- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 1243895
- author: RogueWaveVEVO
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- Alewife
- Algoma, Wisconsin
- Alpena, Michigan
- Atlantic Ocean
- Big Bay de Noc
- Bowfin
- BP
- Bridgman, Michigan
- Calumet Shoreline
- Canada
- Catfish
- Central Michigan
- Chambers Island
- Charlevoix, Michigan
- Charter One Pavilion
- Chicago
- Chicago beaches
- Chicago River
- Chicago skyline
- Chicago Tribune
- Chinook salmon
- Chippewa
- Coastline paradox
- Coho salmon
- Coriolis effect
- Coureurs des bois
- Cudahy, Wisconsin
- Detroit
- Detroit Island
- Detroit River
- Door Peninsula
- Douglas, Michigan
- Drainage basin
- Duck Lake State Park
- Dune
- Elberta, Michigan
- Erie Canal
- Escanaba, Michigan
- Evanston, Illinois
- Fathom
- Ferry
- Ferrysburg, Michigan
- Fisherman Island
- Flint Tri-Cities
- Florida
- Fox (tribe)
- Fox Point, Wisconsin
- Frankfort, Michigan
- Garden Peninsula
- Gary, Indiana
- Georgian Bay
- Gladstone, Michigan
- Glencoe, Illinois
- Glenn, Michigan
- Glenwood Shoreline
- Grand Haven
- Grand Rapids
- Grand Traverse Bay
- Great Lakes
- Great Lakes Basin
- Great Lakes region
- Great Lakes Treaty
- Great Lakes Waterway
- Great Storm of 1913
- Green Bay, Wisconsin
- Gulf of Mexico
- Hammond, Indiana
- Ho-Chunk
- Holland State Park
- Holland, Michigan
- Hopewell tradition
- Hydrology
- Ile Aux Galets
- Illinois
- Illinois River
- Indiana
- Industry
- Isle Royale
- J. Val Klump
- Jean Nicolet
- Kenilworth, Illinois
- Kenosha, Wisconsin
- Kewaunee, Wisconsin
- Lake
- Lake Agassiz
- Lake Baikal
- Lake Champlain
- Lake Chicago
- Lake Erie
- Lake Express
- Lake Huron
- Lake Maumee
- Lake Michigan
- Lake Michigan-Huron
- Lake Michigan–Huron
- Lake Nipigon
- Lake Nipissing
- Lake Ontario
- Lake retention time
- Lake Simcoe
- Lake Superior
- Lake trout
- Lake Winnebago
- Lake-effect snow
- Lamprey
- Landsat
- Largemouth bass
- Last glacial period
- Leelanau Peninsula
- Leelanau State Park
- Lincoln Park
- Little Bay de Noc
- Little Gull Island
- Little Traverse Bay
- Ludington State Park
- Ludington, Michigan
- Mackinac Bridge
- Mackinac Falls
- Manistee, Michigan
- Manistique, Michigan
- Manitoulin Island
- Manitowoc, Wisconsin
- Mears State Park
- Meigs Field
- Menominee
- Menominee, Michigan
- Mequon
- Miami (tribe)
- Michiana, Michigan
- Michigan
- Milwaukee
- Milwaukee Reef
- Mississippi River
- Muskegon
- Muskegon State Park
- Muskegon, Michigan
- Newport State Park
- Niagara Escarpment
- Niagara River
- Nipigon River
- NIPSCO
- North America
- North Manitou Island
- Northerly Island
- Northern Michigan
- Oconto, Wisconsin
- Ojibwe language
- Ottawa (tribe)
- Pacific Ocean
- Panfish
- Peninsula State Park
- Petoskey stone
- Petoskey, Michigan
- Pilot Island
- Pismire Island
- Portage, Indiana
- Porter, Indiana
- Potawatomi
- Poverty Island
- Quartz
- Racine
- Racine Zoo
- Racine, Wisconsin
- Round goby
- Russia
- Saint Lawrence River
- Sand cherries
- Sand dune
- Saugatuck, Michigan
- Sauk people
- Seiche
- Sheboygan, Wisconsin
- Shoreham, Michigan
- Shorewood, Wisconsin
- Singing sand
- Sixty Years' War
- Skyline
- Smallmouth bass
- Snowbelt
- Soo Locks
- South Manitou Island
- Squaw Island Light
- SS Badger
- St. Clair River
- St. Lawrence River
- St. Martin Island
- Steel mill
- Straits of Mackinac
- Submersible
- Summer Island
- Tall ships
- Template Greatlakes
- Texas
- Third Coast
- Tourism
- U.S. Route 131
- U.S. state
- United States
- Upper Peninsula
- Waukegan, Illinois
- Welland Canal
- West Michigan
- West Virginia
- Whiting, Indiana
- Wilmette, Illinois
- Winnetka, Illinois
- Wisconsin
- Woodland period
- Yellow perch
- Zebra mussel
-
Algoma, Wisconsin
Algoma is a city in Kewaunee County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 3,357 at the 2000 census. Algoma is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Algoma is located at 44°36′30″N 87°26′32″W / 44.608226°N 87.442342°W / 44.608226; -87.442342 (44.608226, -87.442342), along Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Ahnapee River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.5 square miles (6.4 km2), of which, 2.4 square miles (6.3 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (1.61%) is water.
As of the census, of 2000 there were 3,357 people, 1,493 households, and 900 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,374.9 people per square mile (531.2/km2). There were 1,632 housing units at an average density of 668.4 per square mile (258.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.42% White, 0.09% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.98% of the population.
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Alpena, Michigan
Alpena (
/ælˈpiːnə/) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Alpena County. It is considered to be part of Northern Michigan. The Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary is located in the city. The population was 10,483 at the 2010 census. The population swells with a large number of visitors in the summer.
Despite its small population, it is by far the largest city in the sparsely populated Northeast Michigan (lower peninsula) area, serving as its commercial and cultural hub. It is considered to be one of the two anchor cities of Northern Michigan, along with Traverse City. The Alpena Regional Medical Center is a federally designated rural regional medical referral center, and is the largest employer in the city.
The region, known as the "Sunrise Side" from its location on the east shoreline of Michigan, was first a site of commercial fishing activity and is still home to extensive commercial fishing activities. Later the region, like much of Michigan, was shaped by the logging era of the 1800s. Today, Alpena is known for its limestone quarry, one of the largest in the world, owned and operated by the Lafarge corporation and is a major cement manufacturer and exporter. Alpena is also the world headquarters of Besser Company, a manufacturer of concrete block machines. Tourism (fishing, hunting, camping and a variety of water sports) is also important to Alpena's economy.
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Big Bay de Noc
Big Bay de Noc is a bay in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The bay, which opens into Lake Michigan's Green Bay, is enclosed by Delta County. The small Delta County settlements of Garden and Nahma are harbors on the shore of the bay.
As with the more thickly-settled Little Bay de Noc, the bay's name comes from the Noquet (or Noc) Native American people (thought to have been related to the Menominee of the Algonquian language group), who once lived along the shores.
The bay is historically important for its 19th-century use as a center of the Lake Michigan iron smelting industry. A former smelting complex has been preserved as Fayette State Park. The state park's Snail Shell Harbor, off Big Bay de Noc, offers a harbor of refuge for small boats and yachts.
A lighthouse, the Peninsula Point Light, marks the entrance of the bay.
Coordinates: 45°47′N 86°42′W / 45.783°N 86.7°W / 45.783; -86.7
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Bridgman, Michigan
Bridgman is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,428 at the 2000 census. The Bridgman post office, with ZIP code 49106 opened with the name "Laketon" on November 11, 1862. The name changed to Bridgman on April 9, 1874. The town is famous for being the location of a clandestine communist planning meeting in 1922 that was broken up by federal agents and local authorities.
Coordinates: 41°56′35″N 86°33′25″W / 41.94306°N 86.55694°W / 41.94306; -86.55694
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chambers Island
Chambers Island, named in honor of Col. Talbot Chambers, is a 2,834 acre (4.428 sq. mi.) island in Green Bay, about 7 miles (11 km) off the coast of the Door Peninsula, near Gibraltar, Wisconsin. It is part of Door County.
Approximately 1/8 (12.3%) of the island's area is taken up by shallow 348.73-acre (1.4113 km2) Mackaysee Lake, in the northeastern part of the island. The land area is 10.04 km² (3.8765 sq mi, or 2,481 acres). Since 1867, the island has been home to the Chambers Island lighthouse, which has been deactivated since 1961. The lighthouse has been the maintained at the 40-acre (160,000 m2) Chambers Island County Park since its commissioning in 1976.
The highest elevation on the island is approximately 55' above the lakeshore. In the southeast, Chambers Island narrows to a spit, called Hanover Shoal, extends towards the shoreline of the Door Peninsula, from which it is approximately 5-mile (8.0 km) distant. The island has a small number of cabins. Other than the Chambers Island Lighthouse Park and 2 dirt roads, the entire island is privately owned, and landing at any other area is considered trespassing under Wisconsin law. No permanent population was reported in the 2000 census.
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Charlevoix, Michigan
Charlevoix ( /ˈʃɑrləvɔɪ/) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 2,994. It is the county seat of Charlevoix County.
Charlevoix Township is a separate municipal entity that completely surrounds the city and has 1,697 year round population. Typical of Northern Michigan towns, Charlevoix has a significant seasonal tourist population in the summer.
The city is situated between Lake Michigan and the western end of Lake Charlevoix, which drains into Lake Michigan through the short Round Lake/Pine River complex in the heart of downtown Charlevoix. The Charlevoix South Pier Light Station marks the opening of the channel onto Lake Michigan. Charlevoix's Round Lake has been called the best natural harbor on Lake Michigan. The only way to get from Lake Michigan to East Jordan, Boyne City and other sites on Lake Charlevoix by boat is via Charlevoix. As a result, much commercial, industrial, and recreational boat traffic passes through Charlevoix.
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Charter One Pavilion
Charter One Pavilion is an outdoor concert hall in Chicago. It is located on Northerly Island on the grounds of the former Meigs Field general aviation airport. Construction started in 2005. The venue seats 7,500 people and hosts many different musical artists and shows. Charter One, a division of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, owns the naming rights.
Due to a settlement agreement made by the city of Chicago to maintain the island as a nature preserve, the Charter One Pavilion is a temporary structure. It must be assembled each spring and disassembled each fall.
The Incubus DVD Look Alive was recorded at Northerly Island on July 25th, 2007.
The O.A.R. album Rain or Shine was recorded at the Pavilion on June 18 and 19, 2009.
The Jason Mraz concert DVD "Beautiful Mess - Live on Earth" was filmed at the Charter One Pavilion on August 13, 2009.
Coordinates: 41°51′48″N 87°36′31″W / 41.86342°N 87.6085°W / 41.86342; -87.6085
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Chicago beaches
The beaches in Chicago are an extensive network of waterfront recreational areas operated by the Chicago Park District. The Chicago Metropolitan waterfront includes parts of the Lake Michigan shores as well as parts of the banks of the Chicago, Des Plaines, Calumet, Fox, and DuPage Rivers and their tributaries. The waterfront also includes the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Sanitary and Ship Canal. Historically, the waterfront has been used for commerce, industry, and leisure. Leisure, such as fishing, swimming, hunting, walking and boating, was much more prevalent throughout the river sections of the waterfront system early in the 19th century before industrial uses altered the landscape. By midcentury, much leisure shifted to Lake Michigan as a result of industrial influence. The first City of Chicago Public Beach opened in Lincoln Park in 1895. Today, the entire 28 miles (45 km) Chicago lakefront shoreline is man-made, and primarily used as parkland. There are thirty-three beaches in Chicago along the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan.
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Chicago River
The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles (251 km) that runs through the city of the same name, including its center (the Chicago Loop). Though not especially long, the river is notable for being the reason why Chicago became an important location, as the link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley waterways. In the 19th century through civil engineering, the flow of the river was reversed to head toward the Mississippi River basin, away from Lake Michigan, into which it previously emptied. This was done for reasons of sanitation. The river is also noted for the local custom of dyeing it green on St. Patrick's Day.
The river is memorialized, in part, by two horizontal blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The river also serves as inspiration for one of Chicago's ubiquitous symbols: a three-branched, Y-shaped symbol (called the municipal device) is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago; it represents the three branches of the Chicago River.
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Cudahy, Wisconsin
Cudahy is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 18,429 at the 2000 census.
Originally known as the Buckhorn Settlement, it was renamed in the late 1800s when Patrick Cudahy purchased 700 acres (2.8 km²) of land in the Town of Lake, two miles from the Milwaukee city limits, to build his meatpacking plant. The first village president was elected in 1895, and by 1906 Cudahy was incorporated as a city with a population of 2,556.
Cudahy is located at 42°56′54″N 87°51′40″W / 42.94833°N 87.86111°W / 42.94833; -87.86111 (42.948416, -87.861010). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12.3 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,429 people, 7,888 households, and 4,890 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,880.1 people per square mile (1,498.0/km²). There were 8,273 housing units at an average density of 1,741.8 per square mile (672.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.89% White, 0.95% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.45% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.73% of the population.
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Detroit
Detroit ( /diˈtrɔɪt/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan, and the seat of Wayne County. It is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people, and serves as a major port on the Detroit River connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the French explorer, adventurer, and nobleman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac.
In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States. The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area with a population of 4,296,250 for the six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, the United States' eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,218,852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census. The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.
Known as the world's traditional automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,The D, D-Town, Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"), and The 313 (its telephone area code) Detroit became known as the "great arsenal of democracy" for its support of the U.S. role among the Allied powers during World War II.
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Detroit Island
Detroit Island is a privately owned island in Lake Michigan in the southern part of the town of Washington in Door County, Wisconsin, USA. The island has a land area of 2.578 km² (0.9955 sq mi, or 637.12 acres).
Coordinates: 45°19′00″N 86°54′38″W / 45.3166667°N 86.91056°W / 45.3166667; -86.91056
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Door Peninsula
The Door Peninsula is a peninsula in eastern Wisconsin, separating the southern part of the Green Bay from Lake Michigan. The peninsula begins in northern Brown and Kewaunee counties and proceeds northeast to include all of Door County. It is the western portion of the Niagara Escarpment. Well known for its cherry and apple orchards, the Door Peninsula is a popular tourism destination. With the 1882 completion of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal, the northern half of the peninsula became an island.
Limestone outcroppings of the Niagara Escarpment are visible on both shores of the peninsula, but are larger and more prominent on the Green Bay side as seen at the Bayshore Blufflands. Progressions of dunes have created much of the rest of the shoreline, especially on the easterly side. Flora along the shore provides clear evidence of plant succession. The middle of the peninsula is mostly flat, cultivated land. Beyond the northern tip of the peninsula are a succession of islands, the largest of which is Washington Island. The partially submerged ridge extends further north, becoming the Garden Peninsula in Upper Michigan.
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Douglas, Michigan
Douglas (officially known as the City of the Village of Douglas) is a city in Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,214 at the 2000 census. The city is surrounded by Saugatuck Township and the city of Saugatuck is adjacent on the north.
On December 13, 2004, residents voted to adopt a charter changing the status of the village into a city form of government. Under Michigan law, cities are independent entities whereas villages are part of the township. The official name is City of the Village of Douglas.
Douglas, originally known as Dudleyville, was first settled in 1851 as a lumber mill town. In 1861, residents changed the name to Douglas. Reportedly the name was chosen to honor the American statesman Stephen A. Douglas, but other reports indicate that a relative of the original owner of the land also suggested the name because he came from Douglas, the capital of the Isle of Man. Douglas was incorporated as a village in 1870.
Area sawmills provided much of the lumber used to rebuild Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. After most of the harvestable trees in the area were cleared by the lumber industry, the area became a center for growing and shipping fruit, especially peaches. Tourism and resorts also became an important part of the area economy.
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Elberta, Michigan
Elberta is a village in Benzie County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 457 at the 2000 census. The village located in the east of Gilmore Township, on the south side of Lake Betsie, which is formed by the Betsie River before flowing into Lake Michigan. The village is on M-22 just south of Frankfort. M-168, previously one of the shortest state highways in Michigan, extended 0.95 miles (1.53 km) from a junction with M-22 in downtown Elberta to the former Ann Arbor Railroad ferry docks in Elberta.
Elberta was first settled in 1855 and incorporated as South Frankfort in 1894. It was renamed Elberta in 1911 for the local Elberta peach. The village's founder is said to be George M. Cartwright.
As of the census of 2000, there were 457 people, 190 households, and 124 families residing in the village. The population density was 612.9 per square mile (235.3/km²). There were 237 housing units at an average density of 317.8 per square mile (122.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 95.62% White, 0.66% African American, 1.31% Native American, 0.22% from other races, and 2.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.
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Escanaba, Michigan
Escanaba ( /ˌɛskəˈnɑːbə/ ESS-kə-NAH-bə) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan, located in the banana belt on the state's Upper Peninsula. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 13,140, making it the third-largest city in the Upper Peninsula after Marquette and Sault Ste. Marie. It is the county seat of Delta County.
There is also Escanaba Township, which is north of the city and is not adjacent to it, although a portion of the urban area around the city extends into the township. Both are named for the Escanaba River that flows into the Little Bay de Noc of Lake Michigan just north of the city at 45°46′37″N 87°03′30″W / 45.77694°N 87.05833°W / 45.77694; -87.05833.
The word "Escanaba" roughly translates from various regional native languages to "land of the red buck" while others maintain that it refers to "flat rock". Escanaba was an Ojibwa village in the early 19th century. As an American settlement, Escanaba began as a port town in the mid-19th century, gaining importance to the Union as a shipping point for iron ore, lumber and copper during the Civil War. In his poem "The Song of Hiawatha", Henry Wadsworth Longfellow described how Hiawatha "crossed the rushing Esconaba" referring to the river. Located on Little Bay de Noc at the northern edge of Lake Michigan, Escanaba continues to serve as an important shipping point for iron ore to other Great Lakes ports, especially south to Chicago and northern Indiana. The local paper mill, for many years Mead Corporation's Publishing Paper Division, is currently operated by NewPage Corporation; located on the outskirts of the city alongside the Escanaba River, it is now the areas largest employer.
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Evanston, Illinois
Evanston is a suburban municipality in Cook County, Illinois 12 miles north of downtown Chicago, bordering Chicago to the south, Skokie to the west, and Wilmette to the north, with an estimated population of 74,360 as of 2003. It is one of the North Shore communities that adjoin Lake Michigan. The boundaries of the city of Evanston are coterminous with those of Evanston Township – although school districts 65 and 202 take in a small portion of eastern Skokie. Evanston is the home of Northwestern University.
Prior to the 1830s, the area now occupied by Evanston was mainly uninhabited, consisting largely of wetlands and swampy forest. However, Potawatomi Indians used trails along higher-lying prehistoric ridges that ran in a general north-south direction through the area, and had at least some semi-permanent settlements along the trails.
French explorers referred to the general area as "Grosse Pointe" after a point of land jutting into Lake Michigan about 13 miles (21 km) north of the mouth of the Chicago River. After the first non-native Americans settled in the area in 1836, the names "Grosse Point Territory" and "Gross Point voting district" were used through the 1830s and 1840s, although the territory had no defined boundaries. The area remained only sparsely settled, supporting some farming and lumber activity on some of the higher ground, as well as a number of taverns or "hotels" along the ridge roads.
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Ferrysburg, Michigan
Ferrysburg is a city in Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,040 at the 2000 census.
Spring Lake Township borders the city on the north and east, though it is administratively autonomous. The village of Spring Lake is located to the southeast, on the opposite side of Spring Lake from Ferrysburg. The city of Grand Haven is located to the south, on the opposite side of the Grand River. Lake Michigan is to the west of the city.
US 31 passes north-south through the city and M-104 has its western terminus at US 31 in Ferrysburg.
Ferrysburg was established in the 1830s by William Montague Ferry and his family.
The city is situated on the north side of the Grand River at its mouth on Lake Michigan. The harbor of Grand Haven and Spring Lake form the southern boundary of the city.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2), of which, 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) of it (16.57%) is water.
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Florida
Florida (
i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Fox Point, Wisconsin
Fox Point is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,012 at the 2000 census.
Fox Point is located along the North Shore area of the Milwaukee metropolitan area. It is named after a small point extending into Lake Michigan. Mainly residential, Fox Point is also home to the RiverPoint Village shopping center at the far northwest end of the village.
Fox Point is located at 43°9′37″N 87°54′14″W / 43.16028°N 87.90389°W / 43.16028; -87.90389 (43.160409, -87.903994).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.6 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,012 people, 2,825 households, and 1,988 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,399 people per square mile (927.2/km²). There were 2,910 housing units at an average density of 995.7 per square mile (384.8/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 95.55% White, 1.21% African American, 0.11% Native American, 2.14% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.06% of the population.
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Frankfort, Michigan
Coordinates: 44°38′01″N 86°14′04″W / 44.633611°N 86.234444°W / 44.633611; -86.234444
Frankfort is a city in Benzie County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,513 at the 2000 census. The elevation of Frankfort is 600 ft (180 m) above sea level. The city is situated with Lake Michigan to the west, Lake Betsie, formed by the Betsie River before flowing into Lake Michigan, on the south and Crystal Lake Township to the north and east. The city is on M-22 just north of Elberta. M-115 has its western terminus in the city. The Frankfort North Breakwater Lighthouse is at the end of the northern breakwater in Lake Michigan.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,513 people, 665 households, and 395 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,084.4 per square mile (417.3/km²). There were 873 housing units at an average density of 625.7 per square mile (240.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.84% White, 0.33% African American, 2.31% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.78% of the population.
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Garden Peninsula
The Garden Peninsula is a peninsula of 22 miles (35 km) in length that extends southwestward into Lake Michigan from the mainland of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The peninsula is bordered by Lake Michigan on the east, and by Big Bay de Noc on the west. The base of the peninsula is served by U.S. Highway 2, and the peninsula's west shore is reached by M-183. The largest settlement on the peninsula is Garden, Michigan.
Many of the peninsula's hardwoods were cut down for use in the charcoal-fired iron furnaces operated by the Jackson Iron Company in 1867-1891 at what is now Fayette State Park, on the peninsula's western shore. With its access to Great Lakes shipping, the remaining lumber of the Garden Peninsula was largely logged by the 1890s.
After the conclusion of the old-growth logging era, homesteaders tried to develop an agricultural economy on the cleared land; but these efforts largely failed in the 20th century, the main exceptions being fruit such as strawberries. Much of the peninsula reverted to second-growth woodland within the Lake Superior State Forest.
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Gary, Indiana
Gary is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. The city is in the southeastern portion of the Chicago metropolitan area and is 25 miles from downtown Chicago. The population is 80,294 at the 2010 census, making it the seventh-largest city in the state. It borders Lake Michigan and is known for its large steel mills and as the birthplace of the Jacksons singing family. Gary is adjacent to the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.
The city was founded in 1906 by the United States Steel Corporation as the home for its new plant. The city was named after the lawyer and founding chairman of U.S. Steel, Elbert Henry Gary.
Gary's fortunes have risen and fallen with those of the steel industry. The growth of the steel industry brought prosperity to the community. Broadway Avenue was known as a commercial center for the region. Department stores and architecturally significant movie houses were built in the downtown area and the Glen Park neighborhood.
In the 1960s, like many other American urban centers reliant on one particular industry, Gary entered a spiral of decline. Gary's decline was brought on by the growing overseas competitiveness in the steel industry, which had caused U.S. Steel to lay off many workers from the Gary area. As the city declined, crime increased.
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Gladstone, Michigan
Gladstone is a city in Delta County in the U.S. state of Michigan. First settled in 1877, Gladstone's original name was Saunders Point. The population was 5,032 at the 2000 census.
U.S. Highways 2 and 41 run concurrently through the city, connecting with Escanaba, nine miles (14 km) to the south. US 41 runs north to Marquette and US 2 runs east to Manistique. M-35 runs northwest 52 miles (84 km) to Gwinn and merges with US 2/US 41 south to Escanaba.
Throughout the early 19th century, the area where Gladstone exists was largely uninhabited other than the occasional trapper or fisherman. Gladstone was first settled in 1859 when the Hamilton Corporation of Fayette, MI began using it as a shipping point for selling and transporting of their iron ore. [Gladstone Centennial Book Community (1987). Gladstone Centennial History. Gladstone Centennial Book Community. Pp 12–47. ASIN B0010K5HFW]
The town was originally named Saunder’s Point after the Hamilton Company’s then-president, David Saunders {Source Needed}. Today, Saunder’s Point still exists as a small peninsula east of Gladstone’s city park system, located in Little Bay De Noc.
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Glenn, Michigan
Ganges Township is a civil township of Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,524 at the 2000 census.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.7 square miles (85 km2), of which, 32.5 square miles (84 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (0.70%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,524 people, 982 households, and 676 families residing in the township. The population density was 77.8 per square mile (30.0/km²). There were 1,384 housing units at an average density of 42.6 per square mile (16.5/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 93.38% White, 0.48% African American, 0.75% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 4.12% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.93% of the population.
There were 982 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.99.
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Grand Haven
Grand Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and is the county seat of Ottawa County. Grand Haven is located on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River, for which it is named. As of the 2010 census, Grand Haven had a population of 10,412. It is part of the Holland-Grand Haven Metropolitan Area, which had a population of 263,801 in 2010. The city is home to the Grand Haven Memorial Airpark (3GM) and is located just north of Grand Haven Charter Township.
The city dates its founding to French settlers and a fur-trading outpost called Gabagouache, which was first established by Madeline La Framboise and her husband. The outpost took the name from the Pottawattamie Indians name for the area, Gabagouache. The trading post was later taken over by business tycoon and first millionaire in the United States, John Jacob Astor and the American Fur Company and became a hub of economic activity in the area.
The Pottawattamie and Ottawa Indians lived in the area much earlier as the river was a major Native American trade route into the interior of Michigan. The impact of the Ottawa tribe on the area continues to be seen with the discovery of new artifacts.
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Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The city is located on the Grand River about 40 miles east of Lake Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 774,160 and a combined statistical area, Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, population of 1,321,557. It is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan,second largest city in Michigan (after Detroit), and the largest city in West Michigan. Grand Rapids is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies and is nicknamed the "Furniture City". The city and surrounding communities are economically diverse, and contribute heavily to the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation, and consumer goods manufacturing industries, among others.
Grand Rapids was the hometown of Gerald Ford, the 38th President of the United States. He, along with his wife, former First Lady Betty Ford, are buried on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Green Bay, Wisconsin
Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, located at the head of Green Bay, a sub-basin of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Fox River. It has an elevation of 581 feet (177 m) above sea level and is located 112 miles (180 km) north of Milwaukee. As of the 2010 United States Census, Green Bay had a population of 104,057. The Town of Green Bay is located several miles northeast of the city. It is the third-largest city in the state of Wisconsin, after Milwaukee and Madison. It is also the third-largest city on the west shore of Lake Michigan, after Chicago and Milwaukee. Green Bay is home to the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League, making it by far the smallest metropolitan area in North America to host a major professional sports franchise.
Green Bay is the principal city of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area, which covers Brown, Kewaunee, and Oconto Counties and had a combined population of 282,599 at the 2000 census. The 2010 population of the Green Bay metropolitan area was 306,241.
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Hammond, Indiana
Hammond ( /ˈhæmənd/) is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Chicago metropolitan area. The population was 80,830 at the 2010 census.
Hammond is located at 41°36′40″N 87°29′35″W / 41.61111°N 87.49306°W / 41.61111; -87.49306 (41.611185, -87.493080).
The city's elevation above sea level ranges from 577 feet (176 m) to 610 feet (190 m). The city sits within the boundaries of the former Lake Chicago. Most of the city is on sandy soil with a layer of black topsoil that varies from non-existent to several feet (a meter or more) thick. Much of the exposed sand has been removed for purposes such as industrial use to make concrete and glass. According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 24.88 square miles (64.4 km2), of which 22.78 square miles (59.0 km2) (or 91.56%) is land and 2.11 square miles (5.5 km2) (or 8.48%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 83,048 people, 32,026 households and 20,880 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,630.0 per square mile (1,401.4/km²). There were 34,139 housing units at an average density of 1,492.2 per square mile (576.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 72.35% White, 14.57% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 9.32% from other races, and 2.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.04% of the population.
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Holland, Michigan
Holland is a city in the western region of the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated near the eastern shore of Lake Michigan on Lake Macatawa, which is fed by the Macatawa River (also known locally as the Black River).
The city spans the Ottawa/Allegan county line, with 9.08 square miles (23.52 km2) in Ottawa and the remaining 8.13 square miles (21.06 km2) in Allegan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 33,051, with an Urbanized Area population of 95,394.
The city is the largest municipality of the Holland-Grand Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area and the seventh largest metro area in the state of Michigan, with a population of 264,910 as of the 2010 census. Holland was founded by Dutch Americans, and is in an area that has a large percentage of citizens of Dutch American heritage.
It is home to Hope College and Western Theological Seminary, institutions of the Reformed Church in America.
Holland was settled in 1847 by Dutch Calvinist separatists, under the leadership of Dr. Albertus van Raalte, who were escaping from persecution in the Netherlands. An alternative explanation for Van Raalte's and his followers' motivation to emigrate is their opposition to scientific and social advances (e.g., contraception, vaccination, insurance, chemical fertilizers) and their resulting failure to thrive under the economic and agricultural conditions of the time in their homeland (Zeeland, Netherlands).
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Ile Aux Galets
Ile aux Galets or Gallets, and also known as Skillagallee or Skillagalee Island, is located in northeast Lake Michigan approximately 7.0 miles (11.3 km) northwest of Cross Village, Michigan. The Emmet County, Michigan lighthouse sits atop and warns of a dangerous gravel shoal -- it extends almost two miles (3 km) to the east and half a mile to the northwest -- that is an imminent hazard to navigation, ships and sailors. This site has been the continuous operating home of a U.S. government lighthouse since 1850.
The islet is home to a significant colony of ring-billed gulls. Its name, given by early French explorers, means "Isle of Pebbles." It is said that the English speakers found the French name unpronounceable, and "Ile aux Galets" -- soon misheard, misunderstood and mispronounced—transmuted into "Skillagalee" (or some variant) which took hold. By the "mid 1800's references to the original French name all but disappeared."
There are many wrecks on Skillagalee island. However, on September 27, 1850, the loss of the A.D. Patchin—a wood sidewheeler, 226 feet (69 m) long and built in Trenton, Michigan in 1846—led to the construction of the first light on the island. Loaded with general goods, the Patchin's course into Grays Reef Passage was disrupted by currents that pulled her onto Skillagalee's shore. Her crew escaped and was rescued, but foul winds and weather thwarted many attempts to set her free. She was "pounded to pieces, becoming yet another of Lake Michigan's many victims."
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Isle Royale
Isle Royale /ˌaɪl ˈrɔɪ.əl/ is an island of the Great Lakes, located in the northwest of Lake Superior, and part of the state of Michigan. The island and the 450 surrounding smaller islands and waters make up Isle Royale National Park.
The island is 45 miles (72 km) long and 9 miles (14 km) wide, with an area of 206.73 square miles (535.43 km2), making it the largest natural island in Lake Superior, the second largest island in the Great Lakes (after Manitoulin Island), the third largest in the contiguous United States (after Long Island and Padre Island), and the 33rd largest island in the United States. It is defined by the United States Census Bureau as Census Tract 9603 of Keweenaw County, Michigan. As of the 2000 census there was no permanent population. After the island was made a national park, some existing residents were allowed to stay, and a few leases are still in effect. Ferries from Michigan and Minnesota land at Rock Harbor on the eastern end of the island; this has a lodge, campground, and information center. Ferries from Minnesota also run to Windigo on the western end, which has a visitor center and campground.
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Kenosha, Wisconsin
Kenosha ( /kəˈnoʊʃə/) is a city and the county seat of Kenosha County in the State of Wisconsin in United States. With a population of 99,218 as of May 2011, Kenosha is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin. Kenosha is also the fourth-largest city on the western shore of Lake Michigan, following Chicago, Milwaukee, and Green Bay. Kenosha lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, 35 miles (56 km) south of Milwaukee and 50 miles north of Chicago. Kenosha is part of the U.S. Census Bureau's Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is heavily tied to both the Milwaukee metropolitan area and the Chicago metropolitan area.
Kenosha is located in the southeastern corner of Wisconsin at 42°34′56″N 87°50′44″W / 42.58222°N 87.84556°W / 42.58222; -87.84556 (42.582220, -87.845624).. Kenosha's eastern boundary is Lake Michigan. It is bordered by the Town of Somers to the north, Bristol to the west and the village of Pleasant Prairie to the south. Kenosha's passenger train station is the last stop on Chicago's Union Pacific North Metra Line and is conveniently located almost halfway between Milwaukee and Chicago.
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Kewaunee, Wisconsin
Kewaunee is a city in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,806 at the 2000 census. Located on the northwestern shore of Lake Michigan, the city is the county seat of Kewaunee County.
Kewaunee is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Kewaunee is located at 44°27′32″N 87°30′34″W / 44.45889°N 87.50944°W / 44.45889; -87.50944 (44.458758, -87.509496).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles (10.9 km²), of which, 3.5 square miles (9.0 km²) of it is land and 0.7 square miles (1.9 km²) of it (17.54%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,806 people, 1,149 households, and 736 families residing in the city. The population density was 807.7 people per square mile (312.2/km²). There were 1,237 housing units at an average density of 356.1 per square mile (137.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.25% White, 0.36% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.
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Lake Agassiz
Coordinates: 51°N 98°W / 51°N 98°W / 51; -98
Lake Agassiz was an immense glacial lake located in the middle of the northern part of North America. Fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined, and it held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.
First postulated in 1823 by William H. Keating, it was named by Warren Upham in 1879 after Louis Agassiz, when Upham recognized the lake was formed by glacial action.
Geologists have come to a consensus on the likely geological history of Lake Agassiz.[citation needed]
During the last Ice Age, northern North America was covered by a glacier, which alternately advanced and deteriorated with variations in the climate. This continental ice sheet formed during the period now known as the Wisconsin glaciation, and covered much of central North America between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago. As the ice sheet disintegrated, it created at its front an immense proglacial lake, formed from its meltwaters.
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Leelanau Peninsula
The Leelanau Peninsula is a peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan that extends about 30 miles (50 km) from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Michigan. Leelanau County encompasses the entire peninsula. It is often referred to as the "little finger" of the mitten-shaped lower peninsula.
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is located on the west side of the peninsula. Leelanau State Park and the Grand Traverse Light are located at the northern tip. Grand Traverse Bay is on the east side and Traverse City is located at the base of the peninsula on the east side. The Manitou Islands are located to the northwest of it. Lake Leelanau is run 13 miles (21 km) through the middle of the peninsula and covers 8,700 acres (40 km2).
The steep terrain and large bodies of water produce a milder microclimate than the more temperate areas further inland. The Leelanau Peninsula AVA is known as one of the best Michigan wine regions and is an American Viticultural Area (AVA). The peninsula is also a productive fruit region growing apples and tart cherries.
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Little Bay de Noc
Little Bay de Noc is a bay in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The bay opens into Lake Michigan's Green Bay.
The bay, consisting of approximately 30,000 acres (120 km²), is enclosed by Delta County. The cities of Escanaba and Gladstone are on the west side of the bay.
The bay's name comes from the Noquet (or Noc) Native American people (thought to have been related to the Menominee of the Algonquian language group), who once lived along the shores. Douglass Houghton came to Sand Point (in Escanaba) in 1844 with his party of government surveyors to chart the land to the north.
Escanaba has a deep harbor, which made it a lumbering center. The first sawmill was built there in 1836. The bay also shipped iron ore from the rich iron ranges in Michigan's upper peninsula, with the first ore dock built at Escanaba in 1864. Escanaba was incorporated in 1866. A bit further north, Gladstone was founded in 1887 by U.S. Senator from Minnesota, William D. Washburn, to serve as a rail-lake terminal for lumber products.
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Little Gull Island
Little Gull Island is a small island in Long Island Sound, located approximately 0.4 miles (0.6 km) northeast of Great Gull Island. Both islands are located in Suffolk County, New York, and lie roughly midway between Plum Island and Fishers Island. Little Gull Island is approximately 4.6 miles (7.4 km) southwest of Fishers Island and the channel of water between them is the main entrance to Long Island Sound, known as The Race.
The Little Gull Island Lighthouse occupies much of the rocky island, which is only about 1-acre (4,000 m2) in size.
Coordinates: 41°12′23″N 72°06′25″W / 41.20639°N 72.10694°W / 41.20639; -72.10694
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Little Traverse Bay
Coordinates: 45°24′N 85°00′W / 45.4°N 85°W / 45.4; -85
Little Traverse Bay is a small bay, 170 feet (55 m) deep, off Lake Michigan in the northern area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The cities of Harbor Springs and Petoskey are on this bay. The Little Traverse Light marks the entrance to the smaller harbor within the bay, at Harbor Springs. The bay has significant publicly accessible parkland on the waterfront, including the Petoskey waterfront, the Harbor Springs waterfront and the Petoskey State Park. The Little Traverse Bay region was developed by Illinois land developers and resort founders, such as lawyers Henry Stryker, III and Henry Brigham McClure, and the Capps family of Jacksonville, Illinois and woolen mills fame. The Stryker, Capps, and McClure families were interconnected with the Jacob Bunn industrial dynasty of Chicago and Springfield, Illinois. The bay has also been used for refuge of great lakes freighters.
Little Traverse Bay is commonly used during the summer for boating sailing and swimming by the numerous vacation communities on the bay, including Bay View, Wequetonsing and Harbor Point. Many of these communities also provide sailing and swimming lessons.
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Ludington, Michigan
Ludington is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 8,357. It is the county seat of Mason County.
Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River. Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation, including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan, Hamlin Lake, and other smaller inland lakes, as well as hunting, fishing, and camping. Nearby are Ludington State Park (which includes the Big Sable Point Light), Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness, and Manistee National Forest. Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger, with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime. In summer, the city hosts quite a few large events. Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments (with 35,500 spectators), the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival (July 4), the Lakestride Half Marathon in June, and the West Shore Art League's Art Fair. As a result of its many attractions (based on AAA's 2005 TripTik requests), Ludington has multiple golf and disk-golf corses, Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan, behind Mackinaw City, Traverse City, Muskegon, and Sault Ste. Marie.
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Manistee, Michigan
Manistee is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 6,586. It is the county seat of Manistee County. The name "Manistee" is from an Ojibwe word first applied to the principal river of the county. The derivation is not certain, but it may be from ministigweyaa, "river with islands at its mouth". Other sources claim that it was an Ojibwe term meaning "spirit of the woods."
Manistee Township is located to the northeast of the city, but is politically separate. The city is located at the mouth of the Manistee River on Lake Michigan.
Missionaries visited Manistee in the early 19th century, and a Jesuit mission house is known to have been located on the NW shore of Lake Manistee in 1826. In 1832, a group of traders from Massachusetts built a log house up the Manistee River. However, they were soon driven off by the Ottawa.
The village of Manistee was one of about 15 Ottawa villages along the shore of Lake Michigan in 1830. Much of the Manistee River Valley, including Manistee itself, was an Ottawa Reservation from 1836-1848.
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Manistique, Michigan
Manistique, also Monistique, is the only incorporated city in and the county seat of Schoolcraft County of the U.S. state of Michigan's Upper Peninsula . As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,097. The city lies on the north shore of Lake Michigan, at the southwest corner of Manistique Township, but is politically autonomous. Manistique was founded where the Manistique River flows into Lake Michigan, forming somewhat of a natural harbor, which has since been improved with breakwaters, dredging, and a lighthouse. The city tooks it name from the River. The economy also depends heavily on tourism. The city is also the first setting of the musical The Christmas Schooner.
Original named Eastport, Manistique replace Onota as the county seat. Manistique was incorporated as village In 1885 and a city in 1901 by the state legislature. With the River original spelled Monistique, a spelling error in the city charter led to its current spelling.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2), of which, 3.2 square miles (8.3 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) of it (9.14%) is water.
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Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Manitowoc ( /ˈmænɨtəwɒk/) is a city in and the county seat of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The city is located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manitowoc River. According to the 2000 census, Manitowoc had a population of 34,053, with over 50,000 residents in the surrounding communities. The city participates in international town twinning with the Japanese city of Kamogawa.
Purported to mean dwelling of the great spirit, Manitowoc derived its name from either the Anishinaabe language word manidoowaak(wag), meaning spirit-spawn(s), or manidoowaak(oog), meaning spirit-wood(s). In 1838, an act of the Territorial Legislature separated Manitowoc County from Brown County, keeping the native name for the region.
In 1820, Matthew Stanley and his wife were the first to settle in the area.[citation needed]. In 1835, President Andrew Jackson authorized land sales for the region, drawing the interest of land speculators. William Jones and Louis Fizette were the two first recorded buyers on August 3, 1835, with the majority of the land being procured by the Chicago firm Jones, King, & Co. Benjamin Jones, brother of William, took the Wisconsin property as his share and is considered the founder of Manitowoc. Early immigrant groups included Germans, Norwegians, British, Irish, and Canadians. The first school in Manitowoc was held in the Jones warehouse, with S. M. Peake instructing the twelve children of the community. The first religious organization in the county, St. James' Episcopal Church, first met in 1841. Manitowoc was chartered as a village on March 6, 1851 and on March 12, 1870 was incorporated as a city.
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Meigs Field
Merrill C. Meigs Field Airport (IATA: CGX, ICAO: KCGX), was a single strip airport that operated from December 1948 until March 2003. It was built on Northerly Island, the man-made peninsula that was also the site of the 1933–1934 Century of Progress in Chicago.
The airport opened on December 10, 1948, and became the country's busiest single-strip airport by 1955. The latest air traffic tower was built in 1952 and the terminal was dedicated in 1961. The airfield was named for Merrill C. Meigs, publisher of the Chicago Herald and Examiner and an aviation booster.
Northerly Island, owned by the Chicago Park District, is the only lakefront structure to be built based on Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago. The island was to be populated by trees and grass for the public enjoyment by all. However, drafted less than six years after the Wright brothers' historic flight, the 1909 plan did not envision any airports for Chicago.
The airport was a familiar sight on the downtown lakefront. It was also well known as the default takeoff field in many early versions of the popular Microsoft Flight Simulator software program. It is an airport that is featured in Microsoft's Midtown Madness computer game (1999) and Reflections' Driver 2 video game, which are based in Chicago. The airport area is also the central location of the short documentary film Powers of Ten by Charles and Ray Eames.
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Menominee, Michigan
Menominee is a city in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 9,131. It is the county seat of Menominee County. Menominee is the fourth-largest city in the Upper Peninsula, behind Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie, and Escanaba. Menominee Township is located to the north of the city, but is politically autonomous.
Menominee is part of the Marinette, WI–MI Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Menominee gets its name from a regional Native American tribe known as the Menominee, which roughly translates into "Wild Rice." The area was originally the home of the Menominee Indian Tribe. They now have a reservation along the Wolf River in North Central Wisconsin.
Menominee gained prominence as a lumber town. In its heyday Menominee produced more lumber than any other city in America. During this time and shortly after, Menominee boasted an opera house, which is now being restored. In the 1910s a cycle car, the "Dudly Bug", was manufactured in Menominee. In the waning years of lumber production, local business interests, interested in diversifying Menominee's manufacturing base, attracted to Menominee inventor Marshall Burns Lloyd and his Minneapolis company Lloyd Manufacturing — a manufacturer of wicker baby buggies. In 1917 Lloyd invented an automated process for weaving a man-made wicker and the Lloyd Loom was born — a process still in use today. Today, Menominee relies on manufacturing (paper products, wicker lawn furniture, auto supplies, tourism, etc.) for its economic well-being.
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Mequon
Mequon ( /ˈmɛkwɒn/ MEK-won) is a city in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. It had a population of 21,823 at the 2000 census, and an estimated population of 23,739 in July 2009. The mayor is Curt Gielow.
In July 2005, CNN's Money Magazine listed Mequon 19th among its 100 Best Small Cities in the United States, ranked jointly with Thiensville, a village surrounded by Mequon.
The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans; by the early 19th century, the Potawatomi occupied land west of the Milwaukee River, while the Menominee lived between the Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan. European trappers, explorers and traders used the Milwaukee River through the middle of what is now Mequon as a means of transportation. The name "Mequon" is thought to have come from the Native-American word "Emikwaan" or "Miguan," meaning ladle. This refers to how the Milwaukee River curves like a ladle in the Mequon area. The spelling was undoubtedly influenced by the French in the area at the time.
Between 1834 and 1836, a surveyor named Brink, along with his assistant Mr. Follett, surveyed the land to create the Town of Mequon. Around this time, settlers came from New York and England, soon followed by German and Irish immigrants. In 1839, a group of immigrants from Saxony settled near the Milwaukee River. In the same year, twenty families from Pomerania founded Freistadt (German Free place) in the western part of the Town of Mequon. The first Lutheran church in Wisconsin was built by these families in 1840.
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Michiana, Michigan
Michiana is a village in New Buffalo Township, Berrien County in the extreme southwest corner of the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 200 at the 2000 census.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 200 people, 108 households, and 60 families residing in the village. The population density was 512.0 per square mile (198.0/km²). There were 360 housing units at an average density of 921.5 per square mile (356.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 95.50% White, 4.00% African American, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.
There were 108 households out of which 7.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.85 and the average family size was 2.33.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Milwaukee
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Muskegon
Muskegon (mus-kēg'n) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 38,401. The city is the county seat of Muskegon County. The city is located at the southwest corner of Muskegon Township, but is administratively autonomous.
Muskegon is the greater populated of two principal cities in the Muskegon-Norton Shores Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 172,188 as of 2010. It is further included in the larger Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Combined Statistical Area (CSA) with a population of 1,321,557.
Muskegon is the largest city on the eastern shores of Lake Michigan.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.0 square miles (46.7 km²), of which, 14.4 square miles (37.2 km²) of it is land and 3.7 square miles (9.5 km²) of it (20.37%) is water. The city is adjacent to two bodies of water: Lake Michigan to the west and Muskegon Lake to the north. The Muskegon River empties into Muskegon Lake at the city's northeast end.
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Muskegon, Michigan
Muskegon (mus-kēg'n) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 38,401. The city is the county seat of Muskegon County. The city is located at the southwest corner of Muskegon Township, but is administratively autonomous.
Muskegon is the greater populated of two principal cities in the Muskegon-Norton Shores Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 172,188 as of 2010. It is further included in the larger Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Combined Statistical Area (CSA) with a population of 1,321,557.
Muskegon is the largest city on the eastern shores of Lake Michigan.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.0 square miles (46.7 km²), of which, 14.4 square miles (37.2 km²) of it is land and 3.7 square miles (9.5 km²) of it (20.37%) is water. The city is adjacent to two bodies of water: Lake Michigan to the west and Muskegon Lake to the north. The Muskegon River empties into Muskegon Lake at the city's northeast end.
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Niagara River
The Niagara River flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the Province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and New York State in the United States. There are differing theories as to the origin of the name of the river. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, "Niagara" is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the "Niagagarega" people on several late 17th century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called "Ongniaahra", meaning "point of land cut in two".
The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion.
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Northerly Island
Northerly Island is a 91-acre (370,000 m2) man-made peninsula along Chicago's lakefront. The site of the Adler Planetarium, Northerly Island connects to the mainland through a narrow isthmus along Solidarity Drive dominated by Neoclassical sculptures of Kościuszko, Havliček and Copernicus. With the demolition of Meigs Field Airport, it is now a part of the Museum Campus and slated to be converted into parkland. A temporary concert venue, the Charter One Pavilion occupies the site of the former airport.
The idea for Northerly Island began with Daniel Burnham’s “Plan of Chicago” which called for the creation of Northerly Island as a lakefront park at the northern end of a five-island chain between Jackson Park and 12th Street, the only lakefront structure to be built based on Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago. In the image to the upper right, Northerly Island forms the southern border of Chicago Harbor (now Monroe Harbor). As indicated by the color green on the original plan, the island was to be populated by trees and grass for the public enjoyment. Work on the island began in 1920 when Chicago voters approved a $20 million bond issue to create Northerly Island, with construction completed by 1925.
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Oconto, Wisconsin
Oconto is a city in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,708 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located partially within the town of Oconto.
Oconto is home to Copper Culture State Park, which has remains dated to around 5000-6000 B.C. It is a burial ground of the Copper Culture Indians. This burial ground is considered to be the oldest cemetery in Wisconsin and one of the oldest in the nation.
The French Jesuit, Roman Catholic priest, and missionary, Father Claude-Jean Allouez said the first Mass in Oconto on 3 December 1669.
The city of Oconto was incorporated in 1869.
The first church in the world built for the Christian Science Church was erected in 1886 in Oconto and still stands at the corner of Main Street and Chicago Street. The land was donated by Henry (1837–1904) and Victoria Sargent (1848–1930).
Oconto is located at 44°53′15″N 87°52′13″W / 44.8875°N 87.87028°W / 44.8875; -87.87028 (44.887714, -87.870423).
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Petoskey, Michigan
Petoskey is a city and coastal resort community in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 6,080. It is the county seat of Emmet County.
Petoskey and the surrounding area are notable for being the setting of several of the Nick Adams stories by Ernest Hemingway, who spent his childhood summers on nearby Walloon Lake, as well as being the place where for Calliope, the protagonist of Jeffrey Eugenides' Middlesex, events take a severe and lasting turn. Petoskey was also the location where 50,000 passenger pigeon birds were killed each day in the late 19th century, prior to their complete extinction in the early 20th century. A state historical marker commemorates the events, including the last great nesting in 1878. One hunter was reputed to have personally killed "a million birds" and earned $60,000, the equivalent of $1 million dollars today.
Petoskey is also famous for a high concentration of Petoskey stones, the state stone of Michigan. Petoskey is the birthplace of information theorist Claude Shannon and Civil War historian Bruce Catton and is the boyhood home of singer/songwriter Sufjan Stevens.
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Pilot Island
Pilot Island is an island in Lake Michigan in Door County, Wisconsin; it is currently part of Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge. The Pilot Island Light is on the island.
Coordinates: 45°17′06″N 086°55′11″W / 45.285°N 86.91972°W / 45.285; -86.91972
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Portage, Indiana
Portage ( /ˈpɔrtɨdʒ/) is a city in Portage Township, Porter County, Indiana, United States. The population was 36,828 as of the 2010 census. It is the largest city in Porter County, and third largest in Northwest Indiana.
Previous to European settlers arriving, Native American Indians lived in the area now known as Portage, Indiana. The first known group was the Mound Builders. The only known mound existed in the village of McCool. This mound was removed by the owner, Mr. J.S. Robbins in the early 1900s. Following the Mound Builders, the Wea Tribe inhabited the area. The Wea were forced south of the area by the Potawatomi Tribe.
It is speculated that Marquette, Joliet, Hennepin or De la Croix was the first explorer, however it is unknown exactly who it was. Despite the Potawatomi being a warring tribe, Chief Pokagon encouraged diplomacy rather than war when European Settlers wanted to settle in the area. The Potawatomi tribe sold land to the settlers in 1812 known as Garyton which was one of the first communities in Portage Township.
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Porter, Indiana
Porter is a town in Westchester Township, Porter County, Indiana, United States. The population was 4,972 at the 2000 census.
Porter is noted for its proximity to the Indiana Dunes State Park and for its railroad heritage. Porter was the southern terminus for the Chicago and West Michigan Railway.
Porter is located at 41°37′34″N 87°4′18″W / 41.62611°N 87.07167°W / 41.62611; -87.07167 (41.626005, -87.071798).
According to the 2010 census, the town has a total area of 6.48 square miles (16.8 km2), of which 6.20 square miles (16.1 km2) (or 95.68%) is land and 0.28 square miles (0.73 km2) (or 4.32%) is water.
In 2010 Porter had a population of 4,858. The racial and ethnic makeup of the population was 89.9% non-Hispanic white, 1.1% black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% non-Hispanic of some other race, 1.7% two or more races and 6.6% Hispanic or Latino.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,972 people, 1,844 households, and 1,300 families residing in the town. The population density was 788.8 people per square mile (304.7/km²). There were 1,966 housing units at an average density of 311.9 per square mile (120.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.14% White, 0.82% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.62% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.69% of the population.
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Racine, Wisconsin
Racine is a city in and the county seat of Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. According to 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 78,860. Racine is the fifth-largest city in Wisconsin, located on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Root River, approximately 30 miles (50 km) south of Milwaukee and 60 miles (100 km) north of Chicago, Illinois.
On October 10, 1699, a fleet of eight canoes bearing a party of French explorers entered the mouth of Root River. These were the first Europeans known to visit what is now Racine County. Led by Jonathan Paradise, they founded a trading post in the area that eventually became a small settlement on Lake Michigan near where the Root River empties into Lake Michigan. "Racine" is French for "root".
In 1832, just after the Blackhawk War, the area surrounding Racine was settled by Yankees from upstate New York.
In 1834 Captain Gilbert Knapp, USRM founded the settlement of Port Gilbert at the place where the Root River empties into Lake Michigan. The area was previously called Kipi Kawi and Chippecotton by the indigenous peoples, both names for the Root River. The name "Port Gilbert" was never really accepted, and in 1841 the community was incorporated as the village of Racine. After Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 1848, the new legislature voted in August to incorporate Racine as a city.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] (
listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saugatuck, Michigan
Saugatuck is a city in Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 925 at the 2010 census. The city is within Saugatuck Township, but is administratively autonomous.
Originally a lumber town and port, Saugatuck, along with the adjacent city of Douglas became a noted art colony and tourist destination in the arts and crafts movement of the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, Saugatuck was home to the famous Big Pavilion, a large dance hall that attracted bands and visitors from across the Midwest. The building was a popular destination on Lake Michigan from its construction in 1909 until it burned down on May 6, 1960.
Today, tourists are drawn to the art galleries, harbor, marinas, scenery, unusual stores, the view from atop Mount Baldhead, and tourist attractions as well as Oval Beach on Lake Michigan, which enjoys a worldwide reputation. Nearby are Saugatuck Dunes State Park and Allegan State Game Area as is the city of Holland.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), of which 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) of it is water or 17.93%.
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Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Sheboygan is a city in and the county seat of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 49,288 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Sheboygan River, about 50 mi (81 km) north of Milwaukee and 64 mi (103 km) south of Green Bay.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.1 square miles (36.4 km²), of which, 13.9 square miles (36.0 km²) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km²) of it (1.07%) is water. It is located at latitude 43°45' north, longitude 87°44' west.
Sheboygan was founded in 1846. By 1849 it was known for its German population. On June 25, 1849 William Williams wrote, "Arrived at Sheboigin [sic] on the Wisconsin side, a small town population perhaps from 700 to 1000. This is a promising place. There are a great many best class of Germans settling around it. Tis all along the lake so far quite an interesting country." It was the first city in Wisconsin to elect a Socialist mayor.[citation needed]
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Shoreham, Michigan
Shoreham is a village in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 860 at the 2000 census. The village is located within St. Joseph Charter Township on the shore of Lake Michigan, just south of the City of St. Joseph.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 860 people, 423 households, and 233 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,505.8 per square mile (582.5/km²). There were 471 housing units at an average density of 824.7 per square mile (319.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 92.44% White, 2.09% African American, 0.23% Native American, 3.72% Asian, 0.81% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.
There were 423 households out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.74.
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Shorewood, Wisconsin
Shorewood is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 13,763 at the 2000 census. Howell Raines of The New York Times said in 1979 that "[t]his maplestudded town on Lake Michigan dotes on its reputation as Milwaukee's most liberal suburb."
Shorewood is located at 43°05′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.092061°N 87.886333°W / 43.092061; -87.886333 (43.092061, -87.886333).
Nestled between the Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan, Shorewood is bordered by the City of Milwaukee to the south and west and Whitefish Bay to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), all of it land.
Shorewood originally seceded from the Town of Milwaukee in 1900 and was known as East Milwaukee until changing to its present name in 1917.
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,763 people, 6,539 households, and 3,328 families residing in the village. The population density was 8,599.5 people per square mile (3,321.2/km2), the highest in the state of Wisconsin. There were 6,696 housing units at an average density of 4,183.9 per square mile (1,615.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 91.43% White, 2.41% African American, 0.23% Native American, 3.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.51% of the population.
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Snowbelt
Snowbelt is a term describing of a number of regions near the Great Lakes in North America where heavy snowfall in the form of lake-effect snow is particularly common. Snowbelts are typically found downwind of the lakes, principally off the eastern and southern shores. Lake-effect snow occurs when cold air moves over warmer water, taking up moisture that later precipitates as snow when the air moves over land and cools. The lakes produce snowsqualls and persistently cloudy skies throughout the winter months, as long as air temperatures are colder than water temperatures, or until a lake freezes over.
In the United States, snowbelts are located southeast of Lake Erie from Cleveland, Ohio to Buffalo, New York, and south of Lake Ontario stretching roughly from Rochester, New York to Utica, New York, and northward to Watertown, New York. Other snowbelts are located on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan from Gary, Indiana northward through Western Michigan and Northern Michigan to the Straits of Mackinac, and on the eastern and southern shores of Lake Superior from northwest Wisconsin through the northern half of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
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St. Clair River
The St. Clair River is a 40.5-mile-long (65.2 km)river in central North America which drains Lake Huron into Lake St Clair, forming part of the international boundary between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is a significant component in the Great Lakes Waterway, with shipping channels permitting cargo vessels to travel between the upper and lower Great Lakes.
The river, which some consider a "strait,"[1] flows in a southerly direction, connecting the southern end of Lake Huron to the northern end of Lake St. Clair. It branches into several channels near its mouth at Lake St. Clair, creating a broad delta region known as the St. Clair Flats.
The river is 40.5 miles (65.2 km) long and drops 5 feet (2 m) in elevation from Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The flow rate averages around 182,000 cubic feet per second (5,200 m3/s), and the drainage area is 222,400 square miles (576,000 km2).[citation needed] This takes into account the combined drainage areas of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Upper Peninsula
The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is the northern of the two major land masses that make up the U.S. state of Michigan. It is commonly referred to as the Upper Peninsula, the U.P., or Upper Michigan. It is also known as the land "above the Bridge" linking the two peninsulas. The peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Mary's River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin. Based on geographical differences, the peninsula is sometimes divided into the Western Upper Peninsula ("WUP") and Eastern Upper Peninsula ("EUP").
The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the land area of Michigan but just three percent of its total population. Residents are frequently called Yoopers (derived from "U.P.-ers") and have a strong regional identity. It includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. Large numbers of Finnish, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian emigrants came to the Upper Peninsula, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, to work in the mines, and they stayed on and prospered even after the copper mines closed.
wn.com/Upper_Peninsula -
Waukegan, Illinois
Waukegan ( /wɔːˈkiːɡən/) is a city and county seat of Lake County, Illinois. As of the 2011 the city had a total population of 92,046. It is the ninth-largest city in Illinois by population. It is the fifth-largest city on the western shore of Lake Michigan, after Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, and Kenosha.
Waukegan is located at 42°22′21″N 87°51′41″W / 42.3725°N 87.86139°W / 42.3725; -87.86139 (42.372471, -87.861521). Waukegan is on the shore of Lake Michigan, about 8 miles (13 km) south of the border with Wisconsin and 40 miles (64 km) north of downtown Chicago, at an elevation of about 669 feet (204 m) above sea level.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 23.1 square miles (59.8 km²). 23.0 square miles (59.6 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (0.35%) is water.
As of the 2010 census Waukegan had a population of 89,078. The racial composition reported by the population was 46.6% white, 19.2% black, 1.2% Native American, 4.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 4.1% reporting two or more races. 53.4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
wn.com/Waukegan,_Illinois -
Welland Canal
The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Canada that extends 42 km (26 mi) from Port Weller, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, to Port Colborne, Ontario, on Lake Erie. As a part of the St. Lawrence Seaway, this canal enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and to bypass Niagara Falls.
Approximately 40,000,000 tonnes of cargo are carried through the Welland Canal annually by a traffic of about 3,000 ocean and Great Lakes vessels. This canal was a major factor in the growth of the city of Toronto. The original canal and its successors allowed goods from such Great Lakes ports as Detroit, Cleveland, Windsor, and other heavily industrialized areas of the United States and Ontario to be shipped to the port of Montreal or to Quebec City, where they were usually reloaded onto ocean-going vessels for international shipping.
The completion of the Welland Canal made the Trent-Severn Waterway, that connected Lake Ontario with Lake Huron, obsolete as a commercial traffic route for Great Lakes navigation.
wn.com/Welland_Canal -
West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
wn.com/West_Virginia -
Whiting, Indiana
Whiting is a city located in the Chicago Metropolitan Area in Lake County, Indiana, which was founded in 1889. The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. It is roughly 16 miles from the Chicago Loop and two miles from Chicago's South Side. Whiting is home to Whiting Refinery, the largest oil refinery in the Midwest. The population was 5,137 at the 2000 census.
Whiting is located at 41°40′34″N 87°29′26″W / 41.67611°N 87.49056°W / 41.67611; -87.49056 (41.676027, -87.490460) .
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 3.23 square miles (8.4 km2), of which 1.80 square miles (4.7 km2) (or 55.73%) is land and 1.43 square miles (3.7 km2) (or 44.27%) is water.
The Whiting post office (46394) serves not only the City of Whiting, but also the adjacent Hammond neighborhood of Robertsdale, immediately to the west. Addresses in this Hammond neighborhood show “Whiting, Indiana.” While not legally a part of the City of Whiting, locally the area has long been informally considered to be a culturally integrated part of Whiting. References to Whiting businesses or residents often include those technically from Hammond’s Robertsdale.
wn.com/Whiting,_Indiana -
Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
wn.com/Wisconsin
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Chippewa
The Ojibwe (also Ojibwa or Ojibway) or Chippewa (also Chippeway) are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the second-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree. In the United States, they had the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by Navajo, Cherokee and the Lakota. Because many Ojibwe were historically formerly located mainly around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Marie, they referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas.
The Ojibwe peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family which includes the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi. The Ojibwe peoples number over 56,440 in the U.S., living in an area stretching across the northern tier from Michigan west to Montana.[citation needed] Another 77,940 of main-line Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, in 125 bands, live in Canada, stretching from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia.[citation needed] They are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, sacred birch bark scrolls, use of cowrie shells for trading, cultivation of wild rice, and use of copper arrow points. In 1745 they adopted guns from the British to use to defeat and push the Dakota nation of the Sioux to the south.
wn.com/Chippewa -
Coureurs des bois
A coureur des bois (French pronunciation: [kuʁœʁ de bwa]) or coureur de bois (French pronunciation: [kuʁœʁ də bwa]), woodlands runner; plural: coureurs de bois) was an independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior of North America. They ventured into the woods to trade various European items for furs, especially beaver pelts, and along the way, learned the trades and practices of the Native people who inhabited there.
“Coureurs des Bois came from all social ranks and all succumbed to the lure of the wilderness.” In 1680, the intendant Duchesneau estimated that there was not one family in New France who did not have a “son, brother, uncle or nephew” among the Coureur des Bois. It was not just the promise of adventure or the freedom to roam that enticed the Coureur des Bois; it was the profits earned by purchasing valuable pelts from natives in return for European goods.
A coureur des bois was an adventurer with many skills, including those of businessman, and of an expert canoeist. They engaged in a range of activities including fishing, snowshoeing and hunting. All these activities depended on skills learned through close contact with the indigenous peoples of North America. Native peoples were essential to the fur trade because they actually trapped the fur-bearing animals (above all beaver) and prepared the skins. The coureurs des bois were purchasers rather than producers of pelts. Often transactions took the form of reciprocal gift-giving. Radisson and his companions, for instance, “struck agreeable relations with Natives inland by giving European goods as gifts”. Relations between the coureur de bois and the Natives often included a sexual dimension; marriage "à la façon du pays" was common. Although the term "Coureurs des Bois" is most strongly associated with those who engaged in the fur trade, the most prominent coureurs des bois gained fame as explorers.
wn.com/Coureurs_des_bois -
Fox (tribe)
The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquakie or Meskwahki) are a Native American people often known to outsiders as the Fox tribe. They have often been closely linked to the Sauk people. In their own language, the Meskwaki call themselves Meshkwahkihaki, which means "the Red-Earths." Historically their homelands were in the Great Lakes region. The tribe coalesced in the St. Lawrence River Valley in Ontario; it later moved to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. In the 19th century, Euro-American colonization and settlement proceeded, forcing resettlement of the people south into the tall grass prairie in the American Midwest. The Meskwaki, within the designation 'Sac and Fox,' currently have reservations in Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.
The name is derived from the Meskwaki creation myth, in which their culture hero, Wisaka, created the first humans out of red clay. The name Fox originated from a French mistake of applying a clan 'fox' name to the entire tribe. Anglo-Americans, including the United States government, adopted the French term Renards (the Foxes) into English.
wn.com/Fox_(tribe) -
Hopewell tradition
The Hopewell tradition (also incorrectly called the "Hopewell culture"[citation needed]) is the term used to describe common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations. They were connected by a common network of trade routes, known as the Hopewell Exchange System. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario. Within this area societies participated in a high degree of exchange with the highest amount of activity along waterways. The Hopewell exchange system received materials from all over the United States. Most of the items traded were exotic materials and were received by people living in the major trading and manufacturing areas. These people then converted the materials into products and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. The objects created by the Hopewell exchange system spread far and wide and have been seen in many burials outside the Midwest.
wn.com/Hopewell_tradition -
J. Val Klump
Jeffrey Val Klump (born December 17, 1948) is an American limnologist. He was the first person to reach the deepest spot in Lake Superior, a depth of 1333 feet (733 feet below sea level), which is also the lowest point in the United States, on July 30, 1985 while aboard the R/V Seward Johnson with the Johnson Sea Link-II submersible. Klump was also the first person to reach to the deepest point in Lake Michigan as part of the same expedition. He is currently a professor in the School of Freshwater Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and director of the Great Lakes WATER Institute.
wn.com/J._Val_Klump -
Jean Nicolet
Jean Nicolet (Nicollet) de Belleborne (ca. 1598 – 1 November 1642) was a French coureur des bois noted for exploring Green Bay in what is now the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
Nicolet (Nicollet) was born in Cherbourg, Coutances, Normandie, France, the son of Thomas Nicollet who was "messenger ordinary of the King between Paris and Cherbourg", and Marguerite de la Mer. He went to Canada in accordance with Samuel Champlain's plan to train young French men as explorers and traders by having them live among native Americans.
In 1618, Nicolet came to Quebec as a clerk to train as an interpreter for the Compagnie des Marchands, a trading monopoly owned by members of the French aristocracy. As an employee, Jean Nicolet was a devoted lay member of the Roman Catholic Church and a faithful supporter of the Ancien Régime.
On his arrival in Quebec, in order that he learn their language, he was sent to live with the Algonquins on Allumette Island, a friendly First Nation settlement on the important fur trade route on the Ottawa River. Nicolet returned to Quebec in 1635, but was then directed to go to the Lake Nipissing area where he spent more than eight years among the Nipissing First Nation, running a store and trading with the various indigenous people in the area.
wn.com/Jean_Nicolet -
Menominee
Some placenames use other spellings, see also Menomonee and Menomonie.
The Menominee (also spelled Menomini in early scholarly literature; known as Mamaceqtaw, "the people" in their own language) are a nation of Native Americans living in Wisconsin.
The Menominee are one of the tribes of Wisconsin and have been there for a reasonable number of years. They are descended from the Old Copper Culture people and their reservation sits 60 miles west of the site of their Creation; where the Menominee River meets the bay of Green Bay (referring to the body of water, not the city) in the present city of Marinette, Wisconsin. The name "Menominee" comes from the Ojibwe name manoominii, meaning "wild rice people", as wild rice is one of their most important traditional staples.
The Menominee were a peaceful, friendly and welcoming nation who had the reputation for getting along with other tribes. When the Oneota people, ancestors of several tribes throughout the Midwest, migrated into Wisconsin between A.D.800 and A.D.900, the indigenous Menominee shared the forests and waters with these people and developed and maintained a friendship with them that exists to this day.
wn.com/Menominee -
Miami (tribe)
The Miami are a Native American nation originally found in what is now Indiana, southwest Michigan, and western Ohio. The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is the only federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States. Another unrecognized tribe, is the Miami Nation of Indiana.
The name Miami derives from the tribe's autonym (name for themselves) in their Algonquian language, Miami-Illinois, Myaamia (plural Myaamiaki); this appears to have come from an older term meaning "downstream people." Some scholars contended the Miami called themselves the Twightwee (also spelled Twatwa), supposedly an onomatopoeic reference to their sacred bird, the sandhill crane. Recent studies have shown that Twightwee derives from the Delaware language exonym for the Miamis, tuwéhtuwe, a name of unknown etymology. Some Miamis have stated that this was only a name used by other tribes for the Miamis, and not the autonym which the Miamis used for themselves. Another common term was Mihtohseeniaki (the people). The Miami continue to use this autonym today.
wn.com/Miami_(tribe) -
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi /ˌpɑːtəˈwɑːtəmiː/, also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied to them by their Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) cousins. They originally called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word Anishinaabe. The Potawatomi were part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe (Chippewa) and Ottawa. In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi were considered the "youngest brother."
The English "Potawatomi" is derived from the Ojibwe Boodawaadamii(g) (syncoped in the Ottawa as Boodwadmii(g)). The Potawatomi's name for themselves (autonym) is Bodéwadmi (without syncope: Bodéwademi; plural: Bodéwadmik), a cognate of the Ojibwe form. Their name means “those who keep/tend the hearth-fire,” which refers to the hearth of the Council of Three Fires. The word comes from “to keep/tend the hearth-fire,” which is bodewadm (without syncope: bodewadem) in the Potawatomi language; the Ojibwe and Ottawa forms are boodawaadam and boodwaadam, respectively.
wn.com/Potawatomi -
Sauk people
The Sacs or Sauks are a group of Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands culture group. Their autonym is (oθaakiiwaki in their own language, and their exonym is Ozaagii(-wag) in Ojibwe. The latter is the source of their names in French and English.
Originally, the Sauk had a patrilineal clan system, in which descent was traced through the father. Clans which continue are: Fish, Ocean/Sea, Thunder, Bear, Fox, Potato, Deer, Beaver, Snow, and Wolf. The tribe was governed by a council of sacred clan chiefs, a war chief, the head of families, and the warriors. Chiefs fell into three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial, but only the civil chief was hereditary. The other two chiefs were determined by demonstrating their ability or their spiritual power.
This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governance was replaced in the 19th century by United States appointees of the Sac and Fox Agency. In the 20th century, the tribe adopted a constitutional government patterned after the United States form. They elect their chiefs.[citation needed]
wn.com/Sauk_people
karaoke
let's go down to the lake and take a swim in toxic waste
i dive in the buildings, soar so high i cannot see the sky
there's something strange about this big city
i think i can do without this big city life
i'll move to the mountains and build my own log cabin
and enjoy being alone all by myself
instead of feeling lonely on this crowded train downtown
perhaps it was the industrial revolution that led the way
to the pollution of our planet
that and the evolution of technology
perhaps it couldn't have been avoided
the paradox of technology is that it may save what we've destroyed
but who really cares about having cleaner air
factories roar everyday and poullute the air away
and what about the landfills and the toxic waste
bringing disease to our children, water, and land
when i ride the train sometimes i get a stare
rarely do i get a smile
people are so concerned with their identity
no cares enough to talk as human beings
but how can we find a solution without communication
if it's become too late for our generation
let's go down to the lake and take a swim in our mistakes
Heaven is a switchboard that you want to fight
She would even miss you if you taught her sight
Power politician leaning to the right
Baby's got a trust fund
That she'll want to go off like that
Get off of my stack
Leave a little window
Get off of my stack
Now we wear same-colored yellow uniforms
Sky is burning
But at least we're warm
Go and run yourself a million miles
Hoping that the colors run out
And you go off like that
Get off of my stack
Leave a little window
Get off of my stack
You can never see yourself
Ringing all around it
No one is on lake michigan
You labored on, Lake Michigan
Not another payoff
Get off of my stack
Leave a little window
Get off of my stack
You know it won't do
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- The Nomad
- Decadence
- Juveniles
- Valley of Death
- Hang On
- The Gravity
- Shine in Silver
- Mysterious (Infected World)
- Love's a Disease
- Demon's Inside
- Pioneers
- Pulse of Pain
- Sad Queen
- Control of Me
- A Ride in Time
- Red Dawn
- Sorrows
- My Own Denial
- The Ocean's Wide
- Destiny's Line
- The Collector
- At Times
- The Final-Song
- In Dirt
- Karma Shines
- Domination
- Dream of You
- Heal
- She's a God
- Antibiotics
- Want, Need, Me
- So Astray
- Miseries
- What If
- Love's Disciples
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Rogue Wave - Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Music video by Rogue Wave performing Lake Michigan. (C) 2007 Brushfire Records
http://wn.com/Rogue_Wave_Lake_Michigan
Music video by Rogue Wave performing Lake Michigan. (C) 2007 Brushfire Records
Dangerous Storm Surge Waves at Lake Michigan!!! Best Footage!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:29
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Big waves flood a bike path by Lake Shore Drive. Chicago, Illinois
http://wn.com/Dangerous_Storm_Surge_Waves_at_Lake_Michigan!!!_Best_Footage!!!
Big waves flood a bike path by Lake Shore Drive. Chicago, Illinois
- published: 30 Sep 2011
- views: 2355477
- author: corpsesrules
Lake Michigan Waves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
After bodyboarding for like an hour or so I got out and got a chance to shoot some video of these Waves in lake michigan, Beverly Shores Indiana
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_Waves
After bodyboarding for like an hour or so I got out and got a chance to shoot some video of these Waves in lake michigan, Beverly Shores Indiana
- published: 10 Aug 2007
- views: 221478
- author: jpbiciunas
Lake Michigan furious at Sandy's winds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
10- to 15-foot swells.
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_furious_at_Sandy's_winds
10- to 15-foot swells.
- published: 31 Oct 2012
- views: 696
- author: WOODTV8
Lake Michigan Safety
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 13 Aug 2012
This 7 minute video features Pentwater and Charles Mears State Park. The focus is beach and boating safety.
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_Safety
This 7 minute video features Pentwater and Charles Mears State Park. The focus is beach and boating safety.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 656
- author: Pentwater Police
Lake Michigan fall salmon fishing with On The Reel, Racine 9/16/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Captains Mike and Zack hit a 19lb king on a Mt. Dew Brad's Killerfish on a breezy, rough afternoon.
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_fall_salmon_fishing_with_On_The_Reel,_Racine_9_16_2012
Captains Mike and Zack hit a 19lb king on a Mt. Dew Brad's Killerfish on a breezy, rough afternoon.
- published: 17 Sep 2012
- views: 6197
- author: OnTheReelFishing
Lake Michigan Boat Trip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:45
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
16 Day Boating Trip on Lake Michigan aboard Seapickle II, our Four Winns 268. We traveled from Portage, Indiana to Mackinac Island, Michigan to Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and back home... stopping at different coastal towns along the way! For more info on this trip visit: www.boatinglakemichigan.com Song 1 - "Feeling the Pull" - The Swell Season Song 2- "Fittzcarraldo" - The Swell Season, performed Live at the Chicago Theater Song 3 - "Into The Mystic" - Van Morrison Cover by The Swell Season, performed Live at the Chicago Theater
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_Boat_Trip
16 Day Boating Trip on Lake Michigan aboard Seapickle II, our Four Winns 268. We traveled from Portage, Indiana to Mackinac Island, Michigan to Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and back home... stopping at different coastal towns along the way! For more info on this trip visit: www.boatinglakemichigan.com Song 1 - "Feeling the Pull" - The Swell Season Song 2- "Fittzcarraldo" - The Swell Season, performed Live at the Chicago Theater Song 3 - "Into The Mystic" - Van Morrison Cover by The Swell Season, performed Live at the Chicago Theater
- published: 19 Dec 2011
- views: 3082
- author: danabelle00
Chicago-to-Boston flight: view of Lake Michigan, Lake St. Clair, Lake Erie, Salem MA 2012-01-07
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:39
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
On a mostly clear enroute day in winter, a Chicago-to-Boston flight climbs above Chicago's northern suburbs before crossing Lake Michigan to fly east along Michigan's I-94 corridor. Cloud deck below clears just west of Detroit, affording view of the expanse of metropolitan Detroit, followed by Lake St. Clair separating the State of Michigan from the Province of Ontario. After glimpses at a few southwestern Ontario agricultural towns, the flight path hugs the Ontario shore of eastern Lake Erie, providing view of Great Lakes steamer-era ports and small current-era summer resort towns. Flight re-enters the US over Buffalo NY, and permits viewing of a couple of Upstate New York's Finger lakes before cloud deck returns until western Massachusetts. The opening reveals water power-dependent mill towns, along one New England river, established during America's early industrialization era. Salem MA comes into view as the flight approaches the Atlantic coast to circle around to land west at Boston Logan Airport. 1:30 Takeoff on ORD runway 32L 3:30 Chicago Executive Airport 3:50 Interstate-294 4:25 Interstate-94 5:00 Begin Lake Michigan at Evanston IL 13:00 Benton Harbor MI 15:40 Junction of Interstates 96, 296, 275 & state highway 5 at Farmington Hills MI; Detroit metropolitan area begins 16:10 Brighton MI 17:15 Interstate 75 through Troy MI 18:30 Interstate 94 through Clintondale MI along shore of Lake St. Clair 19:15 Lake St. Clair 19:35 Leaving US airspace; entering Canadian ...
http://wn.com/Chicago-to-Boston_flight_view_of_Lake_Michigan,_Lake_St_Clair,_Lake_Erie,_Salem_MA_2012-01-07
On a mostly clear enroute day in winter, a Chicago-to-Boston flight climbs above Chicago's northern suburbs before crossing Lake Michigan to fly east along Michigan's I-94 corridor. Cloud deck below clears just west of Detroit, affording view of the expanse of metropolitan Detroit, followed by Lake St. Clair separating the State of Michigan from the Province of Ontario. After glimpses at a few southwestern Ontario agricultural towns, the flight path hugs the Ontario shore of eastern Lake Erie, providing view of Great Lakes steamer-era ports and small current-era summer resort towns. Flight re-enters the US over Buffalo NY, and permits viewing of a couple of Upstate New York's Finger lakes before cloud deck returns until western Massachusetts. The opening reveals water power-dependent mill towns, along one New England river, established during America's early industrialization era. Salem MA comes into view as the flight approaches the Atlantic coast to circle around to land west at Boston Logan Airport. 1:30 Takeoff on ORD runway 32L 3:30 Chicago Executive Airport 3:50 Interstate-294 4:25 Interstate-94 5:00 Begin Lake Michigan at Evanston IL 13:00 Benton Harbor MI 15:40 Junction of Interstates 96, 296, 275 & state highway 5 at Farmington Hills MI; Detroit metropolitan area begins 16:10 Brighton MI 17:15 Interstate 75 through Troy MI 18:30 Interstate 94 through Clintondale MI along shore of Lake St. Clair 19:15 Lake St. Clair 19:35 Leaving US airspace; entering Canadian ...
- published: 07 Jan 2012
- views: 4394
- author: backpacktrot
Sandy's wind roils Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The winds from Sandy continue to roil the Great Lakes, making monster-sized waves on Lake Michigan
http://wn.com/Sandy's_wind_roils_Lake_Michigan
The winds from Sandy continue to roil the Great Lakes, making monster-sized waves on Lake Michigan
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 2604
- author: WOODTV8
Raw Video: 5 Waterspouts on Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
A photographer captured five simultaneous waterspouts over Lake Michigan Saturday. (Aug. 19)
http://wn.com/Raw_Video_5_Waterspouts_on_Lake_Michigan
A photographer captured five simultaneous waterspouts over Lake Michigan Saturday. (Aug. 19)
- published: 19 Aug 2012
- views: 40504
- author: AssociatedPress
49 Lake Michigan Monsters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 05 May 2012
http://wn.com/49_Lake_Michigan_Monsters
- published: 03 Dec 2011
- views: 3043
- author: WatersandWoods
8/18/2012 Lake Michigan Several Waterspouts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Numerous Waterspout Tornadoes formed all at the same time 45 miles east of Milwaukee on Lake Michigan Saturday afternoon. Footage shot from a Great Lakes Ore Freighter in the middle of the lake. Scene 1-view from ship panning in to 3 forming waterspouts. Scene 2- 5 Waterspout circulations on the water at the same time. Scene 3- 4 Waterspouts dancing around the water at the same time. Scene 4- 2 well formed spouts....of which one is beginning to rope out. To license this footage, contact www.StormChasingVideo.com
http://wn.com/8_18_2012_Lake_Michigan_Several_Waterspouts
Numerous Waterspout Tornadoes formed all at the same time 45 miles east of Milwaukee on Lake Michigan Saturday afternoon. Footage shot from a Great Lakes Ore Freighter in the middle of the lake. Scene 1-view from ship panning in to 3 forming waterspouts. Scene 2- 5 Waterspout circulations on the water at the same time. Scene 3- 4 Waterspouts dancing around the water at the same time. Scene 4- 2 well formed spouts....of which one is beginning to rope out. To license this footage, contact www.StormChasingVideo.com
- published: 19 Aug 2012
- views: 66846
- author: bnvn1
Hurricane Sandy's Winds Hit Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Hurricane Sandy's Winds Hit Lake Michigan, St. Joe Pier. Tuscornia Park, Silver Beach, Lion Beach, October 30th, 2012. Gale force winds, causing waves to hit a predicted height of 32-33 feet at the South Buoy.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy's_Winds_Hit_Lake_Michigan
Hurricane Sandy's Winds Hit Lake Michigan, St. Joe Pier. Tuscornia Park, Silver Beach, Lion Beach, October 30th, 2012. Gale force winds, causing waves to hit a predicted height of 32-33 feet at the South Buoy.
- published: 31 Oct 2012
- views: 2840
- author: Dave Reinking
Hurricane Sandy kicks up Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The size of Hurricane Sandy can be measured this way: it's affecting the Great Lakes.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_kicks_up_Lake_Michigan
The size of Hurricane Sandy can be measured this way: it's affecting the Great Lakes.
- published: 29 Oct 2012
- views: 3107
- author: WOODTV8
Sandy's wind roils Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The force of Sandy is stirring up the Great Lakes, and Lake Michigan has waves reaching 30 feet
http://wn.com/Sandy's_wind_roils_Lake_Michigan
The force of Sandy is stirring up the Great Lakes, and Lake Michigan has waves reaching 30 feet
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 1561
- author: WOODTV8
Slammin Salmons on Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:32
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com greatlakesedge.wordpress.com clearwater-media.com Some Lake Michigan and River Trout fishing
http://wn.com/Slammin_Salmons_on_Lake_Michigan
www.facebook.com greatlakesedge.wordpress.com clearwater-media.com Some Lake Michigan and River Trout fishing
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 1072
- author: stelmon21
Lake Michigan Waves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:45
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
The remnant of hurricane Sandy provided sustained high winds from the north on Lake Michigan. The waves weren't particularly special being only 6 feet high. However, after they bounced off the breakwater they collided with themselves. The results were fun to watch. 10/30/2012 Milwaukee, WI
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_Waves
The remnant of hurricane Sandy provided sustained high winds from the north on Lake Michigan. The waves weren't particularly special being only 6 feet high. However, after they bounced off the breakwater they collided with themselves. The results were fun to watch. 10/30/2012 Milwaukee, WI
- published: 01 Nov 2012
- views: 387
- author: Tom Ellis
Lake Mich divers find 19th century ship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
GRAND HAVEN, Mich. (WOOD) - A ship believed to be from the early to mid-19th century has been found on the bottom of Lake Michigan near Grand Haven. The non-profit Michigan Shipwreck Research Association (MSRA) made the discovery in October 2011. MSRA directors, Jack and Valerie van Heest and Craig Rich, spotted the wreck while working with side scan operator David Trotter. The divers' video revealed an intact two-masted schooner about 90 feet long. It rests in 350 feet beneath the surface about 20 miles off the coast, according to an MSRA statement released on Friday. This shipwreck ranks as the deepest schooner yet found in Lake Michigan. It is a remnant of the Age of Sail on the Great Lakes when schooners provided the primary means of transportation. About 2000 ships went down in deep water in Lake Michigan; hundreds more were driven into shallow water where they ended their days pounded to pieces by the surf.
http://wn.com/Lake_Mich_divers_find_19th_century_ship
GRAND HAVEN, Mich. (WOOD) - A ship believed to be from the early to mid-19th century has been found on the bottom of Lake Michigan near Grand Haven. The non-profit Michigan Shipwreck Research Association (MSRA) made the discovery in October 2011. MSRA directors, Jack and Valerie van Heest and Craig Rich, spotted the wreck while working with side scan operator David Trotter. The divers' video revealed an intact two-masted schooner about 90 feet long. It rests in 350 feet beneath the surface about 20 miles off the coast, according to an MSRA statement released on Friday. This shipwreck ranks as the deepest schooner yet found in Lake Michigan. It is a remnant of the Age of Sail on the Great Lakes when schooners provided the primary means of transportation. About 2000 ships went down in deep water in Lake Michigan; hundreds more were driven into shallow water where they ended their days pounded to pieces by the surf.
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 513
- author: WOODTV8
Hurricane Sandy on Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
October 30th, 2012 - The edge of Hurricane Sandy whips up a pretty powerful wave show on Lake Michigan, nearly 1000 miles from New York! I can't be certain, but these waves were probably in the 10' range (likely quite a bit more further out in the lake) and diminishing as they approached the beach. My apologies for any shakiness - it was pretty windy, and my footing on the beach wasn't too stable - and it's just a crummy iPhone video!
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_on_Lake_Michigan
October 30th, 2012 - The edge of Hurricane Sandy whips up a pretty powerful wave show on Lake Michigan, nearly 1000 miles from New York! I can't be certain, but these waves were probably in the 10' range (likely quite a bit more further out in the lake) and diminishing as they approached the beach. My apologies for any shakiness - it was pretty windy, and my footing on the beach wasn't too stable - and it's just a crummy iPhone video!
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 1513
- author: skip2870
Sandy's wind roils Lake Michigan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The waves were as high as 20 feet in south Lake Michigan.
http://wn.com/Sandy's_wind_roils_Lake_Michigan
The waves were as high as 20 feet in south Lake Michigan.
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 1145
- author: WOODTV8
Milwaukee harbor, lake Michigan salmon fishing. Milwaukee brown trout. Wisconsin fishing guide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
www.benkueng.com A double header brown and salmon on the Milwaueke harbor this past fall. Its not uncommon to hook into 30+ salmon during a 6 hour charter. We are catching these fish on light tackle and jigs baits.
http://wn.com/Milwaukee_harbor,_lake_Michigan_salmon_fishing_Milwaukee_brown_trout_Wisconsin_fishing_guide
www.benkueng.com A double header brown and salmon on the Milwaueke harbor this past fall. Its not uncommon to hook into 30+ salmon during a 6 hour charter. We are catching these fish on light tackle and jigs baits.
- published: 16 Jan 2012
- views: 2993
- author: benkueng
Lake Michigan Diving - Wreck - Prins Willem V
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:03
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Lost on Oct. 14, 1954 this steel hulled ship from Hardinxveld, Netherlands sank in Lake Michigan off of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and lies at a depth of 48 to 90 feet off water.
http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan_Diving_Wreck_Prins_Willem_V
Lost on Oct. 14, 1954 this steel hulled ship from Hardinxveld, Netherlands sank in Lake Michigan off of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and lies at a depth of 48 to 90 feet off water.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 61
- author: nio13rm
Positively Kai - Windsurfing Michigan - Episode 8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
After a failed first attempt 2 years ago, watersport master Kai Lenny attempts to windsurf 56 miles across Lake Michigan. Better equipment, a better forecast, and a different location set the stage for his second attempt, and it all falls onto Kai to power through hours of constant focus and bitter cold to pull it off. After 2 hours and 50 minutes of windsurfing through endless choppy waves, Kai emerges triumphant on the other side of the lake. NEXT episode - youtu.be Stay tuned - New episodes every other Wednesday! Follow @Kai_Lenny / #KaiLenny on Twitter: twitter.com And Facebook: www.facebook.com and @redbull twitter.com Last episode: youtu.be All episodes: www.youtube.com Subscribe to Red Bull on YouTube for a constant bombardment of tasty content: www.youtube.com Learn more about prodigy Kai Lenny and all other Red Bull athletes here: www.redbullusa.com
http://wn.com/Positively_Kai_Windsurfing_Michigan_Episode_8
After a failed first attempt 2 years ago, watersport master Kai Lenny attempts to windsurf 56 miles across Lake Michigan. Better equipment, a better forecast, and a different location set the stage for his second attempt, and it all falls onto Kai to power through hours of constant focus and bitter cold to pull it off. After 2 hours and 50 minutes of windsurfing through endless choppy waves, Kai emerges triumphant on the other side of the lake. NEXT episode - youtu.be Stay tuned - New episodes every other Wednesday! Follow @Kai_Lenny / #KaiLenny on Twitter: twitter.com And Facebook: www.facebook.com and @redbull twitter.com Last episode: youtu.be All episodes: www.youtube.com Subscribe to Red Bull on YouTube for a constant bombardment of tasty content: www.youtube.com Learn more about prodigy Kai Lenny and all other Red Bull athletes here: www.redbullusa.com
- published: 11 Jul 2012
- views: 31743
- author: redbull
photo: AP / Lefteris Pitarakis
30 Nov 2012
- For historians, it represents a treasure trove of boundless rewards and an opportunity to revisit some of the most enduring myths about Britain's colonial past. But for some of those still living with the physical and psychological scars, the release of thousands of previously secret government-held documents offers fresh hope of finally gaining a measure of justice for their suffering under British rule ... 1096 Source.. Al Jazeera ... ;">....(size: 22.4Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
29 Nov 2012
Just before she leapt from her roof into the streets of Kabul, Farima thought of the wedding that would never happen and the man she would never marry. Her fiance would be pleased to see her die, she later recalled thinking. It would offer relief to them both. Farima, 17, had resisted her engagement to Zabiullah since it was ordained by her grandfather when she was 9 ... He ran outside. His daughter's torso was contorted ... Her skin was pallid....(size: 12.8Kb)
photo: US NARA
30 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Staring at the quote on the small granite monument which read. "They said to one another, behold here comes the dreamer...Let us slay him...And we shall see what will become of his dreams," I tried to understand that fateful moment when a shot shattered heaven and earth ... Martin Luther King, Jr. Straining my ears, I tried to hear Rev. Abernathy cry out, "Oh my God, Martin's been shot!" ... Dr....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: UN
30 Nov 2012
UNITED NATIONS -- The UN voted overwhelmingly Thursday to recognize a Palestinian state, a long-sought victory for the Palestinians and an embarrassing diplomatic defeat for the United States. The resolution upgrading the Palestinians' status to a nonmember observer state at the UN was approved in the 193-member world body by a vote of 138-9, with 41 abstentions ... The Palestinians still face enormous limitations ... U.S ... 0. Click to rate ... St ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: UN / David Manyua
01 Dec 2012
The conflict in Syria has now reached "new and appalling heights of brutality and violence", according to the UN secretary-general, while the world body's envoy to Syria has said the country is in danger of becoming "a failed state" ... The fighting has killed about 40,000 people, making it the bloodiest of Arab uprisings that have ousted entrenched leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen since early last year ... 957 Source.. Agencies ... ....(size: 21.8Kb)
Detroit Free Press
01 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON -- A historic ferry that has shuttled passengers, vehicles and freight across Lake Michigan for decades is in danger of being put in permanent dry dock ... But environmentalists in Michigan and elsewhere have been adamant about the need to stop the Badger from dumping hundreds of tons of coal ash into Lake Michigan each year ... Lake Michigan," according to an article in the Journal Sentinel....(size: 6.3Kb)
Chicago Tribune
01 Dec 2012
"You'll shoot your eye out, kid.". You probably recognize that line from the film "A Christmas Story," the holiday season classic that gets a 24-hour showing on Christmas Day ... Click to learn about joining Printers Row ... All Others Pay Cash." ... "Hohman, Ind., is located in the extreme Northwestern corner of the state, where the state line ends abruptly in the icy, detergent-filled waters of that queen of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan ... 1 ... 2 ... 3....(size: 4.3Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
01 Dec 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 59.5Kb)
Hartford Courant
30 Nov 2012
The Examiner
30 Nov 2012
Record cold, record snow and Chrysler cars in Lake Superior, top the list of Michigan weather events on this day in history ... 1956 - The wood, bulk freight "rabbit" White Swan, while carrying hardwood logs, stranded on Skillagallee Reef in Lake Michigan in a gale and fog, then slipped off and sank in deeper water a week later ... 6 to 10 inches of lake effect snow piles up near Lake Michigan....(size: 4.9Kb)
The Washington Post
30 Nov 2012
Judah Friedlander is not the slacker he appears to be ... The number of hats he wears professionally may be rivaled only by the number he wears literally — and makes himself ... Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend ... He asserts that he gave up water skiing because he couldn’t find a boat fast enough to keep up with him and that he plans to run for president on a platform that includes moving Hawaii to Lake Michigan ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.7Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.7Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.7Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.7Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Keith Allison
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.6Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.6Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
30 Nov 2012
A determined crew of emergency workers and wardens rescued a deer stuck on the ice Thursday on Tichigan Lake ... A controversial coal-fired ferry could chug through the waters of Lake Michigan for as long as it floats, under a special provision slipped into a U.S ... Without a renewal of its federal permit or an investment to end the ash dumping, however, the ferry run by Lake Michigan Carferry will have to shut down Dec....(size: 58.7Kb)
| Lake Michigan | |
|---|---|
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| Landsat | |
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| Map of Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes | |
| Location | United States |
| Group | Great Lakes |
| Coordinates | 44°N 87°W / 44°N 87°W / 44; -87Coordinates: 44°N 87°W / 44°N 87°W / 44; -87 |
| Basin countries |  United States, Canada |
| Max. length | 307 mi (494 km) |
| Max. width | 118 mi (190 km) |
| Surface area | 22,300 sq mi (58,000 km2)[1] |
| Average depth | 279 ft (85 m) |
| Max. depth | 923 ft (281 m)[2] |
| Water volume | 1,180 cu mi (4,900 km3) |
| Residence time | 99 years |
| Shore length1 | 1,638 mi (2,636 km) |
| Surface elevation | 577 ft (176 m) [2] |
| Islands | see list |
| Settlements | see #Cities |
| References | [2] |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the US and Canada. It is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume[1] and the third largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron (and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). Hydrologically, the lake is a large bay of Lake Michigan–Huron, having the same surface elevation as Lake Huron (among other shared properties). It is bounded, from west to east, by the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. The word "Michigan" originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning "great water".[3]
Contents |
History[link]
Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the next few hundred years the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians. In the early seventeenth century, when western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians: the Chippewa, Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, Miami, Ottawa, and Potawatomi. It is believed that the French explorer Jean Nicolet was the first non-Native American to reach Lake Michigan in 1634 or 1638.[4]
With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century, Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico.[5] French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[6]
The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition.[7]
Geography[link]
Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada. It has a surface area of 22,400 square miles (58,000 km2),[2] making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth largest lake in the world. It is 307 miles (494 km) long by 118 miles (190 km) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles (2,640 km) long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).[2][8] It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles (4,918 km³) of water. Its surface averages 577 feet (176 m)[2] above sea level, the same as Lake Huron, to which it is connected through the Straits of Mackinac.[citation needed]
Cities[link]
Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores, mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas. Many small cities in Northern Michigan and Door County, Wisconsin are centered on a tourist base[citation needed] that takes advantage of the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan. These cities have large seasonal populations that arrive from the nearby urban areas such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Grand Rapids and Detroit, as well as from Southern states, such as Florida and Texas. Some seasonal residents have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter. The southern tip of the lake near Gary, Indiana is heavily industrialized. Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include:
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Connection to ocean and open water[link]
The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. Wider ocean-going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes and has thus limited shipping on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes.
The Great Lakes are also connected by canal to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Illinois River (from Chicago) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf. Commercial tug-and-barge traffic on these waterways is heavy.
Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, NY) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, NY).
Beaches[link]
Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "Third Coast" of the United States, after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The sand is soft and off-white, known as "singing sands" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high quartz content) made when one walks across it. There are often high sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries, and the water is usually clear and cool (between 55 and 80 °F [13 and 27 °C]),[9] even in late summer. However, because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer.[10] The sand dunes located on the Michigan shore are the largest freshwater dune system in the world. In fact, in multiple locations along the shoreline, the dunes rise several hundred feet above the Lake surface. Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks, national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline. Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Saugatuck Dunes State Park, Warren Dunes State Park, PJ Hoffmaster State Park, Silver Lake State Park, Ludington State Park and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan in Illinois Beach State Park and moderate sized dune formations can be found in Kohler Andre State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin. A large Dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula. Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world, aside from a few inland lakes in that region, where one can find Petoskey stones, the state stone.
The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are rocky, while the southern and eastern beaches are sandy and dune-covered. This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter.
The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks, beaches, harbors and marinas, and residential developments. Where there are no beaches or marinas, then stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion. The Chicago lakefront is quite walkable as one can stroll past parks, beaches, and marinas for about 24 miles from the city southern limits with Lake Michigan to its northern city limits point.
The Chicago skyline can be seen from the northwest Indiana shoreline and, on a clear day, extreme southwestern Michigan. When standing at the waterfront in Illinois, Wisconsin, and the lower peninsula of Michigan, it is impossible for one to see directly across the lake to another state. This gives the lake a view similar to that of an ocean. Viewing a state across the huge lake is possible from several Chicago skyscrapers. It is possible from some of the taller buildings in Chicago to make out points in Indiana and southwest Michigan such as the NIPSCO (Northern Indiana Public Service Company) cooling tower of its power plant in Michigan City, Indiana.
The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[11]
Some environmental problems can still plague the lake as steel mills operate near the Indiana shoreline. The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter, dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting, Indiana oil refinery.[12]
Car ferries[link]
People can cross Lake Michigan by the SS Badger, a ferry that runs from Manitowoc, Wisconsin, to Ludington, Michigan. The Lake Express, established in 2004, carries motorists across the lake between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan.
Islands[link]
- The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County, Michigan, includes Beaver Island, Garden Island, Grape Island, Gull Island, Hat Island, High Island, Hog Island, Horseshoe Island, Little Island, Pismire Island, Shoe Island, Squaw Island, Trout Island, and Whiskey Island.
- The Fox Islands in Leelanau County, Michigan, consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island.
- The Manitou Islands, North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island, are in Leelanau County, Michigan.
- Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island, Bellow Island, and Marion Island.
- Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County, Michigan include Gravelly Island, Gull Island, Little Gull Island, Little Summer Island, Poverty Island, Rocky Island, St. Martin Island, and Summer Island.
- Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Round Island, Saint Vital Island, and Snake Island.
- Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island.
- Wilderness State Park in Emmet County, Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island.
- Epoufette Island, Gravel Island, Little Hog Island, and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County, Michigan, in the area of Epoufette, Michigan and Naubinway, Michigan.
- Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge, in Mackinac County, Michigan.
- Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island, Detroit Island, Hog Island, Pilot Island, Plum Island, Rock Island, and Washington Island. The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself, due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.
- Northerly Island is a 91-acre (37 ha) man-made island in Chicago. It is the home of the Adler Planetarium, the former site of Meigs Field, and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer.
- Other islands include Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County, Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County, Michigan.
Parks[link]
The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest. The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness. The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake.
There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake. A partial list follows.
- Chicago Park District Beaches
- Duck Lake State Park
- Fayette Historic State Park
- Fisherman's Island State Park
- Grand Haven State Park
- Grand Mere State Park
- Harrington Beach State Park
- Holland State Park
- Hoffmaster State Park
- Illinois Beach State Park
- Indian Lake State Park
- Indiana Dunes State Park
- Ludington State Park
- Leelanau State Park
- Mears State Park
- Muskegon State Park
- Newport State Park
- Orchard Beach State Park
- Peninsula State Park
- Racine Zoo
- Saugatuck Dunes State Park
- Silver Lake State Park
- Traverse City State Park
- Terry Andrae State Park
- Van Buren State Park
- Warren Dunes State Park
Lighthouses[link]
Hydrology[link]
The Milwaukee Reef, running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon, divides the lake into northern and southern basins. Each basin has a clockwise flow of water, deriving from rivers, winds, and the Coriolis effect. Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan. There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores.[10]
Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water (sometimes called Lake Michigan-Huron), but are geographically distinct. Counted together, it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them. Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway. In earlier maps of the region, the name Lake Illinois has been found in place of "Michigan".
- Historic High Water
- The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels in October and November. The normal highwater mark is 2.00 feet (0.61 m) above datum (577.5 ft or 176.0 m). In the summer of 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at 5.92 feet (1.80 m) above datum.[13] The high water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year, ending with January 1987. Water levels ranged from 3.67 feet (1.12 m) to 5.92 feet (1.80 m) above Chart Datum.[13] On February 21, the waters neared the all-time maximum.[14]
- Historic Low Water
- Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal lowwater mark is 1.00 foot (0.30 m) below datum (577.5 ft or 176.0 m). In the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet (0.42 m) below datum.[13] As with the highwater records, monthly low water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve month period water levels ranged from 1.38 feet (0.42 m) to 0.71 feet (0.22 m) below Chart Datum.[13]
Ecology[link]
Lake Michigan is home to a variety of species of fish and other organisms. It was originally home to lake trout, yellow perch, panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, bowfin, as well as some species of catfish. In recent years overfishing has caused a decline in lake trout, ultimately causing an increase in the alewife population. As a result, coho and chinook salmon were introduced as a predator of alewives to decrease the alewife population. This program was so successful that the salmon population exploded, and the states surrounding Lake Michigan promoted Salmon Snagging. This practice has since been made illegal in all of the great lakes states with the exception of a limited season in Illinois. Lake Michigan is now being stocked with several species of fish. However, several invader species introduced such as lampreys, round goby, and zebra mussels threaten the vitality of fish populations.
See also[link]
Geography[link]
- Chicago beaches
- Chicago River
- Grand Traverse Bay
- Door Peninsula
- Green Bay
- Lake Michigan Shore AVA
- Leelanau Peninsula
- Little Bay de Noc
- Little Traverse Bay
- Jardine Water Purification Plant
Prehistory[link]
Great Lakes in general[link]
- Great Lakes
- Great Lakes Areas of Concern
- Great Lakes census statistical areas
- Great Lakes Commission
- Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
- Great Storm of 1913
- International Boundary Waters Treaty
- List of cities along the Great Lakes
- Seiche
- Sixty Years' War for control of the Great Lakes
- Third Coast
- Snowbelt
References[link]
- ^ a b "Lake Michigan". Great-lakes.net. 2009-06-18. http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
- ^ a b c d e f Wright, John W. (ed.); Editors and reporters of The New York Times (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
- ^ "Superior Watershed Partnership Projects". http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6.
- ^ Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985). Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites, pp. 7–13. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-10004-9.
- ^ Bogue (1985), pp. 14–16.
- ^ Shelak, Benjamin J. (2003). Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan p. 3. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 1-931599-21-1.
- ^ "Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins". The Journal of Great Lakes Research. 1989. http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml "Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms"
- ^ "Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch". Coastwatch.msu.edu. http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/twomichigans.html. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
- ^ a b Hilton, George Woodman (2002). Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers, pp. 3–5. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4240-5.
- ^ Great Lakes Circle Tour.
- ^ Hawthorne, Michael. "BP gets break on dumping in lake". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-pollute_15jul15,1,2304440.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed/.
- ^ a b c d Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District
- ^ "The Weather History for February 21st". Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/grr/history/?m=2&d=21. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
Bibliography[link]
- Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 9780814325544.
- Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) ISBN 0-932212-98-0.
- Penrod, John, Lighthouses of Michigan, (Berrien Center, Michigan: Penrod/Hiawatha, 1998) ISBN 978-0-942618-78-5 ISBN 9781893624238
- Penrose, Laurie and Bill, A Traveler’s Guide to 116 Michigan Lighthouses (Petoskey, Michigan: Friede Publications, 1999). ISBN 0-923756-03-5 ISBN 9780923756031
- Wagner, John L., Michigan Lighthouses: An Aerial Photographic Perspective, (East Lansing, Michigan: John L. Wagner, 1998) ISBN 1-880311-01-1 ISBN 9781880311011
- Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) ISBN 1-55046-399-3
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lake Michigan |
- EPA's Great Lakes Atlas
- Great Lakes Coast Watch
- Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan
- Lake Michigan Fishing
- Bathymetry of Lake Michigan
- Lighthouses
- Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses
- Interactive map of lighthouses in area (northern Lake Michigan)
- Interactive map of lighthouses in area (southern Lake Michigan)
- Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the western Great Lakes
- Wagner, John L., Beacons Shining in the Night, Michigan lighthouse bibliography, chronology, history, and photographs, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University]
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http://wn.com/Lake_Michigan
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Lago Michigan
http://cs.wn.com/Michiganské jezero
http://es.wn.com/Lago Míchigan
http://ru.wn.com/Мичиган (озеро)
http://nl.wn.com/Michiganmeer
http://id.wn.com/Danau Michigan
http://pl.wn.com/Michigan (jezioro)
http://fr.wn.com/Lac Michigan
http://de.wn.com/Michigansee
http://hi.wn.com/मिशिगन झील
http://pt.wn.com/Lago Michigan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Michigan. For other uses, see Michigan (disambiguation).
| State of Michigan | |||||
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| Nickname(s): The Great Lakes State, The Wolverine State, The Mitten State, Water (Winter) Wonderland | |||||
| Motto(s): Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (Latin: If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you) |
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| Official language(s) | None (English, de-facto) | ||||
| Demonym | Michigander, Michiganian or Yooper (in the Upper Peninsula) | ||||
| Capital | Lansing | ||||
| Largest city | Detroit | ||||
| Largest metro area | Metro Detroit | ||||
| Area | Ranked 11th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 96,716 sq mi (250,493 km2) |
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| - Width | 386[1] miles (621 km) | ||||
| - Length | 456[1] miles (734 km) | ||||
| - % water | 41.5 | ||||
| - Latitude | 41° 41' N to 48° 18' N | ||||
| - Longitude | 82° 7' W to 90° 25' W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 8th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 9,876,187 (2011 est)[2] | ||||
| - Density | 174/sq mi (67.1/km2) Ranked 17th in the U.S. |
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| - Median household income | $44,627 (21st) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount Arvon[3][4] 1,979 ft (603 m) |
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| - Mean | 900 ft (270 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Lake Erie[3][4] 571 ft (174 m) |
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| Before statehood | Michigan Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | January 26, 1837 (26th) | ||||
| Governor | Rick Snyder (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Brian Calley (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Michigan Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators |
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| U.S. House delegation | 9 Republicans 6 Democrats (list) |
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| Time zones | |||||
| - most of state | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 | ||||
| - 4 U.P. counties | Central: UTC-6/-5 | ||||
| Abbreviations | MI Mich. US-MI | ||||
| Website | www.michigan.gov | ||||
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| Animate insignia | |
| Bird(s) | American Robin (Turdus migratorius) |
| Fish | Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) |
| Flower(s) | Apple blossom (Malus domestica) Wildflower: Dwarf Lake Iris (Iris lacustris) |
| Mammal(s) | Unofficial:Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) Game animal: White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) |
| Reptile | Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) |
| Tree | Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) |
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| Inanimate insignia | |
| Fossil | Mastodon (Mammut americanum) |
| Gemstone | Isle Royale greenstone or Chlorastrolite |
| Rock | Petoskey stone |
| Soil | Kalkaska Sand |
| Song(s) | My Michigan website |
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Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake".[1][5] Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair.[6] Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating.[7] The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds.[8] A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline.[9] It is the largest state by total area[10] east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: Timeline of Michigan history and History of Michigan
When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Ottawa, the Ojibwe or Anishnabe (called Chippewa in French), and the Potawatomi. The Anishnabe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest.
The Anishnabe were established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and northern Michigan, and also inhabited northern Ontario, northern Wisconsin, southern Manitoba, and northern and north-central Minnesota. The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern and western Michigan, while the Potawatomi were primarily in the southwest. The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. Other tribes in Michigan, in the south and east, were the Mascouten, the Menominee, the Miami, and the Wyandot, who are better known by their French name, Huron.
17th century[link]
French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what later became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlé's expedition in 1622. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions.[11] Missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were well received by the Indian populations in the area, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph.
18th century[link]
In 1701, French explorer and army officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or "Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait" on the strait, known as the Detroit River, between lakes Saint Clair and Erie. Cadillac had convinced King Louis XIV's chief minister, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain, that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and discourage British aspirations.
The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent[12][13] (about 0.85 acres (3,400 m2), the equivalent of just under 200 feet (61 m) per side) and named it Fort Pontchartrain. Cadillac's wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post. The Église de Saint-Anne (Church of Saint Ann) was founded the same year. While the original building does not survive, the congregation of that name continues to be active today. Cadillac later departed to serve as the French governor of Louisiana from 1710 to 1716.
At the same time, the French strengthened Fort Michilimackinac at the Straits of Mackinac to better control their lucrative fur-trading empire. By the mid-18th century, the French also occupied forts at present-day Niles and Sault Ste. Marie, though most of the rest of the region remained unsettled by Europeans.
From 1660 to the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of New France.[14] In 1759, following the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in the French and Indian War (1754–1763), Québec City fell to British forces. This marked Britain's victory in the Seven Years War. Under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River passed to Great Britain.[15]
During the American Revolutionary War, Detroit was an important British supply center. Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or Native Americans, many of whom had been allied with the French. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1790, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake).[16]
Under terms negotiated in the 1794 Jay Treaty, Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and Drummond Island until 1818 and 1847, respectively.
19th century[link]
During the War of 1812, Michigan Territory (effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area) was surrendered after a nearly bloodless siege in 1812. An attempt to retake Detroit resulted in a severe American defeat in the River Raisin Massacre. This battle is still the bloodiest ever fought in the state and had the highest number of American casualties of any battle in the war. Ultimately, Michigan was recaptured by Americans in 1813 after the Battle of Lake Erie. An invasion of Canada which culminated in the Battle of the Thames was then launched from Michigan. The more northern areas were held by the British until the peace treaty restored the old boundaries. A number of forts, including Fort Wayne were built in Michigan during the 19th century out of fears of renewed fighting with Britain.
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The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the Erie Canal connecting the Great Lakes and the Hudson River and New York City. The new route brought a large influx of settlers, who became farmers and merchants and shipped out grain, lumber, and iron ore. By the 1830s, Michigan had 80,000 residents, more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood. In October 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government, although Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the Toledo War. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union on January 26, 1837. The Upper Peninsula proved to be a rich source of lumber, iron, and copper. Michigan led the nation in lumber production from the 1850s to the 1880s. Railroads became a major engine of growth from the 1850s onward, with Detroit the chief hub.
The first statewide meeting of the Republican Party took place July 6, 1854 in Jackson, Michigan, where the party adopted its platform. The state was heavily Republican until the 1930s. Michigan made a significant contribution to the Union in the American Civil War and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the federal armies.
Modernizers and boosters—especially Yankees set up systems for public education, including founding the University of Michigan (1817; moved to Ann Arbor in 1841), for a classical academic education; and Michigan State Normal School, (1849) now Eastern Michigan University, for the training of teachers. In 1899, it became the first normal college in the nation to offer a four-year curriculum. Michigan Agricultural College (1855), now Michigan State University in East Lansing, was founded as the pioneer land-grant college, a model for those authorized under the Morrill Act (1862). Many other private colleges were founded as well, and the smaller cities formed high schools late in the century.[17]
20th and 21st centuries[link]
See also: History of Ford Motor Company
Michigan's economy underwent a transformation at the turn of the 20th century. Many individuals, including Ransom E. Olds, John and Horace Dodge, Henry Leland, David Dunbar Buick, Henry Joy, Charles King, and Henry Ford, provided the concentration of engineering know-how and technological enthusiasm to start the birth of the automotive industry.[18] Ford's development of the moving assembly line in Highland Park marked the beginning of a new era in transportation. Like the steamship and railroad, it was a far-reaching development. More than the forms of public transportation, the automobile transformed private life. It became the major industry of Detroit and Michigan, and permanently altered the socio-economic life of the United States and much of the world.
With the growth, the auto industry created jobs in Detroit that attracted immigrants from Europe and migrants from across the U.S., including those from the South. By 1920, Detroit was the fourth largest city in the U.S. Residential housing was in short supply, and it took years for the market to catch up with the population boom. By the 1930s, so many immigrants had arrived that more than 30 languages were spoken in the public schools, and ethnic communities celebrated in annual heritage festivals. Over the years immigrants and migrants contributed greatly to Detroit's diverse urban culture, including popular music trends, such as the influential Motown Sound of the 1960s led by a variety of individual singers and groups.
Grand Rapids, the second-largest city in Michigan, is also an important center of manufacturing. Since 1838, the city has also been noted for its furniture industry and is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies. Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including Steelcase, Amway, and Meijer. Grand Rapids is also an important center for GE Aviation Systems.
Michigan held its first United States presidential primary election in 1910. With its rapid growth in industry, it was an important center of union industry-wide organizing, such as the rise of the United Auto Workers.
In 1920 WWJ (AM) in Detroit became the first radio station in the United States to regularly broadcast commercial programs. Throughout that decade, some of the country's largest and most ornate skyscrapers were built in the city. Particularly noteworthy are the Fisher Building, Cadillac Place, and the Guardian Building, each of which is a National Historic Landmark (NHL).
Detroit continued to expand through the 1950s, at one point doubling its population in a decade. After World War II, housing was developed in suburban areas outside city cores; newly constructed U.S. Interstate Highways allowed commuters to navigate the region more easily. Modern advances in the auto industry have resulted in increased automation, high tech industry, and increased suburban growth since 1960.
Michigan is the leading auto-producing state in the U.S., with the industry primarily located throughout the Midwestern United States, Ontario, Canada, and the Southern United States.[19] With almost ten million residents, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking eighth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the second largest metropolitan area in the U.S. linking the Great Lakes system.
The Metro Detroit area in Southeast Michigan is the largest metropolitan area in the state (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and the eleventh largest in the USA. The Grand Rapids metropolitan area in Western Michigan is the fastest-growing metro area in the state, with over 1.3 million residents as of 2006. Metro Detroit receives more than 15 million visitors each year. Michigan has many popular tourist destinations which include areas such as Traverse City on the Grand Traverse Bay in Northern Michigan. Tourists spend about $17 billion annually in Michigan supporting 193,000 jobs.[20]
Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in the U.S.[21][22] The state's leading research institutions include the University of Michigan, Michigan State University and Wayne State University which are important partners in the state's economy and the state's University Research Corridor.[23] Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year.[24] Agriculture also serves a significant role making the state a leading grower of fruit in the U.S., including blueberries, cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.[25]
Government[link]
File:71msc 1.jpg
Michigan State Capitol in Lansing
State government[link]
Main article: Government of Michigan
Michigan is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the one court of justice. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. Lansing is the state capital and is home to all three branches of state government.
The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The current governor is Rick Snyder. Michigan has two official Governor's Residences; one is in Lansing, and the other is at Mackinac Island. The other constitutionally elected executive officers are the lieutenant governor, who is elected on a joint ticket with the governor, the secretary of state, and the attorney general. The lieutenant governor presides over the Senate, but only voting when ties occur, and is also a member of the cabinet. The secretary of state is the chief elections officer and is charged with running many licensure programs including motor vehicles, all of which are done through the branch offices of the secretary of state.
The Michigan Legislature consists of a 38-member Senate and 110-member House of Representatives. Senators serve four-year terms and representatives two. The Michigan State Capitol was dedicated in 1879 and has hosted the state's executive and legislative branches ever since.
Law[link]
The Michigan Court System consists of two courts with primary jurisdiction (the Circuit Courts and the District Courts), one intermediate level appellate court (the Michigan Court of Appeals), and the Michigan Supreme Court. There are several administrative courts and specialized courts. The Michigan Constitution provides for voter initiative and referendum (Article II, § 9,[26] defined as "the power to propose laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution").
In 1846 Michigan became the first state in the Union, as well as the first English-speaking government in the world,[27][28] to abolish the death penalty. Historian David Chardavoyne has suggested that the movement to abolish capital punishment in Michigan grew as a result of enmity toward the state's neighbor, Canada. Under British rule, it made public executions a regular practice.
Politics[link]
See also: Elections in Michigan and Political party strength in Michigan
Voters in the state elect candidates from both major parties. Economic issues are important in Michigan elections. The three-term Republican Governor John Engler (1991–2003) preceded the former two-term Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm (2003–2011). The state has elected successive Republican attorneys general twice since 2003. The Republican Party has won a majority in both the House and Senate of the current Michigan Legislature (2011–present). Michigan supported the election of Republican Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush. The current Governor Rick Snyder (2011–present) is a Republican.
| Year | Republicans | Democrats |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 40.89% 2,048,639 | 57.33% 2,872,579 |
| 2004 | 47.81% 2,313,746 | 51.23% 2,479,183 |
| 2000 | 46.14% 1,953,139 | 51.28% 2,170,418 |
| 1996 | 38.48% 1,481,212 | 51.69% 1,989,653 |
| 1992 | 36.38% 1,554,940 | 43.77% 1,871,182 |
| 1988 | 53.57% 1,965,486 | 45.67% 1,675,783 |
| 1984 | 59.23% 2,251,571 | 40.24% 1,529,638 |
| 1980 | 48.99% 1,915,225 | 42.50% 1,661,532 |
| 1976 | 51.83% 1,893,742 | 46.44% 1,696,714 |
| 1972 | 56.20% 1,961,721 | 41.81% 1,459,435 |
| 1968 | 41.46% 1,370,665 | 48.18% 1,593,082 |
| 1964 | 33.10% 1,060,152 | 66.70% 2,136,615 |
| 1960 | 48.84% 1,620,428 | 50.85% 1,687,269 |
However, the state has supported Democrats in the last five presidential election cycles. In 2008, Barack Obama carried the state over John McCain, winning Michigan's 17 electoral votes with 57% of the vote. Democrats have won each of the last three, nine of the last ten, and 15 of the last 18 U.S. Senate elections in Michigan with confidence on national economic issues posing a challenge. Republican strength is greatest in the western, northern, and rural parts of the state, especially in the Grand Rapids area. Republicans also perform well in select areas of suburban Detroit, namely in affluent suburbs like the Grosse Pointe communities, Bloomfield Township, Northville Township, and Novi, as well as in communities with large upper middle-class populations like Rochester Hills. Democrats have performed strongest in urban parts of the state, in cities like Detroit, Ann Arbor, Flint, and Lansing; they have also performed strongly in areas of suburban Detroit, namely in inner, working-class suburbs like Lincoln Park and Eastpointe; African American-majority suburbs like Southfield, Oak Park, and River Rouge; and other suburbs like West Bloomfield Township and Farmington Hills, which both have large Jewish and African-American populations, and suburbs of the Woodward Corridor, like Royal Oak, Berkley, Ferndale, and Huntington Woods are heavily Democratic voting blocs. Other suburbs, like middle-class Sterling Heights, lower middle- to middle-class St. Clair Shores, and Allen Park, are politically competitive for members of both parties.[30]
Metropolitan Detroit, with approximately one-half of the state's population, remains a substantial factor in affecting its elections and political culture more broadly. Overall, Wayne County, where Detroit is located, remains heavily Democratic and voted 74% for Barack Obama and 25% for John McCain. Oakland County, with a moderate political culture, has increasingly shifted towards support for Democratic presidential candidates, and Macomb County, once a bastion of support for Democratic New-Deal politics, has shifted towards becoming an intense political battleground.[31]
Historically, the first county-level meeting of the Republican Party took place in Jackson on July 6, 1854,[32] and the party thereafter dominated Michigan until the Great Depression. In the 1912 election, Michigan was one of the six states to support progressive Republican and third-party candidate Theodore Roosevelt for president after he lost the Republican nomination to William Howard Taft.
Michigan remained fairly reliably Republican at the presidential level for much of the 20th century. It was part of Greater New England, the northern tier of states settled chiefly by migrants from New England who carried their culture with them. The state was one of only a handful to back Wendell Willkie over Franklin Roosevelt in 1940, and supported Thomas E. Dewey in his losing bid against Harry S. Truman in 1948. Michigan went to the Democrats in presidential elections during the 1960s, and voted for Republican Richard Nixon in 1972.
Michigan was the home of Gerald Ford, the 38th President of the United States. He was born in Nebraska and moved as an infant to Grand Rapids and grew up there.[33][34] The Gerald R. Ford Museum is located in Grand Rapids, and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is located on the campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
Michigan does not recognize or perform same-sex marriages or other unions involving same-sex couples under a 2004 state constitutional amendment.
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Michigan
See also: List of Michigan county seats, List of counties in Michigan, and List of municipalities in Michigan (by population)
State government is decentralized among three tiers – statewide, county and township. Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83 counties in Michigan.
Cities, state universities, and villages are vested with home rule powers of varying degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything that is not prohibited by law. The fifteen state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages, by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county and township in which they are located.
There are two types of township in Michigan: general law township and charter. Charter township status was created by the Legislature in 1947 and grants additional powers and stream-lined administration in order to provide greater protection against annexation by a city. As of April 2001, there were 127 charter townships in Michigan. In general, charter townships have many of the same powers as a city but without the same level of obligations. For example, a charter township can have its own fire department, water and sewer department, police department, and so on—just like a city—but it is not required to have those things, whereas cities must provide those services. Charter townships can opt to use county-wide services instead, such as deputies from the county sheriff's office instead of a home-based force of ordinance officers.
Geography[link]
Further information: Geography of Michigan, Protected areas of Michigan, and List of Michigan state parks
Michigan consists of two peninsulas that lie between 82°30' to about 90°30' west longitude, and are separated by the Straits of Mackinac. The 45th parallel north runs through the state—marked by highway signs and the Polar-Equator Trail[35]—along a line including Mission Point Light near Traverse City, the towns of Gaylord and Alpena in the Lower Peninsula and Menominee in the Upper Peninsula. With the exception of two small areas that are drained by the Mississippi River by way of the Wisconsin River in the Upper Peninsula and by way of the Kankakee-Illinois River in the Lower Peninsula, Michigan is drained by the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed and is the only state with the majority of its land thus drained.
The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. It has more lighthouses than any other state. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.
The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world,[36] rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet (603 m). The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"), and their speech (the "Yooper dialect") has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century.
The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from.[37] It is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).
The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 highway miles (1,015 km) from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes the U.P. culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U.P. residents have called for secession from Michigan and establishment as a new state to be called "Superior".
A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay. The geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state. The Leelanau Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region. See Also Michigan Regions
Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, Whitefish Bay, and the Big and Little Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and Little Traverse, Thunder, and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state—3,288 miles (5,292 km),[38] including 1,056 miles (1,699 km) of island shoreline.[39]
The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the North Manitou and South Manitou, Beaver, and Fox groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale and Grande Isle in Lake Superior; Marquette, Bois Blanc, and Mackinac islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish, Sugar, and Drummond islands in St. Mary's River. Michigan has about 150 lighthouses, the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes. See Lighthouses in the United States.
The state's rivers are generally small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The principal ones include the Detroit River, St. Marys River, and St. Clair River which connect the Great Lakes; the Au Sable, Cheboygan, and Saginaw, which flow into Lake Huron; the Ontonagon, and Tahquamenon, which flow into Lake Superior; and the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, Manistee, and Escanaba, which flow into Lake Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes (totaling 1,305 square miles (3,380 km2) of inland water) in addition to 38,575 square miles (99,910 km2) of Great Lakes waters. No point in Michigan is more than six miles (10 km) from an inland lake or more than 85 miles (137 km) from one of the Great Lakes.[40]
The state is home to a number of areas maintained by the National Park Service including: Isle Royale National Park, located in Lake Superior, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Other national protected areas in the state include: Keweenaw National Historical Park, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Huron National Forest, Manistee National Forest, Hiawatha National Forest, Ottawa National Forest and Father Marquette National Memorial. The largest section of the North Country National Scenic Trail passes through Michigan.
With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and 6 state forests, Michigan has the largest state park and state forest system of any state. These parks and forests include Holland State Park, Mackinac Island State Park, Au Sable State Forest, and Mackinaw State Forest.
Adjacent states and provinces[link]
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Minnesota | Ontario | Ontario | |
| Wisconsin |  |
Ontario | ||
 Michigan East |
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| Illinois & Indiana | Indiana & Ohio | Ohio & Ontario |
Climate[link]
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Michigan has a continental climate, although there are two distinct regions. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters. The northern part of Lower Peninsula and the entire Upper Peninsula has a more severe climate (Koppen Dfb), with warm, but shorter summers and longer, cold to very cold winters. Some parts of the state average high temperatures below freezing from December through February, and into early March in the far northern parts. During the winter through the middle of February the state is frequently subjected to heavy lake-effect snow. The state averages from 30–40 inches (76–100 cm) of precipitation annually, however some areas in the northern lower peninsula and the upper peninsula average almost 160" of snowfall per year.[41] Michigan's highest recorded temperature is 112 °F (44 °C) at Mio on July 13, 1936 and the coldest recorded temperature is −51 °F (−46 °C) at Vanderbilt on February 9, 1934.[42]
The entire state averages 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year. These can be severe, especially in the southern part of the state. The state averages 17 tornadoes per year, which are more common in the extreme southern portion of the state. Portions of the southern border have been nearly as vulnerable historically as parts of Tornado Alley. For this reason, many communities in the very southern portions of the state are equipped with tornado sirens to warn residents of approaching tornadoes. Farther north, in the Upper Peninsula, tornadoes are rare.[43]
| Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Other Michigan Cities in °F(°C) | ||||||||||||
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flint | 29/13
(−2/−11) |
32/15
(0/−9) |
43/24
(6/−4) |
56/35
(13/2) |
69/45
(21/7) |
78/55
(26/13) |
82/59
(28/15) |
80/57
(27/14) |
72/49
(22/9) |
60/39
(16/4) |
46/30
(8/−1) |
34/19
(1/−7) |
| Grand Rapids | 29/16
(−2/−9) |
33/17
(1/−8) |
43/26
(6/−3) |
57/36
(14/2) |
70/47
(21/8) |
78/56
(26/13) |
82/60
(28/16) |
80/59
(27/15) |
72/51
(22/11) |
60/40
(11/4) |
46/31
(8/−1) |
34/21
(1/−6) |
| Muskegon | 30/17
(−1/−8) |
32/18
(0/−8) |
42/25
(6/−4) |
55/35
(13/2) |
67/45
(19/7) |
76/54
(24/12) |
80/60
(27/16) |
78/59
(26/15) |
70/51
(21/11) |
59/41
(15/5) |
46/32
(8/0) |
35/23
(2/−5) |
| Sault Ste. Marie | 22/5
(−6/−15) |
24/7
(−4/−14) |
34/16
(1/−9) |
48/29
(9/−2) |
63/39
(17/4) |
71/46
(22/7) |
76/52
(24/11) |
74/52
(23/11) |
65/45
(18/7) |
53/36
(12/2) |
39/26
(12/−3) |
27/13
(−3/−11) |
| [3][dead link] | ||||||||||||
Geology[link]
The geological formation of the state is greatly varied. Primary boulders are found over the entire surface of the Upper Peninsula (being principally of primitive origin), while Secondary deposits cover the entire Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula exhibits Lower Silurian sandstones, limestones, copper and iron bearing rocks, corresponding to the Huronian system of Canada. The central portion of the Lower Peninsula contains coal measures and rocks of the Permo-Carboniferous period. Devonian and sub-Carboniferous deposits are scattered over the entire state.
Demographics[link]
See also: Michigan census statistical areas
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1800 | 3,757 |
|
|
| 1810 | 4,762 | 26.8% | |
| 1820 | 7,452 | 56.5% | |
| 1830 | 28,004 | 275.8% | |
| 1840 | 212,267 | 658.0% | |
| 1850 | 397,654 | 87.3% | |
| 1860 | 749,113 | 88.4% | |
| 1870 | 1,184,059 | 58.1% | |
| 1880 | 1,636,937 | 38.2% | |
| 1890 | 2,093,890 | 27.9% | |
| 1900 | 2,420,982 | 15.6% | |
| 1910 | 2,810,173 | 16.1% | |
| 1920 | 3,668,412 | 30.5% | |
| 1930 | 4,842,325 | 32.0% | |
| 1940 | 5,256,106 | 8.5% | |
| 1950 | 6,371,766 | 21.2% | |
| 1960 | 7,823,194 | 22.8% | |
| 1970 | 8,875,083 | 13.4% | |
| 1980 | 9,262,078 | 4.4% | |
| 1990 | 9,295,297 | 0.4% | |
| 2000 | 9,938,444 | 6.9% | |
| 2010 | 9,883,640 | −0.6% | |
| Source: 1910–2010[44] | |||
Population[link]
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Michigan was 9,876,187 on July 1, 2011, a -0.08% decrease since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
The center of population of Michigan is located in Shiawassee County, in the southeastern corner of the civil township of Bennington, which is located northwest of the village of Morrice.[45]
As of the 2010 American Community Survey for the U.S. Census, the state had a foreign-born population of 592,212, or 6.0% of the total. Michigan has the largest Dutch, Finnish, and Macedonian populations in the United States.
The 2010 Census reported:
- White: 78.9% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 76.6%)
- Black or African American: 14.2%
- American Indian: 0.6%
- Asian: 2.4%
- Pacific Islander: <0.1%
- Some other race: 1.5%
- Multiracial: 2.3%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 4.4%
The ten largest reported ancestries in Michigan are:[46]
German (22.3%)
Irish (11.9%)
English (10.1%)
Polish (9.0%)
French or French Canadian (6.7%)
Dutch (5.1%)
Italian (4.7%)- American (4.6%)
Scottish (2.4%)
Swedish (1.7%)
The large majority of Michigan's population is Caucasian. Americans of European descent live throughout Michigan and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of German, Irish, French, Belgian and British ancestry. People of Scandinavian descent, especially those of Finnish ancestry, have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula. Western Michigan is known for the Dutch heritage of many residents (the highest concentration of any state), especially in metropolitan Grand Rapids.
About 300,000 people trace their descent from the Middle East.[47] Dearborn has a sizeable Arab community, with many Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac, and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis.[48] African Americans, who came to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century, form a majority of the population of the city of Detroit and of other cities, including Flint and Benton Harbor.
An individual from Michigan is called a "Michigander" or "Michiganian".[49] Also at times, but rarely, a "Michiganite".[50] Residents of the Upper Peninsula are sometimes referred to as "Yoopers" (a phonetic pronunciation of "U.P.ers"), and Upper Peninsula residents sometimes refer to those from the lower as "trolls" (they live below the bridge).[51]
Religion[link]
The Catholic Church has six dioceses and one archdiocese in Michigan, the Diocese of Gaylord, Diocese of Grand Rapids, Diocese of Kalamazoo, Diocese of Lansing, Diocese of Marquette, Diocese of Saginaw and Archdiocese of Detroit.[52] The Catholic Church is the largest denomination by number of adherents, according to a survey in the year 2000, with 2,019,926 parishioners.[53] The Roman Catholic Church was the only organized religion in Michigan until the 19th century, reflecting the territory's French colonial roots. Detroit's St. Anne's parish, established in 1701, by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac is the second-oldest Catholic parish in the country.[54] On March 8, 1833, the Holy See formally established a diocese in the Michigan territory, which included all of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas east of the Mississippi River. When Michigan became a state in 1837, the boundary of the Diocese of Detroit was redrawn to coincide with that of the State.[55]
The largest Protestant denominations were the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 244,231 adherents; followed by the United Methodist Church with 222,269; and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 160,836 adherents. In the same survey, Jewish adherents in the state of Michigan were estimated at 110,000, and Muslims at 80,515.[56] The Lutheran Church was introduced by German and Scandinavian immigrants; Lutheranism is the second largest religious denomination in the state. The first Jewish synagogue in the state was Temple Beth El, founded by twelve German Jewish families in Detroit in 1850.[57] In West Michigan, Dutch immigrants fled from the specter of religious persecution and famine in the Netherlands around 1850 and settled in and around what is now Holland, Michigan, establishing a "colony" on American soil that fervently held onto Calvinist doctrine that established a significant presence of Reformed churches.[58] Islam was introduced by immigrants from the Near East during the 20th century.[59]
Economy[link]
File:2007 Ford Shelby GT500 Detroit.jpg
Michigan is the center of the American automotive industry. Pictured is the Ford Shelby GT500 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The GT500 is manufactured in Ford's Flat Rock, Michigan assembly plant.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Michigan's 2010 gross state product at $384.1 B.[60] In November 2011, the state's unemployment rate was 9.8%.[61][62]
| Top publicly traded companies in Michigan according to revenues with State and U.S. rankings |
|||||
| State | Corporation | US | |||
| 1 | General Motors | 6 | |||
| 2 | Ford | 7 | |||
| 3 | Dow | 38 | |||
| 4 | Delphi | 121 | |||
| 5 | Whirlpool | 133 | |||
| 6 | Ally | 147 | |||
| 7 | TRW Automotive | 169 | |||
| 8 | Lear | 195 | |||
| 9 | Kellogg | 210 | |||
| 10 | Penske Automotive | 225 | |||
| 11 | Masco | 277 | |||
| 12 | Visteon | 282 | |||
| 13 | DTE Energy | 285 | |||
| 14 | Arvin Meritor | 346 | |||
| 15 | CMS Energy | 369 | |||
| 16 | Stryker | 375 | |||
| 17 | Autoliv | 376 | |||
| 18 | Pulte Homes | 393 | |||
| 19 | Kelly Services | 437 | |||
| 20 | BorgWarner | 453 | |||
| 21 | Auto-Owners | 476 | |||
| 22 | Steelcase | 625 | |||
| 23 | Spartan Stores | 751 | |||
| 24 | Cooper Standard | 814 | |||
| 25 | Valassis | 809 | |||
| 26 | Universal Forest | 837 | |||
| 27 | Affinia Group | 853 | |||
| 28 | Hayes-Lemmerz | 856 | |||
| 29 | American Axle | 874 | |||
| 30 | Herman Miller | 897 | |||
| 31 | Perrigo | 897 | |||
| Further information: List of Michigan companies Source: Fortune 2009[63] |
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Some of the major industries/products/services include automobiles, cereal products, pizza, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, copper, iron, and furniture. Michigan is the third leading grower of Christmas trees with 60,520 acres (245 km2) of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming.[64][65] The beverage Vernors was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer. Faygo was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907. Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there: Domino's Pizza by Tom Monaghan and Little Caesars Pizza by Mike Ilitch.
Since 2009, GM, Ford, and Chrysler have managed a significant reorganization of their benefit funds structure after a volatile stock market which followed the September 11 attacks and early 2000s recession impacted their respective U.S. pension and benefit funds (OPEB).[66][67] General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler reached agreements with the United Auto Workers Union to transfer the liabilities for their respective health care and benefit funds to a 501(c)(9) Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA). Manufacturing in the state grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006,[68] but the high speculative price of oil became a factor for the U.S. auto industry during the economic crisis of 2008 impacting industry revenues. In 2009, GM and Chrysler emerged from Chapter 11 restructurings with financing provided in part by the U.S. and Canandian governments.[69][70] GM began its initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.[71] For 2010, the Big Three domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.[72][73][74][75]
Michigan ranks fourth in the U.S. in high tech employment with 568,000 high tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry.[76] Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in the United States.[21][22] Its research and development, which includes automotive, comprises a higher percentage of the state's overall gross domestic product than for any other U.S. state.[77] The state is an important source of engineering job opportunities. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.[78]
Michigan was second in the U.S. in 2004 for new corporate facilities and expansions. From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was the only state to top the 10,000 mark for the number of major new developments;[19][79] however, the effects of the late 2000s recession have slowed the state's economy. In 2008, Michigan placed third in a site selection survey among the states for luring new business which measured capital investment and new job creation per one million population.[80] In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of electric vehicle technologies which is expected to generate 6,800 immediate jobs and employ 40,000 in the state by 2020.[81] From 2007 to 2009, Michigan ranked 3rd in the U.S. for new corporate facilities and expansions.[82][83]
As leading research institutions, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University,and Wayne State University are important partners in the state's economy and the state's University Research Corridor.[23] Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year.[24] The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory is located at Michigan State University. Michigan's workforce is well-educated and highly skilled, making it attractive to companies. It has the third highest number of engineering graduates nationally.[84]
Detroit Metropolitan Airport is one of the nation's most recently expanded and modernized airports with six major runways, and large aircraft maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing a Boeing 747 and is a major hub for Delta Air Lines. Michigan's schools and colleges rank among the nation's best. The state has maintained its early commitment to public education. The state's infrastructure gives it a competitive edge; Michigan has 38 deep water ports.[85] In 2007, Bank of America announced that it would commit $25 billion to community development in Michigan following its acquisition of LaSalle Bank in Troy.[86]
Michigan led the nation in job creation improvement in 2010.[87]
Taxation[link]
Michigan's personal income tax is set to a flat rate of 4.35%. Some cities impose additional income taxes. Michigan's state sales tax is 6%. Property taxes are assessed on the local level, but every property owner's local assessment contributes six mills (six dollars per thousand dollars of property value) to the statutory State Education Tax. In 2011, the State repealed the Michigan Business Tax and replaced it with a 6% corporate income tax which substantially reduces taxes on business.[88][89]
Agriculture[link]
A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among U.S. states in the diversity of its agriculture.[90] The state has 55,000 farms utilizing 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km2) of land which sold $6.6 billion worth of products in 2008.[91] The most valuable agricultural product is milk. Leading crops include corn, soybeans, flowers, wheat, sugar beets and potatoes. Livestock in the state included 1 million cattle, 1 million hogs, 78,000 sheep and over 3 million chickens. Livestock products accounted for 38% of the value of agricultural products while crops accounted for the majority.
Michigan is a leading grower of fruit in the U.S., including blueberries, cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.[25][92] Plums, pears, and strawberries are also grown. These fruits are mainly grown in West Michigan due to the moderating effect of Lake Michigan on the climate. There is also significant fruit production, especially cherries, but also grapes, apples, and other fruits, in Northwest Michigan along Lake Michigan. Michigan produces wines, beers and a multitude of processed food products. Kellogg's cereal is based in Battle Creek, Michigan and processes many locally grown foods. Thornapple Valley, Ball Park Franks, Koegel Meat Company, and Hebrew National sausage companies are all based in Michigan.
Michigan is home to very fertile land in the Flint/Tri-Cities and "Thumb" areas. Products grown there include corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soy beans. Sugar beet harvesting usually begins the first of October. It takes the sugar factories about five months to process the 3.7 million tons of sugarbeets into 970 million pounds of pure, white sugar.[93] Michigan's largest sugar refiner, Michigan Sugar Company[94] is the largest east of the Mississippi River and the fourth largest in the nation. Michigan Sugar brand names are Pioneer Sugar and the newly incorporated Big Chief Sugar. Potatoes are grown in Northern Michigan, and corn is dominant in Central Michigan. Alfalfa, cucumbers, and asparagus are also grown.
Tourism[link]
See also: List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan, List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan, and List of museums in Michigan
Michigan's tourists spend $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs.[82] Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation.[95] Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. Michigan is fifty percent forest land, much of it quite remote. The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the Tulip Time Festival and the National Cherry Festival.
In 2006, the Michigan State Board of Education mandated that all public schools in the state hold their first day of school after the Labor Day holiday, in accordance with the new Post Labor Day School law. A survey found that 70% of all tourism business comes directly from Michigan residents, and the Michigan Hotel, Motel, & Resort Association claimed that the shorter summer in between school years cut into the annual tourism season in the state.[96]
Tourism in metropolitan Detroit draws visitors to leading attractions, especially The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Detroit Zoo, and to sports in Detroit. Other museums include the Detroit Historical Museum, the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, museums in the Cranbrook Educational Community, and the Arab American National Museum. The metro area offers four major casinos, MGM Grand Detroit, Greektown, Motor City, and Caesars Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada; moreover, Detroit is the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resorts.[97]
Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state. Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon, trout, walleye and perch. Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters (over one million) who contribute $2 billion annually to its economy. Over three-quarters of a million hunters participate in white-tailed deer season alone. Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of firearm deer season, because of attendance concerns.
Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered snowmobiles in the nation.[98]
The state has numerous historical markers, which can themselves become the center of a tour.[99] The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[100]
With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years in which they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The Michigan Underwater Preserves are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.
Transportation[link]
Michigan has nine international crossings with Ontario, Canada:
- Ambassador Bridge, North America's busiest international border crossing the Detroit River
- Blue Water Bridge, a twin-span bridge (Port Huron, Michigan and Point Edward, Ontario, but the larger city of Sarnia, Ontario is usually referred to on the Canadian side)
- Blue Water Ferry (Marine City, Michigan and Sombra, Ontario)
- Canadian Pacific Railway tunnel
- Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry (Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario)
- Detroit–Windsor Tunnel
- International Bridge (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario)
- St. Clair River Railway Tunnel (Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario)
- Walpole Island Ferry (Algonac, Michigan and Walpole Island First Nation, Ontario)
A second international bridge is currently under consideration between Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario.[101]
Railroads[link]
See also: List of Michigan railroads and History of railroads in Michigan
Michigan is served by four Class I railroads: the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, and the Norfolk Southern Railway. These are augmented by several dozen short line railroads. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to freight, with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.[102]
Main article: Michigan Services
Amtrak passenger rail services the state, connecting many southern and western Michigan cities to Chicago, Illinois. There are plans for commuter rail for Detroit and its suburbs (see SEMCOG Commuter Rail).[103][104][105]
Roadways[link]
Interstate 75 (I-75) is the main thoroughfare between Detroit, Flint, and Saginaw extending north to Sault Sainte Marie and providing access to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The freeway crosses the Mackinac Bridge between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas. Branching highways include I-275 and I-375 in Detroit; I-475 in Flint; and I-675 in Saginaw.
I-69 enters the state near the Michigan–Ohio–Indiana border, and it extends to Port Huron and provides access to the Blue Water Bridge crossing into Sarnia, Ontario.
I-94 enters the western end of the state at the Indiana border, and it travels east to Detroit and then northeast to Port Huron and ties in with I-69. I-194 branches off from this freeway in Battle Creek. I-94 is the main artery between Chicago and Detroit.
I-96 runs east–west between Detroit and Muskegon. I-496 loops through Lansing. I-196 branches off from this freeway at Grand Rapids and connects to I-94 near Benton Harbor. I-696 branches off from this freeway at Novi and connects to I-94 near St Clair Shores.
U.S. Highway 2 (US 2) enters Michigan at the city of Ironwood and runs east to the town of Crystal Falls, where it turns south and briefly re-enters Wisconsin northwest of Florence. It re-enters Michigan north of Iron Mountain and continues through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the cities of Escanaba, Manistique, and St. Ignace. Along the way, it cuts through the Ottawa and Hiawatha national forests and follows the northern shore of Lake Michigan. Its eastern terminus lies at exit 344 on I-75, just north of the Mackinac Bridge.
Airports[link]
See also: List of airports in Michigan
The Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, located in the western suburb of Romulus, was in 2010 the 16th busiest airfield in North America measured by passenger traffic.[106] The Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids is the next busiest airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint Bishop International Airport is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands.
Important cities and townships[link]
Further information: List of cities, villages, and townships in Michigan
The largest municipalities in Michigan are (according to 2010 Census):
| Rank | City | Population | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Detroit | 713,777 |
|
| 2 | Grand Rapids | 188,040 | |
| 3 | Warren | 134,056 | |
| 4 | Sterling Heights | 129,699 | |
| 5 | Lansing | 114,297 | |
| 6 | Ann Arbor | 113,934 | |
| 7 | Flint | 102,434 | |
| 8 | Dearborn | 98,153 | |
| 9 | Livonia | 96,942 | |
| 10 | Clinton Township | 96,796 |
Other important cities include:
- Battle Creek ("Cereal City U.S.A.", world headquarters of Kellogg Company)
- Benton Harbor / St. Joseph (headquarters of Whirlpool Corporation)
- East Lansing (home of Michigan State University)
- Holland (home of Tulip Time, the largest tulip festival in the U.S.)
- Jackson (headquarters of CMS Energy)
- Kalamazoo (Largest city in southwest Michigan and home to Western Michigan University)
- Manistee (home to the world's largest salt plant, owned by Morton Salt)
- Marquette (largest city in the Upper Peninsula with 19,661 people and home of Northern Michigan University)
- Midland (headquarters of the Dow Chemical Company and the Dow Corning Corporation)
- Pontiac (major automobile manufacturing center, and home of the Pontiac Silverdome)
- Saginaw (the largest of the Tri-Cities, which also consist of Bay City and Midland, and home to Saginaw Valley State University)
- Sault Ste. Marie (home of the Soo Locks and Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge)
- Traverse City ("Cherry Capital of the World", making Michigan the country's largest producer of cherries)
Half of the wealthiest communities in the state are located in Oakland County, just north of Detroit. Another wealthy community is located just east of the city, in Grosse Pointe. Only three of these cities are located outside of Metro Detroit. The city of Detroit itself, with a per capita income of $14,717, ranks 517th on the list of Michigan locations by per capita income. Benton Harbor is the poorest city in Michigan, with a per capita income of $8,965, while Barton Hills is the richest with a per capita income of $110,683.
Education[link]
Michigan's education system provides services to 1.6 million K-12 students in public schools. More than 124,000 students attend private schools and an uncounted number are home-schooled under certain legal requirements.[107][108] The public school system has a $14.5 billion budget in 2008–2009.[109] Michigan has a number of public universities spread throughout the state and numerous private colleges as well. Michigan State University has one of the largest enrollments of any U.S. school. Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University are the three major research institutions in the state.[110]
Professional sports[link]
Main article: List of Michigan professional sports teams
Michigan's major-league sports teams include: Detroit Tigers baseball team, Detroit Lions football team, Detroit Red Wings ice hockey team, and the Detroit Pistons men's basketball team. All of Michigan's major league teams play in the Metro Detroit area.
The Pistons played at Detroit's Cobo Arena until 1978 and at the Pontiac Silverdome until 1988 when they moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Lions played at Tiger Stadium in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975–2002 before moving to Ford Field in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to Comerica Park. The Red Wings played at Olympia Stadium before moving to Joe Louis Arena in 1979.
Thirteen-time Grand Slam champion Serena Williams was born in Saginaw. The Michigan International Speedway is the site of NASCAR races and Detroit was formerly the site of a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix race. From 1959 to 1961, Detroit Dragway hosted the NHRA's U.S. Nationals.[111] Michigan is home to one of the major canoeing marathons: the 120-mile (190 km) Au Sable River Canoe Marathon. The Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race is also a favorite. Professional hockey got its start in Houghton, when the Portage Lakers were formed.
State symbols and nicknames[link]
Michigan is, by tradition, known as "The Wolverine State," and the University of Michigan takes the wolverine as its mascot. The association is well and long established: for example, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War and George Armstrong Custer, who led the Michigan Brigade, called them the "Wolverines". The origins of this association are obscure; it may derive from a busy trade in wolverine furs in Sault Ste. Marie in the 18th century or may recall a disparagement intended to compare early settlers in Michigan with the vicious mammal. Wolverines are, however, extremely rare in Michigan. A sighting in February 2004 near Ubly was the first confirmed sighting in Michigan in 200 years.[112] The animal was found dead in 2010.[113]
- State nicknames: Wolverine State, Great Lakes State, Mitten State, Water-Winter Wonderland
- State motto: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (Latin: If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you) adopted in 1835 on the coat-of-arms, but never as an official 'motto'. This is a paraphrase of the epitaph of British architect Sir Christopher Wren about his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral.[114][115]
- State song: My Michigan (official since 1937, but disputed amongst residents),[116] Michigan, My Michigan (Unofficial State Song, since the civil war)
- State bird: American Robin (since 1931)
- State animal: Wolverine (traditional)
- State game animal: White-tailed deer (since 1997)
- State fish: Brook trout (since 1965)
- State reptile: Painted Turtle (since 1995)
- State fossil: Mastodon (since 2000)
- State flower: Apple blossom (adopted in 1897, official in 1997)
- State wildflower: Dwarf Lake Iris (since 1998). Known as Iris lacustris, it is a federally listed threatened species.
- State tree: White pine (since 1955)
- State stone: Petoskey stone (since 1965). It is composed of fossilized coral (Hexagonaria pericarnata) from long ago when the middle of the continent was covered with a shallow sea.
- State gem: Isle Royale greenstone (since 1973). Also called chlorastrolite (literally "green star stone"), the mineral is found on Isle Royale and the Keweenaw peninsula.
- State Quarter: U.S. coin issued in 2004 with the Michigan motto "Great Lakes State."
- State soil: Kalkaska Sand (since 1990), ranges in color from black to yellowish brown, covers nearly 1,000,000-acre (4,000 km2) in 29 counties.
Sister states[link]
See also[link]
- Outline of Michigan
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
- List of people from Michigan
- Michigan fossil hunting
- USS Michigan
References[link]
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Further reading[link]
- Bald, F. Clever, Michigan in Four Centuries (1961)
- Browne, William P. and – Kenneth VerBurg. Michigan Politics & Government: Facing Change in a Complex State University of Nebraska Press. 1995.
- Bureau of Business Research, Wayne State U. Michigan Statistical Abstract (1987).
- Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliographies for Michigan by region, counties, etc..
- Dunbar, Willis F. and George S. May. Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (1995) excerpt and text search
- Michigan, State of. Michigan Manual (annual), elaborate detail on state government.
- Press, Charles et al., Michigan Political Atlas (1984).
- Public Sector Consultants. Michigan in Brief. An Issues Handbook (annual)
- Rich, Wilbur. Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker (Wayne State University Press, 1988).
- Rubenstein, Bruce A. and Lawrence E. Ziewacz. Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State. (2nd ed. 2008)
- Sisson, Richard, Ed. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006)
- Weeks, George, Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan (Historical Society of Michigan, 1987).
External links[link]
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Look up Michigan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michigan |
Geographic data related to Michigan at OpenStreetMap
- State of Michigan government website
- Energy Data & Statistics for Michigan
- Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities
- Michigan Historic Markers
- Michigan History Magazine
- Michigan Lighthouse Chronology – Clark Historical Library
- Michigan State Guide from the Library of Congress
- Michigan Official Travel Site
- Michigan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Michigan at the Open Directory Project
- Michigan State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Michigan Underwater Preserves Council
- The Michigan Municipal League
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Michigan
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Upper Michigan | Canada Ontario |
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| Michigan: Outline • Index East |
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Lake Erie |
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| Preceded by Arkansas |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 26, 1837 (26th) |
Succeeded by Florida |
Coordinates: 44°20′N 85°35′W / 44.34°N 85.58°W / 44.34; -85.58
http://wn.com/Michigan
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Michigan
http://es.wn.com/Míchigan
http://ru.wn.com/Мичиган
http://cs.wn.com/Michigan
http://pt.wn.com/Michigan
http://pl.wn.com/Michigan
http://hi.wn.com/मिशिगन
http://it.wn.com/Michigan
http://id.wn.com/Michigan
http://nl.wn.com/Michigan
http://fr.wn.com/Michigan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| William V | |
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| Reign | 22 October 1751 – 9 April 1806 |
| Predecessor | William IV |
| Successor | William VI |
| Spouse | Wilhelmina of Prussia |
| Issue | |
| Louise, Hereditary Princess of Brunswick William I of the Netherlands Prince Frederick |
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| Full name | |
| Willem Batavus | |
| Father | William IV, Prince of Orange |
| Mother | Anne of Great Britain |
| Born | (1748-03-08)8 March 1748 The Hague |
| Died | 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58) Brunswick |
| Religion | Protestantism |
William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau (Willem Batavus; 8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806) was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, and between 1795 and 1806 he led the Government of the Dutch Republic in Exile in London. He was succeeded by his son William I.
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Earliest years[link]
He was born in 1748, the only son of William IV, who had the year before been restored as stadtholder of the United Provinces. He was only 3 years old when his father died in 1751, and a long regency began. His regents were:
- Dowager Princess Anne, his mother, from 1751 to her death in 1759;
- Dowager Princess Marie Louise, his grandmother, from 1759 to her death in 1765;
- Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg, from 1759 to 1766, and kept on as a privy counsellor until October 1784;
- Princess Carolina, his sister (who at the time was an adult aged 22, while he was still a minor at 17), from 1765 to William's majority in 1766.
William was made the 568th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1752.
Stadtholder[link]
William V assumed the position of stadtholder (chief executive) and Captain-General of the Dutch States Army in 1766. On 4 October 1767 in Berlin, Prince William married Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, the daughter of Augustus William of Prussia, niece of Frederick the Great and a cousin of George III.
The position of the Dutch during the American War of Independence was one of neutrality. William V, leading the pro-British faction within the government, blocked attempts by pro-independence, and later pro-French, elements to drag the government to war. However, things came to a head with the Dutch attempt to join the Russian-led League of Armed Neutrality, leading to the outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780. In spite of the fact that Britain was in the midst of fighting several other countries, the ensuing war proved difficult for the Dutch to cope with and the Republic was eventually forced to cede some territory to the British. The United Provinces recognized the United States in February 1782, after much political debate and pressure from American and French diplomats. Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol and Court Lambertus van Beyma took the initiative.
After the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the impoverished nation grew restless under William's rule. In the meantime, a band of young revolutionaries, called Patriots, was challenging his authority more and more. In 1785 William left the Hague and removed his court to Guelders, a province remote from the political centre. In September 1786 he had to send an army to stop Herman Willem Daendels, organizing an overthrow at the cities' vroedschap. In June 1787 his energetic wife Wilhelmina tried to travel to the Hague. Outside Schoonhoven, she was stopped by militia, taken to a farm near Goejanverwellesluis and within two days made to return to Nijmegen.
To Wilhelmina and her brother, Frederick William II of Prussia, this was an insult. Frederick sent in an army to attack the dissidents. Many patriots fled to the North of France, around Saint-Omer, in an area where Dutch was spoken. Until his overthrow they were supported by King Louis XVI of France.
Flight to Britain[link]
With the coming of the French Revolution William V joined the First Coalition against Republican France in 1793. His troops fought in the Flanders Campaign, but in 1794 the military situation deteriorated and the Dutch Republic was threatened by invading armies. The year 1795 was a disastrous one for the ancien régime of the Netherlands. Supported by the French Army, the revolutionaries returned from Paris to fight in the Netherlands, and in 1795 William V fled to the safety of England. A few days later the Fall of Amsterdam occurred, and the Dutch Republic was abolished by the victorious French.
The last of the Dutch stadtholders, he died in exile at Brunswick, now in Germany. His body was moved to the Dutch Royal Family crypt in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft on 29 April 1958.
In 1813, his son, King William I returned to the Netherlands and became the first Dutch monarch from the House of Orange. (Note that he was not the first King of Holland; that was Louis Bonaparte (1778–1846), who had reigned from 1806 to 1810.)
Children[link]
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William V and Wilhelmina of Prussia were parents to five children:
- An unnamed son (23–24 March 1769).
- Frederika Luise Wilhelmina (The Hague, 28 November 1770 – The Hague, 15 October 1819), married in The Hague on 14 October 1790 Karl, Hereditary Prince of Braunschweig (London, 8 February 1766 – Antoinettenruh, 20 September 1806), a son of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and Princess Augusta of Great Britain, without issue.
- An unnamed son (born and deceased on 6 August 1771).
- William I, King of the Netherlands (25 August 1772 – 12 December 1843).
- Willem Georg Frederik, Prince of Orange-Nassau (The Hague, 15 February 1774 – Padua, 6 January 1799), unmarried and without legitimate issue.
Ancestors[link]
| William V, Prince of Orange | Father: William IV, Prince of Orange |
Paternal Grandfather: John William Friso, Prince of Orange |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Henry Casimir II, Count of Nassau-Dietz |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Henriëtte Amalia van Anhalt-Dessau |
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| Paternal Grandmother: Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) |
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| Paternal Great-grandmother: Maria Amalia of Courland |
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| Mother: Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange |
Maternal Grandfather: George II of Great Britain |
Maternal Great-grandfather: George I of Great Britain |
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| Maternal Great-grandmother: Sophia Dorothea of Celle |
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| Maternal Grandmother: Caroline of Ansbach |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach |
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| Maternal Great-grandmother: Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach |
See also[link]
References[link]
External links[link]
Media related to William V, Prince of Orange at Wikimedia Commons
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William V, Prince of Orange
Cadet branch of the House of Nassau
Born: 8 March 1748 Died: April 9 1806 |
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| Dutch nobility | ||
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| Preceded by William IV |
Prince of Orange 1751–1806 |
Succeeded by William VI later became King William I |
| Regnal titles | ||
| Preceded by William IV of Orange |
Prince of Orange-Nassau 1751–1806 |
Succeeded by William VI |
| Baron of Breda 1751–1795 |
Lordship dissolved incorporated in Batavian Republic |
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| General Stadtholder of the United Provinces 1751–1795 |
Function abolished followed by Batavian Republic |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | William V, Prince Of Orange |
| Alternative names | Prins Willem V van Oranje-Nassau (Dutch) |
| Short description | Prince of Orange, General Stadtholder of the United Provinces (1751–1795) |
| Date of birth | 8 March 1748 |
| Place of birth | The Hague |
| Date of death | 9 April 1806 |
| Place of death | Brunswick |
http://wn.com/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Вильгельм V Оранский
http://fr.wn.com/Guillaume V d'Orange-Nassau
http://nl.wn.com/Willem V van Oranje-Nassau
http://pt.wn.com/Guilherme V, Príncipe de Orange
http://de.wn.com/Wilhelm V. (Oranien)
http://it.wn.com/Guglielmo V di Orange-Nassau
http://pl.wn.com/Wilhelm V Orański
http://cs.wn.com/Vilém V. Oranžský
http://es.wn.com/Guillermo V de Orange-Nassau
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
