Foreskin
A penis with a partially retracted foreskin, revealing some of the glans penis. The ridged band toward the end of the foreskin is clearly visible.
Latin	prepucium, præputium
Gray's	subject #262 1250
Artery	Dorsal artery of the penis
Vein	Superficial dorsal vein of the penis
Nerve	Dorsal nerve of the penis
Precursor	Genital tubercle, Urogenital folds
MeSH	Foreskin
Dorlands/Elsevier	Preupuce

In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a generally retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus ( /miːˈeɪtəs/) when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous.

Description[link]

Diagram of a portion of the male anatomy

The outside of the foreskin is a continuation of the skin on the shaft of the penis, but the inner foreskin is a mucous membrane like the inside of the eyelid or the mouth. The mucocutaneous zone occurs where the outer and inner foreskin meet. Like the eyelid, the foreskin is free to move after it separates from the glans, usually by puberty. Smooth muscle fibres keep it close to the glans but make it highly elastic.^[1] The foreskin is attached to the glans by a frenulum, which helps return the foreskin over the glans.

The presence of a type of nerve ending called Meissner's corpuscles has been reported. Their density is reportedly greater in the ridged band (a region of ridged mucosa at the tip of the foreskin) than in the larger area of smooth mucosa.^[2] They are affected by age: their incidence decreases after adolescence.^[3] Meissner's corpucles could not be identified in all individuals.^[4] Bhat et al studied Meissner's corpuscles at a number of different sites, including the "finger tips, palm, front of forearm, sole, lips, prepuce of penis, dorsum of hand and dorsum of foot". They found the lowest Meissner's Index (density) in the foreskin, and also reported that corpuscles at this site were physically smaller. Differences in shape were also noted. They concluded that these characteristics were found in "less sensitive areas of the body".^[5] In the late 1950s, Winkelmann suggested that some receptors had been wrongly identified as Meissner's corpuscles.^[6][7]

The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia have written that the foreskin is "composed of an outer skin and an inner mucosa that is rich in specialized sensory nerve endings and erogenous tissue."^[8]According to a study by Sorrells et al. (2007), the five most sensitive areas of the penis are on the foreskin and the glans is more sensitive in the uncircumcised penis ^[9]. The study has been criticized by Waskett and Morris, who argue that re-analysis of Sorrells' data shows no significant differences.^[10] In 2009, Schober et al reported on self-assessed sexual sensitivity in 81 men, 11 of whom were not circumcised. When assessing areas producing sexual pleasure, the foreskin was ranked 7th, after the glans, lower and upper shaft, and the left and right sides of the penis, but above the area between scrotum and anus, the scrotum itself, and the anus.^[11]

Development[link]

Eight weeks after fertilization, the foreskin begins to grow over the head of the penis, covering it completely by 16 weeks. At this stage, the foreskin and glans share an epithelium (mucous layer) that fuses the two together. It remains this way until the foreskin separates from the glans.^[12]

At birth, the foreskin is usually still fused with the glans.^[12] As childhood progresses the foreskin and the glans gradually separate, a process that may not be complete until late puberty.^[13] Thorvaldsen and Meyhoff (2005) reported that average age of first foreskin retraction in Denmark is 10.4 years.^[14] Wright (1994) argues that forcible retraction of the foreskin should be avoided and that the child himself should be the first one to retract his own foreskin.^[15] Attempts to forcibly retract it can be painful and may injure the foreskin.^[16]

In children, the foreskin usually covers the glans completely but in adults, this need not be so. Schöberlein (1966) ^[17] found that about 50% of young men had full coverage of the glans, 42% had partial coverage, and, in the remaining 8%, the glans was uncovered. After adjusting for circumcision, he stated that, in 4% of the young men, the foreskin had spontaneously atrophied (shrunk). There is considerable variation in the degree to which the foreskin retracts during erection; in some adults the foreskin remains covering the glans until retracted by sexual activity.

Functions[link]

The foreskin typically covers the glans when the penis is flaccid (top image), but generally retracts upon erection (bottom image).

The World Health Organization state that there is "debate about the role of the foreskin, with possible functions including keeping the glans moist, protecting the developing penis in utero, or enhancing sexual pleasure due to the presence of nerve receptors".^[18]

Sexual[link]

The Royal Australasian College of Physicians states that the foreskin protects the glans, and that "the foreskin is a primary sensory part of the penis, containing some of the most sensitive areas of the penis. The effects of circumcision on sexual sensation however are not clear, with reports of both enhanced and diminished sexual pleasure following the procedure in adults and little awareness of advantage or disadvantage in those circumcised in infancy."^[19] The Royal Dutch Medical Association states that many sexologists view the foreskin as "a complex, erotogenic structure that plays an important role ‘in the mechanical function of the penis during sexual acts, such as penetrative intercourse and masturbation’."^[20]

Taylor et al. (1996) described the foreskin in detail, documenting a ridged band of mucosal tissue. They stated: "This ridged band contains more Meissner's corpuscles than does the smooth mucosa and exhibits features of specialized sensory mucosa."^[2] In 1999, Cold and Taylor stated: "The prepuce is primary, erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function."^[21] Boyle et al. (2002) state that "the complex innervation of the foreskin and frenulum has been well documented, and the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings."^[22] The AAP noted that the work of Taylor et al. (1996) "suggests that there may be a concentration of specialized sensory cells in specific ridged areas of the foreskin."^[23]

Moses and Bailey (1998) describe the evidence of sensory function as "indirect," and state that, "aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure."^[24] The World Health Organization (2007) states that "Although it has been argued that sexual function may diminish following circumcision due to the removal of the nerve endings in the foreskin and subsequent thickening of the epithelia of the glans, there is little evidence for this and studies are inconsistent."^[25] Fink et al. (2002) reported "[a]lthough many have speculated about the effect of a foreskin on sexual function, the current state of knowledge is based on anecdote rather than scientific evidence."^[26] Masood et al. (2005) state that "[c]urrently no consensus exists about the role of the foreskin."^[27] Schoen (2007) states that "[a]necdotally, some have claimed that the foreskin is important for normal sexual activity and improves sexual sensitivity. Objective published studies over the past decade have shown no substantial difference in sexual function between circumcised and uncircumcised men."^[28]

The term 'gliding action' is used in some papers to describe the way the foreskin moves during sexual intercourse. This mechanism was described by Lakshamanan & Prakash in 1980, stating that "[t]he outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion..."^[29] Several people have argued that the gliding movement of the foreskin is important during sexual intercourse.^[30] Warren & Bigelow (1994) state that gliding action would help to reduce the effects of vaginal dryness and that restoration of the gliding action is an important advantage of foreskin restoration.^[31] O'Hara (2002) describes the gliding action, stating that it reduces friction during sexual intercourse, and suggesting that it adds "immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties".^[32] Taylor (2000) suggests that the gliding action, where it occurs, may stimulate the nerves of the ridged band,^[33] and speculates (2003) that the stretching of the frenulum by the rearward gliding action during penetration triggers ejaculation.^[34]

Whiddon (1953), Foley (1966), and Morgan (1967) all believed that the presence of the foreskin made sexual penetration easier.^[35][36][37]

Other[link]

Gairdner (1949) states that the foreskin protects the glans.^[12] The fold of the prepuce maintains sub-preputial wetness, which mixes with exfoliated skin to form smegma. Some authors believe that smegma contains antibacterial enzymes,^[38] though their theory has been challenged.^[39] The American Academy of Pediatrics (1999) state that "no controlled scientific data are available regarding differing immune function in a penis with or without a foreskin."^[40] Inferior hygiene has been associated with balanitis,^[41] though excessive washing can cause non-specific dermatitis.^[42]

Evolution[link]

In primates, the foreskin is present in the genitalia of both sexes and likely has been present for millions of years of evolution.^[43] The evolution of complex penile morphologies like the foreskin may have been influenced by females.^[44][45][46]

Conditions[link]

Simmons et al. report that the foreskin's presence "frequently predisposes to medical problems, including balanitis, phimosis, venereal disease and penile cancer", and additionally state that "because we now are able to effectively treat foreskin related maladies, some societies are shifting toward foreskin preservation."^[47]

Frenulum breve is a frenulum that is insufficiently long to allow the foreskin to fully retract, which may lead to discomfort during intercourse. Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of an adult cannot be retracted properly. Before adulthood, the foreskin may still be separating from the glans.^[48] Phimosis can be treated by gently stretching the foreskin, by changing masturbation habits,^[49] using topical steroid ointments, preputioplasty, or by the more radical option of circumcision. Posthitis is an inflammation of the foreskin.

A condition called paraphimosis may occur if a tight foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans and swells as a restrictive ring. This can cut off the blood supply, resulting in ischaemia of the glans penis.

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that most commonly occurs in adult women, although it may also be seen in men and children. Topical clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate were proven effective in treating genital lichen sclerosus. ^[50]

Aposthia is a rare condition in which the foreskin is not present at birth.

Surgical and other modifications of the foreskin[link]

Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, either partially or completely. It may be done for religious requirements, health reasons such as to treat a medical disorder, or personal preferences surrounding hygiene and aesthetics. Preputioplasty is a minor procedure designed to relieve a tight foreskin without resorting to circumcision.

Foreskin restoration techniques (developed to help circumcised men 'regrow' a skin covering for the glans by tissue expansion) can be used by men with short foreskins to lengthen the natural foreskin so that it covers the glans. A narrow foreskin may also be widened by tissue expansion.^[51]

Other practices include genital piercings involving the foreskin and slitting the foreskin.^[52]

Langerhans cells[link]

Langerhans cells are immature dendritic cells that are found in all areas of the penile epithelium,^[53] but are most superficial in the inner surface of the foreskin.^[53] A study by Szabo and Short (2000) targets Langerhans cells as receptors of HIV, and states that these cells "must be regarded as the most probable sites for viral entry in primary HIV infection in men."^[54] Langerhans cells are also known to express the c-type lectin langerin, which may play a role in transmission of HIV to nearby lymph nodes.^[53] However, de Witte et al. (2007) suggested that langerin, produced by Langerhans cells, might block the transmission of HIV to T cells.^[55]

Foreskin-based medical and consumer products[link]

Foreskins obtained from circumcision procedures are frequently used by biochemical and micro-anatomical researchers to study the structure and proteins of human skin. In particular, foreskins obtained from newborns have been found to be useful in the manufacturing of more human skin.^[56]

Human growth factors derived from newborns' foreskins are used to make a commercial anti-wrinkle skin cream, TNS Recovery Complex.^[57]

Foreskins of babies are also used for skin graft tissue,^[58][59][60] and for β-interferon-based drugs.^[61]

Foreskin fibroblasts have been used in biomedical research.^[62]

Foreskin in non-human species[link]

In koalas, the foreskin contains naturally occurring bacteria that play an important role in fertilization.^[63] Almost all mammal penises have foreskins, although in non-human cases the foreskin is usually a sheath into which the whole penis is retracted. Only monotremes (the platypus and the echidna) lack foreskins.^[64]

This section requires expansion.

Additional images[link]

• 

  Composite image showing a penis with the foreskin having been retracted (left), and placed back in usual position covering the glans (right)

• 

  A normal variation in length of the human male foreskin covering the entire glans of a flaccid penis

• 

  A relatively short foreskin which covers most of the glans

• 

  Caravaggio's Amor Victorious with the Roman Cupid Amor showing his penis with foreskin

• 

  Statue of Gomateshwara which features a penis with a foreskin

• 

  Michelangelo's David features a penis with a foreskin

See also[link]

• Aposthia
• Anatomy
• Circumcision
• Circumcision controversies
• Circumcision scar
• Dorsal slit
• Erogenous zone
• Forcible retraction of the foreskin
• Foreskin restoration
• Genitals
• Holy Prepuce
• Kynodesme
• Langerhans cell
• Masturbation
• Penis
• Phimosis (unretractable foreskin)
• Preputioplasty
• Ridged band
• Smegma
• Preputial mucosa

References[link]

External links[link]

• Normal development of the foreskin: Birth through age 18 by CIRP
• Foreskin.org - Many detailed pictures of the human male foreskin
• Infant foreskin care at Kidshealth.org.nz
• Our son is not circumcised. When will his foreskin retract? by American Academy of Pediatrics
• Management of foreskin conditions - Statement from the British Association of Paediatric Urologists on behalf of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons and The Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists
• Lakshmanan S., Prakash S. (1980). "Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function". Indian J Surg 44: 134–7. http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/lakshmanan/. 
• Davenport M. (1996). "ABC of general surgery in children. Problems with the penis and prepuce". British Medical Journal 312 (7026): 299–301. DOI:10.1136/bmj.312.7026.299. PMC 2349890. PMID 8611792. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/312/7026/299. 
• Simpson ET, Barraclough P. (1998). "The management of the paediatric foreskin". Aust Fam Physician 27 (5): 381–3. PMID 9613002. http://www.cirp.org/library/hygiene/simpson1/. 
• Cold CJ, McGrath KA. Anatomy and histology of the penile and clitoral prepuce in primates. Male and Female Circumcision 1999
• Peter Charles Remondino. History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present. Philadelphia and London; F. A. Davis; 1891.
• Video "The Prepuce" a film prepared by Doctors Opposing Circumcision for medical students.

  (WMP, streaming) http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/video/prepuce.html

  (WMP, download) http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/video/Circumcision_WM7NTSC_256k_D.wmv

• SUNY Labs 42:01-0107 - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Surface Anatomy of the Penis"

Chris Colfer
Colfer at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival.
Born	Christopher Paul Colfer (1990-05-27) May 27, 1990 (age 22) Clovis, California, United States
Occupation	Actor, singer, producer and writer
Years active	2009–present

Christopher Paul "Chris" Colfer^[1][2] (born May 27, 1990)^[3] is an American actor and singer, known for his portrayal of Kurt Hummel on the television series Glee. He is a Golden Globe winner and a two-time Emmy nominee.

Colfer was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2011.^[4]

Early life and education[link]

Colfer was born in Clovis, California, the son of Karyn Colfer (née Boling) and Tim Colfer.^[5] Colfer has Irish ancestry; he has stated "I’m very Irish, my family is all Irish and St. Patrick’s day in my house is crazy."^[6] He was home schooled for half of 7th grade and 8th grade because he was bullied so much in school.^[7]

While a student at Clovis East High School, Colfer was involved with the speech and debate program, where he won "many speech and debate champion titles," including placing ninth in the State Competition for Dramatic Interpretation, the drama club, the FFA, "was president of the Writer’s Club, editor of the school's literary magazine, and captain of Destination ImagiNation."^[8] As a high school senior, he wrote, starred in, and directed a spoof of Sweeney Todd entitled "Shirley Todd", in which all of the roles were gender-reversed.^[9] One of his real in-school experiences was later turned into a sub-plot for his character on Glee, when the high school teachers denied him the chance to sing "Defying Gravity" from the musical Wicked because it is traditionally sung by a woman.^[10][11] His grandmother, a minister, let him sing the song in her church.^[10]

Career[link]

Early work[link]

Colfer at the Time 100 Gala, April 27, 2011

The first show he was involved in with community theater was West Side Story.^[12] He also starred in a production of The Sound of Music as the character Kurt.^[13]

At the age of eighteen, Colfer starred as Russel Fish in Russel Fish: The Sausage and Eggs Incident, a short film where an awkward teenager must pass a Presidential Physical Fitness test or fail gym class and lose his admission to Harvard University.

[edit] Glee

Colfer's first TV role came in 2009 when he was cast as Kurt Hummel on Fox's Glee. Kurt is a fashionable gay countertenor who is routinely bullied at school, not only for being gay, but also for being part of the very unpopular Glee Club. Colfer auditioned for the part of Artie Abrams, who uses a wheelchair, a role which eventually went to Kevin McHale.^[13] The show's creator, Ryan Murphy, was so impressed with Colfer that he created the role of Kurt specifically for him,^[14] and in the process, scrapped a planned character called Rajish so they could add Kurt. In a 2010 interview with Allison Kugel, Colfer stated that "There have been a couple of times when I have gone to Ryan Murphy and told him a couple of things that have happened to me, and then he writes it into the show. Or he'll ask me what song I would want to sing, in this situation or in that situation. I don't think any of us directly try to give input on the character or on the storyline, but they definitely steal things from us."^[11]

Murphy revealed in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter that at the conclusion of Glee's third season, Colfer's character Kurt will graduate from McKinley High along with fellow seniors including Rachel Berry (actress Lea Michele) and Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). At the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con, producer Brad Falchuk stated that "because they're graduating doesn't mean they're leaving the show." Falchuk also stated "it was never our plan or our intention to let them go…. They are not done with the show after this season."^[15]

Colfer won the 2010 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series for his performance as Kurt Hummel.^[16] He was twice nominated for an Emmy Award^[17] in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series category for his portrayal of Kurt.

Kurt's characterization[link]

Colfer has explained that Kurt "puts on a very confident, 'I'm better than you' persona, but underneath it all he's the same anxious and scared teen everyone is/was at some point. In later episodes, he goes through an identity crisis, accepting and finding acceptance for who he is. [...] He's a tough guy in designer clothes."^[18] The character is also gay, which is at the crux of many of his conflicts on the show. Colfer has a high vocal range, as displayed in the episode "Wheels", in which his character demonstrates the unusual ability (for a man) of singing a "high F" (actually an F5). However, his character deliberately pretends to be unable to sing the note in order to spare his father the harassment he would receive for having a gay son.^[19] However, in the episode "Choke" when his character is auditioning for NYADA, he sings "Not the Boy Next Door" from The Boy from Oz a song Kurt claims is "something a little more out there, but much more me", successfully hitting an High G, a note higher than High F. Tibideaux, a famous and exacting performer who is one of NYADA's most notorious alumni, is impressed by both his performance and the risk he took singing that.

Writing and other work[link]

Colfer will star in the coming-of-age comedy Struck by Lightning that has been set up with David Permut (Youth in Revolt). The plot revolves around Colfer's character, who is struck and killed by a bolt of lightning, and chronicles his exploits as he blackmails his fellow senior classmates into contributing to a literary magazine he is publishing. Colfer also wrote the script for Struck By Lightning, which was shot during the Glee hiatus in the summer of 2011.^[20]

On June 8, 2011, Colfer signed a book deal to write two novels for children to young adults.(age range) the first of which, The Land of Stories, is scheduled for release on July 17, 2012.^[21]

Colfer is also writing another movie, set to film next summer, in which he will appear as a supporting actor.

Colfer also, landed a deal with Disney Channel for a pilot based on his book "The Little Leftover Witch". ^[22]

In March 2012, Colfer was featured in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play, '8' — a staged reenactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage — as Ryan Kendall.^[23] The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights.^[24][25]

It was announced on March 16, 2012 that he would present an award at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards. During the presentation of the award for Favorite TV Actress, the special "Exploding Blimp" was placed in front of Colfer by Heidi Klum where it burst open, covering him in the network's trademark green slime.^[26]

Personal life[link]

Colfer is openly gay^[27] and shared on Access Hollywood that his parents were accepting of him but he was frequently bullied at school.^[9][28][29] Colfer's younger sister, Hannah, suffers from severe epilepsy,^[30] and often experiences over fifty seizures in an hour.^[31] Colfer has commented that when he was younger he used acting as a method of escaping the stress involved with having a family member with disabilities.^[13][32]

Colfer appeared on the British chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross on June 18, 2010, along with his fellow Glee co-stars Amber Riley and Matthew Morrison. He demonstrated his skill with a pair of sai, revealing that he bought a pair on eBay and regularly practices in his trailer. He also mentioned that he would like it if his sai could be worked in to an episode of Glee; they first appeared in the season 3 episode I Am Unicorn, during Colfer's character Kurt Hummel's performance of "I'm the Greatest Star", from the musical Funny Girl.^[33]

Filmography[link]

Colfer at ComicCon, July 2010

Discography[link]

• Glee: The Music, Volume 1 (2009)
• Glee: The Music, Volume 2 (2009)
• Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna (2010)
• Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers (2010)
• Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals (2010)
• Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show (2010)
• Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album (2010)
• Glee: The Music, Volume 4 (2010)
• Glee: The Music, Volume 5 (2011)
• Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers (2011)
• Glee: The Music, Volume 6 (2011)
• Glee: The 3D Concert Movie (Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2011)
• Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 2 (2011)
• Glee: The Music, Volume 7 (2011)
• Glee: The Music, The Graduation Album (2012)

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Kugel, Allison (April 26, 2010). "Glee Star Chris Colfer Shares His Best Behind-the-Scenes Moments and Surreal Adventures". PR.com. http://www.pr.com/article/1151. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chris Colfer

• Chris Colfer at the Internet Movie Database
• Chris Colfer on Twitter
• Chris Colfer at Emmys.com

Flying Lotus
Background information
Also known as	Flying Lotus FlyLo Juno Leed
Born	(1983-10-07) October 7, 1983 (age 28)
Origin	Los Angeles, California United States
Genres	Electronic, experimental
Occupations	Musician Record Producer Filmmaker Record Label Owner
Instruments	Computer, Turntables, Sampler, Drum Machine, Synthesizer, Keyboards, Multi-instrumentalist
Years active	2000–present
Labels	Warp, Brainfeeder, Plug Research
Associated acts	Thundercat FLYamSAM Alice Coltrane Ravi Coltrane Thom Yorke Laura Darlington Gonjasufi
Website	flying-lotus.com, brainfeedersite.com
Notable instruments
Reason Ableton Live

Flying Lotus (born Steven Ellison) is an experimental multi-genre music producer from Winnetka, California. His debut album, 1983, was released on Plug Research Records in 2006.^[1] He produced much of the bumper music on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block,^[2] for which he is uncredited, and he also contributed remixes for fellow Plug Research artists including Mia Doi Todd. He is often referred to as FlyLo by fans and critics. His grandmother was songwriter Marilyn McLeod. He is the great-nephew of the late Alice Coltrane, whose husband was John Coltrane. He is also the cousin of musician Ravi Coltrane.^[3]

Music career[link]

In 2007, he announced that he signed with Warp Records.^[4] Following his Warp debut, the six-track Reset EP, he quickly became one of the label’s cornerstone artists and released his second album, titled Los Angeles, on June 10, 2008. In 2008, Flying Lotus also remixed "Reckoner" from Radiohead's album In Rainbows.^[5] His third album, Cosmogramma, was released on May 3, 2010, in the UK and May 4, 2010, in the US.^[6] In January 2011, Cosmogramma won in the Dance/Electronica Album category in the 10th Annual Independent Music Awards.^[7]

Recently, Flying Lotus collaborated with the Ann Arbor Film Festival in the performance of a live scoring of the 1962 avant-garde film Heaven and Earth Magic.^[8] In a post-viewing interview with the audience, Flying Lotus said that he was unsure whether or not a recording of the performance (or a recreation of it) would be publicly released, but he would be enthusiastic toward similar projects in the future. He was chosen by Battles to perform at the ATP Nightmare Before Christmas festival that it co-curates in December 2011 in Minehead, England.^[9]

In January 2011, Flying Lotus won the 10th Annual Independent Music Awards for his video "MmmHmm" in the Short-Form Video category.^[10] Flying Lotus will be collaborating with R&B singer Erykah Badu on new material for her next album.^[11] In August 2011, Flying Lotus announced a multimedia project with filmmaker Miwa Matreyek, which is to be titled The Mapping of Countries Yet to Come.^[12] It is currently rumored that Flying Lotus plans to remix one of Radiohead's songs from The King of Limbs.^[13]

Discography[link]

Demos[link]

• 2005: July Heat

Note: Various unofficial Flying Lotus demos leaked by fans are sometimes mistaken as official Flying Lotus releases, such as "Raw Cartoons."^[14]

Albums[link]

EPs and Misc[link]

12-inch singles[link]

• 2006: Pink Sun EP (12", EP) My Room Is White (Flying Lotus Remix) - Plug Research
• 2008: Cool Out (12") Lost (Flying Lotus Remix) - Hyperdub
• 2008: Dive EP (12", EP) Blank Blue (Flying Lotus Remix) - Ubiquity Records
• 2008: Get Dirty EP (12", EP) Game Over (Flying Lotus Remix) - Ghostly International
• 2008: Natural Selection (Flying Lotus' Cleanse Mix) / Vancouver (2562's Puur Natuur Dub) (12")
• 2008: Woebegone (CD, Single, Promo) Woebegone (Flying Lotus Remix) - Ninja Tune

Production[link]

• 2008: José James - Park Bench People (on the track "Visions of Violet")
• 2009: Declaime - Whole Wide World
• 2010: José James - Blackmagic
• 2010: Gonjasufi - A Sufi and a Killer (on the track "Ancestors")
• 2010: Mike Bigga - Adult Swim Singles Program (on the track "Swimming")
• 2011: Thundercat - The Golden Age of Apocalypse
• 2011: Blu - 'NoYork! (on the tracks "Doin’ Nothin", "Everything Ok" and "Doin’ Something"
• 2012: "Lately" and "Lamented" on the Hodgy Beats Untitled EP

Collaborations[link]

• 2008: One for Pep Pep (Remix) (Tim and Eric Awesome Record, Great Songs)
• 2008: Testament (w/ Gonjasufi)
• 2009: Bootleg Beats (w/ Samiyam)^[17]
• 2010: ...And The World Laughs With You^[18][19] (w/ Thom Yorke)
• 2011: Kryon (w/ Kode9 & the Spaceape)^[20]
• 2011: Group Tea (w/ Matthewdavid)^[21]
• 2011: Lost (w/ King Midas Sound) ^[22]
• 2011: Live (w/ Hodgy Beats & Mike G of OFWGKTA)

Mixes[link]

• 2011: Lover's Melt (Stones Throw Podcast)
• 2011: Lover's Melt Pt. 2 (Brainfeeder Podcast)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Brainfeeder
• Official Online Game
• Warp Records
• Plug Research
• RBMA Radio On Demand - Sonar Sessions 2007 - Flying Lotus (Warp/Plug Research, Los Angeles)
• Sept 2007 Interview with L.A. Record
• Interview (2007)
• Los Angeles Review (2008)
• New Yorker profile by Sasha Frere-Jones
• Flying Lotus “BRAINFEEDER RADIO” Part 2 at Dublab