Oak
Foliage and acorns of Quercus robur
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Quercus L.
Species
See List of Quercus species

An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus ( /ˈkwɜrkəs/;^[1] Latin "oak tree"), of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus. The genus is native to the northern hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in Asia and the Americas.

Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with a lobed margin in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with a smooth margin. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring. The flowers are catkins, produced in spring. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule; each acorn contains one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on species. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group and instead are dispersed across the genus.

Classification[link]

Oak trees are a flowering plant. The genus is divided into two subgenera and a number of sections:

[edit] Subgenus Quercus

The Subgenus Quercus is divided into the following sections:

• Sect. Quercus (synonyms Lepidobalanus and Leucobalanus), the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. Styles are short; acorns mature in 6 months and taste sweet or slightly bitter; the inside of an acorn shell is hairless. The leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded.
• Sect. Mesobalanus, Hungarian oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. Styles long; acorns mature in about 6 months and taste bitter; the inside of this acorn's shell is hairless. The section Mesobalanus is closely related to section Quercus and sometimes included in it.
• Sect. Cerris, the Turkey oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. Styles long; acorn mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn's shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.
• Sect. Protobalanus, the Canyon live oak and its relatives, in southwest United States and northwest Mexico. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. Leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.
• Sect. Lobatae (synonym Erythrobalanus), the red oaks of North America, Central America and northern South America. Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. The actual nut is encased in a thin, clinging, papery skin. Leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with spiny bristles at the lobe.

[edit] Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis

• The ring-cupped oaks of eastern and southeastern Asia. Evergreen trees growing 10–40 m tall. They are distinct from subgenus Quercus in that they have acorns with distinctive cups bearing concrescent rings of scales; they commonly also have densely clustered acorns, though this does not apply to all of the species. The Flora of China treats Cyclobalanopsis as a distinct genus, but most taxonomists consider it a subgenus of Quercus. It contains about 150 species. Species of Cyclobalanopsis are common in the evergreen subtropical laurel forests which extend from southern Japan, southern Korea, and Taiwan across southern China and northern Indochina to the eastern Himalayas, in association with trees of genus Castanopsis and the laurel family (Lauraceae).

A hybrid white oak, possibly Quercus stellata × Q. muhlenbergii

Hybridization[link]

Interspecific hybridization is quite common among oaks but usually between species within the same section only and most common in the white oak group (subgenus Quercus, section Quercus; see List of Quercus species). Inter-section hybrids, except between species of sections Quercus and Mesobalanus, are unknown. Recent systematic studies appear to confirm a high tendency of Quercus species to hybridize because of a combination of factors. White oaks are unable to discriminate against pollination by other species in the same section. Because they are wind pollinated and they have weak internal barriers to hybridization, hybridization produces functional seeds and fertile hybrid offspring.^[2] Ecological stresses, especially near habitat margins, can also cause a breakdown of mate recognition as well as a reduction of male function (pollen quantity and quality) in one parent species.^[2][3]

Frequent hybridization among oaks has consequences for oak populations around the world; most notably, hybridization has produced large populations of hybrids with copious amounts of introgression, and the evolution of new species.^[4] Frequent hybridization and high levels of introgression have caused different species in the same populations to share up to 50% of their genetic information.^[5] Having high rates of hybridization and introgression produces genetic data that often does not differentiate between two clearly morphologically distinct species, but instead differentiates populations.^[6] Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain how oak species are able to remain morphologically and ecologically distinct with such high levels of gene flow, but the problem is still largely a mystery to botanists.

The Fagaceae, or oak family, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms,^[7][8] and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of “actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”^[9] By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.

Uses[link]

Heart of oak beams of the frame of Saint-Girons church in Monein, France

Oak wood has a density of about 0.75 g/cm³, great strength and hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It also has very appealing grain markings, particularly when quartersawn. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the Middle Ages for use in interior paneling of prestigious buildings such as the debating chamber of the House of Commons in London, England, and in the construction of fine furniture. Oak wood, from Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, was used in Europe for the construction of ships, especially naval men of war, until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Today oak wood is still commonly used for furniture making and flooring, timber frame buildings, and for veneer production. Barrels in which wines, sherry, and spirits such as brandy, Scotch whisky and Bourbon whiskey are aged are made from European and American oak. The use of oak in wine can add many different dimensions to wine based on the type and style of the oak. Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to the colour, taste, and aroma of the contents, imparting a desirable oaky vanillin flavour to these drinks. The great dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oakwoods. French oaks (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) give the wine greater refinement and are chosen for the best wines since they increase the price compared to those aged in American oak wood. American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces more violent wine bouquets. Oak wood chips are used for smoking fish, meat, cheeses^[10] and other foods.

Sherry maturing in oak barrels

Japanese oak is used in the making of professional drums from manufacturer Yamaha Drums. The higher density of oak gives the drum a brighter and louder tone compared to traditional drum materials such as maple and birch.

A cross section of the trunk of a cork oak, Quercus suber

The bark of the Cork oak, is used to produce wine stoppers (corks). This species grows in the Mediterranean Sea region, with Portugal, Spain, Algeria and Morocco producing most of the world's supply. Of the North American oaks, the Northern red oak is the most prized of the red oak group for lumber, all of which is marketed as red oak regardless of the species of origin. It is not good for outdoor use due to its open capillaries. One can blow air through an end grain piece 10 inches long to make bubbles come out in a glass of water. These openings give fungus easy access when the finish deteriorates. The standard for the lumber of the white oak group – all of which is marketed as white oak – is the White Oak. White Oak is often used to make wine barrels. The wood of the deciduous Pedunculate Oak and Sessile Oak accounts for most of the European oak production, but evergreen species, such as Holm oak and Cork oak also produce valuable timber.

The bark of the White Oak is dried and used in medical preparations. Oak bark is also rich in tannin, and is used by tanners for tanning leather. Acorns are used for making flour or roasted for acorn coffee.

Oak galls were used for centuries as the main ingredient in manuscript ink, harvested at a specific time of year.^{[citation needed]} In Korea, oak bark is used to make shingles for traditional roof construction.

Biodiversity and ecology[link]

Oaks are keystone species in a wide range of habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical rainforest. For example, oak trees are important components of hardwood forests, and certain species are particularly known to grow in associations with members of the Ericaceae in oak-heath forests.^[11][12] A number of kinds of truffles, including the two well known varieties, the black Périgord truffle^[13] and the white Piedmont truffle,^[14] have symbiotic relationships with oak trees.

Many species of oaks are under threat of extinction in the wild, largely due to land use changes, livestock grazing and unsustainable harvesting. For example, over the past 200 years, large areas of oak forest in the highlands of Mexico, Central America and the northern Andes have been cleared for coffee plantations and cattle ranching. There is a continuing threat to these forests from exploitation for timber, fuelwood and charcoal.^[15] In the USA, entire oak ecosystems have declined due to a combination of factors still imperfectly known, but thought to include fire suppression, increased consumption of acorns by growing mammal populations, herbivory of seedlings, and introduced pests.^[16] In a recent survey, 78 wild oak species have been identified as being in danger of extinction, from a global total of over 500 species.^[17] The proportion under threat may be much higher in reality, as there is insufficient information about over 300 species, making it near impossible to form any judgement of their status.

Diseases and pests[link]

Oak powdery mildew on pedunculate oak

Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) is a water mould that can kill oaks within just a few weeks. Oak Wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (a fungus closely related to Dutch Elm Disease), is also a lethal disease of some oaks, particularly the red oaks (the white oaks can be infected but generally live longer). Other dangers include wood-boring beetles, as well as root rot in older trees which may not be apparent on the outside, often being discovered only when the trees come down in a strong gale. Oak apples are galls on oaks made by the gall wasp. The female kermes scale causes galls to grow on kermes oak. Oaks are used as food plants by the larvae of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species such as the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar, which can defoliate oak and other broadleaved tree species in North America.^[18]

A considerable number of galls are found on oak leaves, buds, flowers, roots, etc. Examples are Oak artichoke gall, Oak Marble gall, Oak apple gall, Knopper gall, and Spangle gall.

A number of species of fungus cause powdery mildew on oak species. In Europe the species Erysiphe alphitoides is the most common cause.^[19]

A new and as yet little understood disease of mature oaks, Acute oak decline, has been reported in parts of the UK since 2009.^[20]

Additionally, the Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) has become a serious threat in the UK since 2006. It defoliates the trees, and is hazardous to human health.

Toxicity[link]

The leaves and acorns of the oak tree are poisonous to cattle, horses, sheep, and goats in large amounts due to the toxin tannic acid, and cause kidney damage and gastroenteritis. Additionally, once livestock have a taste for the leaves and acorns, they may seek them out. Symptoms of poisoning include lack of appetite, depression, constipation, diarrhea (which may contain blood), blood in urine, and colic. The exception to livestock and oak toxicity is the domestic pig, which may be fed entirely on acorns in the right conditions, and has traditionally been pastured in oak woodlands (such as the Spanish dehesa and the English system of pannage) for hundreds of years. Acorns are also edible to humans in processed form, after leaching of the tannins. They are a staple part of the forage consumed by wildlife, including squirrels.

Cultural significance[link]

Oak branches on the coat of arms of Estonia

National symbol[link]

The oak is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of many countries. Already an ancient Germanic symbol (in the form of the Donar Oak, for instance), certainly since the early nineteenth century, it stands for the nation of Germany.^[21] In 2004 the Arbor Day Foundation^[22] held a vote for the official National Tree of the United States of America. In November 2004, Congress passed legislation designating the oak as America's National Tree.^[23]

Other countries have also designated the oak as their national tree including England, Estonia, France, Germany, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the United States, Wales, Galicia, Bulgaria, and Serbia.^{[citation needed]}

Oaks as regional and state symbols[link]

The oak is the emblem of County Londonderry in Northern Ireland, as a vast amount of the county was covered in forests of the tree until relatively recently. The name of the county comes from the city of Derry, which originally in Irish was known as Doire meaning oak.

The Irish County Kildare derives its name from the town of Kildare which originally in Irish was Cill Dara meaning the Church of the Oak or Oak Church.

Iowa designated the oak as its official state tree in 1961; and the White Oak is the state tree of Connecticut, Illinois and Maryland. The Northern Red Oak is the provincial tree of Prince Edward Island, as well as the state tree of New Jersey. The Live Oak is the state tree of Georgia, USA.

The oak is a national symbol from the Basque Country, specially in the province of Biscay.

Military use[link]

Oak leaves are traditionally an important part of German Army regalia. They also symbolize rank in the United States Armed Forces. A gold oak leaf indicates an O-4 (Major or Lt. Commander), whereas a silver oak leaf indicates an O-5 (Lt. Colonel or Commander). Arrangements of oak leaves, acorns and sprigs indicate different branches of the United States Navy Staff corps officers. Oak leaves are embroidered onto the covers (hats) worn by field grade officers and flag officers in the United States armed services.

If a service member earns multiple awards of the same medal, then instead of wearing a ribbon or medal for each award, he or she wears one metal representation of an "oak leaf cluster" attached to the appropriate ribbon for each subsequent award.

Political use[link]

The oak tree is used as a symbol by a number of political parties. It is the symbol of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom,^[24] and formerly of the Progressive Democrats in Ireland.^[25] In the cultural arena, the oakleaf is the symbol of the National Trust (UK) and The Royal Oak Foundation.^{[citation needed]}

Religious[link]

In Greek mythology, the oak is the tree sacred to Zeus, king of the gods. In Zeus's oracle in Dodona, Epirus, the sacred oak was the centerpiece of the precinct, and the priests would divine the pronouncements of the god by interpreting the rustling of the oak's leaves.^[26]

In Baltic mythology, the oak is the sacred tree of Latvian Pērkons, Lithuanian Perkūnas and Prussian Perkūns. Pērkons is the god of thunder and one of the most important deities in the Baltic pantheon.

In Celtic polytheism, the name of the oak tree was part of the Proto-Celtic word for 'druid': *derwo-weyd- > *druwid- ; however, Proto-Celtic *derwo- (and *dru-) can also be adjectives for 'strong' and 'firm', so Ranko Matasovic interprets that *druwid- may mean 'strong knowledge'. As in other Indo-European faiths, Taranus, being a Thunder God, was associated with the oak tree.

In Norse mythology, the oak was sacred to the thunder god, Thor. Some scholars speculate^{[weasel words]} that the reason for this is that the oak – the largest tree in northern Europe – was the one most often struck by lightning. Thor's Oak was a sacred tree of the Germanic Chatti tribe. According to legend, the Christianisation of the heathen tribes by Saint Boniface was marked by the oak's being replaced by the fir (whose triangular shape symbolizes the Trinity) as a "sacred" tree.^[27]

In the Bible, the oak tree at Shechem is the site where Jacob buries the foreign gods of his people (Gen. 35:4) . In addition, Joshua erects a stone under an oak tree as the first covenant of the Lord (Josh. 24.25-7). In Isaiah 61, the prophet refers to the Israelites as "Oaks of Righteousness".

In Slavic mythology, the oak was the most important tree of the god Perun.

Historical[link]

Several individual oak trees, such as the Royal Oak in Britain and the Charter Oak in the United States, are of great historical or cultural importance; for a list of important oaks, see Individual oak trees.

"The Proscribed Royalist, 1651", a famous painting by John Everett Millais, depicted a Royalist fleeing from Cromwell's forces and hidden in an oak. Millais painted the picture in Hayes, Kent, from a local oak tree that became known as the Millais Oak.^[28][29]

Approximately 50 km west of Toronto, Canada is the town of Oakville, ON, famous for its history as a shipbuilding port on Lake Ontario.

The city of Raleigh, N.C., is known as "The City of Oaks."

The Jurupa Oak tree — a clonal colony of Quercus palmeria or Palmer’s Oak found in Riverside County, California — is believed to be the world's oldest organism at 13,000 years.^[30]

Large groups of very old oak trees are rare. One of the oldest groups of oak trees, found in Poland, is about 480 years old, which was assessed by dendrochronological methods^[31].

Historical note on Linnaean species[link]

Linnaeus described only five species of oak from eastern North America, based on general leaf form. These were White oak, Quercus alba; Chestnut oak, Q. montana; Red oak, Q. rubra; Willow oak Q. phellos; and Water oak, Q. nigra. Because he was dealing with confusing leaf forms, the Q. prinus and Q. rubra specimens actually included mixed foliage of more than one species. For that reason, some taxonomists in the past proposed different names for these two species (Q. montana and Q. borealis, respectively), but the original Linnaean names have now been lectotypified by removing some of the specimens in Linnaeus' herbarium.

See also[link]

• List of plants poisonous to equines
• Thousand Oaks, California
• Foloi oak forest

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Byfield, Liz (1990) An oak tree, Collins book bus, London : Collins Educational, ISBN 0-00-313526-8
• Philips, Roger. Trees of North America and Europe, Random House, Inc., New York ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
• Logan, William B. (2005) Oak : the frame of civilization, New York ; London : W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-04773-3
• Paterson, R.T. (1993) Use of trees by livestock, 5: Quercus, Chatham : Natural Resources Institute, ISBN 0-85954-365-X
• Royston, Angela (2000) Life cycle of an oak tree, Heinemann first library, Oxford : Heinemann Library, ISBN 0-431-08391-6
• Savage, Stephen (1994) Oak tree, Observing nature series, Hove : Wayland, ISBN 0-7502-1196-2
• Tansley, Arthur G., Sir (1952) Oaks and oak woods, Field study books, London : Methuen.
• Żukow-Karczewski, Marek. Dąb – król polskich drzew (Oak – the king of the Polish trees), "AURA" (A Monthly for the protection and shaping of human environment), 9/88.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quercus

Wikispecies has information related to: Quercus

• Flora of China – Cyclobalanopsis
• Flora Europaea: Quercus
• Oaks from Bialowieza Forest
• Common Oaks of Florida
• Oaks of the world
• The Global Trees Campaign The Red List of Oaks and Global Survey of Threatened Quercus
• Janka Hardness Scale for Oak – The Janka Hardness Scale for all Exotic and Domestic species

Ivan Turina

Turina in Dinamo Zagreb colours
Personal information
Full name	Ivan Turina
Date of birth	(1980-10-03) 3 October 1980 (age 31)
Place of birth	Zagreb, SFR Yugoslavia
Height	1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
Playing position	Goalkeeper
Club information
Current club	AIK
Number	27
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1998–2007	Dinamo Zagreb	73	(0)
1999–2000	→ Croatia Sesvete (loan)	0	(0)
2001–2002	→ Kamen Ingrad (loan)	11	(0)
2002–2003	→ Osijek (loan)	15	(0)
2007–2008	Skoda Xanthi	8	(0)
2008–2009	Lech Poznań	12	(0)
2010	Dinamo Zagreb	1	(0)
2010–	AIK	36	(0)
National team‡
1996	Croatia U17	2	(0)
1998-1999	Croatia U19	4	(0)
2000	Croatia U20	4	(0)
2006	Croatia	1	(0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 09:12, 24 October 2011 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 6 October 2009

Ivan Turina (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [iːʋan turina]; born 3 October 1980 in Zagreb) is a Croatian football goalkeeper who is currently playing for AIK.

Club career[link]

Turina started his professional career with Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998, initially serving as the club's fourth-choice goalkeeper behind Dražen Ladić, Tomislav Butina and Vladimir Vasilj. He did not make any competitive appearances for Dinamo until 2003 and also spent three seasons on loan to Croatia Sesvete, Kamen Ingrad and Osijek.

Turina became the first-choice goalkeeper at Dinamo Zagreb during the 2003-04 season, making 22 appearances in the Croatian First League. He also made his first two UEFA Cup appearances for the club in the autumn of 2003. The 2004-05 season saw him making 12 domestic league appearances for Dinamo as their second-choice goalkeeper, but then he went on to regain his place as the first-choice goalkeeper at the club for the 2005-06 season and appeared in all of their 32 domestic league matches during a title-winning season.

He also started the 2006-07 season as Dinamo Zagreb's first-choice goalkeeper, appearing in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers against Ekranas and Arsenal as well as both of their UEFA Cup matches against Auxerre early in the season. However, a couple of costly blunders saw him losing his place to Filip Lončarić by the end of September 2006, after the opening 7 domestic league matches of the season, and he made no further competitive appearances for the club before eventually being sold to Skoda Xanthi of the Greek Super League in the summer of 2007 after Dinamo signed Georg Koch as their new first-choice goalkeeper.

At Skoda Xanthi, Turina started the 2007-08 season as the first-choice goalkeeper, but lost his place to Michael Gspurning after the opening 8 matches in the Super League and made no further appearances in the league until the end of the season. On 26 August 2008, he signed a three-year contract with Polish Ekstraklasa club Lech Poznań, where he was the first-choice goalkeeper at some stages of the 2008-09 season, making 12 appearances in the Ekstraklasa and 6 in the UEFA Cup.

On 11 September 2009, Turina terminated his contract with Lech Poznań and started training with Dinamo Zagreb later that month.^[1] On 28 January 2010, Dinamo Zagreb confirmed the signing of Turina on a short-term contract until the end of the 2009-10 season.^[2] His only competitive appearance for Dinamo during the 2009-10 season came on 14 April 2010 in their 2-1 win at Varteks, where he replaced Tomislav Butina at half-time.

On 26 May 2010, Turina signed a three-and-a-half-year deal with the reigning Swedish champions AIK from Stockholm, where he was previously on trial for more than a week. He made his league debut for the club on 17 July 2010 in a 2-0 win at home to Malmö.

International career[link]

In September 1996, Turina won two international caps for the Croatian national under-17 football team and went on to appear in four international matches for the Croatian national under-19 football team between October 1998 and May 1999. He also appeared in four international friendlies for the Croatian national under-21 football team in 2000.

On 1 February 2006, Turina won his only international cap for the Croatian national football team in their friendly match against Hong Kong at the 2006 Carlsberg Cup, coming on as a half-time substitute for Joey Didulica. Croatia won the match 4-0.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ivan Turina at nogometni-magazin (Croatian)
• Ivan Turina international stats at the Croatian Football Federation website

Daniel Tjernström

Personal information
Full name	Leif Daniel Tjernström
Date of birth	(1974-02-19) 19 February 1974 (age 38)
Place of birth	Karlskoga, Sweden
Height	1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
Playing position	Midfielder, Left winger
Club information
Current club	AIK
Number	8
Youth career
1981–1987	Bråten
1988–1989	KB Karlskoga
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1990–1992	KB Karlskoga	50	(3)
1993–1995	Degerfors	64	(0)
1996–1998	Örebro SK	71	(13)
1999–	AIK	293	(16)
National team
1994–1995	Sweden U21	6	(0)
1997–1999	Sweden	5	(0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 09:02, 24 October 2011 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals).

Daniel Tjernström, born 19 February 1974 in Karlskoga, Sweden, is a professional footballer with Swedish top side AIK. He is currently the captain of the team, and is one of AIK's most successful players. He was voted Most Valuable Player by the AIK fans in 2005, when he spearheaded the quick return to the Allsvenskan, as well as in 2006. His main strengths are his ability to read the game and his tireless running. His main weaknesses are that he is extremely left-footed and that he is relatively slow. Especially the later quality has stopped him from getting capped more than five times with the Swedish national team (97-99).^[1]

Honours[link]

Degerfors[link]

• Svenska Cupen: 1992-93

AIK[link]

• Allsvenskan: 2009
• Svenska Cupen: 1998-99, 2009
• Supercupen: 2010

References[link]

External links[link]

• Player profile at aikfotboll.se

Marece Richards (born September 2, 1983),^[1] better known by his stage name Rich Boy, is an American rapper from Mobile, Alabama. He is best known for the hit single "Throw Some D's". His self-titled debut album was released in early 2007.

Background[link]

Early career[link]

Richards dropped out of his studies of mechanical engineering at Tuskegee University in order to concentrate on trying to rap. Rich Boy signed a contract with Zone 4 through Interscope Records and started to work on his debut album.^[2] In the meantime, he snuck onto one of Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace compilations and on a few mix tapes, such as Comeback Season by Canadian rapper Drake and Da Bottom, Vol. 5 by DJ Ideal and Jermaine Dupri.

[edit] 2007: Self titled debut album

On March 13, 2007, Rich Boy released his self-titled debut album, with the singles "Throw Some D's," "Boy Looka Here," "Good Things", and "Let's Get This Paper". "Throw Some D's" reached #6 on the Billboard Hot 100, #3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. "Boy Looka Here" and "Good Things" both peaked around #50 on the R&B chart.^[3]

[edit] 2012: Resurrected In Diamonds

He recently released a single "Top of the World", part of the More Than a Game soundtrack album. Rich Boy's second album Resurrected in Diamonds is slated for a 2012 release.^[4] The first single is "She Luvs Me (She Luvs Mi Knot)" featuring Polow da Don and it was released on June 21, 2010. Dr. Dre and Polow da Don produced on the album.^[5] Rich Boy has also worked with R&B singer Lloyd and Young Money artist Drake, on a track called "To the Floor"^[6]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Studio albums[link]

Mixtapes[link]

Singles[link]

Dat Ass[link]

Dat Ass is an internet meme based on a still photograph of rapper Rich Boy that was taken during his studio visit to MTV’s Total Request Live in March 2007. The original picture reveals the young Southern rapper biting his lower lip while trying to listen to someone speaking in the audience. Since its inception, both the facial expression and the catchphrase “Dat Ass” have been used as a popular response to rump threads on message boards.^[13]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Rich Boy on Myspace