buses, 40 along each side of the building. Some claim that it is the second largest bus station in Western Europe. Pedestrian access to the Bus Station is through any of three subways, one of which links directly to the adjacent Guild Hall, while the design also incorporates a multi-storey car park of five floors with space for 1,100 cars.
The building's engineers, Ove Arup and Partners, designed the distinctive curve of the car park balconies "after acceptable finishes to a vertical wall proved too expensive, contributing to the organic, sculptural nature of the building. The edges are functional, too, in that they protect car bumpers from crashing against a vertical wall. The cover balustrade protects passengers from the weather by allowing buses to penetrate beneath the lower parking floor."
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Preston College
Coordinates: 53°47′02″N 2°42′02″W / 53.7839°N 2.7005°W / 53.7839; -2.7005
Preston College is a further education college in the city of Preston, Lancashire, England. The college originally opened as W.R. Tuson College in September 1974 and was renamed on 1 September 1989.
The college had two main sites until mid 2011; the main campus on St. Vincent's Road in Fulwood and a smaller building located next to Moor Park. The college finished the build of a Btec building in mid 2011 upon the Fulwood campus; the building cost over one million pounds and replaced the Moor Park campus.
A £5m visual and performing arts centre was officially opened on the Fulwood site in January 2012.
The college offers a lot of vocational based subjects including Dance, Music, Media and Performing Arts
As well as media studies and related fields of learning, the college also offers many academic courses at a sixth form college level. These include English literature, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Advanced Mathematics.
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Preston, Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°45′32″N 2°41′56″W / 53.759°N 2.699°W / 53.759; -2.699
Prestoni/ˈprɛstən/ is a city and the administrative centre of Lancashire, England, located on the north bank of the River Ribble. It is an urban settlement and unparished area that, when combined with its surrounding suburban and rural hinterland, forms part of the City of Preston local government district of Lancashire. It obtained city status in 2002, becoming England's 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The settlement, or unparished area, of Preston has a population of 114,300, and the whole City of Preston district has a population of 132,000.
Preston and its surroundings have provided evidence of ancient Roman activity in the area, largely in the form of a Roman road which led to a camp at Walton-le-Dale. The Angles established Preston; the name Preston is derived from Old English words meaning "Priest settlement" and in the Domesday Book appears as "Prestune". During the Middle Ages, Preston formed a parish and township in the hundred of Amounderness and was granted a Guild Merchant charter in 1179, giving it the status of a market town. Textiles have been produced in Preston since the middle of the 13th century, when locally produced wool was woven in people's houses. Flemish weavers who settled in the area during the 14th century helped to develop the industry. Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the spinning frame, was born in Preston. The most rapid period of growth and development in Preston's history coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing. Preston was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, becoming a densely populated engineering centre, with large industrial plants.
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Rawtenstall
Coordinates: 53°41′56″N 2°17′28″W / 53.699°N 2.291°W / 53.699; -2.291
Rawtenstall ( /ˈrɒtənstɔːl/ or local /ˈrɒʔənstɔːl/) is a town at the centre of the Rossendale Valley, in Lancashire, England. It is the seat for the Borough of Rossendale, in which it is located. The town lies 17.4 miles north of Manchester, 22 miles east of Preston and 45 miles south east of the county town of Lancaster. Nearby towns include Bacup, Haslingden and Ramsbottom.
The name Rawtenstall has been given two possible interpretations. The older is a combination of the Middle English routen (‘to roar or bellow’), from the Old Norse rauta and the Old English stall ‘pool in a river’ (Ekwall 1922, 92). The second, more recent one, relates to Rawtenstall’s identification as a cattle farm in 1324 and combines the Old English ruh ‘rough’ and tun-stall ‘the site of a farm’ (Mills 1991, 269), or possibly, ‘buildings occupied when cattle were pastured on high ground’ (Mills 1976, 125).
The earliest settlement at Rawtenstall was probably in the early medieval period, during the time when it formed part of the Forest of Rossendale in the Honour of Clitheroe, and consisted of simple dwellings for forest servants and animals. More substantial buildings may have followed in the 15th and 16th centuries with corn and flour mills.
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Ribble Steam Railway
Coordinates: 53°45′32″N 2°45′22″W / 53.7588°N 2.7561°W / 53.7588; -2.7561
The Ribble Steam Railway is a standard gauge preserved railway in Lancashire, in the United Kingdom. It was opened to the public on 17 September 2005, running along Preston Docks,. The railway began by housing much of the collection from the previously-closed Southport Railway Museum (Steamport), which was based in the old Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway engine shed at Southport (BR shed code 27C).
The project was first started in 1973, a presevation centre opened in Southport, on the Derby Road, in a refurbished Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway steam shed. However, the shed was becoming a costly burden to handle for the museum, so a relocation scheme was started. Preston Docks was chosen as the new location for the museum. Preston Docks has a large railway network, that used to serve the vast docks and quays. But when the docks closed, the railway was not used. The project finally closed the Southport Railway Museum in 1999.
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Ribble Valley
Ribble Valley is a local government district with borough status within the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Clitheroe. Other places include Whalley, Longridge and Ribchester. The area is so called due to the River Ribble which flows in its final stages towards its estuary near Preston. The area is popular with tourists who enjoy the area's natural unspoilt beauty, much of which lies within the Forest of Bowland.
The Ribble Valley is statistically the wealthiest enclave in Lancashire and businesses in the area reflect this, including a Michelin listed restaurant and a Bentley car dealership. The area is a popular place with those who wish to relocate from London to somewhere more rural and community orientated.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of the municipal borough of Clitheroe, Longridge urban district, Clitheroe Rural District, part of Blackburn Rural District, part of Burnley Rural District, and part of Preston Rural District, as well as the Bowland Rural District from the West Riding of Yorkshire, hence the addition of the Red Rose of Lancaster and White Rose of York on the council's coat of arms.
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Ribchester
Coordinates: 53°48′47″N 2°31′56″W / 53.8130°N 2.5323°W / 53.8130; -2.5323
Ribchester is a village and civil parish within the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Ribble, 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Blackburn and 12 miles (19 km) east of Preston.
The village has a long history with evidence of Bronze Age beginnings. It is well known as a significant Roman site being the location of a Roman cavalry fort called Bremetennacum; some parts of which have been exposed by excavation. In common with many towns and villages in East Lancashire its later history was dominated by cotton weaving; firstly in the form of hand loom weaving and later in two mills. Neither mill still operates and the village is primarily a dormitory village for commuters to the town of Blackburn and cities of Preston and Manchester.
The main access road into Ribchester is the B6245. From the north, this is the Preston Road, which merges into Church Street. From the east, it is the Blackburn Road, which, at its westernmost extremity, also links up with Church Street, albeit closer to the centre of the village.
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Ripon
Coordinates: 54°08′17″N 1°31′25″W / 54.13796°N 1.52365°W / 54.13796; -1.52365
Ripon is a cathedral city, market town and successor parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located at the confluence of two streams of the River Ure in the form of the Laver and Skell. The city is noted for its main feature the Ripon Cathedral which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city itself is just over 1,300 years old.
The city was originally known as Inhrypum and was founded by Saint Wilfrid during the time of Angle kingdom Northumbria, a period during which it enjoyed prominence in terms of religious importance in Great Britain. After a period of Viking control, it passed to the Cerdic dynasty who unified England and then the Normans who destroyed much of the city. After a brief period of building projects under the Plantagenets, the city emerged with a prominent wool and cloth industry. Ripon became well known for its production of spurs during the 16th and 17th century, but would later remain largely unaffected by the Industrial Revolution.
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Rishton
Coordinates: 53°46′12″N 2°25′07″W / 53.770110°N 2.418703°W / 53.770110; -2.418703
Rishton is a small town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England, about 2 miles (3 km) west of Clayton-le-Moors and 4 miles (6 km) north-east of Blackburn. It was an urban district from 1894 to 1974.
Rishton was the first place that the cloth calico was woven on an industrial scale.[citation needed] Its name means "village (or farm) amid the rushes".
Rishton is situated in an area of low moorland north-east of Blackburn and north-west of Accrington. Its elevation above sea level varies from 250 feet (76 m) in the east where Norden Brook flows into the River Hyndburn, to 785 feet (239 m) on Rishton Height, north-west of the town.
In Rishton there are 3 primary schools. These are St. Peter and St. Paul's Church of England Primary School, St. Charles' Roman Catholic Primary School and Rishton Methodist Primary School. There is also 1 high school, Norden High School and Sports College, which serves children from Rishton and neighbouring towns.
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River Darwen
The River Darwen is a river running through Darwen and Blackburn in Lancashire.
The river was seriously polluted with human and industrial effluent during the Industrial Revolution, up to the early 1970s. The river often changed colour dramatically as a result of paper and paint mills routinely using river water to flush out dye and paint tanks. This has now ceased and the river is relatively clear with the return of trout and small fish.
Rising in Jack's Key Clough at the confluence of two streams from Bull Hill and Cranberry Moss, the river flows through the town of Darwen, continuing into the suburbs of Blackburn past Ewood Park. The river passes below the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Ewood Aqueduct and is culverted again at Waterfall and near Griffin Park. It is joined by the River Blakewater near Witton Country Park in Blackburn and leaves the mostly urban landscapes of the towns behind, flowing through parklands and valleys. A further tributary, the River Roddlesworth, joins the Darwen at the bottom of Moulden Brow on the boundary between Blackburn with Darwen and Chorley Borough Council (the name Moulden Brow being associated with Moulden Water, an alternative name for this stretch of the river). From there, the Darwen flows past Hoghton Tower through Hoghton Bottoms and Samlesbury Bottoms, finally combining with the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale.
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River Hodder
The River Hodder is a river in Lancashire, England. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site.
It rises on White Hill and flows for approximately 23 miles to the River Ribble, of which it is the largest tributary. The confluence of the rivers is an impressive[peacock term] sight, particularly when both are in spate.
The Hodder drains much of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and all but the last mile of its course is through this scenic area.
The upper reaches of the river feed the large Stocks Reservoir, which provides much of[quantify] Lancashire's water supply. After exiting the reservoir, the Hodder continues in a general southward direction. It collects many tributaries from the valleys of Bowland and, lower down, parts of the Ribble Valley. Most notable among the feeders of the Hodder are Croasdale Brook, Easington Brook, the River Dunsop, Langden Brook and the River Loud.
Much of the land in the Hodder Valley further to the north is owned by the Crown as Duke of Lancaster, whilst further down, farming land on the Stonyhurst Estate is owned by Stonyhurst College and the Jesuits[citation needed]. The river runs close to the College and passes adjacent to the former preparatory school, Hodder Place. The river lends its name to the pre-preparatory department at Stonyhurst, "Hodder House" and also years three to five known collectively as "Hodder Playroom".
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River Ribble
The River Ribble is a river that runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire, in northern England. The river's drainage basin also includes parts of Greater Manchester around Wigan.
The Ribble begins at the confluence of the Gayle Beck and Cam Beck near the famous viaduct at Ribblehead, in the shadow of the Yorkshire three peaks.
It flows through Settle, Clitheroe, Ribchester and Preston, before emptying into the Irish Sea between Lytham St. Annes and Southport, a length of 75 miles (121 km).
The main tributaries of the Ribble are the Hodder and Calder which join the river near Great Mitton, the River Darwen which joins at Walton-le-Dale and the River Douglas which joins near Hesketh Bank.
The Ribble Way is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of Mercia. At the time of the Domesday Book, the river formed the northern boundary of an area of land (known as Inter Ripam et Mersam) that was included in the Domesday information for Cheshire, though it was probably not formally part of the county of Cheshire.
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River Wyre
The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site.
The river rises in the Forest of Bowland in central Lancashire, as two distinct tributaries, the Tarnbrook Wyre and the Marshaw Wyre, whose confluence is near the village of Abbeystead. In 1984 a pumping station, built just below the confluence as part of a water transfer scheme in the 1980s, was the location of the Abbeystead disaster, an explosion in which 16 people were killed and a further 22 were injured.
From Abbeystead, the river flows south through Dolphinholme and Garstang to Catterall where it meets its first major tributary, the River Calder. The river then turns westwards, flowing through St Michael's On Wyre where it is joined by its second major tributary, the River Brock. It becomes tidal below the weir at St Michael's.
It is crossed by a toll bridge (normal fee is 40 pence) at Cartford, between Little Eccleston and Out Rawcliffe. A former toll bridge, Shard Bridge, close to Poulton-le-Fylde, has been rebuilt and is now free. The Lancaster Canal crosses on a small aqueduct at Garstang. A pedestrian ferry runs between Fleetwood and Knott End but the ferry to the Isle of Man no longer runs.
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Riversway
Coordinates: 53°45′43″N 2°45′07″W / 53.762°N 2.752°W / 53.762; -2.752
Riversway is an electoral ward in Preston, Lancashire, England. The ward is named for its location close to the River Ribble, and the historical links to the former Port of Preston. The ward can be split into three distinct areas; the former Docklands, now a shopping area and residential community, with new build apartments and housing overlooking the dock; Broadgate, the residential area built during the Industrial Revolution; and Christ Church, a community of traditional terraced housing.
The ward contains the administrative headquarters of Lancashire County Council.
Riversway returns three members to Preston City Council, elected 'in thirds' in first past the post elections each year. The ward is currently represented by three Labour councillors.
The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston City.
From the 2001 census, Riversway ward had a population of 5,823. Of this figure, just over half (53.9) described themselves as Christian. With 11% and 10% respectively, the Hindu and Muslim populations are amongst the largest in the city; a Hindu temple is within the Broadgate area of the ward.
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Rock FM
97.4 Rock FM is an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to Lancashire, North West England and some parts of North Wales. Its output is mainly contemporary pop and current chart hits. The station is owned & operated by Bauer Radio and forms part of Bauer's Place Network of stations. The total survey area of the station for RAJAR is broadly defined as western, southern and central Lancashire including parts of Greater Manchester and Merseyside. But the station is audible on FM from Cumbria down into Wales and towards The West Midlands.
Rock FM (and its sister AM station Magic 999) broadcast from studios based at a converted church (St. Paul's) in Preston. The station can be received across most of north west England and North Wales. Rock FM consistently rates as the number one commercial radio station in its target service area by reach, share and hours. Over a quarter of all adults in its market listen every week.
In 1990, Red Rose Radio, which was transmitted on 97.4 MHz and 999 kHz, was split into two stations - Red Rose Rock FM using the FM frequency and Red Rose Gold on the medium wave frequency. The managing director was Dave Lincoln and at that time the station was owned by the Miss World Group, later known as TransWorld Communications (owned by Owen Oyston) and which subsequently became part of Bauer Radio (previously EMAP Radio).
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Rossendale
Rossendale is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire, England. It is made up of a number of small former mill towns centred around the valley of the River Irwell in the industrial North West. The district combines urban with rural aspects, and is close to the more populated areas of Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Manchester and Rochdale.
In the 2001 census the population of Rossendale was 65,652, spread between the larger towns of Bacup, Haslingden and Rawtenstall; the villages of Crawshawbooth, Edenfield, Helmshore, Waterfoot, Whitworth; and as well as Britannia, Chatterton, Cloughfold, Cowpe, Irwell Vale, Newchurch, Shawforth, Stacksteads, Stubbins, Turn, Water, Weir.
The district was formed on April 1, 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, from the municipal boroughs of Bacup, Haslingden, Rawtenstall, part of Ramsbottom Urban District and Whitworth Urban District.
Rossendale is twinned with the German town of Bocholt, located close to the Netherlands border.
The name "Rossendale" may also refer geographically to Rossendale Valley, and historically refers to the medieval Forest or "Chase" of Rossendale, which encompassed approximately the same area as the modern district.
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Salwick
Salwick is a village between Kirkham and Preston in Lancashire, England. The village is largely rural and is an extension of the smaller Clifton to the south. It is in the borough of Fylde, and in the Parliamentary Constituency of Fylde, and forms part of the civil parish of Newton with Clifton. It is at grid reference SD466320, and is served by Salwick railway station.
The area of "Clifton With Salwick" was in the Archdeaconry of Richmond in the Diocese of Chester.
The etymology of Salwick is unclear. The "wick" may come from Old English wic, meaning an earlier Romano-British settlement specialised in farming; but the "Sal(w)" element is unclear.
Salwick is the home of the Springfields nuclear fuel manufacturing plant.
A rural view of Salwick
The Hand and Dagger alongside the Lancaster Canal
Coordinates: 53°46′54″N 2°48′43″W / 53.78157°N 2.81188°W / 53.78157; -2.81188
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Skipton
Coordinates: 53°57′43″N 2°01′01″W / 53.962°N 2.017°W / 53.962; -2.017
Skipton (also known as Skipton-in-Craven) is a market town and civil parish within the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It is located along the course of both the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the River Aire, on the south side of the Yorkshire Dales, 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Bradford and 38 miles (61 km) west of York. At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Skipton had a population of 14,313.
Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Skipton was anciently distinguished by Skipton Castle, first constructed in 1090 as a wooden motte-and-bailey by Robert de Romille, a Norman baron. In the 12th century William le Gros replaced it with a stone keep as a means to repel attacks from the Kingdom of Scotland to the north,[citation needed] the erection of which elevated Skipton from a poor dependent village to a burgh administered by a reve. The protection offered by Skipton Castle during the Middle Ages encouraged the urbanisation of the surrounding area, and during times of war and disorder, attracted an influx of families.
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South Ribble
Coordinates: 53°41′49″N 2°41′24″W / 53.697°N 2.690°W / 53.697; -2.690
South Ribble is a non-metropolitan district and borough of Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Leyland. In May 2007, the council was officially declared "Excellent" by the Audit Commission, gaining its place among the best 5 district councils in the country,
On 4 October 2007, a team from South Ribble won the LGC Challenge, defeating over 40 other authorities, including larger metropolitan and unitary councils.
South Ribble Borough Council is working in partnership with Chorley Borough Council (a neighbouring authority) on Finance, Procurement, Audit and other centralised functions.
Other notable population areas within South Ribble are Penwortham, Longton, Hutton (headquarters of the Lancashire Police), Walton-le-Dale, Bamber Bridge, Lostock Hall, a significant part of Buckshaw Village and Moss Side.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, from Leyland and Walton-le-Dale urban districts, along with part of Preston Rural District.
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Southport
Coordinates: 53°38′43″N 3°00′30″W / 53.6454°N 3.0083°W / 53.6454; -3.0083
Southport ( /ˈsaʊθpɔrt/) is a seaside town in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside, England. During the 2001 census Southport was recorded as having a population of 90,336, making it the eleventh most populous settlement in North West England. The endonym for people from Southport is "Sandgrounder".
Southport lies on the Irish Sea coast of North West England and is fringed to the north by the Ribble estuary. The town is situated 16.5 miles (26.6 km) to the north of the city of Liverpool and 14.8 miles (23.8 km) southwest of the city of Preston.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the town in its present form was founded in 1792 when a hotel was built at what now is the south end of Lord Street. At that time the area was sparsely populated and was dominated by sand dunes. During the turn of the 19th century the area became popular with tourists due to the easy access from the nearby Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the town quickly grew. The rapid growth of Southport largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution and the Victorian era. Town attractions include Southport Pier with its Southport Pier Tramway, the second longest seaside pleasure pier in the British Isles, and Lord Street, an elegant tree-lined shopping street once home of Napoleon III of France.
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St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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The Fylde
The Fylde ( /ˈfaɪld/); Scandinavian: "field") is a coastal plain in western Lancashire, England. It is roughly a 13-mile (20-kilometre) square-shaped peninsula, bounded by Morecambe Bay to the north, the Ribble estuary to the south, the Irish Sea to the west, and the Bowland hills to the east. The eastern boundary is approximately the location of the M6 motorway.
It is a flat, alluvial plain; parts were once dug for peat, and it is the western part of an area formerly known as Amounderness.
The west coast is almost entirely urban, containing the towns of Fleetwood, Cleveleys, Blackpool and Lytham St Annes, with Thornton, Carleton and Poulton-le-Fylde not far inland. This area forms the Blackpool Urban Area. The central southern part of the Fylde includes the smaller towns of Kirkham and Wesham. The rest of the Fylde is rural, containing villages that include Freckleton, Warton, Wrea Green, Great Eccleston, Hambleton, Knott End and Pilling.
The River Wyre meanders across the Fylde from Garstang on the eastern edge, westwards towards Poulton and then northwards to the sea at Fleetwood. The area north and east of the tidal Wyre, known as Over Wyre, is the more rural side of the river. The Fylde is roughly trisected by the M55 motorway and A586 road.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Walmer Bridge
Coordinates: 53°42′44″N 2°47′23″W / 53.712360°N 2.7896449°W / 53.712360; -2.7896449
Walmer Bridge is a small village in Lancashire, England. Surrounding villages are Much Hoole and Longton.
Walmer Bridge is first recorded in 1251 in the chartulary of Cockersand Abbey as Waldemurebruge.
Walmer Bridge was once home to a large working mill which was working during the early 1900s. The factory closed in 1931 due to lack of funds. Three decades later, it was controlled demolition, in 1979. It is now a sheltered housing estate called Old Mill Court.
The West Lancashire Railway used to run through some parts of the village. Little Hoole Primary School is situated on Dob Lane, however it used to be located on the corner of School Street where it was opened in the 1930s.
The Wilkins brothers, W & R Wilkins, owners of the malting down Marsh Lane in Longton, originally owned the Walmer Bridge Inn and the Longton Arms. Being a wealthy family, the Wilkins opened the new Methodist chapel in 1894, situated next to the modern day Spar shop. The chapel was knocked down in 2011 in favour of space for new retail outlets.
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Warton Aerodrome
Warton Aerodrome (ICAO: EGNO) is located near to Warton village on the Fylde in Lancashire, England. The aerodrome is 6 NM (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of Preston, Lancashire, UK.
Today the airfield is a major assembly and testing facility of BAE Systems Military Air Solutions.
Warton Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P748) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (BAE Systems (Operations) Limited).
In 1940 new runways were built at Warton so that it could act as a "satellite" airfield for the RAF Coastal Command station at Squires Gate airfield in Blackpool
The airfield was first operated as an air depot of the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II, as thousands of aircraft were processed on their way to active service in Britain, North Africa, the Mediterranean and mainland Europe. On 23 August 1944, the accidental crash of an American United States Army Air Force B-24 Liberator heavy bomber caused the Freckleton Air Disaster.
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Warton, Fylde
Coordinates: 53°45′00″N 2°54′40″W / 53.7500°N 2.9110°W / 53.7500; -2.9110
Warton is a village on the Fylde in Lancashire, England.
The village is about six miles west of Preston and eight miles south east of Blackpool. It is located on the banks of the River Ribble, close to its entry into the Irish Sea. It is best known for its airfield, BAE Warton and the associated aircraft manufacturing plant of BAE Systems Military Air Solutions. The village is part of the borough of Fylde.
In 1835 Warton was a township in the parish of Kirkham. For probate purposes, prior to 1858, Warton was in the Archdeaconry of Richmond, in the Diocese of Chester.
In his 1870 Gazeteer, Wilson reports that the chapelry of Warton also included the Freckleton township, and comprised 6,598 acres, with a population 1,325 and 270 houses. The property is described as being "much subdivided". Cotton spinning and the manufacture of sacking, sailcloth, and cordage were the main occupations. The living was a vicarage in the diocese of Manchester with a value of £350, the patron being Christchurch in Oxford.
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Wesham
Coordinates: 53°47′25″N 2°53′09″W / 53.7902°N 2.8857°W / 53.7902; -2.8857
Medlar with Wesham is civil parish on the Fylde in Lancashire, England. It lies within the Borough of Fylde, and had a population of 3,245 in 1,294 households recorded in the 2001 census.
The parish contains the town of Wesham, adjacent to the larger town of Kirkham outside the parish. Technically, town status attaches to the whole parish, but in practice it is the settlement of Wesham that is referred to as a "town".
The area within the boundaries of the parish have been populated since early medieval times, prior to the Norman conquest, with separate settlements at Bradkirk, Medlar, Wesham and Mowbreck. There was also a single moted farmstead at Pasture Barn midway between Medlar and Mowbreck. The present bridleway of Mowbreck Lane was the medieval route to Treales.
The modern town of Wesham (pronounced variously `Wesham', `Wessam' and `Wezzum') is only about 160 years old, and developed as the railway expanded to serve the growing popularity of resort towns such as Blackpool. From the 1920s to the 1950s huge numbers of steam trains plied their way to the coast via the station at Kirkham and Wesham.
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West Lancashire
Coordinates: 53°33′43″N 2°49′37″W / 53.562°N 2.827°W / 53.562; -2.827
West Lancashire is a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough in Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Ormskirk. The other town in the borough is Skelmersdale.
The district was formed in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of Ormskirk and Skelmersdale and Holland urban districts along with part of West Lancashire Rural District and part of Wigan Rural District.
Political Composition as of 4th May 2012 the Conservative Leader Councillor Ian Grant and Labour Leader Councillior John Fillis have-
The main towns of Ormskirk (including the village of Westhead) and Skelmersdale are unparished areas.
There is a single Parish meeting for Bispham Green.
West Lancashire is twinned with:
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Wigan
Coordinates: 53°32′41″N 2°37′54″W / 53.5448°N 2.6318°W / 53.5448; -2.6318
Wigan ( /ˈwɪɡən/) is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Douglas, 7.9 miles (13 km) south-west of Bolton, 10 miles (16 km) north of Warrington and 16 miles (25.7 km) west-northwest of Manchester. Wigan is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and is its administrative centre. The town of Wigan had a total population of 81,203 in 2001, whilst the wider borough has a population of 305,600. The town is the headquarters of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, the top tier administrative body for Greater Manchester.
Historically in the county of Lancashire, Wigan during classical antiquity was in the territory of the Brigantes, an ancient Celtic tribe that ruled much of northern England. The Brigantes were subjugated in the Roman conquest of Britain during the 1st century, and it is asserted that the Roman settlement of Coccium was established where Wigan lies. Wigan is believed to have been incorporated as a borough in 1246 following the issue of a charter by King Henry III of England. At the end of the Middle Ages it was one of four boroughs in Lancashire possessing Royal charters; the others were Lancaster, Liverpool, and Preston.
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Winckley Square
Winckley Square is situated near the centre of Preston, Lancashire, England, at the west end of Avenham.
The square was first established in 1801, around Town End Field owned by Thomas Winckley, as an exclusive residential area for the town's gentry. It is now occupied mostly by insurance, legal and other business offices, although some residential developments have recently been made. The square's gardens, now an open public park, originally consisted of private plots, each owned by a resident. A statue of Sir Robert Peel stands on one side of the central gardens opposite Cross Street, erected in 1852.
An Italian-style villa was built in 1850 on the south corner of Cross Street (number 11), which was later used as a County Court office from the 1940s. It was demolished in 1969. On the opposite corner (number 10) was the Winckley Club, a gentlemen's club, and next to it, in Cross Street, the Literary and Philosophical Institution (later called Dr Shepherd's Library and Museum), both built in 1846 and both now demolished.
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Wyre
Coordinates: 53°54′00″N 2°48′32″W / 53.900°N 2.809°W / 53.900; -2.809
Wyre is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Poulton-le-Fylde.
The district is named after the River Wyre, which runs through the district. It was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the municipal borough of Fleetwood, along with Poulton-le-Fylde, Preesall and Thornton-Cleveleys urban districts and Garstang Rural District.
Elections to Wyre Borough Council take place every four years on the first Thursday in May. All 55 councillors are elected from 26 wards. Since the formation of the council in 1973 it has been under the control of the Conservative Party with the exception of one term from 1995 to 1999 when the Labour Party held control of the council.
Following the most recent election held on 5 May 2011 the composition of the council is as follows:
Wyre is split into three Parliamentary Constituencies - Wyre and Preston North, Lancaster and Fleetwood and Blackpool North and Cleveleys. This was recently changed as part of the Boundary changes for the United Kingdom general election, 2010. Before this change it had been split into three Lancaster and Wyre, Blackpool North and Fleetwood and Fylde.
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Yukon
Coordinates: 63°38′N 135°46′W / 63.633°N 135.767°W / 63.633; -135.767
Yukon/ˈjuːkɒn/ is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories.
The territory was created from the rump of the Hudson's Bay Company's North-Western Territory in 1898 as "the Yukon". Receiving royal assent on March 27, 2002, the federal government moderized the Yukon Act to confirm "Yukon", rather than "Yukon Territory", as the current usage standard. Though officially bilingual (English and French) the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages.
At 5,959 m (19,551 ft), Yukon's Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest of North America (after Mount McKinley in the U.S. state of Alaska). The territory's climate is Arctic and subarctic, resulting in long cold winters, short summers, and little precipitation.
It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in.
The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west for 1,210 km (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains. Whitehorse is the territorial capital.
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Andrew Flintoff
Andrew "Freddie" Flintoff MBE (born 6 December 1977) is a broadcaster and former English cricketer who played for Lancashire County Cricket Club, England and the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings. A tall (6' 4") fast bowler, batsman and slip fielder, Flintoff according to the ICC rankings was consistently rated amongst the top international allrounders in both ODI and Test cricket. His nickname "Freddie" or "Fred" comes from the similarity between his surname and that of Fred Flintstone[citation needed].
From his debut in 1998, Flintoff became an integral player for England, and has both captained and vice-captained the team. However, he suffered regular injuries throughout his international career, often due to his heavy frame and bowling action. During the period 2007–09 he played in only 13 of England's 36 Test matches, but nevertheless remained a core member of the England squad, being selected whenever available. On 15 July 2009 he announced his retirement from Test cricket at the conclusion of the 2009 Ashes series, on 24 August, but made himself available for future commitments in One Day International and Twenty20 International matches.
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Angles
The Angles is a modern English term for a Germanic people who took their name from the ancestral cultural region of Angeln, a district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England".
The name of the Angles is first recorded in Latinized form, as Anglii, in the Germania of Tacitus. The name is usually derived from a toponym, Angeln, from a Germanic word *anguz meaning "narrow" (of an estuary) or "angular" (of the shape of the Jutland peninsula).
Gregory the Great in an epistle simplified the Latinized name Anglii to Angli, the latter form developing into the preferred form of the word. The country remained Anglia in Latin. King Alfred's (Alfred the Great) translation of Orosius' history of the world uses Angelcynn (-kin) to describe England and the English people; Bede used Angelfolc (-folk); there are also such forms as Engel, Englan (the people), Englaland, and Englisc, all showing i-mutation.
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity; as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies, then as the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation. Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical and democratic values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat." To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become."
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Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens ( /ˈtʃɑrlz ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. During his lifetime Dickens' works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, but it was in the twentieth century that his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.
Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors' prison. Though he had little formal education, his early impoverishment drove him to succeed. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.
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Charles Dunstone
Charles Dunstone (born 21 November 1964) is the chairman and (with David Ross) co-founder, in 1989, of mobile phone retailer The Carphone Warehouse and chairman of the TalkTalk Group.
Dunstone was born in 1964, in the town of Saffron Walden in Essex.
Dunstone was educated at Uppingham School, an independent school for boys (now co-educational), in the market town of Uppingham in Rutland, in Central England.
Charles Dunstone first began selling mobile phones out of his flat on Marylebone Road in 1989. He was 25 years old and had £6000 of savings to start his business having previous worked at NEC as a sales executive.
It was whilst working at NEC that he first spotted the potential of mobile phones and the future of mobile communications. At that time, handsets were large, cumbersome and mainly purchased by big business and large organisations. Corporate clients were well catered for but small businesses, the self-employed and general public had nowhere to go. Dunstone realised that mobile phones would eventually become ubiquitous and named his company The Carphone Warehouse (CPW) to serve this larger market.
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George Gilbert Scott
Sir George Gilbert Scott (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878) was an English architect of the Victorian Age, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches, cathedrals and workhouses. He was one of the most prolific architects that Great Britain has produced, over 800 buildings being designed or altered by him.
Scott was the architect of many iconic buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station, the Albert Memorial, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, all in London, the main building of the University of Glasgow, and St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh.
Born in Gawcott, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of a clergyman and grandson of the biblical commentator Thomas Scott. He studied architecture as a pupil of James Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant to Henry Roberts. He also worked as an assistant for his friend Sampson Kempthorne.
In about 1835, Scott took on William Bonython Moffatt as his assistant and later (1838–1845) as partner. Over the next 10 years Scott and Moffatt designed over 40 workhouses. Scott also designed working-class housing for Akroydon, Halifax in 1859.
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Henry II of England
Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle, Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as King of England (1154–89), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, who was the daughter of King Henry I and took the title of Empress from her first marriage. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, and was made the Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to the French king Louis VII had recently been annulled. King Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and he inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Still quite young, he now controlled what would later be called the Angevin empire, stretching across much of western Europe.
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Ian Kirkham
Ian Kirkham (born 9 March, 1963, Preston, England) is a world-renowned saxophonist, who had been the saxophone player for Simply Red from 1986 until the band retired in 2010. He started learning piano at five, and saxophone at eleven.
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Joseph Hansom
Joseph Aloysius Hansom (26 October 1803 – 29 June 1882) was a prolific English architect working principally in the Gothic Revival style, who invented the Hansom cab and was one of the founders of the eminent architectural journal, The Builder, in 1843.
Hansom was born at 114 Micklegate, York (now the Brigantes pub) to a Roman Catholic family and baptised as Josephus Aloysius Handsom(e). He was the brother of the architect Charles Francis Hansom and the uncle of Edward J. Hansom. He was apprenticed to his father as a joiner, but showing an early aptitude for draughtsmanship and construction, he was permitted to transfer his apprenticeship to a local architect named Mr Philips.
About 1825 he settled in Halifax, Yorkshire, and in the same year he married Hannah Glover at St. Michael le Belfrey in York. He took a post as assistant to John Oates and there befriended Edward Welch, with whom he formed his first architectural partnership in 1828. Together they designed several churches in Yorkshire and Liverpool, and also worked on the renovation of Bodelwyddan Castle in Denbighshire and King William's College in the Isle of Man. In 1831 their designs for Birmingham Town Hall were accepted; however, the contract led to their bankruptcy, as they had stood surety for the builders. The disaster led to the dissolution of the partnership and may have contributed to Hansom becoming a radical socialist.
wn.com/Joseph_Hansom -
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894); some of his works were co-written with his friend and fellow German revolutionary socialist, Friedrich Engels.
Born into a wealthy middle class family in Trier, formerly in Prussian Rhineland now called Rhineland-Palatinate, Marx studied at both the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. In 1836, he became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, marrying her in 1843. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism. Moving to Paris in 1843, he began writing for other radical newspapers. He met Engels in Paris, and the two men worked together on a series of books. Exiled to Brussels, he became a leading figure of the Communist League, before moving back to Cologne, where he founded his own newspaper. In 1849 he was exiled again and moved to London together with his wife and children. In London, where the family was reduced to poverty, Marx continued writing and formulating his theories about the nature of society and how he believed it could be improved, and also campaigned for socialism—he became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.
wn.com/Karl_Marx -
Kelly Crabtree
Kelly Louise Crabtree is a fictional character from the UK television ITV soap opera, Coronation Street. Portrayed by actress Tupele Dorgu, the character first appeared onscreen during the episode airing on 6 September 2004.
On November 6, 2009 it was announced that Tupele Dorgu had decided not to renew her contract which meant that her character would depart the show in March 2010.. She made her last appearance on 19 March 2010.
Kelly first appeared in September, 2004. She had been working in the background of the Underworld clothing factory for some time. On the day that the rest of the workers take any notice of her she is leaving to get married and move away.
She quits her job and Sean Tully (Antony Cotton) takes over. However, her fiancé has cheated on her and she decides to leave him. After begging for her job back at the factory, Danny Baldwin (Bradley Walsh) keeps both her and Sean. She begins a short-lived flirtation with her boss who gives her the nickname of "Legs", although it never quite develops into an affair. Always one for a challenge, Kelly tries to seduce gay best friend Sean Tully, but fails.
wn.com/Kelly_Crabtree -
Mary Anne Hobbs
Mary Anne Hobbs (born 16 May 1964 in Preston, Lancashire, England) is an English DJ and music journalist from Garstang, Lancashire. She launched a new Primetime show on Xfm on 9 July 2011.
In the 1980s, Hobbs lived on a bus in a carpark in Hayes, Hillingdon with the hard rock band Heretic before becoming a journalist for Sounds Magazine at age 19. She later went to work for the NME before going on to help found Loaded Magazine. While with the NME she served as a freelance U.K. music news correspondent in Canada on CBC Radio One, filing a weekly report for a program called The Beat. This contributed to her big break in radio with BBC GLR, working alongside Mark Lamarr.
She then worked at XFM before being headhunted by BBC Radio 1 after a confrontational interview on XFM with Radio 1's Trevor Dann. She shot a TV series about global biker culture 'Mary Anne's Bikes' in Japan, America, Russia, India, and Europe for BBC Choice & BBC World in 2003, and presented the World Superbikes series 2005 for British Eurosport. She also compèred the Leeds Festival between 1999 and 2003.
wn.com/Mary_Anne_Hobbs -
Mormon missionaries
Missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)—widely known as Mormon missionaries—are volunteer representatives of the LDS Church who engage variously in proselytizing, church service, and humanitarian aid. Mormon missionaries may serve on a full- or part-time basis depending on the assignment, and are organized geographically into missions.
The LDS Church is one of the most active modern practitioners of missionary work, reporting that it fielded over 52,000 full-time missionaries worldwide in 2010. Most full-time Mormon missionaries constitute single young men in their late teens and early twenties, young women in their early twenties, and older couples with children no longer in the home. Many are assigned to serve far from the missionary's home, often in another country or overseas. Mormon missionaries serve voluntarily, not receiving any salary from the church for their work, typically supporting themselves financially or through assistance from family. Many young Mormons save money during their teenage years to afford missionary expenses when they are so called.
wn.com/Mormon_missionaries -
Nick Park
Nicholas Wulstan "Nick" Park, CBE (born 6 December 1958) is an English filmmaker of stop motion animation best known as the creator of Wallace and Gromit and Shaun the Sheep.
Park has been nominated for an Academy Award a total of six times, and won four with Creature Comforts (1989), The Wrong Trousers (1993), A Close Shave (1995), and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005).
Park was born on Brookfield Park in Preston in Lancashire, England and grew up on Greenlands Estate, Preston and later moved to Walmer Bridge, where his mother still resides. He is the middle child, of five siblings. He was born to Mary Cecilia Ashton (b. 1930), a seamstress, and Roger Wulstan Park (b. 1925 d.2004), an architectural photographer.[citation needed] His sister Janet lives in the South Ribble area still, in Longton. He attended Cuthbert Mayne High School (now Our Lady's Catholic High School). He grew up with a keen interest in drawing cartoons, and as a 13-year old made films with the help of his mother – who was a dressmaker – and her home movie camera and cotton bobbins. He also took after his father, an amateur inventor, and would send items – such as a bottle that squeezed out different coloured wools – to Blue Peter. He studied Communication Arts at Sheffield Polytechnic (now Sheffield Hallam University) and then went to the National Film and Television School, where he started making the first Wallace and Gromit film, A Grand Day Out.
wn.com/Nick_Park -
Richard Arkwright
Sir Richard Arkwright (23 December 1732 – 3 August 1792), was an Englishman who, although the patents were eventually overturned, is often credited with inventing the spinning frame — later renamed the water frame following the transition to water power. He also patented a carding engine that could convert raw cotton into yarn. A self-made man, he was a leading entrepreneur of the Industrial Revolution. Arkwright's achievement was to combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labour, and a new raw material (cotton) to create, more than a century before Ford, mass produced yarn. His skills of organization made him more than anyone else, the creator of the modern factory system, especially in his mill at Cromford.
Richard Arkwright, the youngest of thirteen children, was born in Preston, Lancashire, England on the 23rd December 1732. His father, Thomas, was a tailor and a Preston Guild burgess. The family are recorded in the Preston Guild Rolls now held by Lancashire Record Office. Richard's parents, Sarah and Thomas, could not afford to send him to school and instead arranged for him to be taught to read and write by his cousin Ellen. Richard was apprenticed to a Mr. Nicholson, a barber at nearby Kirkham and began his working life as a barber and wig-maker, setting up a shop at Churchgate in Bolton in the early 1750s. It was here that he invented a waterproof dye for use on the fashionable 'periwigs' (wigs) of the time, the income from which later facilitated his financing of prototype cotton machinery.
wn.com/Richard_Arkwright -
Robert W. Service
Robert William Service (January 16, 1874 – September 11, 1958) was a poet and writer who has often been called "the Bard of the Yukon".
Service is best known for his poems "The Shooting of Dan McGrew" and "The Cremation of Sam McGee", from his first book, Songs of a Sourdough (1907; also published as The Spell of the Yukon and Other Verses). "These humorous tales in verse were considered doggerel by the literary set, yet remain extremely popular to this day."
Robert W. Service was born in Preston, Lancashire, England, the first of ten children. His father, also Robert Service, was a banker from Kilwinning, Scotland who had been transferred to England.
At five years old Robert W. Service went to live in Kilwinning with his three maiden aunts and his paternal grandfather, who was the town's postmaster. There he is said to have composed his first verse, a grace, on his sixth birthday:
At nine Service rejoined his parents who had moved to Glasgow. He attended Glasgow's Hillhead High School.
After leaving school Service joined the Commercial Bank of Scotland which would later become the Royal Bank of Scotland. He was writing at this time and reportedly already "selling his verses". He was also reading poetry: Browning, Keats, Tennyson, and Thackeray.
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Sir Tom Finney
Sir Thomas Finney, OBE (born 5 April 1922, Preston, Lancashire) is a former English footballer, famous for his loyalty to his league club, Preston North End, and for his performances in the English national side. Finney is also the current President of Kendal Town. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1961 Queen's New Year Honours and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1992 Queen's New Year Honours and was knighted in the 1998 Queen's New Year Honours.
Finney was born at home in Preston on a street next to the Deepdale stadium to parents Alfred Finney (b.1894) and Margaret Mitchell (b.1896). He was frail and somewhat sickly in his youth and stood only 4 ft 9 in (1.45 m) at the age of fourteen. When he was offered the opportunity to sign for Preston North End (PNE), his father insisted that he complete his apprenticeship in the family's plumbing business before signing as a professional. This led to one of his nicknames, the 'Preston Plumber'. Finney's mother Margaret died in 1927, at the age of 32, when Tom was only four years old. He was married to Elsie Noblett from 1945 until her death from Alzheimer's disease in 2004. They had two children; a son Brian (born 1947) and a daughter Barbara (born 1950).
wn.com/Sir_Tom_Finney -
St John the Baptist
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל, Yoḥanan ha-mmaṭbil, Arabic: يحيى بن زكريا Yahya ibn Zakariya, Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ Yoḥanan, Greek: Ὁ Ἅγιος/Τίμιος Ἐνδοξος Προφήτης, Πρόδρομος καὶ Βαπτιστής Ἰωάννης Ho Hágios/Tímios Endoxos, Profḗtēs, Pródromos, kaì Baptistḗs Ioánnes) (c. 6 BC – c. AD 30-36) was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels and the Qur'an. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Some scholars maintain that he was influenced by the Essenes, who were semi-ascetic, expected an apocalypse, and practiced rituals corresponding strongly with baptism, although there is no direct evidence to substantiate this. John is regarded as a prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism.
Most biblical scholars agree that John baptized Jesus at "Bethany beyond the Jordan," by wading into the water with Jesus from the eastern bank. John the Baptist is also mentioned by Jewish historian Josephus, in Aramaic Matthew, in Pseudo-Clementine, and in the Qur'an. Accounts of John in the New Testament appear compatible with the account in Josephus. There are no other historical accounts of John the Baptist from around the period of his lifetime.
wn.com/St_John_the_Baptist -
St. John the Baptist
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל, Yoḥanan ha-mmaṭbil, Arabic: يحيى بن زكريا Yahya ibn Zakariya, Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ Yoḥanan, Greek: Ὁ Ἅγιος/Τίμιος Ἐνδοξος Προφήτης, Πρόδρομος καὶ Βαπτιστής Ἰωάννης Ho Hágios/Tímios Endoxos, Profḗtēs, Pródromos, kaì Baptistḗs Ioánnes) (c. 6 BC – c. AD 30-36) was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels and the Qur'an. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Some scholars maintain that he was influenced by the Essenes, who were semi-ascetic, expected an apocalypse, and practiced rituals corresponding strongly with baptism, although there is no direct evidence to substantiate this. John is regarded as a prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism.
Most biblical scholars agree that John baptized Jesus at "Bethany beyond the Jordan," by wading into the water with Jesus from the eastern bank. John the Baptist is also mentioned by Jewish historian Josephus, in Aramaic Matthew, in Pseudo-Clementine, and in the Qur'an. Accounts of John in the New Testament appear compatible with the account in Josephus. There are no other historical accounts of John the Baptist from around the period of his lifetime.
wn.com/St._John_the_Baptist -
St. Wilfrid
Wilfrid (originally spelled Wilfrith;c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop and saint. Born a Northumbrian noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at Lindisfarne, at Canterbury, in Gaul, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at Ripon. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman "party" at the Council of Whitby, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, Alhfrith, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, Oswiu, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed Ceadda in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria.
wn.com/St._Wilfrid -
Tupele Dorgu
Tupele Dorgu (born 13 December 1977 in Preston, Lancashire) is a British actress, best known for playing the role of Kelly Crabtree on the soap opera Coronation Street from 2004 to 2010.
She has also appeared as a regular in Merseybeat Loose Women, Casualty and Strictly Come Dancing. Dorgu was educated in and around the Preston area; she attended St Clare's primary school, Our Lady's High School, and latterly at Kirkham Grammar School. Her mother is of Irish and English extraction and her father is from Nigeria.
Dorgu played has performed in many musicals including La Cage Aux Folles, Three Minute Heroes, and the West End production of Mamma Mia!
Dorgu owns SugarStorm Entertainment Agency which provides entertainers and celebrity artistes for corporate and private events.
Dorgu left her role as Kelly Crabtree in March 2010, a development which had been announced in November 2009.
In winter 2010 Dorgu starred as The Sorceress in the pantomime Robin Hood at the Theatre Royal in Newcastle from 30 November until 15 January 2011. In mid-2011, she will join the cast of BBC drama Waterloo Road as newcomer Keeley James.
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Wade Barrett
Stuart Alexander "Stu" Bennett (born August 10, 1980) is an English professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE where he performs on its SmackDown brand under the ring name Wade Barrett. He won the first season of NXT in 2010 and made his Raw debut in June of that year, rising to prominence as the leader of the Nexus, a villainous stable composed of the NXT contestants. Barrett headlined five WWE pay-per-view events during the remainder of 2010, challenging for the WWE Championship in three of those.
After moving to SmackDown in January 2011, Barrett formed a new stable known as The Corre, which included former Nexus members. He challenged for the World Heavyweight Championship at the 2011 WWE Elimination Chamber and won his first singles championship, the WWE Intercontinental Championship, in March. Prior to his WWE debut, Barrett competed in various independent promotions under his own name, and the ring names of Stu Sanders and Lawrence Knight.
Bennett was born in Penwortham and lived in Preston, Lancashire until the age of six, when he moved to Wales with his family. He has an older brother named Martin. As a child, Bennett was a fan of "The British Bulldog" Davey Boy Smith. Before becoming a professional wrestler, Bennett was a bareknuckle boxer while living in Liverpool. Bennett has a degree in marine biology from University of Liverpool. He worked in a science laboratory and later as a Recruitment Consultant at Venn Group's London Office, whilst training to become a wrestler.
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Wallace and Gromit
Wallace and Gromit are the main characters in a British series consisting of four animated short films and a feature-length film by Nick Park of Aardman Animations. The characters are made from moulded plasticine modelling clay on metal armatures, and filmed with stop motion clay animation.
Wallace, an absent-minded inventor living in Wigan, Lancashire, is a cheese enthusiast who is especially fond of Wensleydale. His companion, Gromit, is an anthropomorphic intelligent dog. Wallace is voiced by veteran actor Peter Sallis; Gromit remains silent, communicating only through facial expressions and body language.
Because of their endearing (if quirky) personalities and widespread popularity, the characters have been described as positive international icons of both modern British culture in particular and the British people in general. BBC News has called them "some of the best-known and best-loved stars to come out of the UK".Icons has said they have done "more to improve the image of the English world-wide than any officially appointed ambassadors". The short films The Wrong Trousers and A Close Shave and the full length feature The Curse of the Were-Rabbit all received Academy Awards. The first short film, A Grand Day Out, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, but lost to Creature Comforts, another animated creation of Nick Park. The most recent short film A Matter of Loaf and Death was likewise nominated in 2010. The films have received critical acclaim, with all four of the short films having 100% positive ratings on aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes and the feature film having a 95% rating, placing it in the top 20 animated feature films on the site.
wn.com/Wallace_and_Gromit
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Preston, Lancashire,1969
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Preston, Lancashire, in 1969. Amateur cine film of St George's Shopping Centre three years after its construction, Preston Market, the Salvation Army Building and the Bus Station which was nearing completion.
http://wn.com/Preston,_Lancashire,1969
Student guide to Preston, Lancashire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Best student spots in Preston, Lancashire. Made by the Lancashire Evening Post and University of Central Lancashire students
http://wn.com/Student_guide_to_Preston,_Lancashire
Preston guild Lancashire Plungington vintage 1950 Christmas Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Cine film was taken on Christmas Day 1950 in Hillcrest Ave Fulwood, the two girls with their mother are walking down Black bull lane & Plungington Rd to the Opticians which was at the top of Adelphi St near the roundabout.
http://wn.com/Preston_guild_Lancashire_Plungington_vintage_1950_Christmas_Day
Olympic Torch Relay - Preston, Lancs - 23/06/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
The Olympic Torch being run down Tulketh Brow in Preston, Lancs on June 23rd, 2012, at roughly 8am. The video was recorded with a Canon 60D using a Sigma 30mm f1.4 lens, and a Rode VideoMic Pro.
http://wn.com/Olympic_Torch_Relay_Preston,_Lancs_23_06_12
Preston Lancs A Walk in the 1980's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Various Images covering the arrival of the Manxman, Penwortham Power Station, Ribble Bridge Construction, Vernon Carus burning down, and various old buildings now all gone such as Rileys Snooker hall etc. Music to take you on the Walk by Bad Religion and The Cure. All images by Paul O'Mara.
http://wn.com/Preston_Lancs_A_Walk_in_the_1980's
Preston, Lancashire. A city of culture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
A short video highlighting the cultural attractions England's Newest City has to offer. The National Football Museum, Museum of Lancashire, Ribble Steam Railway and the Harris Museum and Art Gallery are just a few axamples. To learn more about Preston visit www.visitpreston.com This video was produced by CSV (Community Service Volunteers) Training and Enterprise North. The volunteers involved in created these videos were: Lars Steen, Zahra Ahmed, Lynn Chadwick, Ryan Connolly, Kevin Cross, Muhammed Husseini, Salim Lambat, Judith Pratt and Nick Sherwin. For more information on CSV see their website - www.csv.org.uk
http://wn.com/Preston,_Lancashire_A_city_of_culture
preston lancs 1988 part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
this drive shows preston in 1988, the docks when only morrisons was there,the manxman nightclub,marsh lane before the flyover, wellfeild rd and maudland bank, Preston town centre,views from the top off the bus station,red rose radio,friargate,behind the old black bull pub,tulketh brow, lane ends, woodplumpton road, all done in an old mini, with a slipping clutch
http://wn.com/preston_lancs_1988_part1
Preston city -Lancashire- by car
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:32
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Sightseeing by car
http://wn.com/Preston_city_-Lancashire_by_car
Cities in Focus - Preston Lancashire with the Panasonic Lumix FZ100 and TZ10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:20
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Our cities hold treasure troves of architectural splendour and examples of fine stonemason's skills. Here in this video I walk around Preston city centre and explore some of this heritage, some now derelict like the St Josephs orphanage. Within the city small expanses of parks allow lunches to be taken in the sunlight and way from office desks. Preston has many churches and chapels and almost everyone of them has beautifully crafted stone carvings and you can only stand in awe of the skills involved. The Town hall and Harris Library are similarly adorned with such works of art. As film makers and photographers I feel we owe a duty to record our city scenes so future generations can look back at how our cities evolve as business needs change and how people relate to their environment.
http://wn.com/Cities_in_Focus_Preston_Lancashire_with_the_Panasonic_Lumix_FZ100_and_TZ10
UFO Capsule With ET inside. Flying into Preston Lancs. Nibiru Traveller ET Scout
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:43
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
A small section slowed down to 1/10th normal speed. Watch a UFO Capsule move ET around. Interesting footage
http://wn.com/UFO_Capsule_With_ET_inside_Flying_into_Preston_Lancs_Nibiru_Traveller_ET_Scout
Web Design Preston
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
A short tourist information film for Preston, Lancashire This is our latest 'tongue in cheek' tourist information film for our home town of Preston, Lancashire. Complaints will be handled after dark behind the bike shed. They can't stop you laughing. www.shotmedia.co.uk Shot Media provide web design services to business, charities, private individuals, clubs and societies. We offer a range of services that enable you to get online, trade online and achieve strong, steady growth - to boost your business. Call for a quote or visit our website http for more information We disabled voting due to sad act competitor web development companies that were unable to offer constructive responses and were trying to affect our reputation. If you do not have a sense of humour then you should not be online and definitely should not watch videos on Youtube. Fun IS allowed.
http://wn.com/Web_Design_Preston
Olympic Torch in Preston 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
The Olympic Torch being carried in Preston Lancs. First and last time this wil ever happen.Marking the journey to the London Olympics
http://wn.com/Olympic_Torch_in_Preston_2012
UCLan Conference & Events, Preston Lancashire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
The University of Central Lancashire's Conference & Events team provide services for organisers of group events, meetings and conferences, both internally and externally at UCLan. Whether an event is for 2 or 500, for one day or one week, whether it needs one room or the pick of the UCLan facilities, we can provide the perfect solution. Each event is delivered to client specifications with innovative and cost effective solutions that offer the best return on investment. The University's World-leading research and academic excellence is helping drive Lancashire & Blackpool's conference offering to new levels. UCLan, is carving out global reputations for its work, and that is helping bring conferences of international standing to the area -- with organisers impressed not only by the work being carried out, but the facilities UCLan can offer them. A number of UCLan academics are also Conference Ambassadors for the region. UCLan also offers first-class conference facilities on & off campus, in Preston & Burnley. UCLan has a wide range of rooms available to hire, from large tiered auditoriums to small informal meeting rooms. We have a multi-million pound sports arena about a mile from campus located next to the Conference Centre, which offers some of the best facilities in the Northwest. www.conferencepreston.co.uk Contact us 01772 894500 / coffice@uclan.ac.uk
http://wn.com/UCLan_Conference_Events,_Preston_Lancashire
Christ Church, Preston, Lancashire. 1935 - 1938 (Part 1 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
A silent film by MH Seddon showing several humorous skits performed by the talented Christ Church Pierrot Troupe. Also contains footage of regular church activity such as fund raising, Sunday Schools, Girl Guides and weddings.
http://wn.com/Christ_Church,_Preston,_Lancashire_1935_1938_Part_1_of_2
Bowker Motor Group in the Preston Guild Trades Procession 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
www.facebook.com Thank you from everyone at Bowker Motor Group to proud Prestonians throughout the world. An amazing Guild week where we were delighted to celebrate alongside some of Preston's proudest businesses in the Trades Procession. The Guild continues to show the world the very best of the city of Preston, and long may it continue!
http://wn.com/Bowker_Motor_Group_in_the_Preston_Guild_Trades_Procession_2012
Preston Riversway Festival 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:12
- Updated: 07 Aug 2012
Preston Riversway Festival 2012 from Lancashire One. Like this? Watch the latest episode of Lancashire One on Blip! blip.tv It was all happening down at the Docks in Preston in July, when the annual Riversway Festival returned to deliver another fantastic maritime extravaganza to the people of Lancashire. See all episodes of Lancashire One blip.tv Visit Lancashire One's series page blip.tv
http://wn.com/Preston_Riversway_Festival_2012
Preston Caribbean Carnival 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Every May Bank Hoilday Sunday, the caribbean community in Preston hold their Carnival. Leaving from Moor Park the carnival winds its way through Preston City Centre before finishing in Avenham Park.
http://wn.com/Preston_Caribbean_Carnival_2012
A Vintage Guild Weekend | The Reel Business | Preston Guild 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Internationally renowned designers Wayne Hemingway MBE and Gerardine Hemingway MBE are "coming home" to host Preston's Vintage Guild Weekend. The event will be a chance to explore the fashions of past Guilds dating back to 1922. Whether you're into your Vintage clothes, music, design, food or dance -- this is the place to be on 1st & 2nd September! Listen to Wayne explain why you just have to be there... Entry is free but you can buy tickets for a variety of events taking place in the parks here: www.vintageguildweekend.com. All Rights Reserved: The Reel Business www.thereelbusiness.co.uk Music written by: James Garlington & Jonny Garlington Played by: James Garlington, Jonny Garlington, Will Bell. Music production: Dan Wilkinson
http://wn.com/A_Vintage_Guild_Weekend_|_The_Reel_Business_|_Preston_Guild_2012
Kim & Dan's Wedding at Bartle Hall Preston, Lancashire.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:10
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
This was the wedding of Daniel & Kimberley at Bartle Hall in Preston Lancashire. This was the first time I used video in between taking still images for the wedding album.
http://wn.com/Kim_Dan's_Wedding_at_Bartle_Hall_Preston,_Lancashire
Preston Guild 2012 event
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
The Preston Guild opening event at the Harris Library and city centre.
http://wn.com/Preston_Guild_2012_event
Cancer Research UK Race For Life - Preston 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:02
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
2000 ladies turned up to run the Cancer Research UK Race for Life event in Moor Park Preston, Lancashire
http://wn.com/Cancer_Research_UK_Race_For_Life_Preston_2012
Men's Final: 2012 Preston Guild (Lancashire Closed) Championships S.Mudie vs J.Taylor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:02
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
This is the Men's Final from the Lancashire County Championships (equivalent of state championships in other countries). Jonathan Taylor has an England Senior ranking of 121. Jonathan plays in the Liverpool league and Stewart play in the Liverpool and Southport leagues . Stewart is also treasurer of the University of Liverpool table tennis club and has played for Grantham in Lincolnshire where he grew up learning table tennis. Only players registered with a League in Lancashire are allowed to take part in these championships. Jonathan beat the number 2 seed, Keith Williams 3:2 in his semi final whilst Stewart beat Thomasz Rzeszotko, the number 1 seed, also 3:2. This tournament was held on 7th July 2012 at the St Augustine's Centre, Preseton, England - home of Preston Table Tenis Association and was organised by Tony Rigby with help from Brian Jackson, Ian Langton, Jim Clegg and Paul Grayham and others. The event was a combination of the Lancashire Championships which is held annually and the Preston Guild Championships which is held every 20 years. The event was sponsored by Gerry Stokes - President and Hon. Secretary of Preston Table Tennis since 1956. Preston City Council, Newman College and Thornton's Sport and Leisure all supported this tournament. The Mens event was sponsored by Gerry Stokes.
http://wn.com/Men's_Final_2012_Preston_Guild_Lancashire_Closed_Championships_SMudie_vs_JTaylor
Taneli - You're The One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Exclusiveeee! Massive tune/bootleg entitled "You're The One" by Taneli, a 19-year old DJ and producer from Preston, Lancashire (UK). Taneli has been featured on several big YouTube-Channels like "SubSoulUK", "hurfyd" or even on "tammyszu" for example. Make sure you check out the official Soundcloud of Group Hug Music for the download-link of his latest free self-entitled debut EP "Positivity" here: bit.ly Become a fan of Taneli: www.facebook.com Follow Taneli on Twitter: twitter.com Check his Soundcloud: soundcloud.com www.facebook.com twitter.com soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/Taneli_You're_The_One
photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza
21 Nov 2012
MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who rampaged through the streets of India's financial capital in November 2008, killing 166 people. Kasab was hung at 7:30 a.m. Wednesday at a jail in...(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Melanie Gouby
21 Nov 2012
Hundreds of government soldiers and police in the Democratic Republic of Congo have surrendered to rebels at a stadium in Goma, Al Jazeera's Nazanine Moshiri has reported from the scene. The M23 rebel group, believed to be backed by Rwanda seized the strategic, provincial capital of Goma in eastern Congo on Tuesday, home to more than 1 million...(size: 18.7Kb)
photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012
A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: UN / Logan Abassi
21 Nov 2012
A report by the UN says global attempts to curb emissions of CO2 are falling well short of what is needed to stem dangerous climate change. The UN's Environment Programme says greenhouse gases are 14% above where they need to be in 2020 for temperature rises this century to remain below 2C. The authors say this target is still technically...(size: 3.5Kb)
BBC News
23 Nov 2012
The education secretary has said standards in Lancashire's primary schools are not good enough. In a letter to local MPs, Michael Gove said urgent action was needed as too many pupils were not getting the good start in education they need. A Department for Education (DfE) spokesman said academies would be the "best way to drive...(size: 2.2Kb)
BBC News
23 Nov 2012
Two people who violently attacked a frail 89-year-old and ransacked his Lancashire home have been jailed. Bevin Boy Arnold Hilton told his son "I'm not going to make it" when he was found collapsed at his home in Upholland after the attack on 20 March. Laurynas Dauksas, 25, and Aurelisa Galdikaite, 23, both of Bronte Close in Worsley Mesnes, Wigan,...(size: 3.1Kb)
Orange News
23 Nov 2012
Tweet An "evil" man and woman who attacked a pensioner and ransacked his home have been jailed. Laurynas Dauksas, 25, and Aurelisa Galdikaite, 23, were sentenced to a total of 20 years in prison for the "despicable" attack on Arnold Hilton. The 88-year-old former coal miner was punched and kicked and had "every drawer in every...(size: 2.1Kb)
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23 Nov 2012
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Newstrack India
23 Nov 2012
Tweet London, Nov. 23 (ANI): A woman from Lancashire, who gave birth to her sixteenth baby a few weeks back, has told her hubby that she wants more children. 37-year-old Sue Radford - who looks after her kids in a former care home, said, "I just love being a mummy. We're so lucky," the Sun reported. Radford first got pregnant aged 14. She and her...(size: 2.3Kb)
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23 Nov 2012
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23 Nov 2012
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23 Nov 2012
Sporting Life
23 Nov 2012
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Belfast Telegraph
23 Nov 2012
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This article is about the urban settlement in Lancashire, England. For the larger local government district, see City of Preston, Lancashire. For other uses, see Preston.
Coordinates: 53°45′32″N 2°41′56″W / 53.759°N 2.699°W / 53.759; -2.699
| Preston | |
 Friargate leads to the Harris Museum |
|
 Preston
Preston shown within Lancashire |
|
| Population | 114,300 (ONS, June 2008) |
|---|---|
| District | Preston |
| Shire county | Lancashire |
| Region | North West |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PRESTON |
| Postcode district | PR1-PR2 |
| Dialling code | 01772 |
| Police | Lancashire |
| Fire | Lancashire |
| Ambulance | North West |
| EU Parliament | North West England |
| UK Parliament | Preston |
| Wyre and Preston North | |
| List of places: UK • England • Lancashire | |
Preston i/ˈprɛstən/ is a city and the administrative centre of Lancashire, England, located on the north bank of the River Ribble. It is an urban settlement and unparished area that, when combined with its surrounding suburban and rural hinterland, forms part of the City of Preston local government district of Lancashire. It obtained city status in 2002, becoming England's 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.[1] The settlement, or unparished area, of Preston has a population of 114,300, and the whole City of Preston district has a population of 132,000.[2]
Preston and its surroundings have provided evidence of ancient Roman activity in the area, largely in the form of a Roman road which led to a camp at Walton-le-Dale. The Angles established Preston; the name Preston is derived from Old English words meaning "Priest settlement" and in the Domesday Book appears as "Prestune". During the Middle Ages, Preston formed a parish and township in the hundred of Amounderness and was granted a Guild Merchant charter in 1179, giving it the status of a market town. Textiles have been produced in Preston since the middle of the 13th century, when locally produced wool was woven in people's houses. Flemish weavers who settled in the area during the 14th century helped to develop the industry. Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the spinning frame, was born in Preston. The most rapid period of growth and development in Preston's history coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing. Preston was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, becoming a densely populated engineering centre, with large industrial plants.
In the early 18th century Edmund Calamy wrote that Preston was "a pretty town with an abundance of gentry in it, commonly called Proud Preston".[3] Preston's textile sector fell into a terminal decline from the mid-20th century. Preston has subsequently faced similar challenges to other post-industrial northern towns, including deindustrialisation, economic deprivation and housing issues. Preston is the seat of Lancashire County Council, and Preston North End F.C., one of the oldest football clubs used to house the National Football Museum which has recently moved to Manchester.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Preston is recorded in the Domesday Book as "Prestune" in 1086.[4] Various other spellings occur in early documents: "Prestonam" (1094), "Prestone" (1160), "Prestona" (1160), "Presteton" (1180), and "Prestun" (1226). The modern spelling occurs in 1094, 1176, 1196, 1212 and 1332.[5] The town's name is derived from Old English Presta and Tun, the Tun (enclosure, farmstead, village, manor, estate)[6] of the Presta (priest or priests).[7]
History[link]
Main article: History of Lancashire
Early development[link]
During the Roman period, Roman roads passed close to what is now the centre of Preston. For example, the road from Luguvalium to Mamucium (now Carlisle to Manchester) crossed the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale, ¾ mile (1 km) southeast of the centre of Preston, and a Roman camp or station may also have been here.[8][9] At Withy Trees, 1½ miles (2 km) north of Preston, the road crossed another Roman road from Bremetennacum (the Roman fort at Ribchester) to the coast.[10]
In Ripon in 705 AD the lands near the River Ribble were set on a new foundation, and the parish church was probably erected. This parish church was probably situated on the grounds of the present Anglican parish of St. John the Evangelist on Church Street, which was originally dedicated to St. Wilfrid and then later St. John the Baptist. Later, Edward the Elder endowed the lands to the Cathedral at York and then, by means of successive transfers the lands were exchanged between lesser churches, hence the origin of the name Priest's Town or Preston. An alternative explanation of the origin of the name is that the Priest's Town refers to a priory set up by St. Wilfrid near the Ribble's lowest ford. This idea is supported by the similarity of the Paschal lamb on Preston's crest with that on St. Wilfrid's.[11]
When first mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, Preston was already the most important town in Amounderness (the area of Central Lancashire between the rivers Ribble and Cocker, including The Fylde and the Forest of Bowland). When assessed for tax purposes in 1218 – 19 it was the wealthiest town in the whole county.[12]
Guild Merchant[link]
The right to hold a Guild Merchant was conferred by King Henry II upon the Burgesses of Preston in a charter of 1179; the associated Preston Guild is a civic celebration held every 20 years, with the next one due in 2012. It is the only Guild still celebrated in the UK and as such is unique.[13]
Before 1328 a celebration had been held on an irregular basis, but at the guild of that year it was decreed that subsequent guilds should be held every 20 years. After this, there were breaks in the pattern for various reasons, but an unbroken series were held from 1542 to 1922. A full 400 year sequence was frustrated by the cancellation of the 1942 guild due to World War II, but the cycle resumed in 1952. The expression '(Once) every Preston Guild', meaning 'very infrequently', has passed into fairly common use, especially in Lancashire.
Guild week is always started by the opening of the Guild Court, which since the 16th century has traditionally been on the first Monday after the feast of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist (the decollation of St John the Baptist)celebrated on 29 August. As well as concerts and other exhibitions, the main events are a series of processions through the city. Numerous street parties are held in the locality.
In 1952 the emphasis was on the bright new world emerging after World War II. The major event held in the city's Avenham Park had every school participating, and hundreds of children, from toddlers to teenagers, demonstrated different aspects of physical education in the natural amphitheatre of the park.
In 1972 participants at the Avenham Park celebrations were treated to a low level, low speed, flypast by Concorde.
Pre-Industrial Preston[link]
_Dunn_and_first_gas-lit_building.jpg)
In the mid-12th century, Preston was in the hundred of Amounderness, in the deanery of Amounderness and the archdeaconry of Richmond. The name "Amounderness" is more ancient than the name of any other "Wapentake" or hundred in the County of Lancashire, and the fort at Tulketh, strengthened by William the Conqueror, shows that the strategic importance of the area was appreciated even then.[14]
The location of the city, almost exactly mid-way between Glasgow and London, led to many decisive battles being fought here, most notably during the English Civil War at the Battle of Preston (1648), and then the first Jacobite rebellion whose invasion of England was brought to a conclusion by the defeat of the pro-Catholic and pro-monarchial Jacobite army at the Battle of Preston (1715).
In the last great Jacobite Rising, on 27 November 1745 the Jacobite Prince of Wales and Regent, Bonnie Prince Charlie passed through Preston with his Highland Army on the way south through Chorley and Manchester to Derby intending to take London and the Crown. Preston was the first of quite a few places in England where the Prince was cheered as he rode by and where he was joined by some English volunteers for his Army. One Jacobite eyewitness noted that from Preston onwards, “at every town we were received with ringing of bells, and at night we have bonfires, and illuminations”.[15] Another Jacobite eyewitness noted in a private letter from Preston on 27 November 1745: “People here are beginning to join [us] very fast; we have got about sixty recruits today”.[16] From 10 to 12 December the Prince gave his retreating Army a rest in Preston on their long, last and fatal retreat from Derby through Lancaster and Carlisle to their dreadful day of destiny the following 16 April on Culloden Moor near Inverness.[17]
Industrial Revolution[link]
The 19th century saw a transformation in Preston from a small market town to a much larger industrial one, as the innovations of the latter half of the previous century such as Richard Arkwright's water frame (invented in Preston) brought cotton mills to many northern English towns. With industrialisation came examples of both oppression and enlightenment.
The town's forward-looking spirit is typified by it being the first English town outside London to be lit by gas. The Preston Gas Company was established in 1815 by, amongst others, a Catholic priest: Rev. Joseph "Daddy" Dunn of the Society of Jesus.
The more oppressive side of industrialisation was seen during the Preston Strike of 1842 on Saturday 13 August 1842, when a group of cotton workers demonstrated against the poor conditions in the town's mills. The Riot Act was read and armed troops corralled the demonstrators in front of the Corn Exchange on Lune Street. Shots were fired and four of the demonstrators were killed. A commemorative sculpture now stands on the spot (although the soldiers and demonstrators represented are facing the wrong way). In the 1850s, Karl Marx visited Preston and later described the town as "the next St. Petersburg".[18] Charles Dickens visited Preston in January 1854 during a strike by cotton workers that had by that stage lasted for 23 weeks. This was part of his research for the novel Hard Times in which the town of "Coketown" is based on the city of Preston.
The Preston Temperance Society, led by Joseph Livesey pioneered the Temperance Movement in the 19th century. Indeed the term teetotalism is believed to have been coined at one of its meetings. The website of the University of Central Lancashire library has a great deal of information on Joseph Livesey and the Temperance Movement in Preston.[19]
Preston was one of only a few industrial towns in Lancashire to have a functioning corporation (local council) in 1835, its charter dating to 1685, and was reformed as a municipal borough by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. It became the County Borough of Preston under the Local Government Act 1888. In 1974, county boroughs were abolished, and it became part of the larger part of the new non-metropolitan district, the Borough of Preston, which also included Fulwood Urban District and much of Preston Rural District. The borough acquired city status in 2002.
Preston since the early 20th century[link]
By 1901, nearly 120,000 people were living in Preston, a booming industrial town. However, the centuries-old cotton industry collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918, resulting in a sharp rise in unemployment across Preston.
However, new industries arrived in Preston during the interwar years which helped ease the pain felt by the sharp decline of the cotton industry. Electrical goods manufacturing and engineering arrived in the town, and the building sector enjoyed a boom with nearly 3,000 council houses being built between 1920 and 1939. Some 1,500 houses were built for private sale.
Despite its heavy industry, Preston endured only a handful of Luftwaffe air raids in World War II and there were no fatalities in the town, although an air crash in the Freckleton district claimed the lives of 61 people in 1944.
For some 20 years after 1948, Preston became home to a significant number of Asian and Caribbean commonwealth immigrants, who mostly worked in the manufacturing industry. However, an economic decline hit the town once again in the 1970s, capped by the closure of the Courtaulds factory in 1979 (nearly 3,000 job losses) and the decline of the docks on the River Ribble, which finally shut down in 1981. Mass unemployment was firmly back in Preston by the early 1980s, although it was now very much a national – if not global – crisis due to the recession of that time.
The rehousing of families from town centre slums to new council houses continued after World War II, though it slowed down to a virtual standstill after 1975. The face of the town centre began to change in the 1960s, with old developments being bulldozed and replaced by modern developments such as the St George's Shopping Centre, which opened in 1966, and the Fishergate Shopping Centre which was built nearly 20 years later. The remains of the Victorian town hall, designed by George Gilbert Scott and mostly destroyed by fire in 1947, were replaced by an office block (Crystal House) in 1962, and a modern-architecture Guild Hall opened in 1972, to replace the Public Hall.
The town was by-passed by Britain's very first motorway which opened in 1958 and within a decade formed part of the M6 – giving Preston a direct motorway link with Manchester and Birmingham. The late 1960s saw the completion of a bypass around the town centre as well as a new bus station.[20]
On 6 April 2012 the city's residents performed the Preston Passion, a dramatised version of the Passion of Christ, which was broadcast live by BBC One.[21]
Governance[link]
Further information: City of Preston, Lancashire
The unparished urban settlement of Preston is represented by 19 of the 22 council wards within Preston City Council. Preston is currently divided between two Westminster constituencies, namely Preston and Wyre and Preston North. The Lancashire County Council building is located on Fishergate and is the main office for the whole city.
Geography[link]
Further information: List of places in Preston
The River Ribble provides a southern border for the city. The Forest of Bowland forms a backdrop to Preston to the northeast while the Fylde lies to the west. At 53°45′N 2°42′W / 53.75°N 2.7°W / 53.75; -2.7, Preston is approximately 27 miles north west of Manchester, 26 miles north east of Liverpool, and 15 miles east of the coastal town Blackpool.
The current borders came into effect on 1 April 1974, when the Local Government Act 1972 merged the existing County Borough of Preston with Fulwood Urban District as an unparished area within the Borough of Preston. Preston was designated as part of the Central Lancashire new town in 1970.
Climate[link]
The climate of Preston is of a temperate maritime type, with a narrow range of temperatures, similar to the rest of the British Isles. Being relatively close to the Irish sea, this is more pronounced than areas to the south and east of Preston. The official Met Office weather station is located at Moor Park, less than a mile north of the city centre, and surrounded by built up areas, suggesting a degree of urban warming is likely, particularly during clear and calm nights.
The absolute high recorded at the weather station was 33.1 °C (91.6 °F)[22] during August 1990. In a typical year the warmest day should reach 27.6 °C (81.7 °F)[23] and 5.9 days[24] in total should attain a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or more. In October 2011, a new record October high temperature of 26.9 °C was set.[25]
The absolute minimum is −13.3 °C (8.1 °F), recorded during February 1969.[26] In a typical year the coldest night should fall to −6.8 °C (19.8 °F),[27] and 40.2 nights[28] should receive an air frost. The lowest temperature in recent years was −9.2 °C (15.4 °F)[29] during December 2010.
Annual rainfall totals just under 1000 mm per year,[30] with over 1 mm of precipitation falling on 150 days.[31] All averages refer to the period 1971–2000.
| Climate data for Preston Moor Park, elevation 33 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–2005 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.3 (81.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
1.9 (35.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.1 (12.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 93.83 (3.6941) |
63.66 (2.5063) |
79.11 (3.1146) |
52.08 (2.0504) |
58.79 (2.3146) |
73.51 (2.8941) |
65.40 (2.5748) |
86.51 (3.4059) |
92.00 (3.622) |
113.78 (4.4795) |
103.86 (4.089) |
112.02 (4.4102) |
997.99 (39.2909) |
| Source: KNMI[32] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Further information: City of Preston, Lancashire
Religion[link]
Preston has a strong Christian history and tradition. One of the proposed derivations of the name Preston is from 'Priests town' and the lamb on the city's shield is a biblical image of Jesus Christ, the same image that represented St. Wilfrid, a 7th century bishop and the city's patron saint, who is historically linked to the city's establishment. The "PP" on the shield stands for "Princeps Pacis" (Prince of Peace), another title for Christ invoking Him as protector of the city, though it is also often taken to stand for the city's nickname "Proud Preston". In fact there were originally three letters "P" on the coat of arms, with one being lost over time.[33]
Preston lies in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster and the Anglican Diocese of Blackburn. There are at least 73 churches, chapels, missions and meeting houses, as well as 15 cemeteries and burial sites, for which records exist.[34] A wide range of denominations are, or have been, represented in the city including: Baptist, Christadelphian, Congregational, Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, Evangelical, Methodist, Pentecostal, Presbyterian, Society of Friends, Swedenborgian and Wesleyan Methodist.
St. John's Minster, formerly the Church of St John the Evangelist, is located on Church Street, in the centre of the city. From its origin it has been the parish church of Preston. The church of St George the Martyr, located on Georges Road, was founded in 1723.[35] One of the largest active Catholic churches is St Thomas of Canterbury and the English Martyrs, located on Garstang Road.[36]
Preston was the location of the world's first foreign mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (commonly known as the Mormons). As early as 1837 the first Mormon missionaries to Great Britain began preaching in Preston and, in particular, other small towns situated along the river Ribble. Preston is home to the world's oldest continuous branch (a small congregation) of the LDS Church.[37] An official memorial to the church pioneers may be found in the Japanese Garden in Avenham Park. In 1998 the LDS erected a large temple at Chorley, near Preston, described by The Telegraph newspaper as "spectacular".[38] The temple is officially known as the Preston England Temple.
Preston has a significant Muslim (Sunni Branch, particularly Hanafi school) population, the majority of which is of Indian descent. The Muslim population is centred in the Deepdale, Riversway, Fishwick and Frenchwood areas. Preston has 12 mosques: 5 in Deepdale & St. George's, one in Avenham, one in Riversway, two in Adelphi and three in Fishwick.
The 2001 Census recorded 72% of the population of the City of Preston as Christians, 10% as having no religion, and 8% as Muslims.[39] The Hindu and Sikh populations are smaller at 3% and 0.6% respectively, but in both cases this represents the highest percentage of any local authority area in the North West. 2% of the city's population were born in other EU countries. Though still small in number in Preston, the Mormons (officially known as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – LDS for short) maintain a large profile.
Landmarks[link]
St Walburge's Church, designed by Joseph Hansom of Hansom Cab fame, has, at 94 metres (308 ft), the tallest spire in England on a church that is not a cathedral.[40] There are also many notable buildings dotted in and around the city centre including the Miller Arcade, the Town Hall, the Harris Museum, the Minster Church of St. John the Evangelist (formerly Preston Parish Church, elevated to Minster church status in June 2003), the former Corn Exchange and Public Hall, St. Wilfrid's Catholic Church, Fishergate Baptist Church, and many beautiful Georgian buildings on Winckley Square. Many Catholic and Anglican parish churches are also to be found throughout the city. HMP Preston is also a good example of a typical Victorian radial-design prison. Modern architecture is represented by the Guild Hall and Preston Bus Station, which is featured on the 2012 World Monument Fund's list of sites at risk due to threats of demolition.[41][42]
| Museums | Parks | Nature Reserves |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Grade I Listed Buildings[link]
- Old Lea Hall Farmhouse, Blackpool Road
- Harris Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery, Market Place
- Church of St Walburge, Weston Street
Grade II Listed Buildings[link]
The chimney of the Grade II listed Tulketh Mill, recently fully exposed on the Blackpool Road, provides an impressive reminder of Preston's industrial heritage. The mill itself, designed by engineer Fred Dixon of Bolton for the Tulketh Spinning Company, dates from 1905.[43] The huge chimney has been lowered twice – in the 1930s and again in the 1960s.
Economy[link]
Preston is a major centre of the British defence aerospace industry with BAE Systems, the UK's principal military aircraft design, development and manufacture supplier, having its Military Aircraft headquarters located in nearby Warton. The company has two of its major facilities located some miles on either side of the city. BAE Warton is located to the western side of the city whilst BAE Samlesbury is located to the east, over the M6 motorway. BAe Systems also operate large office facilities at the Portway area within the city and at The Strand office complex.
The Westinghouse Electric Company (formerly BNFL) Springfields nuclear processing plant also lies to the west of the city boundary at Salwick.
The city is home to Alstom Transport's main UK spare parts distribution centre (formerly GEC Traction Ltd). Matalan Retail Ltd was also founded in Preston under the name Matalan Cash and Carry. Although the head office of Matalan moved to Skelmersdale in 1998, the city still has the tax office for the company (located in Winckley Square).
Haulage supplier and operator James Hall and Co who supply produce for Spar stores in the north of England have their head office located just off the M6 Junction 31a at Bowland View. This is the biggest building in the city of Preston.[44]
The financial sector also has a large presence in the city with a large selection of consultancies, insurance and law firms including national debt collection agency iQor Recovery Services Ltd. based in Winckley Square in the city centre.
Goss Graphic Systems Limited, a global supplier of printing presses based in the United States, formerly employed more than 1,000 people in Preston, but in 2007 the company moved manufacturing to the United States, China and Japan and now has around 160 employees in the city.[45]
On 20 February 2006, the telecommunications company The Carphone Warehouse took over Tulketh Mill (formerly the home of the Littlewoods catalogue call centre) in the Ashton-on-Ribble area of the city. The building has undergone an extensive interior refurbishment and since March 2007 has been the workplace of some 800 employees . The site's main purpose is as a call centre for the broadband and landline services provider TalkTalk as well as LLU business Opal Telecom. The site also houses call centres for Geek Squad and Best Buy both of which along with The Carphone Warehouse are now part of Best Buy Europe. It was officially opened on 19 December 2006 by CEO Charles Dunstone and the Mayor of Preston.
The Riversway area (in the Ashton-on-Ribble area of the city) is also home to the Preston docklands, which has undergone redevelopment. Several office areas around the docks, along with significant residential presence. Several small businesses such as the Football League's LFE headquarters[46] are based in the area, together with Riversway Developments[47] who have been responsible for some of this redevelopment.
Retail is also a major contributor to Preston's economy. The city houses two major shopping centres:
- Fishergate Shopping Centre – which has a large Debenhams department store, Primark, TK Maxx, Argos and T.J. Hughes stores.
- St George's Shopping Centre (formerly The Mall Preston) – a popular centrally located shopping mall dating from the 1960s.
Another shopping centre in Preston is the Miller Arcade, a specialist shopping centre in a listed building, which formerly included public baths, situated next to the Harris Museum.
Preston's main high streets are Fishergate and Friargate which offer shops, bars and restaurants with many more tucked away down the side streets. The first Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet in the UK was opened on Fishergate in 1965.[48]
An £800 million[49] regeneration project known as the Tithebarn Project was also planned for Preston. The project was originally managed by property giants Grosvenor and Lend Lease Corporation, Grosvenor withdrew from the project[50], followed a few years later by Lend Lease. The project was dependent upon a number of requirements (such as the re-location of the current Bus Station, which would cost at least £25million, and be funded largely by the taxpayer[51]). In November 2011, it was announced that John Lewis, who were originally intended to be the major flagship store of the Tithebarn development had also withdrawn from the project, effectively killing it dead.[52] The council is now exploring more piecemeal ways of bringing in development.[53]
Since city status was awarded in the Queen's Jubilee year, Preston was targeted by a number of developers. Residential developments were particularly popular with new apartments planned in and around the city centre. Many of these developments however are still struggling to find buyers for these apartments, and there are rising numbers of repossessions.[54] Office and hotel space is also in demand and a new Central Business District is being planned as well as a number of new hotels.
Unemployment in Preston rose 15% in the year up to April 2012 to a total of 3,783 claimants[55]
Transport[link]
Road[link]
Main article: Transport in Preston
The Preston by-pass, opened 5 December 1958, became the first stretch of motorway in the UK and is now part of the M6 with a short section now forming part of the M55. It was built to ease traffic congestion in Preston caused by tourists travelling to the popular destinations of Blackpool and The Lake District. The first traffic cones were used during its construction, replacing red lantern paraffin burners.
In the 1980s, a motorway running around the west of the city which would have been an extension of the M65 running to the M55 was started but never finished. That is the reason that the M55 has no junction 2, because it was reserved for the new western bypass. However, the existing M6 between junctions 30 and 32 was widened extensively between 1993–95 to compensate for this. A new junction, 31A was opened in 1997 to serve a new business park close to the motorway.
As well as the M6 (North and South), there are 3 other motorways which terminate close to the city:
- M61 – Preston to Manchester (via Chorley and Bolton)
- M65 – Preston to Colne via (Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley)
- M55 – Preston to Blackpool (via Kirkham)
Rail[link]
Preston railway station is a major stop on the West Coast Main Line, with regular long distance train services to London (Euston) and the South East, and Glasgow and Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Fort William to the North. Preston is also a hub for connecting rail services in the North West, with direct services to Blackpool, Lancaster, Blackburn, Bradford, Leeds, Wigan, Bolton, Manchester, Liverpool and Ormskirk. Overall, Preston has direct rail links to fifteen cities across the UK; Liverpool, Manchester, Salford, Leeds, York, Bradford, London, Carlisle, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Lancaster, Aberdeen, Inverness, Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Preston once had lines to Southport and Longridge which closed to passengers in 1965 and 1930 respectively. The disused tracks of the Longridge line still exist as far as Deepdale. In 2010 plans were put forward to use part of this line for a demonstration tram system.[56]
Preston is the home of the heritage Ribble Steam Railway, located in Riversway.
Water[link]
The former Preston Port, known as Riversway or The Docks, has been the site of an expanding commercial and residential complex since 1988.
The Marina is just north of the River Ribble which enters into the east of the Irish Sea. This marina has its own chandlery and coffee shop, training courses and boat sales.
There are multi-million pound plans to redevelop Preston's Docks (as well as large sections of the River Ribble running through the city) to introduce leisure facilities (watersports), new landmark buildings, a new central park opposite Avenham Park, office and retail space, new residential developments and the re-opening of some of Preston's old canal. However, these plans, collectively known as Riverworks, have yet to undergo public consultation, and have already raised concerns amongst locals due to the potential loss of green space and increased risk of flooding.[57]
Bus[link]
Although lacking any rail based rapid transit network, Preston has a very comprehensive bus network. There are five main operators serving Preston.
Preston Bus, formerly the city's municipal bus company, used to serve the district of Preston, and also operated a route between Preston and Penwortham. In October 2006, Preston Bus started operating the city's two new orbital bus routes.[58]
Many of the services between Preston and its surrounding area were operated by Ribble Motor Services, which became part of the Stagecoach Group, using the name Stagecoach in Lancashire. Several of the company's routes were additionally branded as "Preston Citi"; they connected the bus station to areas of the city such as Fulwood and Ribbleton, and nearby locations such as Penwortham, Longton, Walton-le-dale, Walmer Bridge, New Longton, Bamber Bridge, Longridge, Southport and Leyland. Stagecoach also provided links to Blackpool, Blackburn, Bolton, Chorley, Liverpool, Manchester and Wigan as well as Lancaster and Morecambe under the Stagecoach in Lancaster service.
Competition for routes and passengers resulted in a "Bus War" between the two companies, since buses were deregulated in Great Britain.
On 23 January 2009, Preston Bus was sold to Stagecoach[59] for over £10.4 million. Routes were changed and the services were branded as Stagecoach in Preston. Following a lengthy investigation which began soon after the takeover, the Competition Commission ruled on 11 November 2009 that the action by Stagecoach had adversely affected competition in the area and ordered the sell-off of Preston Bus. In January 2011, the Rotala Group announced they had agreed a deal to take over Preston Bus.[59]
John Fishwick & Sons, provides frequent services into the city centre for Lower Penwortham, Lostock Hall, Leyland, Euxton and Chorley. Transdev Lancashire United operates two routes into Preston: one is the 152 to Blackburn and Burnley; the other is the 280 to Clitheroe and Skipton.
Preston also has its own park and ride with three sites; one is at Portway, in the Riversway area, served by PR1, another is just off the A6 at Walton-le-Dale next to Capitol Centre, served by PR2, and the last one is just off the Motorway Junction 31a at Bluebell Way, served by the Orbit.
Preston is also served by many national bus services. Stagecoach Express, National Express, Eurolines, and Megabus all have a large presence at Preston Bus Station – which is claimed by some residents to be the largest or second largest station in Europe.[60]
Preston was one of the first cities in the UK to have its bus network fitted with Realtime, a satellite based technology fitted to every bus stop which aims to provide an accurate time and destination of the next bus arriving using GPS tracking.[61] This service was initially restricted to services within the borough, however, it has now been expanded to cover Fishwick's 111 City Centre/Leyland route due to its popularity.
Air[link]
Although not a public airport, Warton Aerodrome is an active airfield west of the city and is the airfield for the BAE Warton factory. BAE Samlesbury to the east of the town is a former active aerodrome but today it serves as a facility for BAE Systems
- Blackpool International Airport is located only 16 miles (26 km) west from the city.
- Manchester Airport is a large international airport about 40 miles (64 km) south-east of the city.
- Liverpool John Lennon Airport is a medium-sized airport located about 1 hour from the city.
All three of these airports are accessible from the central train station, Blackpool from the Colne-Blackpool South line (Squires Gate), Manchester Airport from the Blackpool North-Manchester Airport line (Manchester Airport), and Liverpool John Lennon Airport from any train to Liverpool Lime Street (change for the 500 bus) or Liverpool South Parkway is the closest railway station local and dedicated buses run from there to the airport.
Walking[link]
The Guild Wheel is a public footpath, created in 2012 in celebration of the guild of Preston. The walkway is continuous and is not interrupted by roads or water, even allowing users of the path to cross the docks. It is to be officially opened on August, 2012.[62]
Education[link]
The city is home to the University of Central Lancashire. Formerly known as The Harris Institute, Preston Polytechnic, and more recently [1985–1992] as Lancashire Polytechnic, "UCLan" is now the sixth largest university in the country. The university currently has over 33,000 students.[63]
Colleges of Further and Higher education[link]
- Preston College – Mainly based in Fulwood with two campuses – one near the Royal Preston Hospital for A-Levels and vocational courses, and an arts college in Moor Park. Has COVE (Centre of Vocational Excellence) status in Retail.
- Cardinal Newman College – Based on a single campus in Avenham, close to the city centre. Specialises in A-Level qualifications.
- TUC Education Unit – Based at Buckingham House, Preston city centre
- Royal Preston Hospital – A teaching hospital, with a proportion of medical students from the University of Manchester based here for their clinical training.
High Schools[link]
- Archbishop Temple Church of England Humanities and Technology College
- Ashton Community Science College
- Abrar Academy
- Broughton Business and Enterprise College
- Christ the King Catholic Maths and Computing College
- Corpus Christi Catholic Sports College
- Fulwood Academy, formerly Fulwood High School and Arts College
- Larches House Short Stay School
- Moorbrook School
- Moor Park Business And Enterprise School
- Our Lady's Catholic High School
- Preston Muslim Girls
- Priory Sports and Technology College
- Sir Tom Finney Community High School
Media[link]
Preston has a number of local radio stations:
- Frequency 1350 – student radio for UCLAN, on 1350 kHz AM MW
- Magic 999 – Preston and Blackpool, classic hits
- Central Radio 106.5 – Preston, launched mid-2008
- Rock FM – Preston and Blackpool, pop music
- Preston FM – Preston community radio station
- City Radio Preston – internet radio station (launched August 2008)
- Ramadan Radio – An FM radio that only operates during the Muslim Lunar month of Ramadan.
Other regional stations which include Preston within their coverage include:
- BBC Radio Lancashire – Lancashire wide news, talk and classic hits (Broadcast from Blackburn)
- 105.4 Real Radio – across the North West, current pop and sport (Broadcast from Manchester)
- 100.4 Smooth FM – across the North West, easy-listening (Broadcast from Manchester)
- The Lancashire Evening Post is based in Fulwood.
- Blog Preston is a hyperlocal news website which provides community news, views and information about the city.[64][65]
Sport[link]
Preston North End F.C.[link]
Main article: Preston North End F.C.
Preston North End F.C. were one of the founder members of the Football League and the first team to be crowned English football champions.[66] They play at Deepdale Football Ground which was also the original site of the National Football Museum. The museum closed in 2011 in preparation for its move to Manchester due to funding issues.
Dick, Kerr's Ladies, one of the most famous early women's football teams in Britain, called Preston home. Preston were champions of the Football League in its first two seasons, but have not won it since. Their last major trophy came in 1938 when they won the FA Cup, and they have not played top division football since 1961. They are one of the few English league clubs to have been champions of all four tiers of the English professional league.[citation needed]
Other sports[link]
Preston Grasshoppers RFC play in the National Division Three North, the third tier of English rugby union.
Preston Hockey Club was established in 1903.
The Preston Arena is used for cycle racing. The Preston Arena is frequently used by the University of Central Lancashire, based in Preston.
England Test Cricket player Andrew Flintoff is a Preston native, and was granted freedom of the city following the Ashes victory of 2005.
The Preston Mountaineering Club is based in the town and has been in existence for over 70 years.
Speedway racing, then known as Dirt Track Racing was staged at Farringdon Park in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The Preston team raced in the English Dirt Track League of 1929 and the Northern League of 1930 and 1931. The best known rider of the team was Joe "Iron Man" Abbott who went on to Test Match successes riding before the war for Belle Vue. After the war Joe appeared for Harringay and Bradford.
Notable people[link]
Main article: List of people from Preston
- Stu Bennett, wrestler whose ring name is Wade Barrett, the former leader of The Nexus, was born in Preston.
- Tupele Dorgu, actress who is famous for her role as Kelly Crabtree in the British ITV soap Coronation Street was born in Preston.
- Sir Tom Finney, footballer, who played for Preston North End and England, was born in Preston
- Andrew Flintoff, England and Lancashire cricketer was born in Preston.
- Mary Anne Hobbs, English radio DJ and music journalist, was born in Preston.
- Ian Kirkham, saxophone player, for Simply Red, was born in Preston.
- Nick Park, animator and creator of Wallace and Gromit was born in Preston. In September 2007, the City Council announced that it would be raising £100,000 to build a bronze statue of the two characters.[67]
- Steve Walsh, Leicester City footballer, hails from the Preston suburb of Fulwood.
- Phil Jones, Manchester United footballer, was born in Preston. He attended Balshaw's CE High School in Leyland.
- Robert W. Service, the poet associated with the Yukon, was born in Preston and lived for a time on Winckley Street in the city centre. There is a Blue Plaque commemorating him on Christian Road, near the railway station.
- Benjamin Franklin (one of the Founding Fathers of the United States), though not born in Preston, lived briefly on Friargate, before departing for America. A Blue Plaque on the wall of the building commemorates the location.[68]
Twin cities/towns[link]
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References[link]
- ^ "'Proud Preston' wins city status", BBC News, 14 March 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
- ^ City of Preston: 132,000.Preston (Local Authority): Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration, Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
The population for the unparished area of Preston is calculated by subtracting the populations of the three rural Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Preston 001 (5,185), Preston 002 (6,417) and Preston 010 (6,134). Preston 001 (Middle Layer Super Output Area): Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration, Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Preston 002 (Middle Layer Super Output Area): Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration, Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Preston 010 (Middle Layer Super Output Area): Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration, Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2010. - ^ "The parish of Preston', A History of the County of Lancaster". A History of the County of Lancaster: 7: 72–91. 1912. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=53190#n66. Retrieved 13 March 2009
- ^ Hunt, 1992. p. 9.
- ^ Hunt, 1992. p. 10.
- ^ "History of English Place-Names". Heraldry.sca.org. 1 October 2005. http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/engplnam.html. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ Hunt, 2003. p. 31.
- ^ William Dobson, Rambles by the Ribble, Volume 3, "Ch. 8, Walton-le-Dale", Publisher: W. and J. Dobson, 1864
- ^ Charles Hardwick, "On the Roman Remains Recently Discovered at Walton-le-Dale, Near Preston", in Transactions, Volumes 7–8, Historic Society of Lancashire and Published 1855, pp.127
- ^ Hodge, 1997. pp. 3–5.
- ^ Walsh and Butler, 1992.
- ^ Hodge, 1997. pp. 6–10.
- ^ "What is Preston Guild?" at prestonguild2012.com
- ^ John Moss, for Papillon (Manchester UK) Limited. "The County of Lancashire, England, UK". Manchester2002-uk.com. http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/lancashire1.html. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ SP 36/75, fol.84, fols.177a, 179, Alexander Blair to Mrs Blair, 5 Dec.1745.
- ^ [SP 36/75, fol.87, – to Lady Gask, 27 Nov.1745].
- ^ Fitzroy Maclean, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' 1988
- ^ "Karl Marx in the New York Daily Tribune 1854". 1 August 1854. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1854/08/01a.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
- ^ "The Livesey Collection". Archived from the original on 11 September 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060911182933/http://www.uclan.ac.uk/library/usersupport/lrs/collections/livesey/index.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
- ^ Lambert, Tim, A Brief history of Preston, Lancashire
- ^ "Live Preston Passion". BBC News. 6 April 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-17633443.
- ^ "August 1990 Maximum". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=1990&indexid=TXx&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "1971–00 Annual average maximum". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "Max >25c days". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=SU&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "Hot weather breaks record". Lancashire Evening Post (Preston). 4 October 2011. http://www.lep.co.uk/news/story-shorts-04-10-11-1-3835179. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ "February 1969 minimum". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=8&year=1969&indexid=TNn&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "1971–00 Average coldest night". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TNn&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "1971–00 average frost". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=FD&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ Rogers, Simon (21 December 2010). "20th December 2010 minimum". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/dec/20/winter-weather-coldest-places-britain. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "1971–2000 Rainfall". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=RR&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "1971–00 Wetdays". http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=RR1&stationid=1806. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ "Climate Normals 1971–2000". KNMI. http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=**&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-461428.571429&miny=-4727380.952381&maxx=405238.095239&maxy=-4077380.952380&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom. Retrieved 26 Feb 2011. [Full citation needed]
- ^ "Civic crest". preston.gov.uk. Preston City Council. http://www.preston.gov.uk/thecouncil/the-mayor/civic-regalia.
- ^ Preston at genuki
- ^ "St George the Martyr, Preston – Church of England" at genuki.org.uk
- ^ English Martyrs Church
- ^ "Media Newsroom". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070514193120/http://lds.org.uk/media_news.php. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
- ^ Mormons reveal secrets of the temple. www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
- ^ Census 2001: Statistics.. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
- ^ "Guide to Preston". http://www.city-visitor.com/preston/information.html. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ "Preston bus station on UK monument 'at risk' list". BBC News. 5 October 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15180978. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ "British Brutalism-World Monuments Fund". http://www.wmf.org/project/british-brutalism/. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ "Tulketh Mill". Engineering Timelines. http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=857. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ "Confirmation of Relocation" (PDF). http://www.preston-city.com/files/news/PCC%20Newsletter%20v4.pdf. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ^ Coates, David (25 March 2009). "Goss in talks to axe 60 more staff". Lancashire Evening Post. Johnston Press. http://www.lep.co.uk/news/Goss-in-talks-to-axe.5109639.jp.
- ^ "Contact LFE". League Football Education. 2009. http://www.lfe.org.uk/contact/contact-lfe. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Riversway Developments". http://www.riverswaydevelopments.co.uk.
- ^ "Our Business". KFC Development. Kentucky Fried Chicken. 2008. http://www.kfcdevelopment.co.uk/aboutus.aspx. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "£800 million plan could cause more traffic chaos". http://www.lep.co.uk/travel/800-million-plan-could-cause.3805457.jp. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
- ^ "Tithebarn Project Hit by Grosvenor Withdrawal". http://www.lep.co.uk/news/-700m-Tithebarn-project-hit.5739827.jp. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ "Soaring Cost of Replacing Bus Station". http://www.lep.co.uk/news/bus_station_s_soaring_cost_1_767368. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ^ "John Lewis pull out of Preston revamp". Lancashire Evening Post (Preston). 17 November 2011. http://www.lep.co.uk/community/john-lewis-pull-out-of-preston-revamp-1-3931003. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ Top Developer is still in the frame: Lancashire Evening Post 27/4/12 http://www.lep.co.uk/news/business/top-developer-is-still-in-the-frame-video-1-4490384
- ^ "Preston: City Of Ghosts". 6 April 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100409072212/http://www.lep.co.uk/news/Preston-The-city-of-ghosts.6205139.jp. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Lancashire County Council, Unemployment core data, official unemployment and claimant count. http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/office_of_the_chief_executive/lancashireprofile/unemployment/core.asp#ccpr
- ^ (26 March 2010), "Tram system demo could be in place soon", Lancashire Evening Post, Preston, accessed 2011-08-04
- ^ "Flood plain housing plan slammed". Lancashire Evening Post, 30 June 2007. http://www.lep.co.uk/news?articleid=2995255. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ Competition Commission (2009). Stagecoach Group Plc/Preston Bus Limited: A Report on the Completed Acquisition by Stagecoach Group Plc of Preston Bus Limited. The Stationery Office. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-11-706375-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wsWeedUr5QkC&pg=PA145. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ a b "The History of Public Transport in Preston". Preston Bus. http://www.prestonbus.co.uk/about/TheHistoryofPublicTransportinPreston_3.html. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Second-best city". Lancashire Evening Post. http://www.lep.co.uk/news/opinion_2_1845/second_best_city_1_162364. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ "Real Time Bus Information for Lancashire". Ormskirk Online News. 27 March 2003. http://www.qlocal.co.uk/ormskirk/news_list/Real_Time_Bus_Information_for_Lancashire-20484.htm.
- ^ Preston Guild Wheel – 2012
- ^ "Pocket Facts"PDF (708 KB), University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
- ^ McAthy, Rachel (17 February 2011). "Preston hyperlocal site wins funding for community project". Journalism.co.uk. Mousetrap Media Ltd. http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/preston-hyperlocal-site-wins-funding-for-community-project/s2/a542858/. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ "Story shorts – 21/02/11". Lancashire Evening Post. 21 February 2011. http://www.lep.co.uk/news/story_shorts_21_02_11_1_3101180. Retrieved 12 December 2011. "NESTA (National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts) has worked alongside the Big Lottery Fund to deliver support to 17 organisations nationwide. They include Prescap, Preston FM, Blog Preston and CSV Preston."
- ^ "Preston North End". Preston City Council. 11 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080118144500/http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=1846. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ "Wallace and Gromit statue planned for Preston". BBC News. 6 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6980995.stm. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- ^ "Benjamin Franklin blue plaque in Preston". Open Plaques. http://openplaques.org/plaques/7484. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Bibliography[link]
- Hodge, A. C. (1997) [1984]. History of Preston: An Introduction. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 1-85936-049-1.
- Hunt, D. (1992). A History of Preston. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 0-948789-67-0.
- Hunt, D. (2003). Preston: Centuries of Change. The Brredon Books Publishing Company. ISBN 1-85983-345-4.
- Sartin, S. (1988). The people and places of Historic Preston. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 0-948789-25-5.
- Walsh, T. and Butler, G. (1992). The Old Lamb and Flag. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 0-948789-79-4.
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For other uses, see Lancashire (disambiguation).
| Lancashire | |
|---|---|
 Flag of Lancashire[1] |
|
 |
|
| Geography | |
| Status | Ceremonial and (smaller) non-metropolitan county |
| Origin | Historic |
| Region | North West England |
| Area - Total - Admin. council - Admin. area |
Ranked 17th 3,079 km2 (1,189 sq mi) Ranked 16th 2,903 km2 (1,121 sq mi) |
| Admin HQ | Preston |
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-LAN |
| ONS code | 30 |
| NUTS 3 | UKD43 |
| Demography | |
| Population - Total (2010 est.) - Density - Admin. council - Admin. pop. |
Ranked 8th 1,449,300 471 /km2 (1,220 /sq mi) Ranked 4th 1,169,300 |
| Ethnicity | 89.7% White British 6.0% S. Asian 2.1% Other White 0.9% Mixed 0.7% E. Asian and Other 0.5% Black 2005 Estimates |
| Politics | |
 Lancashire County Council http://www.lancashire.gov.uk |
|
| Executive | Conservative |
| Members of Parliament | |
| Districts | |
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Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster.[2] Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.[3] Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
The county was subject to a significant boundary reform in 1974,[4] which removed Liverpool and Manchester with most of their surrounding conurbations to form part of the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester respectively.[5] At this time, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was made part of Cumbria. Today the county borders Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and North and West Yorkshire. The Duchy of Lancaster exercises the right of the Crown in the area known as the County Palatine of Lancaster, which includes the counties of Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside.
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History[link]
Main article: History of Lancashire
Early history[link]
The county was established in 1182[4] and later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was considered part of the Brigantes tribal area and was in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw were all originally Roman forts. In the centuries immediately following the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts, at least, of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity of the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain. During the mid 8th Century this area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria which itself became a part of England in the 10th Century. In the Domesday Book, its lands between the Ribble and the Mersey were known as "Inter Ripam et Mersam"[6][7] and were included in the returns for Cheshire.[8] Although some historians have taken this to mean that south Lancashire was, at that time, part of Cheshire,[7][9] neither can it be said clearly to have been part of Cheshire.[10][11][12] It is also claimed that the territory to the north formed, at that time, part of the West Riding of Yorkshire.[9] It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. The county was divided into the six hundreds of Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby.[13] Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, which was the detached part north of "the sands" of Morecambe Bay (including both Furness and Cartmel), and Lonsdale South.
Modern history[link]
Lancashire is now much smaller than its historical extent, following a major reform of local government.[14] In 1889 an administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool, Manchester.[15] The area covered by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) continued to cover the entirety of the administrative county along with the county boroughs, and thus was expanded slightly whenever boroughs annexed areas in other neighbouring counties. Examples of this include Wythenshawe (an area of Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire), and southern Warrington. This area also did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire runs through the middle of the town.
During the 20th century the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs – Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.[16]
By the census of 1971 the population of Lancashire (including all its associated county boroughs) had reached 5,129,416, making it then the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county of Lancashire was also the most populous of its type outside of London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Lancashire was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two new metropolitan counties. The south-western part became part of Merseyside, the south-eastern part was incorporated into Greater Manchester.[17] The new county of Cumbria took the Furness exclave.[4]
The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were removed entirely from Lancashire. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border, rather than become part of Greater Manchester or Merseyside were instead made part of the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, the Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from the Skipton Rural District from the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire.[5] One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.[18] In 1998 the county borough system re-appeared in all but name, when Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authority areas. The Wars of the Roses tradition continued with Lancaster using as its symbol the red rose and York the white. Pressure groups, including Friends of Real Lancashire and the Association of British Counties advocate the use of the historical boundaries of Lancashire for ceremonial and cultural purposes.[19][20]
Geography[link]
Divisions and environs[link]
The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Burnley, Chorley, Fylde, Hyndburn, Lancaster, Pendle, Preston, the Ribble Valley, Rossendale, South Ribble, West Lancashire, and Wyre.[21][22]
Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen are unitary authorities which form part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant but do not come under county council control.[23] The Lancashire Constabulary covers the two unitary authorities.[24] The ceremonial county, the area including the unitary authorities, borders Cumbria, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside, and forms part of the North West England region.[25]
Geology, landscape and ecology[link]
The highest point of the ceremonial county is Gragareth, near Whernside, which reaches a height of 627 m (2,057 ft).[26] However, Green Hill near Gragareth has also been cited as the county top.[27] The highest point within the historic boundaries is Coniston Old Man in the Lake District at 803 m (2,634 ft).[28]
Lancashire drains west from the Pennines into the Irish Sea. Rivers in Lancashire include the Ribble, Wyre and Lune. Major tributaries of these rivers include the Calder, Darwen, Douglas, Hodder, and Yarrow. The Irwell is partly in Lancashire.
To the west of the county are the West Lancashire Coastal Plain in the south, and the Fylde coastal plain north of the Ribble Estuary. Further north is Morecambe Bay. Apart from the coastal resorts, these areas are largely rural with the land devoted to vegetable crops. In the northwest corner of the county, straddling the border with Cumbria, is the Arnside and Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), characterised by its limestone pavements and home to the Leighton Moss nature reserve.
To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland around this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep farming, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap in the west side of the Pennines, in which sit Pendle Hill and most of the larger Lancashire towns. South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield was largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, but extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne within modern-day Lancashire.
Politics[link]
Main article: Lancashire County Council
The county council, serving the shire county, is based in County Hall in Preston, built as a home for the Lancashire county administration (including the Quarter Sessions and Lancashire Constabulary) and opened on 14 September 1882.[29]
Local elections for 84 councillors from 84 divisions are held every four years. The council is currently controlled by the Conservative Party.[30]
| Election | Number of councillors elected by each political party | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative Party | Labour | Liberal Democrats | Independent | Green Party | BNP | Idle Toad | |
| 2009 | 51 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Duchy of Lancaster[link]
The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two remaining royal duchies in the United Kingdom. It has large landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, and operates as a property company, but also exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster,[31] which includes areas that were removed from Lancashire as part of the 1974 boundary changes.
High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster".[32]
The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate, and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained.
There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title having merged in the Crown many centuries ago – but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was finally abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast is still in regular local use: 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster'.
Economy[link]
Lancashire in the 19th century was a major centre of industrial activity and hence of wealth. Activities included mining and textile production (particularly cotton), though on the coast there was also fishing. Historically, the docks in Preston were an industrial port, though are now disused for commercial purposes. Lancashire was historically the location of the port of Liverpool while Barrow-in-Furness is famous for shipbuilding.
Today the largest private industry in Lancashire is the defence industry with BAE Systems Military Air Solutions division based in Warton on the Fylde coast. The division also operates a manufacturing site in Samlesbury. Other defence firms include BAE Systems Global Combat Systems which operates a site at Chorley, Ultra Electronics in Fulwood and Rolls-Royce plc in Barnoldswick.
The nuclear power industry has a major presence with the Springfields plant at Salwick operated by Westinghouse and Heysham nuclear power station operated by British Energy. Other major manufacturing firms include Leyland Trucks which is a subsidiary of Paccar and builds the DAF truck range.
Other companies with a major presence in Lancashire include:
- Airline Network, an internet travel company with its headquarters in Preston.
- BAXI, a heating equipment manufacturer which was established in Preston and which has a large manufacturing site in Bamber Bridge.
- Crown Paints, a major paint manufacturer based in Darwen.
- Enterprise plc, one of the UK's leading support services based in Leyland.
- Hanson plc, a building supplies company which operates the Accrington brick works.
- National Savings and Investments, a state owned savings bank with major operations and the headquarters of the Premium Bond Lottery Bond in Blackpool.
- Thwaites Brewery, a regional brewery founded in 1807 by Daniel Thwaites in Blackburn.
- Xchanging, a company that provides business process outsourcing services, with operations in Fulwood.
Economic output[link]
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire at current[when?] basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
| Year | Regional Gross Value Added[33] | Agriculture[34] | Industry[35] | Services[36] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 13,789 | 344 | 5,461 | 7,984 |
| 2000 | 16,584 | 259 | 6,097 | 10,229 |
| 2003 | 19,206 | 294 | 6,352 | 12,560 |
Education[link]
Main article: List of schools in Lancashire
Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area also has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest (most schools) depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population, with Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.
Lancashire is home to four universities; Lancaster University, University of Central Lancashire, Edge Hill University and the Lancaster campus of The University of Cumbria. Additionally there are also seven colleges which offer higher education courses.
Transport[link]
Road[link]
The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. Other motorways in the region include the fairly short M55 which connects the city of Preston and the town of Blackpool at 11.5 miles (18.3 km) in length. The M65 motorway runs from east to west starting in the town of Colne, running through Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn and terminating in Preston. The M61 heads from Preston past Chorley towards Manchester and the trans-Pennine M62, and the M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.
Other major roads in the county include the east-west A59 between Liverpool in Merseyside and Skipton in North Yorkshire via Ormskirk, Preston and Clitheroe, and the connecting A565 to Southport; the A56 from Ramsbottom to Padiham via Haslingden and from Colne to Skipton; the A585 from Kirkham to Fleetwood; the A666 from the A59 north of Blackburn to Bolton via Darwen; and the A683 from Heysham to Kirkby Lonsdale via Lancaster.
Rail[link]
The West Coast Main Line provides direct rail links with London and other major cities, with stations at Preston and Lancaster. East-west connections are carried via the East Lancashire Line between Blackpool and Colne via Lytham Preston, Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley. The Ribble Valley Line runs from Bolton to Clitheroe via Darwen and Blackburn. There are also connecting lines from Preston to Ormskirk and Bolton, and from Lancaster to Morecambe, Heysham and Skipton.
Air[link]
The county is served by Blackpool International Airport, however Manchester Airport in Greater Manchester is the main airport in the region. Liverpool John Lennon Airport, on Merseyside is also nearby.
As well as Blackpool another major operational airfield exists at Warton near Preston, the site is a major assembly and test facility for BAE Systems; arguably Lancashire's biggest private sector employer.
Ferry[link]
Heysham and Fleetwood offer ferry services to Ireland and the Isle of Man.[37] As part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties. These include the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Lancaster Canal, Bridgewater Canal, Rochdale Canal, Ashton Canal and Manchester Ship Canal.
Bus[link]
Main article: List of bus routes in Lancashire
Several bus companies run bus services in the Lancashire area serving the main towns and villages in the county with some services running to neighbouring areas, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and West Yorkshire.
Demography[link]
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east.
Population change[link]
| Population totals for modern (post-1998) Lancashire | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Population | Year | Population | Year | Population | ||
| 1801 | 163,310 | 1871 | 524,869 | 1941 | 922,812 | ||
| 1811 | 192,283 | 1881 | 630,323 | 1951 | 948,592 | ||
| 1821 | 236,724 | 1891 | 736,233 | 1961 | 991,648 | ||
| 1831 | 261,710 | 1901 | 798,545 | 1971 | 1,049,013 | ||
| 1841 | 289,925 | 1911 | 873,210 | 1981 | 1,076,146 | ||
| 1851 | 313,957 | 1921 | 886,114 | 1991 | 1,122,097 | ||
| 1861 | 419,412 | 1931 | 902,965 | 2001 | 1,134,976 | ||
| Pre-1998 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise Lancashire Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.[38] |
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Settlements[link]
Main article: List of places in Lancashire
The table below has divided the settlements into their local authority district. Each district has a centre of administration; for some of these correlate with a district's largest town, while others are named after the geographical area.
Areas[link]
- † – part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974
- This table does not form an extensive list of the settlements in the ceremonial county. More settlements can be found at Category:Towns in Lancashire, Category:Villages in Lancashire, and Category:Civil parishes in Lancashire.
Historic Areas[link]
Some settlements which were historically part of the county now fall under the counties of West Yorkshire, Cheshire, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria:[4][5][15][17][39][40][41]
| Greater Manchester | Ashton-in-Makerfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bolton, Bury, Chadderton, Denton, Eccles, Farnworth, Heywood, Horwich, Hindley, Irlam, Kearsley, Leigh, Little Lever, Manchester, Middleton, Oldham, Prestwich, Radcliffe, Rochdale, Salford, Stretford, Swinton and Pendlebury, Tyldesley, Urmston, Westhoughton, Whitefield, Wigan, Worsley. |
|---|---|
| Merseyside | Bootle, Crosby, Formby, Huyton, Kirkby, Liverpool, Maghull, Newton-le-Willows, Prescot, St Helens, Southport |
| Cumbria | Barrow-in-Furness, Coniston, Dalton-in-Furness, Grange-over-Sands, Ulverston |
| Cheshire | Warrington, Widnes |
| West Yorkshire | Todmorden |
Boundary changes to occur before 1974 include:[41]
- Todmorden (split between Lancashire and Yorkshire) entirely to West Riding of Yorkshire in 1889
- Mossley (split between Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cheshire) entirely to Lancashire in 1889
- Stalybridge, entirely to Cheshire in 1889
- the former county boroughs of Manchester and Warrington both extended south of the Mersey into historic Cheshire (areas such as Wythenshawe and Latchford)
- correspondingly, the former county borough of Stockport extended north into historic Lancashire, including areas such as Reddish and the Heatons (Heaton Chapel, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Moor and Heaton Norris).
Symbols[link]
The Red Rose of Lancaster is a symbol for the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th century War of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was never officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that this flag had already been officially registered by the town of Montrose, Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. As the Flag Institute will not register two flags of the same design (within the UK) Lancashire's official flag is now registered as a red rose on a gold field, but it does not stop it from having the red rose on a white field in some areas in the county.
Sport[link]
Cricket[link]
Lancashire County Cricket Club has been one of the most successful county cricket teams, particularly in the one-day game. It is home to England cricket team members Andrew Flintoff, James Anderson and Sajid Mahmood. Due to changes in the county boundaries, the club's home ground, County Ground, Old Trafford,[42] is now outside the county of Lancashire, being in the metropolitan borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester.
Historically important local cricket leagues include the Lancashire League, the Central Lancashire League and the North Lancashire and Cumbria League, all of which were formed in 1892. These league clubs hire international professional players to play alongside their amateur players.[citation needed]
Since 2000, the designated ECB Premier League[43] for Lancashire has been the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition.
Football[link]
Football in Lancashire is governed by the Lancashire County Football Association. Due to the County Football Associations being aligned roughly along historic county boundaries, the Lancashire County FA contains members which were founded within Lancashire as it was in the late 19th century, but which now lie outside the county borders, such as Manchester United, Liverpool and Everton. However, the Manchester Football Association and Liverpool County Football Association operate in Greater Manchester and Merseyside respectively.[44][45]
The seven professional full-time teams based in Lancashire, as of the start of the 2011/12 season, are:
- Premier League: Blackburn Rovers
- Championship: Blackpool and Burnley
- League One: Preston North End
- League Two: Accrington Stanley and Morecambe
- Conference National: Fleetwood Town
See also: East Lancashire derby and West Lancashire derby
Rugby League[link]
A substantial number of rugby league teams formerly in Lancashire such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington now fall under the counties of Merseyside, Greater Manchester, and Cheshire. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895.[46] Currently there are several rugby league teams that are based within the county which include Blackpool Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.
Archery[link]
There are many archery clubs located within Lancashire.[47] In 2004 Lancashire took the winning title at the Inter-counties championships from Yorkshire who had held it for 7 years.[48]
Wrestling[link]
Lancashire has a long history of wrestling, developing its own style called Lancashire wrestling, with many clubs that over the years have produced many renowned wrestlers.[citation needed] Some of these have crossed over into the mainstream world of professional wrestling, including Billy Riley, Davey Boy Smith, William Regal, Wade Barrett and The Dynamite Kid.[citation needed]
Music[link]
Folk music[link]
Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale.[49] The county was also a common location for folk songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie May",[50] beside several local Wassailing songs.[49] In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work.[51] These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing.[51][52] A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell,[53] but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention.[52] The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county.[54] Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding.[55][56][57] The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood.[58]
Classical music[link]
Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century,[59] leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries.[60] It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century.[61] The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s.[62] The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom.[63] The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher,[64] Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras[65] and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden.[66] It also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.[67] The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.[68]
Popular music[link]
Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury.[55] Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them The Beatles.[69] After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & The Pacemakers, The Searchers, and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester,[70] as were Herman's Hermits and The Hollies.[71] Led by The Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music.[72] After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s.[73]
Cuisine[link]
Lancashire is the origin of the Lancashire hotpot, a casserole dish traditionally made with lamb. Other traditional foods from the area include:
- Black peas, also known as parched peas: popular in Darwen, Bolton and Preston.
- Bury black pudding has long been associated with the county. The most notable brand, Chadwick's Original Bury Black Puddings, are still sold on Bury Market,[74] and are manufactured in Rossendale.
- Butter Cake: slice of bread and butter.
- Butter pie: a savoury pie containing potatoes, onion and butter. Usually associated with Preston.
- Clapbread: a thin oatcake made from unleavened dough cooked on a griddle.
- Chorley cakes: from the town of Chorley.
- Ducks: faggots as in savoury ducks.
- Fag Pie: pie made from chopped dried figs, sugar and lard. Associated with Blackburn and Burnley where it was the highlight of Fag Pie Sunday (Mid-Lent Sunday).
- Fish and Chips: first fish and chip shop in northern England opened in Mossley near Oldham around 1863.[75]
- Frog-i'-th'-'ole pudding: now known as toad in the hole.
- Frumenty: sweet porridge. Once a popular dish at Lancashire festivals like Christmas and Easter Monday.
- Goosnargh Cakes: Small flat shortbread biscuits with coriander or caraway seeds pressed into the biscuit before baking. Traditionally baked on feast days like Shrove Tuesday.
- Jannock: cake or small loaf of oatmeal. Allegedly introduced to Lancashire (possibly Bolton) by Flemish weavers.
- Lancashire cheese has been made in the county for several centuries.[76] Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese has been awarded EU Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status.[77]
- Nettle Porridge: a common starvation diet in Lancashire in the early 19th century. Made from boiled stinging nettles with perhaps a handful of meal.
- Ormskirk Gingerbread: local delicacy which were sold all over South Lancashire
- Parkin: a ginger cake with oatmeal.
- Pobs, Pobbies: bread and milk.
- Potato Hotpot, a variation of the Lancashire Hotpot without meat also known as fatherless pie.
- Ran Dan: barley bread. Food of last resort for the poor at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century.
- Rag Pudding: Traditional Suet Pudding filled with Minced Meat and Onions.
- Sad Cake: A traditional cake, perhaps a variation of the more widely known Chorley cake, once common around Burnley.
- Throdkins: a traditional breakfast food of the Fylde.
- Uncle Joe's Mint Balls are traditional mints produced by Wm Santus & Co. Ltd. in Wigan.
Places of interest[link]
| Key | |
 |
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral |
 |
Accessible open space |
 |
Amusement/Theme Park |
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Castle |
 |
Country Park |
 |
English Heritage |
 |
Forestry Commission |
 |
Heritage railway |
 |
Historic House |
 .svg){kind=icon} |
Museum (free/not free) |
 |
National Trust |
 |
Theatre |
 |
Zoo |
The following are places of interest in the ceremonial county:
- Arnside and Silverdale AONB
- Astley Hall
- Bank Hall
- Beacon Fell
- Blackburn Cathedral
- Blackpool Pleasure Beach
- Blackpool Tower
- British Commercial Vehicle Museum, Leyland
- Camelot Theme Park
- Clitheroe Castle
- Darwen Tower
- East Lancashire Railway
- Forest of Bowland: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
- Gawthorpe Hall, Padiham National Trust
- Harris Museum
- Helmshore Textile Museum
- Hoghton Tower
- Irwell Sculpture Trail
- Lancaster Castle
- Lancaster Cathedral
- Lathom Park Chapel, site of Lathom Hall, seat of the Earls of Derby
- Leighton Moss nature reserve, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
- Martin Mere, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust nature reserve, Burscough
- Morecambe Bay
- Museum of Lancashire
- Pendle Hill
- The Pennines , provide great opportunity for Mountain Biking
- Ribble Steam Railway
- Rufford Old Hall National Trust
- Samlesbury Hall
- St Walburge's Church
- Stonyhurst College – a manor house dating back to 1592, now an English public school, run by the Jesuits
- Towneley Hall, Burnley
- West Lancashire Light Railway
- West Pennine Moors
- Williamson Park and the Ashton Memorial
- Witton Country Park
- Yarrow Valley Park
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-
The Ashton Memorial, Lancaster
-
Rivington Pike, near Horwich, a top of the West Pennine Moors is one of the most popular walking destinations in the county, on a clear day the whole of the county can be viewed from here
-
Bank Hall, Bretherton, a Jacobean mansion house, awaiting restoration. Home to Lancashire's oldest Yew tree and one of the two fallen sequoia in the UK. Open on limited open days arranged by the Bank Hall Action Group.
Filmography[link]
Whistle Down the Wind, 1961, directed by Bryan Forbes and set at the foot of Worsaw Hill and in Burnley, starring local Lancashire schoolchildren.
See also[link]
- Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire - Keepers of the Rolls
- High Sheriff of Lancashire
- Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency) - Historical list of MPs for Lancashire constituency
- Lancashire dialect and accent
- Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire
Notes and references[link]
- ^ "UK Flag Registry". Flaginstitute.org. 2010-07-06. http://www.flaginstitute.org/index.php?location=10. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ Vision of Britain – Lancashire
- ^ Gibb, Robert (2005). Greater Manchester: A panorama of people and places in Manchester and its surrounding towns. Myriad. p. 13. ISBN 1-904736-86-6.
- ^ a b c d George, D., Lancashire, (1991)
- ^ a b c Local Government Act 1972. 1972, c. 70
- ^ http://www.shrievalty-association.org.uk/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm
- ^ a b Sylvester (1980). p. 14.
- ^ Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.
- ^ a b Booth, P. cited in George, D., Lancashire, (1991)
- ^ Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252:
Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.
- ^ Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.
- ^ Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31:
The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.
- ^ Vision of Britain – Lancashire ancient county divisions
- ^ Berrington, E., Change in British Politics, (1984)
- ^ a b Vision of Britain – Lancashire ancient county boundaries
- ^ Lord Redcliffe-Maud and Bruce Wood. English Local Government Reformed. (1974)
- ^ a b Jones, B. et al., Politics UK, (2004)
- ^ OPSI – The Cheshire, Lancashire and Merseyside (County and Metropolitan Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
- ^ FORL. Retrieved 7 November 2008.[dead link]
- ^ ABC Counties. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ Vision of Britain – Divisions of Lancashire
- ^ Lancashire County Council – Lancashire districts
- ^ OPSI – The Lancashire (Boroughs of Blackburn and Blackpool) (Structural Change) Order 1996
- ^ Lancashire County Council – Map of Lancashire (Unitary boundaries shown)
- ^ Government Office for the North West – Local Authorities
- ^ BUBL Information Service – The Relative Hills of Britain
- ^ "Administrative (1974) County Tops". Hill-bagging.co.uk. http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/CountyTops1974.php. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "Historic County Tops". Hill-bagging.co.uk. http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/CountyTopsHistoric.php. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ Opening of the new Town-Hall at Preston. The Times. September 15, 1882.
- ^ Lancashire County Council – County Councillors by Area
- ^ The Duchy of Lancaster - Boundary Map[dead link]
- ^ High Sheriffs, The Times, March 21, 1985
- ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
- ^ includes hunting and forestry
- ^ includes energy and construction
- ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
- ^ Transport for Lancashire – Lancashire Inter Urban Bus and Rail Map (PDF)[dead link]
- ^ A Vision of Britain through time, Lancashire Modern (post 1974) County: Total Population, http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10097848&c_id=10001043&add=N, retrieved 2010-01-10
- ^ Vision of Britain – Lancashire boundaries 1974
- ^ Chandler, J., Local Government Today, (2001)
- ^ a b Youngs. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Volume 2. Northern England.
- ^ "LCCC contact details". Lccc.co.uk. 2009-01-16. http://www.lccc.co.uk/index.php?p=contact. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "List of ECB Premier Leagues". Ecb.co.uk. http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/non-first-class/premier-leagues/premier-leagues,1443,BP.html. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "Manchester FA | About Us". Manchesterfa.com. http://www.manchesterfa.com/AboutUs/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "Liverpool FA | About Us". Liverpoolfa.com. http://www.liverpoolfa.com/AboutUs/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ http://www.rugbyleaguehonours.co.uk/roses.html
- ^ "Archery clubs in Lancashire". Lancashire-archery.org.uk. http://www.lancashire-archery.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "Bowmen of Skelmersdale". Bowmen of Skelmersdale. http://www.bowmenofskelmersdale.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ a b D. Gregory, '"The Songs of the People for Me: The Victorian Rediscovery of Lancashire Vernacular Song', Canadian Folk Music/Musique folklorique canadienne, 40 (2006), pp. 12–21.
- ^ J. Shepherd, D. Horn, and D. Laing, Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World (London: Continuum, 2003), ISBN 0-8264-7436-5, p. 360.
- ^ a b Lancashire Folk, http://www.lancashirefolk.co.uk/Morris_Information.htm, retrieved 16/02/09.
- ^ a b G. Boyes, The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology, and the English Folk Revival (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), 0-71902-914-7, p. 214.
- ^ E. D. Gregory, Victorian Songhunters: the Recovery and Editing of English Vernacular Ballads and Folk Lyrics, 1820–1883 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2006), ISBN 0-8108-5703-0, p. 248.
- ^ Folk North West, http://www.folknorthwest.co.uk/harry_boardman.htm, retrieved 16/02/09.
- ^ a b P. Frame, Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'Roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland (London: Music Sales Group, 1999), ISBN 0-7119-6973-6, pp. 72–6.
- ^ J, C. Falstaff, 'Roy Harper Longest Running Underground Act', Dirty Linen, 50 (Feb/Mar '94), http://www.dirtylinen.com/feature/50harper.html, 16/02/09.
- ^ S. Broughton, M. Ellingham and R. Trillo, World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East (Rough Guides, 1999), ISBN 1-85828-635-2, p. 67.
- ^ 'Festivals', Folk and Roots, http://www.folkandroots.co.uk/festivals.html, retrieved 08/01/09.
- ^ R. Cowgill and P. Holman, Music in the British Provinces, 1690–1914 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007), ISBN 0-7546-3160-5, p. 207.
- ^ R. Southey, Music-Making in North-East England During the Eighteenth Century (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), ISBN 0-7546-5097-9, pp. 131–2.
- ^ D. Russell, Popular Music in England, 1840–1914: a Social History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), ISBN 0-7190-2361-0, p. 163.
- ^ A. Baines, The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), ISBN 0-19-311334-1, p. 41.
- ^ D. Russell, Popular Music in England, 1840–1914: a Social History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), ISBN 0-7190-2361-0, p. 230.
- ^ D. Clark and J. Staines, Rough Guide to Classical Music (Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2001), ISBN 1-85828-721-9, p. 568.
- ^ L. Jenkins, While Spring and Summer Sang: Thomas Beecham and the Music of Frederick Delius (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005), ISBN 0-7546-0721-6, p. 1.
- ^ J. McCabe, Alan Rawsthorne: Portrait of a Composer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), ISBN 0-19-816693-1.
- ^ A. Lamb, Leslie Stuart: Composer of Floradora (London: Routledge, 2002), ISBN 0-415-93747-7.
- ^ M. Kennedy, The History of the Royal Manchester College of Music, 1893–1972 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971), ISBN 0-7190-0435-7.
- ^ A. H. Goldman, The Lives of John Lennon (A Capella, 2001), ISBN 1-55652-399-8, p. 92.
- ^ "'Dreamers' star Freddie Garrity dies" Daily Telegraph, 20 May 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, p. 532.
- ^ V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1316–7.
- ^ S. Cohen, Rock Culture in Liverpool: Popular Music in the Making (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), ISBN 0-19-816178-6, p. 14.
- ^ Keating, Sheila (11 June 2005). "Food detective: Bury black pudding". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/article1080357.ece. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
- ^ History of fish and chips[dead link]
- ^ "Lancashire Cheese History". Lancashire Cheese Makers. http://www.lancashirecheese.com/history.htm. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
- ^ "EU Protected Food Names Scheme: Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/industry/regional/foodname/products/registered/beacon.htm. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
Bibliography[link]
- Crosby, A. (1996). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-932-4.
- Harris, B. E., and Thacker, A. T. (1987). The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-722761-9.
- Morgan, P. (1978). Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-140-4.
- Phillips A. D. M., and Phillips, C. B. (2002), A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0-904532-46-1.
- Sylvester, D. (1980). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series). (2nd Edition.) London and Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-384-9.
Further reading[link]
- Farrer and Brownbill, The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster Vol 1 (1906); Vol 2 (1908); Vol 3 (1907); Vol 4 (1911); Vol 5 (1911); Vol 6 (1911); Vol 7 (1911); London: Constable.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lancashire |
- Lancashire On Line Parish Clerk an active project to transcribe and publish records of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Lancashire from the time records began in Edward VIths reign
- Traditions of Lancashire, Volume 1 (of 2), by John Roby
- Lancashire Lantern, The Lancashire Life and Times E-Resource network
- Website of the film 'Catch - the hold not taken', a look at the cultural significance of wrestling in Lancashire
- Lancashire County Council – MARIO (Mapping portal)
- Map of Lancashire
- Government Office for the North West
- North West Regional Minister
- Lancashire Online Forums
Coordinates: 53°48′N 2°36′W / 53.8°N 2.6°W / 53.8; -2.6
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