Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I.

Infantrymen are land based soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are still the backbone of modern armies. Infantry units have more physically demanding training than other branches of armies, and place a greater emphasis on discipline, physical strength, fitness and spontaneous sustained aggression. The Infantryman himself, with or without his personal weapon is considered a weapon system.

Infantrymen are easily distinguished from soldiers trained to fight on horseback (cavalry), in tanks, or in technical roles such as armourers or signallers. Rudimentary infantry skills such as basic individual movement techniques, shooting positions and field craft are fundamental to the training of every soldier. Infantry can access and maneuver in terrain inaccessible to vehicles and tanks, and employ infantry support weapons that can provide firepower in the absence of artillery.

Since the end of the Second World War, the infantry has become a very small part of the Western world's armies. Typically between 5% and 30% of an army's personnel are trained infantry. Despite this number they may still represent one of the largest individual arms; with the exception of logistics and supply. Infantry numbers are vastly reduced from pre-WWII levels. For instance, in the United States Army of 2009, there were only approximately 49,000 Infantrymen^[1] out of about 565,000 active duty enlisted personnel.^[2][3] The Marine Corps has another 10,000-20,000 Infantrymen. This means that there are fewer than 70,000 Infantrymen in the entire US military. The US Air Force does not have infantry assets. The Russian Navy on the other hand employs a small number of troops, less than 2,000, as Infantrymen. This Naval Infantry functions as Marine Infantry which usually assault land objectives from the sea.

These lower infantry numbers reflect the greatly increased lethality and degree and type of training afforded modern Infantry regiments. This combined with a higher demand for technical and logistical specialists in Western armies. Western armies have increasingly complex technology based weapons systems which drive the demand for and the importance of logistics in modern armies

History[link]

Winfield Scott leading a line of American infantry at the Battle of Chippawa during the War of 1812.

Although the use of the term infantry in English dates from the 16th century, the foot troops of the previous eras in history who fought with a variety of weapons before the introduction of the firearms are also referred to as infantry. During the Ancient and Middle Ages Infantry were categorized by the types of weapons and armor they used, such as heavy, medium, and light infantry. Since the introduction of firearms classifications have changed initially to reflect their formations on the battlefield as line infantry, and later to reflect modes of transport and type of tactics used by specific units as Mechanized infantry or airborne infantry.

Role[link]

The role of the infantry is generally defined as being to locate and engage the enemy at close proximity and kill or injure them utilizing their rifle, bayonette, entrenching tool, or even their bare hands. for example:

• The Canadian Army Infantry role "is to close with and destroy the enemy" ^[4][5]
• The Australian Army defines the role of the infantry thus: "The role of the Infantry is to seek out and close with the enemy, to kill or capture him, to seize or hold ground and repel attack, by day or night, regardless of season, weather or terrain."^[6]
• The United States Army describes the mission of infantry: "The Infantry closes with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver in order to destroy or capture him or to repel his assault by fire, close combat, and counterattack."{FM7-8, Infantry Rifle Platoon And Squad}
• The infantry mission is "to close with and engage the enemy in all operational theatres and environments in order to bring about his defeat"^{[citation needed]}

All things considered these synopsize what the infantry does and has done throughout the ages, regardless of nationality, changes in technology, doctrine, tactics, etc.

Organization[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

Australian infantry at Tobruk, Libya in 1941.

Infantry is notable by its reliance on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have been developed over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment. Up into the 20th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in closely organized formations up until the actual moment of contact with the enemy. This was necessary to allow commanders to retain control of the unit, especially while maneuvering, as well as allowing officers to retain discipline amongst the ranks.

With the development of weapons with increased firepower, it became necessary to disperse soldiers in infantry units to make them less susceptible to high explosive and rapid fire weapons. From World War I, it was recognized that infantry were most successfully employed when using their ability to maneuver in constricted terrain and evade detection in ways not possible for other weapons such as vehicles. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment and greater focus on small unit training.

Among the various subtypes of infantry is 'Medium infantry.' This refers to infantry which are less heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry, but more so than light infantry. In the early modern period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are "heavier" than light infantry but "lighter" than mechanized infantry.

Doctrine[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not hard and fast rules.

Doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what is now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardize operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks. Doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice. Its objective is to foster initiative and creative thinking in the infantry's tactical combat environment.

Doctrine provides the infantry with an authoritative body of statements on how infantry forces conduct operations and provides a common lexicon for use by infantry planners and leaders.

Until development of effective artillery doctrines, and more recently precision guided air delivered ordnance, the most recent important role of the infantry has been as the primary force of inflicting casualties on the enemy through aimed fire. The infantry is also the only combat Arm which can ultimately decide whether any given tactical position is occupied, and it is the presence of infantry that assures control of terrain. While the tactics of employment in battle have changed, the basic missions of the infantry have not.

Retractions to the Infantry Concept: Although it has been argued that infantrymen and infantry tactics are an antiquated and careless use of military manpower and resources, the infantryman has proven quite capable against many units, some much more technological and modern. For instance, light infantry has proven to be extremely effective against tank units by being able to take advantage of a tank's limited field of fire and sight by swarming enemy armor units and utilizing anti-armor rockets at long range or grenades in close quarters. Furthermore, air bombardment that can flatten entire cities has been shown to be completely useless against a dug in infantry force. (see Battle of Stalingrad 1942-1943) Even an occupying enemy police force has been shown to be a poor match against a clandestine infantry that has secreted itself away in a civilian population. (see French Resistance WWII, Iraqi Insurgency, American Revolution) In fact, even during heavy occupation there is almost no offensive military response to a well trained dug in infantry force that results in certain victory. So long as a well trained, disciplined and determined infantry force stands the war is not won for the enemy and the hope for victory lives on for the underdogs.

Operations[link]

Canadian army reserve infantrymen train in urban operations.

Attack operations are the most basic role of the infantry, and along with defense, form the main stances of the infantry on the battlefield. Traditionally, in an open battle, or meeting engagement, two armies would maneuver to contact, at which point they would form up their infantry and other units opposite each other. Then one or both would advance and attempt to defeat the enemy force. The goal of an attack remains the same: to advance into an enemy-held objective and dislodge the enemy, thereby establishing control of the objective.

Attacks are often feared by the infantry conducting them because of the high number of casualties suffered while advancing to close with and destroy the enemy while under enemy fire. In mechanized infantry the armored personnel carrier (APC) is considered the assaulting position. These APCs can deliver infantrymen through the front lines to the battle and contribute heavy firepower to engage the enemy. Successful attacks rely on sufficient force, preparative reconnaissance and battlefield preparation with bomb assets. Retention of discipline and cohesion throughout the attack is paramount to success. A subcategory of attacks is the ambush, where infantrymen lie in wait for enemy forces before attacking at a vulnerable moment. This gives the ambushing infantrymen the combat advantage of surprise and causes confusion. The ambushed unit does not know what is up against or where they are attacking from.

Defense operations are the natural counter to attacks, in which the mission is to hold an objective and defeat enemy forces attempting to dislodge the defender. Defensive posture offers many advantages to the infantry, including the ability to use terrain and constructed fortifications to advantage and the reduced exposure to enemy fire compared with advancing forces. Effective defense relies on minimizing losses to enemy fire, breaking the enemy's cohesion before their advance is completed, and preventing enemy penetration of defensive positions.

Patrol is the most common infantry mission. Full scale attacks and defensive efforts are occasional, but patrols are constant. Patrols consist of small groups of infantry moving about in areas of possible enemy activity to locate the enemy and destroy them when found. Patrols are used not only on the front-lines, but in rear areas where enemy infiltration or insurgencies are possible.

Pursuit is a role that the infantry often assumes. The objective of pursuit operations is the destruction of enemy forces which are not capable of effectively engaging friendly units before they can build their strength to the point where they are effective. Infantry traditionally have been the main force to overrun these units in the past, and in modern combat are used to pursue enemy forces in constricted terrain (urban areas in particular), where faster forces, such as armored vehicles are incapable of going or would be exposed to ambush.

Escort consists of protecting support units from ambush, particularly from hostile infantry forces. Combat support units (a majority of the military) are not as well trained and have a very different mission than infantry units, they need the protection of the infantry. This is one of the most important roles for the modern infantry, in particular when operating along side armored vehicles. In this capacity, infantry essentially conducts patrol on the move, scouring terrain which may hide enemy infantry waiting to ambush friendly vehicles, and identifying enemy strong points for attack by the heavier units.

Canadian soldiers of the Royal 22e Régiment.

Maneuver operations consume much of an infantry unit's time. Infantry, like all combat arms units, are often maneuvered to meet battlefield needs, and often must do so under enemy attack. The infantry must maintain their cohesion and readiness during the move to ensure their usefulness when they reach their objective. Traditionally, infantry have relied on their own legs for mobility, but mechanised or armoured infantry often uses trucks and armored vehicles for transport, but can easily transition to light infantry, without vehicles, to access terrain which armored vehicles can't access.

Reconnaissance/intelligence gathering Surveillance operations are often carried out with the employment of small recon units or sniper teams which gather information about the enemy, reporting on characteristics such as size, activity, location, unit and equipment. These infantry units typically are known for their stealth and ability to operate for periods of time within close proximity of the enemy without being detected. They may engage high profile targets or be employed to hunt down terrorist cells and insurgents within a given area. These units may also entice the enemy to engage a located recon unit thus disclosing their location to be destroyed by larger combat assault forces.

Reserve assignments for infantry units involve deployment behind the front, although patrol and security operations are usually maintained in case of enemy infiltration. This is usually the best time for infantry units to integrate replacements into units and to maintain equipment. Additionally, soldiers can be rested and general readiness should improve. However, the unit must be ready for deployment at any point.

Construction can be undertaken either in reserve or on the front, but consists of using infantry troops as labor for construction of field positions, roads, bridges, airfields, and all other manner of structures. The infantry is often given this assignment because of the physical quantity of strong men within the unit, although it can lessen a unit's morale and limit the unit's ability to maintain readiness and perform other missions. More often, such jobs are given to specialist engineering corps.

Base defense is where infantry units are tasked to protect certain areas like command posts or airbases. Units assigned to this job usually have a large amount of military police attached to them for control of checkpoints and prisons.

Raid/Hostage Rescue Infantry units are trained to quickly mobilize, infiltrate, enter and neutralize threat forces when appropriate combat intelligence indicates to secure a location, rescue or capture high profile targets.

Urban Combat Urban combat poses unique challenges to the combat forces. It is one of the most complicated type of operations an infantry unit will undertake. With many places for the enemy to hide and ambush from, infantry units must be trained in how to enter a city, and systematically clear the buildings, which most likely will be booby trapped, in order to kill or capture enemy personnel within the city. Care must be taken to differentiate innocent civilians who often hide and support the enemy from the nonuniformed armed enemy forces. Civilian and military casualties both are usually very high. US Infantrymen fared very well in the urban combat, of Iraq, especially in the hand to hand close combat Fallujah, Iraq (2004). This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness and lethal nature of modern infantry training and techniques despite the mass use of civilians as shields and the posing of the enemy as civilians.

Daily life[link]

German Army mechanized infantry (Panzergrenadiers) on an alert post during an exercise in 2006.

Because of the very nature of the work, with firearms, explosives, physical-emotional stress, and genuine physical violence, casualties and or deaths are not uncommon in both war and in peacetime training or operations. It is a highly dangerous and demanding occupation.

The physical and mental demands on the Infantryman are extreme. All of the combat necessities such as ammunition, weapon systems, food, water, clothing and any shelter are literally carried on the backs of the infantrymen. Combat loads of over 36 kg (80 lbs) are standard and greater loads in excess of 45 kg (100 lbs) are very common. [2], [3] These heavy loads, combined with long forced foot marches and patrols of over 25 miles a day, in any climate from 43 degrees (110 Fahrenheit) heat to -29 degrees (-20 Fahrenheit) cold, demand the infantryman to be in extraordinary physical and mental shape. There is no escape from the climate. Infantrymen live and fight outside in all types of extreme brutal climates. This adds additional misery to an already very demanding job. Frost bite, heat stroke, trench foot, insect and wild animal bites are common. Due to these shared hardships experiences, infantrymen develop strong bonds and mutual respect with each other, in and out of the armed services. [4]

Despite these extreme physical demands, an infantryman is exceptionally disciplined; expected and highly trained to continue on with the combat mission despite personal loss of friends, fear, despair, fatigue and bodily injury. This is exemplified in the United States Army by an excerpt from the infantryman's creed:

In the race for victory, I am swift, determined, and courageous; Armed with a fierce will to win. Never will I fail my country's trust. Always I fight on: through the foe, to the objective, to triumph over all. If necessary, I fight to my death.^[7]

United States Army Rangers, a form of special operations light infantry, have their own Ranger Creed that demands faithful service from the infantryman even "...though I be the lone survivor."

Though the lethal combat skills attained by Infantryman have no real direct civilian correlation, valuable life skills that cannot be taught in any classroom, such as mental and physical toughness, discipline, courage, team work, initiative, loyalty, trustworthiness, empathy, stress management, "lead by example" leadership, as well as many others contribute to their success in the civilian job world; regardless of occupation. [5]

Foreign and domestic militaries typically have a slang term for their Infantrymen. In the U.S. military, the slang term among both Marine and Army Infantrymen for themselves is "grunt." Among themselves, a small close-knit community, it is a term or endearment which conveys shared experience and a life-long comraderie. Being called a "Grunt" by someone who has not been through the training, common experience and suffering of an Infantryman is considered disrespectful and insulting.

Working with individual and crew served weapon systems, hand to hand combatives, sensitive military information, physical and emotional rigors and devotion to the ideals of the country, make infantrymen good recruitment candidates for both government and private sector police, intelligence and spy agencies; especially if the individual has attained other important skills in language, computers, foreign policy and culture. Some Infantry units are considered Special Forces. The earliest Special Forces commando units were specially trained infantrymen with special equipment and missions. Special Forces Units, including Delta Force recruit heavily from Infantry units to fill their elite secretive ranks.

Equipment and Training[link]

Infantrymen are trained to march longer, think clearer, communicate better, shoot straighter, move faster, grieve shorter, and kill easier in sustained or intermittant combat than their trained enemy. This simply mean an Infantrymans training is unique and demands that they are led by a much higher standard. [6]

The Average cost of the initial training to become a US Infantryman costs well over $250,000. This excludes the meager pay and benefits. To train as an infantry specialist, such as an Infantry Sniper, will cost a considerable amount more. [7]

Although the capability of the American military to train and graduate infatrymen is considered sensitive information, the cost, time constraints and emphasis on combat competency ensures that they can not be mass produced without suffering from severely decreased physical/mental fitness, discipline and overall combat effectiveness.

The equipment of infantry forces has evolved along with the development of military technology and tactics in general, but certain constants remain regarding the design and selection of this equipment. Primary types of equipment are weaponry, protective gear, survival gear, and special, mission specific equipment.

Infantry weapons have included all types of personal weapons, i.e., anything that can be handled by individual soldiers, as well as some small crew-served weapons that can be carried. During operations, especially in modern times, the infantry often scavenge and employ whatever weapons and equipment they can acquire in addition to those given them by their available supply chain. Infantrymen may be trained to use equipment in addition to their personal rifle such as hand guns, shotguns, machine guns, anti-tank missiles, anti-personnel mines, other incendiary and explosive equipments, bayonets, GPS, map and compass, encrypted communications equipment, booby traps, surveillance equipment, night vision equipment, sensitive intelligence documents, classified weapon systems and other sensitive equipment.

Infantry of ancient times up until just before the modern age have wielded a wide array of weaponry. Infantry formations used all sorts of melee weapons, such as various types of swords, axes, and maces, as well as ranged weapons such as javelins, bows, and slings. Infantry of these premodern periods also employed a variety of personal body armor, including chain mail and cuirasses.

Many of the premodern infantry weapons evolved over time to counter these advances in body armor, such as the falchion, whose heavy blade was designed to break chain mail armor and engage the underlying individual.

Protective equipment and survival gear[link]

Infantry protective gear includes all equipment designed to protect the soldier against enemy attack. Most protective gear comprises personal armor of some type. Classical and medieval infantry employed leather and metal alloys for armor as defense against both ranged and melee attacks, but with the advent of firearms, such armor was no longer effective and was abandoned. The return to use of the helmet was prompted by the need to defend against high explosive fragmentation, and further developments in materials led to effective bullet-defeating armor within the weight acceptable for infantry use.

The use of personal body armor such as Kevlar is again becoming widespread amongst infantry units. Infantrymen must also often carry protective measures against chemical and biological attack, including gas masks, counter-agents, and protective suits. All of these protective measures add to the weight an Infantryman must carry and may decrease combat efficiency. Modern militaries are struggling to weigh personal body protection versus the weight burden and ability to move under such weight.

Infantry survival gear includes all of the items soldiers require for day-to-day survival in the combat environment. These include basic environmental protections, medical supplies, food, and sundries. As the amount of equipment a soldier can carry is very limited, efforts have been made to make equipment light and compact. Equipment is carried in tactical gear (such as ALICE), which should be comfortable to wear for extended periods of time, hamper movement as little as possible and be compatible with other things a soldier can be expected to carry, such as field radios and spare magazines. Infantry have suffered large casualty rates from disease, exposure, and privation—often in excess of those suffered from enemy attacks. Better equipment of troops in this area greatly reduce this rate of loss. One of the most valuable pieces of gear is the entrenching tool - basically a collapsible spade — which can be employed not only to dig important defenses, but also in a variety of other daily tasks and even as a weapon.

Specialized equipment consists of a variety of gear which may or may not be carried depending on the mission and the level of equipment of an army. Communications gear has become a necessity, as it allows effective command of infantry units over greater distances. In some units, individual communications are being used to allow the greatest level of flexibility. Engineering equipment, including demolitions, mines, and other gear, is also commonly carried by the infantry or attached specialists. A variety of other gear, often relating to a specific mission, or to the particular terrain in which the unit is employed, can be carried by infantry units.

Famous Historical Descriptions[link]

• "Let us be clear about three facts: First, all battles and all wars are won in the end by the infantryman. Secondly, the infantryman always bears the brunt. His casualties are heavier, he suffers greater extremes of discomfort and fatigue than the other arms. Thirdly, the art of the infantryman is less stereotyped and far harder to acquire in modern war than that of any other arm."^[8] Field Marshal Earl Wavell
• "I love the infantry because they are the underdogs. They are the mud-rain-frost-and-wind boys. They have no comforts, and they even learn to live without the necessities. And in the end they are the guys that wars can't be won without."^[9]Ernie Pyle
• "I'm convinced that the infantry is the group in the army which gives more and gets less than anybody else."^[10] Bill Mauldin, Up Front (1945)
• "Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime. Ask the infantry and ask the dead."^[11] Ernest Hemingway^[12]
• "The infantry doesn't change. We're the only arm [of the military] where the weapon is the man himself."^[13] C.T. Shortis
• "Ah, yes, mere infantry — poor beggars…"^[14] Plautus
• "The army's infantry is its most essential component. Even today, no army can take and hold any ground without the use of infantry."^[15] George Nafziger
• "The infantry is there so that when some die the generals know where to direct the artillery fire" (anonymous Japanese soldier, Iwo Jima)^{[verification needed]}
• "Aerial bombardment can obliterate, but only infantry can occupy" - a Finnish Army observation of the Operation Allied Force in the 1990s
• “I don’t know what effect these men will have upon the enemy, but, by God, they terrify me.” - the Duke of Wellington
• "Victory is still measured by foot" - The Indian Army
• “I don’t know why we have the Air Force and Navy. It's always up to the bloody infantry to get the job done." - Australian Soldier At Tobruk^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

• Airborne infantry
• Light infantry
• Line Infantry
• Mounted infantry
• School of Infantry
• Naval Infantry

Citations and notes[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Infantry

References[link]

• English, John A., Gudmundsson, Bruce I., On Infantry, (Revised edition), The Military Profession series, Praeger Publishers, London, 1994 ISBN 0-275-94972-9
• The Times, Earl Wavell, Thursday, 19 April 1945 In Praise of Infantry
• Tobin, James, Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II, Free Press, 1997
• Mauldin, Bill, Ambrose, Stephen E., Up Front, W. W. Norton, 2000
• Trogdon, Robert W., Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Reference, Da Capo Press, 2002
• The New York Times, Maj Gen C T Shortis, British Director of Infantry, 4 February 1985
• Heinl, Robert Debs, Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations, Plautus in The Braggart Captain (3rd century CE), Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1978
• Nafziger, George, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, Presidio Press, 1998

External links[link]

• In Praise of Infantry, by Field-Marshal Earl Wavell; First published in "The Times," Thursday, 19 April 1945
• Web Version of U.S. Army Field Manual 3-21.8 – The Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad
• The Lagunari “Serenissima” Regiment KFOR: KFOR Chronicle

Kristy Lee Cook
Cook signing autographs during the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2008
Background information
Born	(1984-01-18) January 18, 1984 (age 28) Seattle, Washington
Origin	Selma, Oregon
Genres	Country, country pop
Occupations	Singer
Years active	1999–present
Labels	Ren-Hen Arista Nashville (2001, 2008) 19 Recordings(2008–2009) Broken Bow Records (2010-Present)
Website	www.kristyleecook.net

Kristy Lee Cook (born January 18, 1984) is an American country singer who was born in Seattle, Washington and was the seventh place finalist on the seventh season of American Idol. In 2005 Cook released her debut album called Devoted. In June 2008, Cook signed to 19 Recordings^[1] and Arista Nashville. She released her post-Idol album Why Wait on September 16, 2008.^[2] This album has produced her first chart single "15 Minutes of Shame", a Top 30 hit on the Billboard country charts.

Personal life[link]

Kristy Lee Cook was born in Seattle, Washington, to Larry and Carlene Cook. Her brother-in-law is quarterback John Dutton of the Arena Football League. She lives in Nashville, Tennessee. On March 15, 2008, Kristy Lee Cook's boyfriend of 1½ years, Andy Dobner, a landscape company owner, proposed marriage to her. Hoping to maintain her focus on American Idol, she decided to keep the proposal a secret. When Cook was eliminated from American Idol on April 16, 2008, Dobner asked for her hand in marriage once more. Brooke White, a fellow American Idol finalist, will be one of her bridesmaids for the wedding.

In September 2010, Cook announced, via her personal Facebook page, that the she and Dobner were no longer engaged.^{[citation needed]}

Early career[link]

Kristy Lee played piano and sang for the band "Sixshooter". In 2001, at the age of 17, Kristy Lee signed her first contract with BMI. According to her RMG page, Kristy Lee signed with RCA Records/Arista Nashville in 1999, and was the first artist signed to Britney Spears' production company. Spears agreed to make a cameo appearance in her first music video.^[3] However, RCA placed Kristy Lee and other younger artists on hold and then dropped her.^[4]

It was then that Kristy Lee moved to Dallas, Texas, in an attempt to pursue her career and gain more experience. She began modeling and was featured in commercials. In 2005, Ren-Hen Records released her debut album Devoted. During this time, Kristy Lee performed for two years at Cowboy's nightclub in Arlington, Texas, singing 8 songs per night.

In 2007, Kristy Lee returned to Selma, Oregon to prepare for the American Idol audition. To raise funds for her audition and travel expenses, she sold her "really good" barrel horse. She had hoped to earn enough money to repurchase her horse upon her return. However, the night she was eliminated, she commented that the person to whom she sold her horse was unwilling to sell it back.

[edit] American Idol

Overview[link]

Kristy Lee auditioned for American Idol in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by singing "Amazing Grace". All three judges liked her voice and sent her straight through to Hollywood. While in Hollywood, her first song did not impress the judges. For her second and final chance, she sang "Amazing Grace" again; she was then selected as one of the top 24 contestants in the semi-finals. She was the first female performer of the season and sang "Rescue Me". The judges did not care for her performance but gave her props since she was the first of the night and she had bronchitis. On March 12, Cook was placed in the bottom 3 alongside Syesha Mercado and David Hernandez. She was declared safe. On March 19, she was placed in the bottom three again with Carly Smithson and Amanda Overmyer, but she survived again, ensuring herself a spot in the American Idol Top 10 Concert Tour for the upcoming summer. Once again, on April 2, she was placed in the bottom 3 alongside her 2 roommates, Ramiele Malubay and Brooke White. Malubay was eliminated.

Performances[link]

• ^1 When Ryan Seacrest announced the results for this particular night, Cook was among the Bottom 3 but declared safe second, as the remaining contestant was eliminated.

[edit] Post Idol

After American Idol, Cook has been interviewed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Live with Regis and Kelly, and on WNYW in New York. On The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Cook performed "Anyway" by Martina McBride again, as she did for the Top 8. They also talked about Kristy's love for animals and how her horse saved her life. On Live with Regis and Kelly, they talked about how she sold her barrel horse to get transportation to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. to try out for American Idol and how the new owner got so attached that he would not sell it back. They also mentioned how Kristy was a cage wrestler for defense purposes and how she is now engaged to Andy Dobner. It ended with Cook saying she wanted to have an album and record deal, as well as a career in modeling and acting.

Cook performed with the other top 10 finalists on the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2008 which ran from July 1, 2008 to September 13, 2008. She sang "Squeezin' the Love Outta You" (Redmon and Vale), "God Bless the USA" (Lee Greenwood), which she performed on Top 10 night during the season and "Cowgirls" (Kerry Harvick). In Toronto, she replaced "God Bless the USA" with "Anyway" (Martina McBride), which she performed on Top 8 night during the season.^[5]

It was announced on June 29, 2008 that Cook has once again signed with Arista Nashville along with 19 Recordings. On August 12 of that year, "15 Minutes of Shame" was released as the lead-off single for Cook's upcoming studio album. It debuted at number 58 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts a week before its release, and has since peaked at number 28. Her album, Why Wait, was released on September 16, 2008 and produced by Nashville singer-songwriter Brett James.^[6]

In October 2008, Cook performed the Star-Spangled Banner at an NCAA football game between the Vanderbilt Commodores and Duke Blue Devils.^[7] On October 25 of that same year, Cook made her debut on the Grand Ole Opry.^[8]

It was announced by Arista Nashville on December 10, 2008 that Kristy Lee Cook and the label had parted ways.^[9][10] In January 2009, Cook stated in a AOL.com Interview that she is in talks with Universal Music Group stating "I have a song that they didn't want me to put on the album that's going to be a hit… I'm going to take it to another label… We're talking with Universal right now." However, Cook did not sign with Universal Music Group, although she has signed with the Morey Management company. She is currently hosting her own television program on The Outdoor Channel titled "Outdoors 10 Best", which airs on Thursdays.^[11] She has begun a new show called Goin' Country which aired on May 22, 2010.^[12]

On August 4, 2010 it was announced Cook had signed with Broken Bow Records.^[13]

During the Season 10 finale of American Idol, Lauren Alaina's first single was "Like My Mother Does," which was featured on Why Wait.

Charity work[link]

Cook founded the Kristy Lee Horse Heaven Foundation, which specializes in caring for, saving and training horses. "I love horses with all my heart, and they have always been there for me through the good and the difficult times. The least I can do is to give back to them in appreciation of all they have done and meant to me."^[14] She mentions on the official homepage of the foundation.

Cook also enters the horses in gymkhanas and other horse events. Donations are also welcomed to contribute to land, tack, hay, equipment and other items that will help out this foundation.^[15]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Singles[link]

Music videos[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Kristy Lee Cook at YouTube
• Kristy Lee Cook on Myspace
• Kristy Lee Cook at American Idol

Lee Cook (born 3 August 1982) is an English footballer who is currently a free agent after being released by Queens Park Rangers

Career[link]

Born in Hammersmith, London, Cook began his career at Southampton before moving onto non-League club Aylesbury United where he made 19 appearances, of which 14 were in the league, scoring twice, having progressed from the club's youth team.^[2][3] In 1999, after impressing in a trial period, Cook moved on to Watford. His transfer was the subject of an unsuccessful lawsuit from his former club.^[4]

Cook made his debut against Grimsby Town on 14 April 2001 as a substitute. In his fourth game for Watford he injured his knee,^[4] which kept him out of football until the end of the 2001–02 season. Cook spent most of the 2002–03 on loan. He joined York City on a month's loan in October 2002,^[5] which was extended for another month in late October.^[6] With York, he made a total of seven appearances and scored twice with goals against Exeter in the league^[7] and Lincoln City in the Football League Trophy.^[8] He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers in December 2002.^[9] Cook returned to Watford in March 2003, after QPR manager Ian Holloway had been hoping to sign him permanently.^[10] He scored once during 13 starts at Loftus Road. Cook made most his appearances for Watford during the 2003–04, playing 45 times.

Cook made no secret of the fact he was a fan of QPR, and he elected to leave Watford at the end of his contract in July 2004 to join them. As Cook was under the age of 24 when he moved, and the two clubs failed to agree a fee, it went to a tribunal where QPR were ordered to pay a fee of £125,000 to Watford.^[11] During his five year spell at Watford he made 64 appearances and scored seven goals.

Cook's QPR debut came against Watford at Vicarage Road on 9 August 2004 as a second-half substitute. Cook played poorly in the 3–0 defeat and was jeered by the Watford crowd .^[12] He was ruled out for six weeks in August 2005 after tearing his lateral knee ligament against Hull City.^[13]

Cook played a significant role in QPR's battle to avoid relegation in the 2006–07 season, and formed a great partnership with striker Dexter Blackstock.^{[citation needed]}

QPR rejected a bid from Fulham for Cook in June 2007,^[14] but he eventually joined them for £2.5 million on 19 July 2007, signing a four-year contract.^[15] Cook gave his £250,000 signing on fee to QPR as a parting gift to the club.^[16] He joined Charlton Athletic on loan until the end of the 2007–08 season in January 2008.^[17] He rejoined former club Queens Park Rangers on loan for the 2008–09 season in July 2008, with a view to a permanent move.^[18] Fulham manager Roy Hodgson confirmed on 5 December that Cook would sign a permanent contract with Queens Park Rangers for a fee of £850,000, which could rise to £1.2 million.^[19] He completed the move on 8 January 2009 on a three-year contract, with the fee being officially undisclosed.^[20]

Personal life[link]

Lee is married to Rachel Cook who is account director for a marketing communication agency based in Central London. Cook is also a second cousin of Olympic gold medal boxer James DeGale.^[21]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lee Cook career stats at Soccerbase
• Lee Cook player profile at qpr.co.uk
• Lee Cook Official Website at officialplayerwebsites.com

Korean War 한국전쟁(韓國戰爭) 조선전쟁(朝鮮戰爭) Part of the Cold War Clockwise from top: U.S. Marines retreating during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir; U.N. landing at Incheon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Inchon; Korean refugees in front of an American M26 Pershing tank; U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon; F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft. Date Full-scale: 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (&100000000000000030000003 years, &1000000000000003200000032 days) Low-level: 27 July 1953 – present (&1000000000000005800000058 years, &10000000000000335000000335 days) Location Korean Peninsula Status Cease-fire armistice North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled U.N. invasion of North Korea repelled Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Demilitarized Zone established, little territorial change at the 38th parallel border, essentially uti possidetis Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established; both sides gained little border territory at the 38th parallel Belligerents  Republic of Korea  United Nations  United States of America  United Kingdom (U.N. Resolution 84) Combat support Australia  Belgium Canada  Colombia Ethiopian Empire  France Kingdom of Greece  Luxembourg Netherlands  New Zealand Philippines South Africa  Thailand  Turkey Medical support  Denmark  India  Italy  Norway  Sweden  Democratic People's Republic of Korea  People's Republic of China 22x20px Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Medical support People's Republic of Bulgaria Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[1] People's Republic of Hungary People's Republic of Poland Romanian People's Republic Other support People's Republic of Mongolia Commanders and leaders Rhee Syngman Chung Il-kwon Paik Sun-yup Shin Sung-mo Son Won-il Douglas MacArthur (Commander of the UNC) Matthew Ridgway (Commander of the UNC) Mark Wayne Clark (Commander of the UNC) Current Lee Myung-bak Kim Kwan-jin Jeong Seung-jo Kim Sang-ki Choi Yoon-hee Park Jong-heon James D. Thurman Kim Il-sung Pak Hon-yong Choi Yong-kun Kim Chaek Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai 22x20px Joseph Stalin Current Kim Jong-un Jang Sung-taek Kim Yong-Chun Ri Yong-ho Strength 600,000 302,000[2] 14,200[2] 6,150[2] 5,460[2] 3,972[3] 2,280[2] 1,500[2] 1,390[2] 1,290[2] 1,270[2] 1,260[2] 1,120[2] 1,070[2] 900[2] 300[2] 170[2] 105[2] 100[2] 72[2] 70[2] 44[2] Total: 941,600 Current 653,000 28,500 Total: 681,500 260,000 1,350,000[4] 22x20px 26,000 Total: 1,636,000 Note: The figures vary by source; peak unit strength varied during war. Current 1,106,000 Casualties and losses  Republic of Korea:[2] 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW  United States of America: (US sources):[2] 36,940 dead 92,134 wounded 3,737 MIA 4,439 POW (PRC-DPRK estimates): 397,543 in total[5]  United Kingdom:[2] 1,078 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW  Turkey:[2] 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Commonwealth of Australia: [6] 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW Dominion of Canada:[2] 312 dead 1,212 wounded 1 MIA 32 POW  France:[2] 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece[2] 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW  Colombia:[2] 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW  Thailand:[2] 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire[2] 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands:[2] 120 dead 645 wounded Philippines:[2] 112 dead 229 wounded 16 MIA 41 POW  Belgium:[2] 99 dead 336 Wounded 4 MIA 1 POW Union of South Africa[2] 34 dead 9 POW  New Zealand:[2] 23 dead 79 wounded 1 MIA  Norway:[2] 3 dead  Luxembourg:[2] 2 dead 13 wounded Total: 776,360–1,093,839[5] Democratic People's Republic of Korea: 215,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW[7] People's Republic of China: (Chinese sources):[8] 152,000 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 4,000 missing 7,110 captured 14,190 defected (U.S. estimate):[7] 400,000+ dead 486,000 wounded 21,000 POW 22x20px Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 282 dead[9] Total: 1,545,822–1,648,582 Total civilians killed/wounded: 2.5 million (est.)[2] South Korea: 990,968 373,599 killed[2] 229,625 wounded[2] 387,744 abducted/missing[2] North Korea: 1,550,000 (est.)[2]

v t e Korean War North Korean Offensive Operation Pokpoong Chuncheon Gorangpo Kaesong-Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang-Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka-San Tabu-Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge United Nations Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir 3rd Seoul 1st and 2nd Wonju Operation Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong-Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam-Ni Wonsan Operation Killer Operation Ripper Maehwa-San Operation Courageous Operation Tomahawk Operation Rugged Operation Dauntless 5th Seoul Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Stalemate Bloody Ridge Heartbreak Ridge Han River Operation Commando 1st Maryang San 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui-Ho Dam Old Baldy Operation Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill Pork Chop Hill Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Post Armistice D.M.Z. Conflict Blue House Raid EC-121 Incident Gangneung Border Incidents Yosu 1st Yeonpyeong 2nd Yeonpyeong Daecheong 3rd Yeonpyeong

The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953^[10][a]) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.^[12]

The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides; the North established a communist government, while the South established a capitalist one. The 38th parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Korean states. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950.^[13] It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War.^[14] In 1950 the Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations security council, in protest at representation of China by the Kuomintang / Republic of China government, which had taken refuge in Taiwan following defeat in the Chinese Civil War. In the absence of a dissenting voice from the Soviet Union, who could have vetoed it, the United States and other countries passed a security council resolution authorizing military intervention in Korea.

The United States of America provided 88% of the 341,000 international soldiers which aided South Korean forces in repelling the invasion, with twenty other countries of the United Nations offering assistance. Suffering severe casualties, within two months the defenders were pushed back to a small area in the south of the Korean Peninsula, known as the Pusan perimeter. A rapid U.N. counter-offensive then drove the North Koreans past the 38th Parallel and almost to the Yalu River, when the People's Republic of China (PRC) entered the war on the side of North Korea.^[13] Chinese intervention forced the Southern-allied forces to retreat behind the 38th Parallel. While not directly committing forces to the conflict, the Soviet Union provided material aid to both the North Korean and Chinese armies. The active stage of the war ended on 27 July 1953, when the armistice agreement was signed. The agreement restored the border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a 2.5-mile (4.0 km)-wide fortified buffer zone between the two Korean nations. Minor outbreaks of fighting continue to the present day.

With both North Korea and South Korea sponsored by external powers, the Korean War was a proxy war. From a military science perspective, it combined strategies and tactics of World War I and World War II: it began with a mobile campaign of swift infantry attacks followed by air bombing raids, but became a static trench war by July 1951.