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Oil, sesame, salad or cooking

Sesame seed oil in clear glass vial
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	3,699 kJ (884 kcal)
Carbohydrates	0.00 g
Fat	100.00 g
- saturated	14.200 g
- monounsaturated	39.700 g
- polyunsaturated	41.700 g
Protein	0.00 g
Vitamin C	0.0 mg (0%)
Vitamin E	1.40 mg (9%)
Vitamin K	13.6 μg (13%)
Calcium	0 mg (0%)
Iron	0.00 mg (0%)
Magnesium	0 mg (0%)
Phosphorus	0 mg (0%)
Potassium	0 mg (0%)
Sodium	0 mg (0%)
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Sesame oil (also known as gingelly oil or til oil) is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. Besides being used as a cooking oil in South India, it is often used as a flavor enhancer in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent Southeast Asian cuisine.

The oil from the nutrient rich seed is popular in alternative medicine - from traditional massages and treatments to modern day fads. The traditional Indian medical practice of Ayurveda uses sesame oil to pacify stress related symptoms.^[1] Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure.

The oil is popular in Asia and is also one of the earliest known crop-based oils, but world-wide mass modern production continues to be limited even today due to the inefficient manual harvesting process required to extract the oil.

Composition[link]

Sesame oil is composed of the following fatty acids:^[2]

History[link]

White sesame seeds, mostly unshelled.

Sesame was cultivated during the Indus valley civilization and was the main oil crop. It was probably exported to Mesopotamia around 2500 BC and was known in Akkadian and Sumerian as 'ellu'. Sesame seeds were one of the first crops processed for oil as well as one of the earliest condiments. In fact, the word enne/enna/ennai that means oil in many Dravidian languages including Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil has its roots in the Dravidian words eL (ಎಳ್/ಎಳ್ಳು, எள்ளு) and nei (ನೆಯ್, நெய்), which mean sesame and fat respectively.

The Hindi word for oil (Tel (तेल)) is also derived from sesame oil (from Sanskrit Taila (तैल), which means obtained from Tila (तिल) Sesame).

Prior to 600 BC, the Assyrians used sesame oil as a food, salve, and medication, primarily by the rich, as the difficulty of obtaining it made it expensive. Hindus used it in votive lamps and considered the oil sacred.^[3]

Nomenclature[link]

see also Sesame nomenclature

In the Tamil language of India, Sesame Oil is called "Nalla Ennai" (நல்லெண்ணெய்) and in Malayalam language it's called "Nalla Enna", both literally translated in English to "good oil". In the Telugu language of India, Sesame Oil is called "Nuvvula Noone" (Nuvvulu means sesame and Noone means oil) or "Manchi Noone" (Manchi means good and Noone means oil). In the Kannada language of India, Sesame Oil is called "yellenne" (from "yellu" for sesame) and "Ollenne" (ಒಳ್ಳೆಣ್ಣೆ) meaning "good oil". It is also called as Gingelly Oil in India. In Marathi it is called Teel Tel (तीळ तेल). In Sri Lanka Sinhalese called it "Thala Thel" (තල තෙල්)

NEI itself means oil in Tamil (common name for any type of oil). Since this oil is made from ELLU, it is also called ELLU NEI. In short ELNEI. In Bengali it is Teel Tel.

Manufacture of sesame oil[link]

Manufacturing process[link]

Making sesame oil at Moran Market, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.

Oil pressing at a Tamil village, India

Sesame seeds are protected by a capsule which only bursts when the seeds are completely ripe. The ripening time tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The discovery of an indehiscent (nonshattering) mutant by Langham in 1943 began the work towards development of a high yielding, shatter-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to shattering continue to limit domestic US production.^[4]

Sesame seeds are primarily produced in developing countries, a factor that has played a role in limiting the creation of large-scale, fully automated oil extraction and processing techniques. ^[5]Sesame oil can be extracted by a number of methods, depending on the materials and equipment available.

In developing countries, sesame oil is often extracted with less-expensive and manually intensive techniques such as hot water flotation, bridge presses, ram presses, the ghani process, or by using a small-scale expeller. In developed countries sesame oil is often extracted using an expeller press, larger-scale oil extraction machines, or by pressing followed by chemical solvent extraction.^[6]

Sesame oil can also be extracted under low-temperature conditions using an expeller press in a process called cold pressing. This extraction method is popular among raw food adherents because it avoids exposing the oil to chemical solvents or high temperatures during extraction.

While some manufacturers will further refine sesame oil through solvent extraction, neutralization and bleaching in order to improve its cosmetic aspects, sesame oil derived from quality seeds already possesses a pleasant taste and does not require further purification before it can be consumed. Many consumers prefer unrefined sesame oil due to their belief that the refining process removes important nutrients.

Sesame oil is one of the more stable natural oils, but can still benefit from refrigeration and limited exposure to light and high temperatures during extraction, processing and storage in order to minimize nutrient loss through oxidation and rancidity. Storage in amber-colored bottles can help to minimize light exposure.

Sesame seed market[link]

As of 2012, sesame seeds sold on the global market for roughly US $0.67/lb.^[7] This relatively high price reflects a worldwide shortage. Though the market for sesame seed is strong, domestic US production awaits the development of high-yielding nonshattering varieties. It is advisable to establish a market before planting.

Varieties[link]

There are many variations in the colour of sesame oil: cold-pressed sesame oil is pale yellow, while Indian sesame oil (gingelly or til oil) is golden, and East Asian sesame oils are commonly a dark brown colour. This dark colour and flavour are derived from roasted/toasted sesame seeds. Cold pressed sesame oil has a different flavour than the toasted oil, since it is produced directly from raw, rather than toasted seeds.

Sesame oil is traded in any of the forms described above: Cold-pressed sesame oil is available in Western health shops. Unroasted (but not necessarily cold pressed) sesame oil is commonly used for cooking in the Middle East and can often be found in halal markets. In East Asian countries, different kinds of hot-pressed sesame oil are preferred.^[8]

Uses[link]

Cooking[link]

Despite sesame oil's high proportion (41%) of polyunsaturated (Omega-6) fatty acids, it is least prone, among cooking oils with high smoke points, to turn rancid when kept in the open.^[9] This is due to the natural antioxidants present in the oil.^[10]

Light sesame oil has a high smoke point and is suitable for deep-frying, while dark sesame oil (from roasted sesame seeds) has a slightly lower smoke point and is unsuitable for deep-frying. Instead it can be used for the stir frying of meats or vegetables, or for the making of an omelette. East Asian cuisines often use roasted sesame oil for seasoning.

The Chinese use sesame oil in the preparation of meals for women during postpartum confinement^{[citation needed]}.

Sesame oil is most popular in Asia, especially in Korea, China, and the South Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, where its widespread use is similar to that of olive oil in the Mediterranean.

Traditional uses in India[link]

Sesame oil is reputed to penetrate the skin easily and is used in India for oil massage. In Maharashtra, Sesame oil (Teel Tel) is specially used for massaging the foot.^[11] It is also used for hair and scalp massage.^[12] Sesame oil is used in the manufacture of Ayurvedic drugs.^[13]

In Hinduism, sesame or "til" oil is used deepa or oil lamps kept in front of shrines for the Deities. Sesame oil is used for performing puja in Hindu temples.^[13] Also, particularly in South India, sesame oil is applied to the stone deities in the temple's shrines. It is only used on Deities made of black granite.

Industrial uses[link]

In industry, sesame oil may be used as

• a solvent in injected drugs or intravenous drip solutions,
• a cosmetics carrier oil,
• coating stored grains to prevent weevil attacks. The oil also has synergy with some insecticides.^[14]

Low grade oil is used locally in soaps, paints, lubricants, and illuminants.^[15]

Alternative medicine[link]

Vitamins and minerals[link]

Sesame oil is a source of vitamin E.^[16] Vitamin E is an antioxidant and has been correlated with lowering cholesterol levels.^[17] Sesame oil also contains magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B6. Copper provides relief for rheumatoid arthritis. Magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health. Calcium helps prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis, migraine, and PMS. Zinc promotes bone health.

Besides being rich in vitamin E, there is insufficient research on the medicinal properties of sesame oil. However, the following claims have been made.

Blood pressure[link]

Sesame oil has a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids^[18] (omega-6 fatty acids)—but it is unique in that it keeps at room temperature. This is because it contains two naturally occurring preservatives, sesamol and sesamin. (Normally, only oils predominately composed of the omega-9 monounsaturated oil, like olive oil, keep at room temperature.)

It has been suggested that due to the presence of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in sesame oil, it may help to control blood pressure. It could be used in cooking in place of other edible oils and to help reduce high blood pressure and lower the amount of medication needed to control hypertension.^[19]

The effect of the oil on blood pressure may be due to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the compound sesamin, a lignan present in sesame oil. There is evidence suggesting that both compounds reduce blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Sesame lignans also inhibit the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in these rats.

Oil pulling[link]

Sesame oil is one of the few oils recommended for use in oil pulling.^[20] (Sunflower oil is the other oil recommended.)

General claims[link]

While not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, sesame oil is reputed to have a number of therapeutic uses.

It is suggested that regular topical application and/or consumption of sesame oil should mitigate effects^[21] of anxiety, nerve and bone disorders, poor circulation, lowered immunity and bowel problems. It is suggested such use would also relieve lethargy, fatigue, and insomnia, while promoting strength and vitality, enhancing blood circulation. There are claims that its use has relaxing properties which eases pain and muscle spasm, such as sciatica, dysmenorrhoea, colic, backache, and joint pain.

Sesame oil when used in infant massage, it is claimed, helps to calm babies and lull them to sleep and improves growth of the brain and the nervous system.^[22] These are claims similar to other therapeutic medicines, that its having antioxidants explains beliefs that it slows the aging process and promotes longevity. A 2000 medical study showed that infant massage with sesame oil improved the weight, length, and midarm and midleg circumferences of infants at a statistically more favorable rate than all other oils tested.^[23]

It is suggested that sesame oil, when consumed and/or topically applied, should relieve dryness both externally and internally. Sesame oil is sometimes recommended to alleviate the dryness associated with menopause.^[24] It is believed that its use "restores moisture to the skin, keeping it soft, flexible and young looking". It is suggested that it relieves "dryness of joints" and bowels, and eases symptoms of dryness such as irritating coughs, cracking joints, and hard stools. Since "dryness of joints" is not a medically classifiable condition, it would be difficult to medically comprehend or verify these claims of panacea.

Other uses include as a laxative, as a remedy for toothaches and gum disease^[25] and in the treatment of blurred vision, dizziness, and headaches.^[14]

It is suggested that sesame oil could be used in the treatment of dry nose, reduction of cholesterol levels (due to presence of lignans which are phytoestrogens), anti-bacterial effects, and even slowing down certain types of cancer (due to the anti-oxidant properties of the lignans).^[26]

Adverse effects[link]

Like the sesame seeds it is derived from, sesame oil may produce an allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. Approximately 1% of the population are allergic to sesame-derived food products.^{[27] [28] [29]}

Because of its laxative effects, sesame oil should not be used by people who have diarrhea.^{[citation needed]}

Oil massage should be avoided immediately after administering enemas, emetics or purgatives, during the first stages of fever or if suffering from indigestion.^[21]

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sesame oil

Martin Yan

December 2004
Born	(1948-12-22) 22 December 1948 (age 63) Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Cooking style	Chinese, mainly Cantonese
Education	Munsang College, Overseas Institute of Cookery of Hong Kong, University of California, Davis
Current restaurant(s) Yan Can (Santa Clara, Pleasant Hill)
Television show(s) Yan Can Cook Martin Yan's Quick and Easy Martin Yan's Chinatown Cooking Martin Yan's Hong Kong
Official website
http://www.yancancook.com/

Martin Yan (Chinese: 甄文達; born 22 December 1948) is a Chinese-born American chef and the host of the award-winning cooking show Yan Can Cook.

Early years and education[link]

With ancestral roots in Kaiping, Guangdong, China, Yan was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, to a restaurateur father and a grocer mother, Yan began to cook at 12. He moved to Hong Kong when he was 13, and attended the Munsang College in Kowloon City. During this time in Munsang College, he worked at his uncle's Chinese restaurant and learned about the traditional method of Chinese barbecue there. He received a diploma from the Overseas Institute of Cookery of Hong Kong and later left for Canada for continued study. Ten years after his arrival in North America, Yan received a Master of Science degree in food science from University of California, Davis, in 1975.

Career[link]

Yan began teaching Chinese cooking for a college extension program and appearing on a Canadian, Calgary talk show in 1978 (on CFAC-TV, now CICT-TV). He has hosted over 1,500 episodes of the PBS cooking shows Yan Can Cook since 1982. His shows have been broadcast in over 50 countries.^[1] He currently hosts Martin Yan - Quick & Easy. He also hosts Martin Yan's Chinatown Cooking where he tours Chinatowns around the globe as well as "Martin Yan's Hidden China."

Yan has opened a chain of Yan Can restaurants and founded the Yan Can International Cooking School in the San Francisco Bay Area. He has written over two dozen cookbooks.^[1] The American Culinary Federation has designated him a Master Chef.

Yan is one of the lead actors of the Hong Kong film Rice Rhapsody (海南雞飯, 2005).

He has appeared as a guest judge on several episodes of Iron Chef America and appeared on the cartoon talk show Space Ghost: Coast to Coast.

Television appearances[link]

• Yan Can Cook (1978— ) - Host^[2]
• Christine Cushing Live - Guest^[3][4]
• Space Ghost Coast to Coast - Guest
• Martin Yan's Hong Kong (2005–2007) - Host
• Martin Yan's Quick and Easy - Host
• Martin Yan's Chinatown Cooking - Host
• Martin Yan's China (2008) - host
• Iron Chef America (2011) - Judge
• Food Court (2011) Hong Kong Cable TV - Tutor / Host
• Iron Chef Vietnam (2012) - Guest Judge
• Martin Yan: Taste of Vietnam (2013) - Host^[5]

Cookbooks[link]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• Chinese Recipes (1978)
• The Joy of Wokking (1978)
• Martin Yan's Feast: The Best of Yan Can Cook
• Chinese Cooking for Dummies
• Martin Yan's Asian Favorites
• Martin Yan's Quick and Easy
• Martin Yan's Chinatowns
• Martin Yan's Culinary Journey Through China
• Martin Yan's Asia
• Martin Yan's Entertainment At-Home
• Martin Yan the Chinese Chef
• Martin Yan's Invitation to Chinese Cooking
• Martin Yan's Feast

Awards[link]

• An honorary Doctorate of Culinary Arts by Johnson & Wales University
• A Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for best cooking show
• A 1996 James Beard Award for Best TV Food Journalism
• A 1994 James Beard Award for Best TV Cooking Show
• The Antonin Careme Award by the Chef's Association of the Pacific Coast
• The Courvoisier Leadership Award by Courvoisier
• 2008 Picnic Day (UC Davis) Parade Marshall

See also[link]

• Chinese American cuisine
• Cantonese cuisine
• Food science

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Martin Yan

• Official website
• 1st Person - Martin Yan
• Rice Rhapsody
• Articles by Martin Yan on Chefs
• Video of Martin Yan in discussion with Jennifer 8 Lee at the Asia Society, March 26, 2009

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