This article contains Arabic text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Arabic letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Arabic script.

Different approaches and methods for the romanization of Arabic exist. They vary in the way that they address the inherent problems of rendering written and spoken Arabic in the Latin alphabet; they also use different symbols for Arabic phonemes that do not exist in English or other European languages.

Method[link]

Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language. As an example, the above rendering munāẓarat al-ḥurūf al-ʿarabiyyah of the Arabic: مناظرة الحروف العربية‎ is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʿrbyḧ.

Romanization standards and systems[link]

This list is sorted chronologically. Bold face indicates column headlines as they appear in the table below.

• IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (1886)
• Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4). [1]
• BS 4280 (1968): Developed by the British Standards Institution. [2]
• SATTS: One-to-one mapping to Latin Morse equivalents.
• UNGEGN (1972): United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, or Variant A of the Amended Beirut System [3]
• IGN System 1973 or Variant B of the Amended Beirut System, which conforms to French orthography and is preferred to the Variant A in French-speaking countries as in Maghreb and Lebanon [4]
• DIN 31635 (1982): Developed by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization).
• ISO 233 (1984).
• Qalam (1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case. [5]
• ArabTeX (since 1992) its "native" input is 7-bit ASCII: "has been modelled closely after the transliteration standards ISO/R 233 and DIN 31635"
• ISO 233-2 (1993). Simplified transliteration.
• Hans Wehr transliteration (1994): A modification to DIN 31635.
• Buckwalter Transliteration (1990s): Developed at Xerox by Tim Buckwalter [6]; doesn't require unusual diacritics. [7]
• Bikdash Transliteration (BATR): A system [8] which is a compromise between Qalam and Buckwalter Transilterations. It represents consonants with one letter and possibly the single quotation mark as a modifier, and uses one or several Latin vowels to represent short and long Arabic vowels. It strives for minimality as well as phonetic expressiveness. It does not distinguish between the different shapes of the hamza since it assumes that a software implementation can resolve the differences through the standard rules of spelling of Arabic [9].
• ALA-LC (1997). [10]
• SAS: Spanish Arabists School (José Antonio Conde and others, early 19th century onwards). [11]
• Arabic chat alphabet: Not a system; listed here merely for completeness. In some situations, such as online communication, users need a way to enter Arabic text only with the keys immediately available on a keyboard. As an ad hoc solution, such letters can be replaced with Arabic numerals of similar appearance.

A (non-normative) table comparing romanizations using DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UN, ALA-LC and Encyclopaedia of Islam systems is available here: [12].

Comparison table[link]

• ^1 Hans Wehr transliteration does not capitalize the first letter at the beginning of sentences nor in proper names.
• ^2 The chat table is only a demonstration and is based on the spoken varieties which vary considerably from Literary Arabic on which the IPA table and the rest of the transliterations are based.
• ^3 Review hamzah for its various forms.
• ^4 The original standard symbols for these schemes for transliterating hamzah and ʿayn is by Modifier letter apostrophe ⟨ʼ⟩ and Modifier letter turned comma ⟨ʻ⟩, respectively. However, there is a common practice to instead, use Right single quotation mark ⟨’⟩ and Left single quotation mark ⟨‘⟩, respectively. The glottal stop (hamzah) in these transcription isn't written word-initially.
• ^5 Fāʾ and qāf are traditionally written in North Eastern Africa as ڢ‎ and ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ‎, respectively, while the latter's dot is only added initially or medially.
• ^6 In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes in other regions, the standard form for final-yāʾ is only ى (without dots) in handwriting and print, for both final /-iː/ and final /-aː/. ى for the latter pronunciation, is called ألف ليّنة ʾalif layyinah [ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ], "flexible alif".

Romanization issues[link]

Any romanization system has to make a number of decisions which are dependent on its intended field of application.

Vowels[link]

One basic problem is that written Arabic is normally unvocalized, i.e., many of the vowels are not written out, and must be supplied by a reader familiar with the language. Hence unvocalized Arabic writing does not give a reader unfamiliar with the language sufficient information for accurate pronunciation. As a result, a pure transliteration, e.g. rendering قطر as qṭr, is meaningless to an untrained reader. For this reason, transcriptions are generally used that add vowels, e.g. qaṭar.

Transliteration vs. transcription[link]

Most uses of romanization call for transcription rather than transliteration: Instead of transliterating each written letter, they try to reproduce the sound of the words according to the orthography rules of the target language: Qatar. This applies equally to scientific and popular applications. A pure transliteration, for example, would need to omit vowels (e.g. qtr), making the result difficult to interpret except for a subset of trained readers fluent in Arabic. Even if vowels are added, a transliteration system would still need to distinguish between multiple ways of spelling the same sound in the Arabic script, e.g. ʾalif vs. ʾalif maqṣurah for the sound ā, and the six different ways (ء إ أ آ ؤ ئ) of writing the glottal stop (hamza, usually transcribed ʾ ). This sort of detail is unneeded and needlessly confusing except in a very few situations (e.g. typesetting text in the Arabic script).

Most issues related to the romanization of Arabic are about transliterating vs. transcribing – others, about what should be romanized:

• transliteration ignores assimilation (sandhi) of the article before the "sun letters", and may be easily misread by non-Arabs. For instance an-nur (or an-nuur, or an-noor) would be more correctly transliterated along the lines of alnur. In the transcription an-nur, a hyphen is added and the unpronounced 'l' removed for the convenience of the uninformed non-Arab reader, who would otherwise pronounce an 'l', probably not understand the word to be nur, pronounce only one 'n', and be confused by the role of the double 'n'. Alternatively, if the shadda is not transliterated (since it is strictly not a letter), a hypercorrect transliteration would be alnur, which presents similar problems for the uninformed non-Arab reader.
• a transliteration must render the "closed tā" (ta marbuta ة) faithfully, a transcription must render the sound ("a" like any other "a" or "t" like any other "at" – or in a vocalized text nothing vs. t)
  • ISO 233 has a unique symbol, ẗ.
• "short alif" (ʾalif maqṣurah, ى) must be transliterated with a special symbol, like Iª,ıª, but is transcribed like standing alif, when it stands for a long a (ā)
• Nunation: what is true elsewhere is also true for nunation: transliteration renders what is seen, transcription what is heard.

A transcription may reflect the language as spoken, for example, by the people of Baghdad, or the official standard as spoken by a preacher in the mosque or a TV news reader. A transcription is free to add phonological (such as vowels) or morphological (such as word boundaries) information. Transcriptions will also vary depending on the writing conventions of the target language; compare English Omar Khayyam with German Omar Chajjam, both for عمر خيام (unvocalized ʿmr ḫyʾm, vocalized ʿumar ḫayyām).

A transliteration is ideally fully reversible: a machine must be able to transliterate it into Arabic and back. A transliteration can be considered as flawed for any one of the following reasons:

• A "loose" transliteration is ambiguous, rendering several Arabic phonemes with an identical transliteration, or digraphs for a single phoneme (such as sh) may be confused with two adjacent phonemes;
• Symbols representing phonemes may be considered too similar (e.g., ` and ' or ʿ and ʾ for ayin and hamza);
• ASCII transliterations using capital letters to disambiguate phonemes are easy to type but may be considered unaesthetic.

A fully accurate transcription may not be necessary for native Arabic speakers as they would be able to pronounce names and sentences correctly anyway, but it can be very useful for those not fully familiar with spoken Arabic and who are familiar with the Roman alphabet. An accurate transliteration serves as a valuable stepping stone for learning, pronouncing correctly, and distinguishing phonemes. It is a useful tool for anyone familiar with the sounds of Arabic but who are not fully conversant in the language.

One criticism is that a fully accurate system would require special learning that most do not have to actually pronounce names correctly, and that with a lack of a universal romanization system they will not be pronounced correctly by non-native speakers anyway. The precision will be lost if special characters are not replicated and if someone is not familiar with Arabic pronunciation.

Further difficulties[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (April 2011)

During the creating of a romanization system some problems can occur:

• Repeated symbols, like h in traditional English-styled transcription:

th=ث ; kh=خ ; dh=ذ ; sh=ش ; gh=غ ; ah=ة , but h is used also for ه letter. For example, it is difficult to read the combination th in the word mitha:l – (meaning: an example). It is to be read as interdental t (ث), but some people can read it t, then h. The best way here is to underline the combination to avoid dual reading.

• Problems with diacritic marks (dots, commas, round-ups and under the letters as well as macrons for long vowels).

Example: ḲṪABun (meaning "book") accurate transliteration) becomes kitabun in simplified one;

• Coincidence of the meaning of symbol in your transcription system with standard meaning (I.e.: h in some variants means ħ, but not the same sound, like in English and German; c sounds like j in jam, but not as in standard way; e sounds like English h and so on).
• Coincidence of meanings of a combination. E.g.: الرياض – Ar-Riyyadh in standard literature representation.(dh = ض). But dh

is also in use for ذ: dhikr – ذكر – memory.

• Bad distinguishing of some symbols. I.e.: you can read two or more symbols like one sound because of similar graphical elements. For example, ' – hamza and ` – `ayn in some systems.

Examples[link]

Examples in Literary Arabic:

See also[link]

• Arabic alphabet
• Arabic Chat Alphabet
• Arabic grammar
• Arabic language
• Arabic names
• Glottal stop (letter)
• Romanization
• Transliteration
• English exonyms of Arabic speaking places
• Harakat (Arabic vocalisation)
• Ottoman Turkish alphabet – a Perso-Arabic-based alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin-based Turkish alphabet in 1928
• Maltese alphabet

v t e Arabic عربي Overviews Language Alphabet History Romanization Numerology Influence on other languages Alphabet Arabic numerals Eastern numerals Arabic braille Diacritics Hamza Tāʾ marbūṭah Letters ʾAlif Bāʾ Tāʾ Ṯāʾ Ǧīm Ḥāʾ Ḫāʾ Dāl Ḏāl Rāʾ Zayn Sīn Šīn Ṣād Ḍād Ṭāʾ Ẓāʾ ʿAyn Ġayn Fāʾ Qāf Kāf Lām Mīm Nūn Hāʾ Wāw Yāʾ Eras Ancient North Arabian Classical Modern Notable varieties Standardized Modern Standard Arabic Regional Egyptian Iraqi Levantine Maghrebi Sudanese Arabian Yemeni Ethnic/Religious Judeo-Arabic Academic Literature Names Linguistics Phonology Sun and moon letters ʾIʿrāb (inflection) Grammar Triliteral root Mater lectionis IPA Quranic Arabic Corpus

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since March 2009. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since November 2010. It may be confusing or unclear to readers. Tagged since November 2010.

Kim Jong Kook (born April 25, 1976) is a South Korean singer and TV personality. He was initially part of the Korean duo Turbo, later pursuing a successful career as a solo artist.

Biography[link]

Kim Jong Kook first entered the Korean music industry in 1995 as a member of the group Turbo, which became immensely popular for their catchy music. After the group disbanded a few years later, he became a solo singer in 2001, mostly concentrating on ballads.^[1] Although his unusually high tone of voice is often joked about (with many stars jokingly calling it a "mosquito voice"), he has had many hit singles and has also been a frequent guest on many variety shows, most notably X-Man.^[2] In addition, his muscular body is often considered one of the best in K-pop, due to constant weight training.^[3]

Kim Jong Kook had a big slump after Turbo; however, he made a huge comeback with his second album. One of the songs in the second solo album called Han Nam Ja (One Man) was the reason for all his success. Furthermore, a scandal rumor with Yoon Eun Hye grabbed a lot of attention. This rumor started because both of them were permanent members of a famous variety show called X-Man. This rumor actually brought them close and they started to act like a couple in X-Man.^[4]

By 2005, Kim Jong Kook became one of Korea's most popular artists; his third album sold in excess of 300,000 copies,^[5] making it one of the year's best-selling albums in Korea. He capped off that year by sweeping the 3 Daesang from all 3 major TV stations. In doing so, he became only the second artist ever to accomplish this feat since Jo Yong Phil in the 1980s. The lead single from the album, "Lovable", topped many charts. It was also included in Pump It Up and Audition Online.

On January 21, 2006, Kim Jong Kook, Jeon Hye Bin, and Im Tae Kyung participated in Thuy Nga's Paris by Night 81 Vietnamese concert in California. Kim Jong Kook performed "To Her Man".

In March 2006 Kim Jong Kook received his military service enlistment letter at the height of his popularity and career. Kim also released his fourth album around this time, unable to directly promote it while in the military, he used unorthodox methods. To comply with Korean law, the music video was shot so that his face would never be seen on screen. Also, in order to raise awareness, Kim Jong Kook's rumored girlfriend Yoon Eun Hye was asked to star in the music video. Though there has been no direct promotion, his fourth album has sold in excess of 100,000 copies.^[6]

It was announced in late April 2008 that the singer would end his military service on May 23, 2008. On that day, he was greeted by fans, and during his interview, he said that he was "relieved".^[7] His fifth studio album was released on October 22, 2008 as "Here I am" with the featuring song as "Today More than Yesterday" and "Thank you." Proving the "tradition" of not being able to rise once again after military service false, Kim Jong Kook made a successful comeback, making one album, one digital single [Happy Virus] and one trot [Ddajo].

Kim also returned to television, becoming a permanent member of variety show Family Outing, part of SBS's Good Sunday lineup and earning popularity, especially with the love scandals between Lee Hyori and Park Ye Jin. Kim Jong Kook's Hoolala CF with Kim Sooro was released on July 2009. He has also posed for many advertisement for clothing. His sixth album was released on January 27, and a preview of the album was released with the song "Don't Be Good to Me." However the title song for the album is titled "This is the Person". The music video for the song included Park Ye Jin who is famous for the "Family Outing Scandal" between Kim Jong Kook, Lee Hyori and Park Ye Jin. His sixth album is titled "The Eleventh Story" because in his music career, he has so far released 11 albums. It included 3 MV. Right now, he is a regular on SBS's Running Man.

On August 27, 2010 Kim Jong Kook received a lumbar microdiscectomy back disk surgery at Seoul’s Kwan Ahk Goo Chung Ryong Dong Kangnam Choice hospital. Kim Jong Kook’s management company, 101 Entertainment, stated, “Kim Jong Kook carried on with his daily activities without knowing that he had a ruptured disk. He did feel pain, but didn’t think much of it, and he endured his condition with painkillers while filming SBS Running Man.

Kim Jong Kook active participation in SBS Running Man makes him one of the big names in Korean Variety Shows World. He had been called "SpartaKook" and "The Commander" throughout the SBS Running Man and he has received a favorable evaluation leading the mission with his muscular body and extraordinary intelligence. This proved as he won SBS 연예대상 (SBS Entertainment Awards) Best TV Star Award on 2010 and SBS 연예대상 (SBS Entertainment Awards) Excellence Award on 2011. ^[8]

Discography[link]

Solo Albums[link]

Group Albums (Turbo)[link]

Digital singles[link]

• December 1, 2005: Big4 Of Voices In My Dream (Kim Jong Kook, SG Wannabe, Vibe and M to M): 바람과 함께 사라지다 (Gone With The Wind)
• December 11, 2006: Kim Jong Kook and SG Wannabe: 바람만 바람만 (Only Wind, Only Wind)
• December 2005: Kim Jong Kook and Mikey: 스키장에서 (White Love)
• November 23, 2007: Turbo & Kim Jong Kook Digital Mini Album "2007 Hwesang (Recollection)" (part1)
• January 4, 2008: Turbo & Kim Jong Kook Digital Mini Album "2007 Hwesang (Recollection) " (part2)
• March 5, 2009: Kim Jong Kook ft. Shorry J (MM): 행복병 (Happy Virus)
• April 13, 2009: Kim Jong Kook: 따줘 (Give To Me)

Others[link]

• April 23, 2004: special appearance in "나가 남자이기 때문에" (Because I'm Still A Guy) (MC Mong's first album)
• June 22, 2004: 김장훈 - 二色英雄新聞
  • Track 3 - 고속도로 로망스
• December 24, 2004: 통일염원 Special Album 사랑 (Love)
  • Track 1 - 그날이 오면 (When That Day Comes)
• November 15, 2006: S.101 Digital Single "I'll Follow You (ParamMan ParamMan)" (ft.SG Wannabe)
• June 8, 2009: Family Outing - 패밀리의 하루
  • Track 1 - 패밀리의 하루
• November 16, 2010: Soya - 매일매일 사랑해 (I Love You Everyday)
  • Track 1 - 매일매일 사랑해 (I Love You Everyday)
• June 23, 2011: Mikey - All For You
  • Track 1 - All for You

Filmography[link]

Television[link]

• 2004: SBS's Banjun Drama, (special appearance)
• 2004: MBC's Special TV Story
• 2005: Old Miss Diary (special appearance)
• 2005 to 2006: KBS's 슟돌이 Shootdori (coach)
• 2008: Kim Jung Eun's Chocolate [080903]
• 2008: KBS2TV Immortal Musical Classics [080907]
• 2008: Happy Together [081106]
• 2008: KBS2 Star Golden Bell [081202]
• 2008: MBC Golden Fishery [081203]
• 2010: KBS2 Yoo Heeyeol’s Sketchbook [100129]
• 2010: Kim Jung Eun's Chocolate [100206] & [101010]
• 2010: Happy Together [100211]
• 2010: KBS2 Star Golden Bell [100312]
• 2011: KBS 2TV ‘Yoo Heeyeol’s Sketch Book’ [110715] (ft. Mikey)

Variety Shows[link]

• 2001 to 2003: KBS　Dream Team
• 2002: Star Survival
• 2004 to 2006: SBS X-Man
• 2004 to 2006: KBS Happy Sunday
• 2005 to 2006: SBS Real Situation Saturday Love Letter
• 2008 to 2010: SBS Family Outing
• 2010 to present: SBS Running Man

Film[link]

• 2012: Wonderful Radio - cameo appearance

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Kim Jong Kook's Official Website (Korean)
• Kim Jong Kook Interview on The Korea Times

• Kim Jong Kook's Global Fan Club
• Kim Jong Kook's Official Fan Site [papitus]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Seo In-Young (Hangul: 서인영; Hanja: 徐寅永; born on September 3, 1984), also known as Elly, is a South Korean singer, dancer, model, TV host, and actress. She is most famously known for being a member of K-pop group Jewelry and being on the reality TV show "We Got Married" with Crown J as her "husband".

Career[link]

She released her solo album entitled Elly Is So Hot (the name "Elly" is a nickname that Seo created for herself) on February 26, 2007. Known as the sexy dancer in the group, she has stated that she wanted to move away from her strong dance image and become a softer, elegant, more sensual entertainer.

The first single from the album was "Neoreul Wonhae" ("너를 원해", "I Want You"), which was written, composed, and produced by Jung Yeon-joon, from Uptown. Originally a mix of Latin and R&B styles, the song was promoted with a dance remix near the end of her promotional tour.

It was announced that In Young would be releasing her second solo album titled Elly Is Cinderella on July 23, 2008, with the lead single "Cinderella" composed by PSY.^[1] Her album was released on July 23, 2008.

On February 2008, Seo In Young participated in the MBC variety show We Got Married. She was paired with K-Urban artist Crown J. The duo later released the digital single "Too Much", on May 19, 2008. The song was used as their theme song for the variety show. A club remix version was also released on her new album. She also sang "Can't I Love" for the OST for the Korean drama IRIS.

It was announced in December 2009 that Seo In Young as well as fellow Jewelry member Park Jung Ah would be leaving Jewelry after completing promotional activities for Sophisticated and fully commit to their solo careers.^[2]

Seo In Young released her third album called "Lov-Elly," her first album without the label of "Jewelry's Seo In Young," on June 6, 2010. The album consists of ballads, showing a very soft but powerful side of Seo In Young. Her album-jacket and first single "Goodbye Romance", were released May 12, 2010.^[3]. The song peaked at #1 on M! Countdown on June 24, her first award as a solo artist since leaving Jewelry. She also joined the new SBS Reality Show Heroes in July 2010, receiving a lot of press and controversy for her feisty and headstrong persona.

Seo In Young's 4th album "ellythm", a single album, was released on December 12, 2010. It includes the single "Into The Rhythm". The song received minor success while she was promoting it.

Early in 2011, the Jongno branch of Cheil Industries named Seo In Young creative director for their imports division. Working specifically with French luxury brand 'Nina Ricci' in designing a line of limited edition handbags respectively named 'Nina Ricci x Seo In Young'.

Later in May 2011, Seo In Young released her single album, Wash which showcased ultimately powerful vocals matched with a sad and slow ballad music. The music video was filmed in Thailand with a concept of an elegant Seo In Young underwater and a sad woman in the front of a mirror applying makeup on her face then later on showed mixed emotions of laughing, crying, anger, insanity, and sadness. The company released a music video teaser and behind the scenes however no official music video was released. The song also was not promoted however if promoted, the song may gain lots of popularity and support however she performed the song at radio shows she went to.

Seo In Young was included in the cast of Immortal Song 3. In her first appearance, she won the award with the song "Like That First Feeling."

On October 4, 2011, Seo In Young uploaded 2 comeback photo teasers ahead of her comeback. This became quite an issue among netizens, thinking on what concept she would be having on her next comeback. 8 days later, it was known that Seo In Young is targeting for a November comeback. Early November, In Young released "Losers" (What a Joke) as a single. November 13 she released an MV teaser. Later on November 15, her Mini Album "Brand New Elly" was released. Her lead single was "Oh My Gosh which had an upbeat electropop music. The Music video was released a day after then a few hours, the dance mv was released.

Seo In Young and Nine Muses also travelled to Abu Dhab on November 10, 2011 to perform in there as representatives of K-pop. Seo In Young was shocked to have a lot of fans in the Middle East. She performed alongside with Britney Spears.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Extended plays[link]

Single albums[link]

Filmography[link]

Dramas[link]

• Style (스타일, SBS) cameo

Variety Shows[link]

• Happy Shares
• Hidden Camera (Sunday Sunday Night)
• School Rocks (SBS,Guest)
• Rainbow Romance (논스톱,SBS) cameo
• Seo In Young's Kaist
• We Got Married (with CrownJ make to believe couples)
• Music Bank Core (KBS,HOST)
• seo In Young's Brandnew Friend
• Oppa Band (Sunday Sunday Night Shows)
• World-Changing Quiz (Sunday Sunday Night,Guest)
• Family Outing (SBS,Guest)
• It City
• Heroes

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jewelry Official Fan Café (Korean)
• Profile on EPG (Korean)
• Profile on Empas People (Korean)