- published: 02 Sep 2012
- views: 2314407
- author: Azealia Banks
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
![Azealia Banks - 1991 [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121201214344im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/rZTHvDBGPRc/default.jpg "Follow me on Twitter: twitter.com [I do not own any rights on this song]")
..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 1894
- 1895
- 1896
- 1897
- 1898
- 1899
- 1900
- 1901
- 1902
- 1903
- 1904
- 1905
- 1906
- 1907
- 1908
- 1909
- 1910
- 1911
- 1912
- 1913
- 1914
- 1915
- 1916
- 1917
- 1918
- 1919
- 1920
- 1921
- 1922
- 1923
- 1924
- 1925
- 1926
- 1927
- 1928
- 1929
- 1930
- 1931
- 1932
- 1933
- 1934
- 1935
- 1936
- 1937
- 1938
- 1939
- 1940s
- 1941
- 1942
- 1943
- 1944
- 1945
- 1946
- 1947
- 1948
- 1949
- 1950
- 1951
- 1952
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1960
- 1960s
- 1969
- 1970s
- 1976
- 1980s
- 1986
- 1988
- 1989
- 1990
- 1990s
- 1991
- 1991 (number)
- 1991 in archaeology
- 1991 in architecture
- 1991 in art
- 1991 in Australia
- 1991 in aviation
- 1991 in Canada
- 1991 in comics
- 1991 in Ecuador
- 1991 in film
- 1991 in France
- 1991 in Germany
- 1991 in Greece
- 1991 in home video
- 1991 in India
- 1991 in Ireland
- 1991 in Israel
- 1991 in Italy
- 1991 in Japan
- 1991 in literature
- 1991 in Luxembourg
- 1991 in Malaysia
- 1991 in Mexico
- 1991 in music
- 1991 in New Zealand
- 1991 in Norway
- 1991 in Pakistan
- 1991 in poetry
- 1991 in radio
- 1991 in Russia
- 1991 in science
- 1991 in Singapore
- 1991 in South Africa
- 1991 in spaceflight
- 1991 in sports
- 1991 in television
- 1991 in video gaming
- 1991 in Zimbabwe
- 1991 Perfect Storm
- 1992
- 1993
- 1994
- 19th century
- 2000–2009
- 2009
- 2010s
- 2011
- 2020s
- 20th century
- 21st century
- 2nd millennium
- 951 Gaspra
- Aad Mansveld
- Ab urbe condita
- Addison Timlin
- AFL Grand Final
- AIDS
- Aileen Wuornos
- Aive
- AKB48
- Alaska
- Alba Riquelme
- Albania
- Aldo Ray
- Alec Burks
- Alex North
- Alexis Neiers
- Ali Mahdi Muhammad
- Ali Sabri
- Aline MacMahon
- Aliza Vellani
- Allison Bertolino
- Alps
- Amadou Toumani Touré
- Amala Paul
- Amanda Michalka
- Amos Yarkoni
- Amsterdam
- Amy Jackson
- An Byeong-hun
- Anabel Barnston
- Andover, Kansas
- Andreas Floer
- André Cools
- Anglican Communion
- Angola
- Anita Hill
- Anna Gurji
- Anno Domini
- Anton Furst
- Anton Yugov
- Aoi Nakamura
- April 1
- April 10
- April 14
- April 15
- April 16
- April 17
- April 18
- April 19
- April 20
- April 22
- April 23
- April 24
- April 26
- April 27
- April 28
- April 29
- April 3
- April 30
- April 4
- April 5
- April 6
- April 7
- April 8
- April 9
- Argentina
- Arianna Afsar
- Arkansas
- Armenia
- Armenian calendar
- Arno Breker
- Arsenic
- Arson
- Arthur Murray
- Arthur Pentelow
- Artur Lundkvist
- Ashli Amari Adams
- Askar Akayev
- Assyrian calendar
- Asteroid
- Atlantic Canada
- Atlantic Ocean
- Atsuko Maeda
- August 1
- August 11
- August 12
- August 13
- August 14
- August 16
- August 17
- August 19
- August 2
- August 20
- August 21
- August 22
- August 23
- August 24
- August 25
- August 26
- August 27
- August 28
- August 29
- August 3
- August 30
- August 31
- August 4
- August 5
- August 6
- August 7
- August 8
- August 9
- Aung San Suu Kyi
- Austin Butler
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani language
- Ba'athist Iraq
- Baghdad
- Bahá'í calendar
- Baltic states
- Bang Mir
- Bangkok
- Bangladesh
- Battle of Vukovar
- Bee Vang
- Beirut
- Bela Padilla
- Belarus
- Belavezha Accords
- Belgrade
- Belime
- Bengali calendar
- Berber calendar
- Berenice Abbott
- Bert Sakmann
- Betty Alberge
- Białowieża Forest
- Bibi Jones
- Bill Clinton
- Billy T. James
- Birmingham Six
- Bishop
- Blast shelter
- Bob Hawke
- Boeing 737-300
- Boeing 767
- Bonnie Wright
- Boris Pugo
- Boris Yeltsin
- Boston University
- Brad Davis (actor)
- Bravo Two Zero
- Brayden Schenn
- Brazil
- Brenda Asnicar
- Brett Murphy
- Brioni Agreement
- British Army
- Brittany Tiplady
- Brittney Wilson
- Brooke Marie Bridges
- Brunswick, Georgia
- Buddhist calendar
- Buffalo Bills
- Bulgaria
- Byzantine calendar
- Cabo San Lucas
- Calum Worthy
- Camarón de la Isla
- Cambodia
- Camila Finn
- Capital punishment
- Carbon nanotube
- Carl David Anderson
- Carmine Coppola
- Carol Dempster
- Carter Jenkins
- Casey Abrams
- Cassandra Harris
- Category 1991
- Category 1991 awards
- Category 1991 births
- Category 1991 deaths
- Category 1991 in law
- Category 1991 works
- Cesare Merzagora
- Charles Barnet
- Charles Goren
- Charlie G. Hawkins
- Chatichai Choonhavan
- Chelsea Tavares
- Chinese calendar
- Chloe Bridges
- Chloe Marshall
- Choi Minho
- Chris Short
- Christa Theret
- Christian Fortune
- Christofer Drew
- Christopher Gerse
- Clarence Thomas
- Claudio Arrau
- Clifton C. Edom
- CN Blue
- Cold War
- Cole Hawkins
- Colleen Dewhurst
- Colombia
- Colton Harris-Moore
- COMECON
- Comedy Central
- Conor Clapton
- Constitution
- Contras
- Cool Papa Bell
- Coptic calendar
- Coral Browne
- Cory Joseph
- Costa Rica
- Coup
- Coup d'état
- Craig Roberts
- Creagen Dow
- Crimea
- Croatia
- Cromwell Everson
- Cyril Knowles
- Czechoslovakia
- Daiki Arioka
- Daniel Curtis Lee
- Daniel Magder
- Daniel Mann
- Daniel Oduber Quirós
- Daniel Tay
- Danielle Horvat
- Danny Miller (actor)
- Danny Thomas
- David Lean
- David Ruffin
- Davide Santon
- Dead (musician)
- Dead Sea Scrolls
- Dean Jagger
- December 1
- December 10
- December 11
- December 12
- December 13
- December 14
- December 15
- December 16
- December 17
- December 18
- December 19
- December 20
- December 21
- December 22
- December 24
- December 25
- December 26
- December 27
- December 28
- December 3
- December 4
- December 6
- December 8
- December 9
- Declan Galbraith
- Dennis Crosby
- Derrick Henry Lehmer
- Desiree Washington
- Devon Bostick
- Devon Werkheiser
- Dhahran
- Diana Danielle
- Diana Vickers
- Diandra Newlin
- Diva Montelaba
- Dmitriy Martynov
- Doc Pomus
- Dominique Jackson
- Don Siegel
- Dottie West
- Dr. Seuss
- Drake Kemper
- Drew Osborne
- Dylan O'Brien
- Dyllan Christopher
- Earthquake
- Eastern Air Lines
- EBRD
- Ed Heinemann
- Ed Sheeran
- Eden Sher
- Edmund Adamkiewicz
- Edwin H. Land
- Edwin McMillan
- Edwina Booth
- Egypt
- Eleanor Boardman
- Elizabeth II
- Emily DiDonato
- Emma Maree Urquhart
- Emma Roberts
- Emmalee Thompson
- Emmy Clarke
- Enrique Bermúdez
- Eric Carr
- Erik J. Berg
- Erik Per Sullivan
- Erika Umeda
- Erin Sanders
- Ernst Krenek
- Erwin Neher
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- Ethiopian calendar
- Ethiopian Civil War
- Eunice Cho
- Europe
- Eva Le Gallienne
- Evanna Lynch
- Eve Hewson
- Exxon
- Exxon Valdez
- February 1
- February 10
- February 11
- February 12
- February 13
- February 14
- February 15
- February 16
- February 17
- February 18
- February 19
- February 2
- February 21
- February 22
- February 23
- February 24
- February 25
- February 26
- February 28
- February 3
- February 5
- February 6
- February 7
- February 9
- Firefighter
- Forrest Towns
- France
- Francesca Isherwood
- Frank Capra
- Frank H. Netter
- Frank Yerby
- Fred MacMurray
- Freddie Mercury
- Free market economy
- Gabriella Cilmi
- Galileo spacecraft
- Gene Roddenberry
- Gene Tierney
- Genevieve Buechner
- Gennady Yanayev
- George Abecassis
- George Gobel
- George Hennard
- George Sherman
- George Stigler
- Georgia (country)
- Georgia May Foote
- German language
- Germany
- Gershon Koffie
- Gestapo
- Gioia Barbieri
- Girls' Generation
- Glenn McCuen
- Gonzaguinha
- Goo Ha-ra
- Grant Rosenmeyer
- Gregorian calendar
- Greta Kempton
- Greyson Fletcher
- Gulf War
- Gustáv Husák
- H. John Heinz III
- Hailu Yimenu
- Haiti
- Halloween Blizzard
- Hamse Abdouh
- Hannah Hodson
- Hans Nüsslein
- Hansika Motwani
- Harald V of Norway
- Harare Declaration
- Harry Reasoner
- Hawaii
- Hayley Kiyoko
- Hebrew calendar
- Heidelberg
- Heisei
- Hekla
- Henri Lefebvre
- Henry Surtees
- Hervé Guibert
- Hey! Say! JUMP
- Hindu calendar
- Hinoi Asuka
- HIV
- Holocene calendar
- Honor killing
- House arrest
- Howard Ashman
- Howard Nemerov
- Hungary
- Hunter Gomez
- Huntington Library
- Héctor Rial
- Ian Beharry
- Igor Talkov
- Impostor
- India
- Iran
- Iranian calendar
- Iraq
- Irina Kulikova
- Irwin Allen
- Islamic calendar
- Israel
- Italy
- Itu
- J. D. McDuffie
- Jack Kevorkian
- Jaime Guzmán
- Jake Ball
- James Franciscus
- James Hogue
- James Irwin
- James Roosevelt
- Jamie Grace
- Jamie Lynn Spears
- Jan Józef Lipski
- January 1
- January 11
- January 12
- January 13
- January 14
- January 15
- January 16
- January 17
- January 18
- January 19
- January 2
- January 21
- January 22
- January 25
- January 26
- January 27
- January 28
- January 29
- January 3
- January 30
- January 31
- January 4
- January 5
- January 6
- January 8
- Japanese calendar
- Jason Dolley
- Jay Greenberg
- Jean Arthur
- Jean Langlais
- Jean Rogers
- Jean Tinguely
- Jean Van Houtte
- Jeanine Mason
- Jedward
- Jeffrey Dahmer
- Jennifer Abel
- Jennifer Damiano
- Jennifer Hof
- Jerzy Kosinski
- Jesinta Campbell
- Jiang Qing
- Jiao Liuyang
- Joan Caulfield
- Joe McElderry
- Joe Pasternak
- Johannesburg
- John A. McCone
- John Bardeen
- John Charles Daly
- John Heinz
- John Hoyt
- John Leonard Orr
- John McIntire
- John Sherman Cooper
- John Tower
- Johnny Eck
- Johnny Thunders
- Joint European Torus
- Jordan Hinson
- Jordan McCoy
- Jordan Pruitt
- Jordan-Claire Green
- Joseph Papp
- Julian calendar
- Julie Dubela
- July 1
- July 10
- July 11
- July 12
- July 15
- July 16
- July 18
- July 2
- July 20
- July 22
- July 23
- July 24
- July 25
- July 27
- July 28
- July 29
- July 3
- July 30
- July 31
- July 4
- July 5
- July 6
- July 7
- July 8
- July 9
- June 1
- June 10
- June 11
- June 12
- June 13
- June 14
- June 15
- June 16
- June 17
- June 18
- June 19
- June 2
- June 20
- June 22
- June 23
- June 25
- June 27
- June 28
- June 29
- June 3
- June 30
- June 4
- June 5
- June 6
- June 9
- Kaho (actress)
- Kaizer Chiefs FC
- Kali Yuga
- Kang Min-Hyuk
- Karina Pasian
- Katie Jarvis
- Kazakhstan
- Kelsey Chow
- Kenas Aroi
- Kevin Peter Hall
- Key (singer)
- Keye Luke
- KGB
- Khojavend Rayon
- Kie Kitano
- Killeen, Texas
- Kirsten Olson
- Kiss (band)
- Klaus Barbie
- Klaus Kinski
- Korean calendar
- Kuwait
- Kyle Massey
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lacey Baker
- Larry Kert
- Las Vegas Strip
- Latvia
- Lauda Air
- Lay (singer)
- Lazar Kaganovich
- Lebanon
- Lee Atwater
- Lee Remick
- Lena Meyer-Landrut
- Leningrad
- Leo Fender
- Leopold Nowak
- Leslie Mahaffy
- Libya
- Lightning
- Lino Brocka
- Linus Torvalds
- Linux kernel
- List of centuries
- List of decades
- List of years
- Lithuania
- Livorno
- Los Angeles Lakers
- Louis Guglielmi
- Luanda
- Luigi Zampa
- Luke Appling
- Madison Burge
- Madylin Sweeten
- Maestro Harrell
- Magic Johnson
- Malese Jow
- Mali
- Manolo Gómez Bur
- Mappleton
- Marcel Lefebvre
- March 1
- March 10
- March 11
- March 12
- March 13
- March 14
- March 15
- March 16
- March 18
- March 2
- March 20
- March 21
- March 22
- March 24
- March 25
- March 26
- March 27
- March 28
- March 29
- March 3
- March 30
- March 31
- March 4
- March 6
- March 7
- March 8
- March 9
- Margot Fonteyn
- Mariana Espósito
- Mario Scelba
- Marlon Teixeira
- Marshall Islands
- Martha Graham
- Martin Ennals
- Mary Francis Shura
- María Zambrano
- Masahiro Usui
- Matt Bennett
- Matthew Kane
- Maudie Edwards
- Max Frisch
- May 1
- May 12
- May 14
- May 15
- May 17
- May 18
- May 19
- May 21
- May 22
- May 23
- May 24
- May 25
- May 26
- May 27
- May 29
- May 3
- May 30
- May 4
- May 6
- May 7
- May 8
- MBLAQ
- Melanie Oudin
- Mercosur
- Merion, Pennsylvania
- Mesut Yılmaz
- Mexico
- Mexico City
- Mia Carruthers
- Michael Landon
- Michel Aoun
- Michelle Monkhouse
- Michigan
- Mike Tyson
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Miki Ishikawa
- Mil Mi-8
- Mildred Dunnock
- Miles Davis
- Military occupation
- Millennium
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Minami Takahashi
- Minguo calendar
- Minnesota Twins
- Miori Takimoto
- Miss Black America
- Mitchel Musso
- Mohammed Abdel Wahab
- Moldova
- Mollee Gray
- Molly Geertsema
- Montana Fishburne
- Morgane Slemp
- Mount Pinatubo
- Mount Unzen
- Moussa Traoré
- Muhammad Ahmed
- Nadine Ames
- Nadine Gordimer
- Nancy Kulp
- Natalie Evans
- Natalie Schafer
- Natasha Dupeyrón
- Nathan Lopez
- Nature (journal)
- Netherlands
- New York Giants
- NFL
- Nicaragua
- Nicolai Kielstrup
- Nicole Jung
- Nimeño II
- Niven Busch
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Norodom Sihanouk
- North Korea
- November 10
- November 12
- November 13
- November 14
- November 15
- November 18
- November 2
- November 20
- November 21
- November 22
- November 23
- November 24
- November 25
- November 26
- November 27
- November 28
- November 29
- November 3
- November 4
- November 5
- November 6
- November 7
- November 9
- October 10
- October 11
- October 12
- October 13
- October 14
- October 15
- October 16
- October 17
- October 18
- October 19
- October 2
- October 20
- October 22
- October 23
- October 24
- October 25
- October 26
- October 27
- October 28
- October 29
- October 3
- October 30
- October 31
- October 4
- October 5
- October 6
- October 7
- October 8
- Oil well fire
- Olav V of Norway
- Olivia Tennet
- Ondřej Kraják
- Operation Phase Echo
- Operation Solomon
- Orkney, North West
- Paddington station
- Palestinians
- Palm Beach, Florida
- Pan Am Flight 103
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Pascal Bodmer
- Patricia Ashley
- Paul Brown
- Paul Keating
- Paul Maxwell
- Paulina Olszynski
- Paulo Muwanga
- Peacekeeping
- Pedro Arrupe
- Peggy Ashcroft
- Pennsylvania
- Persian Gulf
- Pete Axthelm
- Phnom Penh
- Pierre Jamet
- Pixie Lott
- Pol Espargaró
- Poland
- Pontus Ekhem
- Portal 1990s
- Prague
- Premier
- President of Georgia
- President of Russia
- Prime Minister
- Prime minister
- Princeton University
- Public house
- Pyroclastic flow
- Qian Lin
- Qory Sandioriva
- Queen (band)
- Ragnar Granit
- Rajiv Gandhi
- Ralph Bellamy
- Ramat Gan
- Rebecca Ryan
- Red Grange
- Red Sea
- Redd Foxx
- Referendum
- Regis Toomey
- Regnal year
- Renato Rascel
- Republic of China
- Rhiannon Fish
- Richard A. Snelling
- Richard R. Ernst
- Richard Stone
- Richard Thorpe
- Rin Asuka
- Rina Aizawa
- Rina Takeda
- Robert Maxwell
- Robert Motherwell
- Robert Q. Lewis
- Robert Velter
- Rodney King
- Roman Catholic
- Roman numerals
- Romania
- Ronald Allen
- Ronald Coase
- Roshon Fegan
- Rubab Raza
- Rudolf Serkin
- Russell Lynes
- Russia
- Russian SFSR
- Ryan Belhsen
- Ryo Ishikawa
- Saddam Hussein
- Sahara Garey
- Saint Petersburg
- Saki Shimizu
- Salah Khalaf
- Salem Express
- Salvador Luria
- Sandy, Utah
- Sarah Bolger
- Sarah Ramos
- Saudi Arabia
- SCUD
- Scud
- Scud missile
- Sega
- Seohyun
- September 10
- September 12
- September 13
- September 14
- September 15
- September 16
- September 17
- September 18
- September 19
- September 2
- September 20
- September 21
- September 22
- September 23
- September 24
- September 25
- September 27
- September 28
- September 3
- September 30
- September 4
- September 5
- September 6
- September 7
- September 8
- September 9
- Serb
- Serge Gainsbourg
- Sergey Akhromeyev
- Sergio Canales
- Serial killer
- Sexagenary cycle
- Seychelle Gabriel
- Shailene Woodley
- Shanina Shaik
- Shapour Bakhtiar
- Shintaro Abe
- Sideshow
- Simona Halep
- Skandar Keynes
- Skyler Day
- SkyWest Airlines
- Slobodan Milošević
- Slovenia
- Smart bomb
- Soichiro Honda
- Solar Eclipse
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- Son Dong-woon
- Sonny Carter
- Sophia Abrahao
- Sophie Oda
- Soren Fulton
- South Africa
- South America
- South Korea
- South Ossetia
- Southern Hemisphere
- Soviet Empire
- Soviet republics
- Soviet Union
- Spacelab
- Special Air Service
- Spencer Locke
- Sriperumbudur
- Stan Getz
- Stanley Hawes
- START I
- Steele Sidebottom
- Steve Clark
- Steve Marriott
- Strathfield Massacre
- STS 40
- Suho
- Suicide
- Sumio Iijima
- Sun Yang
- Sunthorn Kongsompong
- Super Bowl XXV
- Supreme Soviet
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Sydney
- Sylvia Fine
- Sylvia Porter
- Süleyman Demirel
- Tailhook Association
- Tajikistan
- Takatoshi Abe
- Takumi Abe
- Tank
- Taylor Firth
- Taylor Gildersleeve
- Ted Kennedy
- Tel Aviv
- Tennessee Ernie Ford
- Terence Kilmartin
- Terry A. Anderson
- Terry Waite
- Tess Gaerthé
- Tessa James
- Thai solar calendar
- Thailand
- The Hague
- Tim Berners-Lee
- Tino Casal
- Tom Tryon
- Tommy Bastow
- Tony Oller
- Tony Richardson
- Tornado
- Treaty of Asunción
- Trevor Bayne
- Tskhinvali
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tyler Posey
- Tyler the Creator
- U.S. Open (golf)
- Ukase
- Ukraine
- UN Secretary-General
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- United States Senate
- Unix time
- UNPO
- Upper Midwest
- Uruguay
- USAir
- USAir Flight 1493
- Usenet
- Uzbekistan
- Vadhir Derbez
- Van Gogh Museum
- Vasco Pratolini
- Vasily Zaytsev
- Vasko Popa
- Victoire Thivisol
- Victor Chang
- Videotape
- Vikram Samvat
- Vilma Bánky
- Vilnius
- Vincent Caso
- Visegrad Agreement
- Viviane Romance
- Vukovar
- Vukovar massacre
- Wade Frankum
- Warsaw Pact
- Warsaw radio mast
- Weather satellite
- Wilfrid Hyde-White
- Wilhelm Kempff
- Willa Holland
- William Tomlin
- Wolfgang Van Halen
- World Series
- World War II
- World Wide Web
- Yasushi Inoue
- Yevgeny Dragunov
- Yitzhak Shamir
- Ynna Asistio
- Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
- Yves Montand
- Zachary Taylor
- Zein Isa
- Zino Francescatti
- Zoe Weizenbaum
- Zuleyka Silver
- Zviad Gamsakhurdia
- Édith Cresson
- Éditions Gallimard
- Ötzi the Iceman
-
AFL Grand Final
The AFL Grand Final is an annual Australian rules football match, traditionally held on the final Saturday in September at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia to determine the Australian Football League (AFL) premiership champions for that year. The game has become significant to Australian culture, spawning a number of traditions and surrounding activities which have grown in popularity since the interstate expansion of the VFL in the 1980s and the subsequent creation of the national AFL competition in the 1990s. The 2006 Sweeney Sports Report concluded that the AFL Grand Final has become Australia's most important sporting event, with the largest attendance, metropolitan television audience and overall interest of any annual Australian sporting event.
The winner of the Grand Final is presented with the AFL Premiership Cup and the Premiership Flag.
The concept of a "grand" final gradually evolved from experimentation by the Victorian Football League (VFL) in the initial years of competition following its inception in 1897. During the nineteenth century, Australian football competition adopted the approach used by the Football Association in England – that is, the team on top of the table (or "ladder" in the Australian vernacular) was declared the premiers. However, the fledgling VFL decided that a finals series played between the top four teams at the end of the season would generate more interest and gate money. For 1897, the VFL scheduled a round robin tournament whereby the top four played each other once and the team that won the most matches was declared the winner.
wn.com/AFL_Grand_Final -
Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
wn.com/Alaska -
Albania
Albania (i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
wn.com/Albania -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] (
listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
wn.com/Amsterdam -
Andover, Kansas
Andover is a city in Butler and Sedgwick counties in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 11,791. Located almost entirely in Butler County, it is part of the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area. Andover is well-known because of the tornado that hit the city in 1991 (see the Andover, Kansas Tornado Outbreak).
When the Kansas territory was first mapped, the original Andover area was called Minneha. The Indian name was later changed to Cloud City.[citation needed]
The first settlement in Bruno Township was in February 1869, when Vincent Smith Arrived on Dry Creek (2 Miles East of Andover Road on 21st Street). He filed his claim on May 10, 1869. Other early settlers began to arrive in the spring of 1870, and soon all the land was claimed.he First Bruno Township election was held April 9, 1872. The first township officers were N.B. Daniels, Trustee; Jacob Brown, Treasurer; J.D. Reber, Clerk; Isaac Newland and Samuel Reed, Justices of the Peace; William Riser and Isaac Stroup, Constables.Bonds totaling 18,000 dollars were issued for the extension of the Frisco Railway through Bruno Township. The Railway was completed in 1880.[citation needed]
wn.com/Andover,_Kansas -
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola, pronounced: [ʁɨˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈɡɔla];Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu: Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in southern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Portuguese were present in some—mostly coastal—points of the territory of what is now Angola, from the 16th to the 19th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples that lived there. In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territory was not established before the end of the 19th century, and "effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s. Independence was achieved in 1975, after a protracted liberation war. After independence, Angola was the scene of an intense civil war from 1975 to 2002. The country has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy has on average grown at a two-digit pace since the 1990s, especially since the end of the civil war. In spite of this, standards of living remain low for the majority of the population, and life expectancy and infant mortality rates in Angola are among the worst-ranked in the world. At the same time, a minority has reached comfortable life standards, and the dominant stratum has succeeded in accumulating considerable wealth, so that social inequality in Angola is one of the highest in the world.
wn.com/Angola -
Argentina
Argentinai/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
wn.com/Arkansas -
Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
wn.com/Armenia -
Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – and Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2011, was 2,327,638.
The first premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, Joey Smallwood, coined the term Atlantic Canada when Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in 1949. He believed it would be presumptuous for Newfoundland and Labrador to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "Maritime Provinces", used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The three Maritime provinces joined Confederation in the nineteenth century: New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1867 and Prince Edward Island in 1873.
2011 census figures for metropolitan areas in Atlantic Canada. The list includes communities above 15,000, by population/metro area:
Coordinates: 47°N 62°W / 47°N 62°W / 47; -62
wn.com/Atlantic_Canada -
Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
wn.com/Azerbaijan -
Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
wn.com/Baghdad -
Baltic states
The term Baltic states (also Baltics, Baltic nations or Baltic countries) refers to the Baltic territories which gained independence from the Russian Empire in the wake of World War I: primarily the contiguous trio of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (from north to south); Finland also fell within the scope of the term from the 1920s to 1939.Estonia is only considered Baltic geographically, not linguistically or culturally, as Estonians and Finns are descendants of the Baltic Finns.
The term in the indigenous languages of the Baltic states is:
The term "Baltic" stems from the name of the Baltic Sea – a hydronym dating back to the 11th century (Adam of Bremen mentioned Latin: Mare Balticum) and earlier.
The Latvian and Lithuanian term Baltija most likely originates from the Indo-European root *bhel meaning white, fair. In modern Baltic languages, namely, Lithuanian language, baltas literally means white, and in Latvian language balts means white also.
Beginning in the Middle Ages and through the present day, the Baltic Sea appears on the maps subscribed in Germanic languages as German: Ostsee, Danish: Østersøen, Dutch: Oostzee, Swedish: Östersjön, etc. In English "Ost" is "East", and in fact, the Baltic Sea mostly lies to the east for Germany, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Clearly, part of the Baltic Sea lies to the east of Germany and Sweden, and due north of parts of Germany.
wn.com/Baltic_states -
Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] ( listen)) or simply Krung Thep ( listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
wn.com/Bangkok -
Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
wn.com/Bangladesh -
Battle of Vukovar
The Battle of Vukovar (Croatian: Bitka za Vukovar, Serbian: Битка за Вуковар, Bitka za Vukovar) was an 87-day siege of Vukovar in eastern Croatia by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various paramilitary forces from Serbia, between August and November 1991. Before the Croatian War of Independence the Baroque town was a prosperous, mixed community of Croats, Serbs and other ethnic groups. As Yugoslavia began to break up, Serbia's President Slobodan Milošević and Croatia's President Franjo Tuđman started to pursue nationalist politics. In 1990, an armed insurrection was started by Croatian Serb militias, supported by the Serbian government and paramilitary groups, who seized control of Serb-populated areas of Croatia. The JNA began to intervene in favour of the rebellion, and conflict broke out in the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia in May 1991. In August the JNA launched a full-scale attack against Croatian-held territory in eastern Slavonia, including Vukovar.
Vukovar was defended by around 1,800 lightly armed soldiers of the Croatian National Guard (ZNG) and civilian volunteers, against 36,000 JNA soldiers and Serbian paramilitaries equipped with heavy armour and artillery. During the battle shells and rockets were fired into the town at a rate of up to 12,000 a day. At the time it was the fiercest and most protracted battle in Europe, and Vukovar was the first major European town entirely destroyed since the Second World War. When Vukovar fell on 18 November 1991, hundreds of soldiers and civilians were massacred by Serb forces and at least 31,000 civilians were deported from the town and its surroundings. Most of the Vukovar was ethnically cleansed of its non-Serb population and became part of the self-declared Republic of Serbian Krajina. Several Serb military and political officials, including Milošević, were later indicted and in some cases jailed for war crimes committed during and after the battle.
wn.com/Battle_of_Vukovar -
Beirut
Coordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306
Beirut (Arabic: بيروت Bayrūt, Greek: Βηρυττός, Latin: Berytus, French: Beyrouth, Hebrew: ביירות Beyrut) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. As there has been no recent population census, the exact population is unknown; estimates in 2007 ranged from slightly less than 1 million to slightly more than 2 million. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport. The Beirut metropolitan area consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating from the 15th century BC. The city has been inhabited continuously since then.
Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in its city centre, Hamra Street, Rue Verdun and Ashrafieh. The city is the focal point of the region's cultural life, renowned for its press, theatres, cultural activities and nightlife. After the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beirut underwent major reconstruction, and the redesigned historic city centre, marina, pubs and nightlife districts have once again made it a tourist attraction. Beirut was named the top place to visit by The New York Times in 2009, and as one of the ten liveliest cities in the world by Lonely Planet in the same year.
wn.com/Beirut -
Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
wn.com/Belarus -
Belavezha Accords
The Belavezha Accords (Russian: Беловежские соглашения, Belarusian: Белавежскія пагадненні, Ukrainian: Біловезькі угоди) is the agreement which declared the Soviet Union effectively dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place. It was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha on December 8, 1991, by the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
The name is variously transliterated as Belavezh Accords, Belovezh Accords, Belovezha Accords, Belavezha Agreement, Belovezhskaya Accord, Belaya Vezha Accord, etc.
While doubts remained over the authority of the leaders (Stanislav Shushkevich, Boris Yeltsin, and Leonid Kravchuk) of three of the fifteen soviet republics to dissolve the Union, according to Article 72 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Soviet republics had the right to secede freely from the Union. On December 12, 1991 the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR ratified the accords on behalf of Russia and at the same time denounced the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union.
wn.com/Belavezha_Accords -
Belgrade
Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/; Serbian: Београд; [beǒɡrad] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. Its name in English translates to White city. The city proper has a population of over 1.1 million, while its metropolitan area has over 1.6 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Southeast Europe.
One of the largest prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved around the area Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city, naming it Singidūn. It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid 2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times before it became the capital of King Stephen Dragutin (1282–1316). In 1521 Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of a the Sanjak of Smederevo. It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. The north of Belgrade remained a Habsburg outpost until 1918, when it was merged into the capital city. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times. Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia (in various forms of governments) from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006.
wn.com/Belgrade -
Boston University
Boston University (often initialized as BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers. The university is nonsectarian, but is historically affiliated with The United Methodist Church.
BU is categorized as an RU/VH Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. In 2009–2010, BU had research expenditures of $407.8 million, or $553 million if the research led by the Medical School faculty at Boston Medical Center is included. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education.
Among its faculty and alumni, BU counts 7 Nobel Prize winners, including Martin Luther King, Jr. (PhD '55); 22 Pulitzer Prize winners, and numerous[quantify]Guggenheim and MacArthur fellows.
The university offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees, and medical and dental degrees through 18 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Boston's Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, while the Boston University Medical Campus is in Boston's South End neighborhood. BU also operates 75 study abroad programs in over 33 cities in over 20 countries and has internship opportunities in 10 different countries (including the United States and abroad).
wn.com/Boston_University -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Brunswick, Georgia
Brunswick ( /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/) is the major urban and economic center in southeastern Georgia in the United States. The municipality is located on a harbor near the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 30 miles (50 km) north of Florida and 70 miles (110 km) south of South Carolina. Brunswick is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway which separates it from the Golden Isles. It is the second-largest city on Georgia's coast, after Savannah, and is the seat of government for Glynn County.
As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 15,383 with a metropolitan population of 112,370. The city's metropolitan area is the twelfth-largest in the state of Georgia and includes the counties of Glynn, Brantley, and McIntosh.
The city traces its roots to its 1738 settlement as a tobacco plantation by British colonists and a southern buffer to Spanish Florida. It came under provincial control in 1771 and was founded as Brunswick after the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Germany, the ancestral home of the Hanoverians. It was officially incorporated in 1856.
wn.com/Brunswick,_Georgia -
Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
wn.com/Bulgaria -
Cabo San Lucas
Coordinates: 22°53′23″N 109°54′56″W / 22.88972°N 109.91556°W / 22.88972; -109.91556
Cabo San Lucas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaβo san ˈlukas], Cape Saint Luke), commonly called Cabo, is a city at the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 68,463.[broken citation][non-primary source needed] It is the third-largest city in Baja California Sur after La Paz and San José del Cabo (although it is only slightly less populous than San José del Cabo). It has experienced very rapid growth and development, often with adverse environmental impact.
Cabo San Lucas together with San José Del Cabo is known as Los Cabos.
Cabo is known for its sandy beaches, world-class scuba diving locations, balnearios, the distinctive sea arch El Arco de Cabo San Lucas, and abundant marine life. The Los Cabos Corridor has become a heavily-trafficked holiday destination with numerous resorts and timeshares along the coast between Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo.
wn.com/Cabo_San_Lucas -
Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
wn.com/Cambodia -
Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
wn.com/Colombia -
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
Costa Rica, which means "Rich Coast", constitutionally abolished its army permanently in 1949. It is the only Latin American country included in the list of the world's 22 older democracies. Costa Rica has consistently been among the top Latin American countries in the Human Development Index (HDI), ranked 69th in the world in 2011. Also was cited by the UNDP in 2010 as one of the countries that have attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels, and in 2011 was highlighted by UNDP for being a good performer on environmental sustainability, and better record on human development and inequality than the median of their region. It was also the only country to meet all five criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. The country is ranked fifth in the world, and first among the Americas, in terms of the 2012 Environmental Performance Index.
wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Crimea
Crimea ( /kraɪˈmiːə/), or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; Crimean Tatar: Qırım Muhtar Cumhuriyeti, Къырым Мухтар Джумхуриети), is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name. It was often referred to with the definite article, as the Crimea, until well into the 20th century.
The territory of Crimea was conquered and controlled many times throughout its history. The Cimmerians, Greeks, Scythians, Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Khazars, the state of Kievan Rus', Byzantine Greeks, Kipchaks, Ottoman Turks, Golden Horde Tatars and the Mongols all controlled Crimea in its early history. In the 13th century, it was partly controlled by the Venetians and by the Genovese; they were followed by the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire in the 15th to 18th centuries, the Russian Empire in the 18th to 20th centuries, Germany during World War II and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, within the Soviet Union during most of the rest of the 20th century.
wn.com/Crimea -
Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
wn.com/Croatia -
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945, the state did not de facto exist because of its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945, the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Form of state:
Neighbours:
Topography:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of northern reaches of Carpathian Mountains and Danube River basin lands.
Climate:
The weather was predominantly continental, but varied from the moderate temperature of Western Europe in the west, to more severe weather of Eastern Europe and the western Soviet Union in the east.
wn.com/Czechoslovakia -
Dhahran
Dhahran (Arabic الظهران aẓ-Ẓahrān) is a city located in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, and is a major administrative center for the Saudi oil industry. Large oil reserves were first identified in the Dhahran area in 1931, and in 1935 Standard Oil of California (now Chevron Corporation) drilled the first commercially viable oil well. Standard Oil later established a subsidiary in Saudi Arabia called the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), now fully owned by the Saudi government as Saudi Aramco.
Dhahran is a short distance west of downtown Khobar. It is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Dammam. Both are older Saudi port cities on coast of the Persian Gulf. Looking farther afield, Dhahran is northeast of Abqaiq, and southeast of Qatif and, further north, Ras Tanura, a major oil port. The island of Kingdom of Bahrain is also within easy driving distance to the east (about 20 miles (32 km)), across the King Fahd Causeway, from Khobar.
The patch of desert on which the city is built is hilly and rocky, and most of the earliest productive oil wells in Saudi Arabia were drilled in the area, such as Dammam Well #7: "Prosperity Well," the first commercially viable oil well in Saudi Arabia in the 1930s. This well is still in production 70 years later. This later led to the selection of two barren nearby hills as the place for Aramco to construct its headquarters.[1]
wn.com/Dhahran -
Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
wn.com/Egypt -
Ethiopia
Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.
wn.com/Ethiopia -
France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
George Hennard
The Luby's massacre was a mass murder that took place on October 16, 1991, in Killeen, Texas, United States when George Hennard ″Jo Jo" drove his pickup truck into a Luby's cafeteria and shot 23 people to death while wounding another 20, subsequently committing suicide by shooting himself. It was the deadliest shooting rampage in American history until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre.
On October 16, 1991, 35-year-old George Pierre Hennard, an unemployed merchant seaman who was described by others as angry and withdrawn, with a dislike of women, drove his blue 1987 Ford Ranger pickup truck through the front window of a Luby's cafeteria at 1705 East Central Texas Expressway in Killeen. Yelling "This is what Bell County has done to me!", Hennard then opened fire on its patrons and staff with a Glock 17 pistol and, later, a Ruger P89. He stalked, shot, and killed 23 people while wounding another 20 before committing suicide. Approximately 80 people were in the restaurant at the time.
The first victim was local veterinarian Dr. Michael Griffith, 48, who ran to the driver's side of the pickup truck to offer assistance to the driver after the truck came through the window. Hennard also approached 32-year-old Suzanna Hupp and her parents. Her father Al, 71, rushed at Hennard in an attempt to subdue him but was gunned down. A short time later, Hupp's mother Ursula, 67, was also shot and killed.
wn.com/George_Hennard -
Georgia (country)
Georgiai/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/ (Georgian: საქართველო Sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of Georgia is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is almost 4.7 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.
During the classical era independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. A unified Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 11th–12th centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire. After a brief period of independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia was occupied by Soviet Russia in 1921, becoming the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and part of the Soviet Union. After independence in 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil unrest and economic crisis for most of the 1990s. This lasted until the Rose Revolution of 2003, after which the new government introduced democratic and economic reforms.
wn.com/Georgia_(country) -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Gestapo
The Gestapo (German pronunciation: [ɡeˈstaːpo, ɡəˈʃtaːpo] ( listen); abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, "Secret State Police") was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei). From September 1939 forward it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service") and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("Security Police").
As part of the deal in which Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, Hermann Göring—future commander of the Luftwaffe and an influential Nazi Party official—was named Interior Minister of Prussia. This gave him command of the largest police force in Germany. Soon afterward, Göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with Nazis. On 26 April 1933, Göring merged the two units as the Gestapo. He originally wanted to name it the Secret Police Office (German: Geheimes Polizeiamt), but discovered the German initials "GPA" would be too similar to the Soviet GPU.
wn.com/Gestapo -
Haiti
Haitii/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [aiti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
wn.com/Haiti -
Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
wn.com/Hawaii -
Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
wn.com/Hungary -
Huntington Library
The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens (or The Huntington) is an educational and research institution established by Henry E. Huntington in San Marino, in the San Rafael Hills near Pasadena, California in the United States. In addition to the library, the institution displays an art collection strong in English portraits and French 18th-century furniture in the mansion, and San Marino and botanical gardens that feature sections for the historic cactus collection, the Zen Garden, the Chinese Scholar's Garden and many other specialty gardens.
Henry E. Huntington was a nephew and heir of Collis P. Huntington, one of the Big Four railroad tycoons of 19th-century California. After also working with his uncle's railroad, the younger Huntington began collecting art and rare books in 1910 at the age of 60. He divorced his first wife, Mary Alice Prentice in 1910, subsequently married his uncle's widow Arabella, and relocated from San Francisco to San Marino, near Los Angeles. He purchased approximately 1,000 acres from George S. Patton Sr., the father of United States Army General George S. Patton Jr., and developed San Marino. He did not visit Europe until he was 63 and usually purchased only one or two paintings a year. By using experts to guide him and benefiting from a post-World War I European market that was "ready to sell almost anything", however, Huntington amassed "far and away the greatest group of 18th Century British portraits ever assembled by any one man" before his death in 1927. In accordance with Huntington's will, the collection, worth $50 million, opened to the public in 1928.
wn.com/Huntington_Library -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
wn.com/Iran -
Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
wn.com/Iraq -
Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
wn.com/Israel -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Itu
Coordinates: 23°15′51″S 47°17′57″W / 23.26417°S 47.29917°W / -23.26417; -47.29917
Itu is an old and historic municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2009 was 157,384 and the area is 641.68 km². The elevation is 583 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language, meaning big waterfall. Itu is linked with the highway numbered the SP-75 and are flowed with two rivers, Tietê and Jundiaí. Itu has five hospitals, eleven bank agencies and one shopping center, the Plaza Shopping Itu.
Itu was founded by the Portuguese in 1610 by Domingos Fernandes. It became a parish in 1653. In 1657, it was elevated to a town and municipality. It became a part of Brazil in 1822. It became a city in 1843.
Itu was the birth place of the Brazilian Republic and has a renowned museum.
Itu became a famous town after "Simplicio" a well known Brazilian comedian, born in Itu, was made Tourism Secretary and to increase tourism promoted it as the "capital of large things". For example, the town square holds a giant 4mt high yellow phone-booth "orelhão". The Itu popsicle is about 30 cm (1 feet) tall. And a giant Christmas tree.
wn.com/Itu -
Johannesburg
Johannesburg (/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜrɡ/; Afrikaans: [joˈhɑnəsbʏrx]) also known as Jozi, Jo'burg or eGoli, is the largest city in South Africa, by population. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa. The city is one of the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline. It claims to be the lightning capital of the world, though this title is also claimed by others.
While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, which has the final word on interpretation of South Africa's new post-Apartheid constitution. The city is the source of a large-scale gold and diamond trade, due to its location on the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills. Johannesburg is served by O.R. Tambo International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Africa and a gateway for international air travel to and from the rest of Southern Africa. More recently Lanseria International Airport has started international flights, and is situated conveniently on the opposite side of the metropolis.
wn.com/Johannesburg -
Joint European Torus
JET, the Joint European Torus, is a magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment located in Oxfordshire, UK. It is currently the largest facility of its kind in operation. Its main purpose is to open the way to future nuclear fusion experimental tokamak reactors such as ITER and DEMO.
The JET facilities are situated on a retired Navy airfield near Culham, Oxfordshire – RNAS Culham (HMS Hornbill), in the UK: the construction of the buildings which house the project was undertaken by Tarmac Construction, starting in 1978 with the Torus Hall being completed in January 1982. Construction of the JET machine itself began immediately after the completion of the Torus Hall, with the first plasma experiments in 1983.
The components for the JET machine came from manufacturers all over Europe, with these components transported to the site.
Because of the extremely high power requirements for the tokamak, and the fact that power draw from the main grid is limited, two large flywheel generators were constructed to provide this necessary power. Each 775 ton flywheel can spin up to 225 rpm. One generator provides power for the 32 toroidal field coils, the other for inner poloidal field coils. The outer field coils draw their power from the grid.
wn.com/Joint_European_Torus -
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Killeen, Texas
Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, in the United States. The population was 86,911 at the 2000 census. As of 2009, Killeen had 119,510 people. In 2010 Killeen's population shot to 127,921.[citation needed] It is a "principal city" of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Killeen is directly adjacent to the main cantonment of Fort Hood, and as such its economy heavily depends on the post and the soldiers (and their families) stationed there.
In 1881, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway extended its tracks through central Texas, buying 360 acres (1.5 km2) a few miles southwest of a small farming community known as Palo Alto, which had existed since about 1872. The railroad platted a 70-block town on its land and named it after Frank P. Killeen, the assistant general manager of the railroad. By the next year the town included a railroad depot, a saloon, several stores, and a school. Many of the residents of the surrounding smaller communities in the area moved to Killeen and by 1884 the town had grown to include about 350 people, served by five general stores, two gristmills, two cotton gins, two saloons, a lumberyard, a blacksmith shop, and a hotel. Killeen expanded as it became an important shipping point for cotton, wool, and grain in western Bell and eastern Coryell counties. About 780 people lived in Killeen by 1900. Around 1905, local politicians and businessmen convinced the Texas legislature to build bridges over Cowhouse Creek and other streams, doubling Killeen's trade area. A public water system began operation in 1914 and its population had increased to 1,300 residents.
wn.com/Killeen,_Texas -
Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwaiti/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.
wn.com/Kuwait -
Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is an approximately 4.2-mile (6.8 km) stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard South in Clark County, Nevada. The Strip is not located within the city of Las Vegas proper— it passes through the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, which are south of the Las Vegas city limits. Most of the Strip has been designated an All-American Road.
Many of the largest hotel, casino and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip. Fifteen of the world's 25 largest hotels by room count are on the Strip, with a total of over 62,000 rooms.
One of the most visible aspects of Las Vegas' cityscape is its use of dramatic architecture. The modernization of hotels, casinos, restaurants, and residential high-rises on the Strip has established the city as one of the most popular destinations for tourists.
Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were restricted to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside of the city limits. The sign is today about 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).
wn.com/Las_Vegas_Strip -
Latvia
Latviai/ˈlætviə/ (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,067,887 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finno-Ugric Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia.Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finno-Ugric Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of German (Teutonic Order), Polish-Lithuanian, Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which is historically predominantly Roman Catholic.
wn.com/Latvia -
Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
wn.com/Lebanon -
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (
listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
wn.com/Leningrad -
Libya
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.
wn.com/Libya -
Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
wn.com/Lithuania -
Livorno
Livorno (Italian: [liˈvorno] ( listen)), traditionally Leghorn (/lɛɡˈhɔrn/, /ˈlɛɡ.hɔrn/, /ˈlɛɡɔrn/), is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of approximately 161,000 residents in 2011.
Livorno was defined as an "ideal town" during the Italian Renaissance. Today, it reveals its history through the structure of its neighbourhoods, crossed by canals and surrounded by fortified town walls, through the tangle of its streets, which embroider the town's Venice district, and through the Medici Port characteristically overlooked by towers and fortresses leading to the town centre. Designed by the architect Bernardo Buontalenti at the end of the 16th century, Livorno underwent a period of great town planning expansion at the end of the 17th century. Near the defensive pile of the Old Fortress, a new fortress, together with the town-walls and the system of navigable canals, was then built. After Pisa's silting up, distance from the sea and loss of dominance, Livorno took over as the main port in Tuscany.
wn.com/Livorno -
Luanda
Coordinates: 8°50′18″S 13°14′04″E / 8.83833°S 13.23444°E / -8.83833; 13.23444
Luanda, formerly named São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, is the capital and largest city of Angola. Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean, Luanda is both Angola's chief seaport and its administrative center. It has a population of over 5 million. It is also the capital city of Luanda Province, and the world's third most populous Portuguese-speaking city, behind only São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, both in Brazil.
The city is currently undergoing a major reconstruction, with many large developments taking place that will alter the cityscape significantly. Luanda was ranked the most expensive city to live in for expatriates by Mercer, for 2011.
Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda on 25 January 1576 as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda", with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. In 1618 the Portuguese built the fortress called Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra, and they subsequently built two more: Fortaleza de São Miguel (1634) and Forte de São Francisco do Penedo (1765-6). Of these, the Fortaleza de São Miguel is the best preserved.
wn.com/Luanda -
Mali
Malii/ˈmɑːli/, officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali, French pronunciation: [maˈli]), is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population of 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources are gold, uranium, livestock, and salt. About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. On 22 March, 2012, a group of junior soldiers seized control of the country's presidential palace and declared the government dissolved and its constitution suspended. On 6 April, 2012, rebels from the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) declared the secession of a new state, Azawad, from Mali.
wn.com/Mali -
Mappleton
Coordinates: 53°52′40″N 0°08′14″W / 53.877820°N 0.137317°W / 53.877820; -0.137317
Mappleton is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the North Sea coastline in an area known as Holderness, lying approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the seaside resort of Hornsea. The civil parish is formed by the village of Mappleton and the hamlets of Cowden, Great Cowden and Rolston. According to the 2001 UK census, Mappleton parish had a population of 249.
The parish church of All Saints is a Grade II* listed building.
In 1991, sea defences were built in order to protect the village and B1242 main road from intense sea erosion that had threatened it - Holderness is one of the most rapidly eroding areas of the UK. The cliffs had been eroded at a rate of 3.2 yards (2.9 m) per year. The £2 million project created two large rock groynes to halt longshore drift as well as revetments to break the waves. In order to protect the cliffs from undercutting, their gradient was also reduced artificially.
wn.com/Mappleton -
Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ), is an island country located in the northern Pacific Ocean. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the population of around 68,000 people spread out over 34 low-lying coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. The most populous atoll is Majuro, which also acts as the capital.
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed, with the islands' current name stemming from British explorer John Marshall. Recognised as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874, the islands were sold to Germany in 1884, and became of German New Guinea in 1885. The Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands in World War I, which were later joined with other former German territories in 1919 by the League of Nations to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the islands were conquered by the United States in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the United-States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
wn.com/Marshall_Islands -
Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
wn.com/Mexico_City -
Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
wn.com/Michigan -
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
wn.com/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin -
Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
wn.com/Moldova -
Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
wn.com/Netherlands -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua (i/ˌnɪkəˈrɑːɡwə/ nik-ə-RAH-gwə), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: República de Nicaragua [reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa] ( listen)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's physical geography divides it into three major zones: Pacific lowlands; wet, cooler central highlands; and the Caribbean lowlands. On the Pacific side of the country are the two largest fresh water lakes in Central America—Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.
wn.com/Nicaragua -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. It is awarded to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
Per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded in Oslo City Hall on 10 December each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) and the Parliament (1901–04).
According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" ( listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.
wn.com/North_Korea -
Orkney, North West
This article is about the mining town in South Africa. For other places with the same name, see Orkney (disambiguation).
Orkney is a gold mining town with 157,324 inhabitants situated in the Klerksdorp district of the North West Province, South Africa.
It lies on the banks of the Vaal River approximately 180 km from Johannesburg near the N12 (national road from Johannesburg to Cape Town).
The town was named after Orkney Isles off the north coast of Scotland, the birthplace of Simon Fraser, one of the gold mining pioneers of the 1880s. The town was proclaimed in 1940 on the farm Witkoppen, where Fraser had first started gold mining.
The town was laid out by another Scot by the name of Maconachie (full name unknown). His naming of the streets was interesting: he used the names of poets and authors from the British Isles. This was unusual for a mining town in the heart of "Afrikanerdom". The rule was broken as Afrikaner nationalism grew dominant in the 1960s, and some of the UK literary names were replaced.
wn.com/Orkney,_North_West -
Palm Beach, Florida
The Town of Palm Beach (called Palm Beach Island or the Island of Palm Beach to differentiate between the town and the county) is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth. As of 2000, Palm Beach had a year-round population of 10,468, with an estimated seasonal population of 30,000.
Palm Beach was established as a resort by Henry Morrison Flagler, a founder of Standard Oil, who made the Atlantic coast barrier island accessible via his Florida East Coast Railway. The nucleus of the community was established by Flagler's two luxury resort hotels, the Royal Poinciana Hotel and The Breakers Hotel. West Palm Beach was built across Lake Worth as a service town and has become a major city in its own right.
Flagler's houselots were bought by the beneficiaries of the Gilded Age, and in 1902 Flagler himself built a Beaux-Arts mansion, Whitehall, designed by the New York–based firm Carrère and Hastings and helped establish the Palm Beach winter "season" by constantly entertaining. The town was incorporated on April 17, 1911.
wn.com/Palm_Beach,_Florida -
Pan Am Flight 103
Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan American World Airways' third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. On Wednesday, 21 December 1988, the aircraft flying this route, a Boeing 747–121 registered N739PA and named “Clipper Maid of the Seas”, was destroyed by a bomb, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew members. 11 people in Lockerbie, in southern Scotland, were also killed as large sections of the plane fell in the town and destroyed several houses, bringing total fatalities to 270. The event is also known as the Lockerbie bombing. During the Libyan civil war a former government official claimed that Muammar Gaddafi had personally ordered the attack.
The aircraft operating Pan Am Flight 103 was a Boeing 747–121 named Clipper Maid of the Seas. The jumbo jet was the fifteenth 747 built and was delivered in February 1970, one month after the first 747 entered service with Pan Am. The Clipper Maid of the Seas operated the transatlantic leg of Flight 103, which had originated in Frankfurt, West Germany, on a Boeing 727. At London Heathrow, passengers and their luggage on the feeder flight transferred directly onto the Boeing 747, along with interline luggage not accompanied by anyone. The aircraft pushed back from the gate at 18:04, and lifted off at 18:25. Captain James Bruce McQuarrie 55, (is a veteran for leading 11000 flight hours) 1st officer Raymond Ronald Wagner 52 and flight engineer Jerry Don Avritt, 46 flew northwest into the Daventry departure over the Midlands and leveled off at 31,000 ft about 25 miles (40 km) north of Manchester at 18:56.
wn.com/Pan_Am_Flight_103 -
Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
wn.com/Panama -
Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
wn.com/Paraguay -
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
wn.com/Pennsylvania -
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
wn.com/Persian_Gulf -
Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh (/pəˈnɒm ˈpɛn/ or /ˈnɒm ˈpɛn/; Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, Khmer pronunciation: [pnum pɨɲ]) is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic and industrial activities, as well as the center of security, politics, economics, cultural heritage, and diplomacy of Cambodia.
Once known as the “Pearl of Asia”, it was considered one of the loveliest French-built cities in Indochina in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, are significant global and domestic tourist destinations for Cambodia. Founded in 1434, the city is noted for its beautiful and historical architecture and attractions. There are a number of surviving French colonial buildings scattered along the grand boulevards.
Situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, the Phnom Penh metropolitan area is home to more than 2 million of Cambodia’s population of over 14 million. The city is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia and is home to the country’s political hub.
wn.com/Phnom_Penh -
Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Prague
Prague ( /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and fourteenth largest city in European Union. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of nearly 2.0 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters.
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100 year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in modern history generally as the principal conurbation in Bohemia and Moravia whose second city is Brno.
wn.com/Prague -
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.
It is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture.
Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The present-day College of New Jersey in nearby Ewing, New Jersey, is an unrelated institution. Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the American colonies. Princeton had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but has never been affiliated with any denomination and today imposes no religious requirements on its students.
wn.com/Princeton_University -
Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries, and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.
Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2009, the population was 145,000. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918. The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: Garden Heights) in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.
wn.com/Ramat_Gan -
Republic of China
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
wn.com/Romania -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
wn.com/Saint_Petersburg -
Sandy, Utah
Sandy (officially known as Sandy City) is a city in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. It is a suburb of Salt Lake City. The population was 87,461 at the 2010 census, making it the sixth-largest city in Utah.
Sandy is home to the South Towne Center shopping mall, the Jordan Commons entertainment and dining complex, and the Southtowne Exposition Center. It is also the location of the soccer-specific Rio Tinto Stadium, which hosts Real Salt Lake home games, and opened on October 8, 2008.
Located at the base of the Wasatch Mountains thirteen miles (19 km) south of Salt Lake City, Sandy was a likely area for early settlement. The area was first used by nomadic bands of Paiute, Shoshone, and Bannock Indians who roamed along the base of the mountains as they travelled from their winter home at Utah Lake to their summer fishing grounds at Bear Lake.
Permanent settlers first moved into Sandy during the 1860s and 1870s because of the availability of land in the less crowded southern end of the Salt Lake Valley. The original plat was essentially one square mile, situated on an alluvial terrace running north and south along the eastern edge of the Jordan River drainage system and paralleling the mountain range. Brigham Young named Sandy City in 1873 for its thirsty soil.
wn.com/Sandy,_Utah -
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
wn.com/Slovenia -
Somalia
Somalia ( /soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
wn.com/Somalia -
Somaliland
Somaliland (Somali: Soomaaliland, Arabic: صوماللاند Ṣūmālilānd or أرض الصومال Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl) is an unrecognised self-declared de facto sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia. The government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the British Somaliland protectorate, which was independent on June 26, 1960 as the State of Somaliland, before uniting with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) on July 1, 1960 to form the Somali Republic.
Somaliland is bordered by Ethiopia in the south and west, Djibouti in the northwest, the Gulf of Aden in the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.
In 1988, the Siad Barre regime committed massacres against the people of Somaliland, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The war left the economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. After the collapse of the central government in 1991, the local government, led by the Somali National Movement (SNM), declared independence from the rest of Somalia on May 18 of the same year.
wn.com/Somaliland -
South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
wn.com/South_Africa -
South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
wn.com/South_Korea -
South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( /əˈsɛtiə/ə-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (Georgian: ცხინვალის რეგიონი, Tsxinvalis regioni; Russian: Цхинвальский регион, Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling themselves the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force. This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. Georgian fighting against those controlling South Ossetia occurred on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008. The last conflict led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full, de facto control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.
wn.com/South_Ossetia -
Southern Hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″S 0°0′0″E / 45°S 0°E / -45; 0
The Southern Hemisphere is the part of Earth that lies south of the equator. The word hemisphere (from the Greek word σφαιρα (sphere) +ημι (half)) literally means 'half ball' or "half sphere". It is also that half of the celestial sphere south of the celestial equator.
The Southern Hemisphere contains all or parts of four continents (Antarctica, Australia, most parts of South America and southern half of Africa), four oceans (South Atlantic, Indian, South Pacific, and Southern) and most of Oceania. Several islands off the Asian continental mainland are also in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is December to March and winter is June to September. September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox.
Climates in the Southern Hemisphere overall tend to be slightly milder than those in the Northern Hemisphere at similar latitudes except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land. Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.
wn.com/Southern_Hemisphere -
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Swaziland
Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), and sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
Swaziland is a small country, no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west. The western half is mountainous, descending to a lowveld region to the east. The eastern border with Mozambique and South Africa is dominated by the escarpment of the Lebombo Mountains. The climate is temperate in the west, but may reach 40 °C (104 °F) in summer in the lowveld. Rainfall occurs mainly in the summer and may reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in the west.
The area that Swaziland now covers has been continuously inhabited since prehistory. Today, the population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati, though English is spoken as a second language. The Swazi people descend from the southern Bantu who migrated from Central Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Anglo-Boer War saw the United Kingdom make Swaziland a protectorate under its direct control. Swaziland gained independence in 1968. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Commonwealth of Nations. The head of state is the king, who appoints the prime minister and a small number of representatives for both chambers of parliament. Elections are held every five years to determine the majority of the representatives. A new constitution was adopted in 2005.
wn.com/Swaziland -
Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
wn.com/Sweden -
Sydney
Sydney ( /sɪdni/) is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is classified as an Alpha+ World City indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.
Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population.
The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet as a penal colony. The city is built on hills surrounding Port Jackson which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge feature prominently. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach and Manly Beach. Within the city are many notable parks, including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens.
wn.com/Sydney -
Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
wn.com/Tajikistan -
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ; Arabic: تل أبيب), is the second most populous city in Israel. It has a population of 404,400 within city limits, on a land area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi). The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in central-west Israel. In 2010, it was the largest and most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area of 3,325,700 residents, known as Gush Dan. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel Avivim.
Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 by the Jewish Community of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ Yafo; Arabic: يافا Yāfā), on the outskirts of the ancient port city. The growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time. Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.
wn.com/Tel_Aviv -
Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
wn.com/Thailand -
The Hague
The Hague (Dutch: Den Haag pronounced [dɛnˈɦaˑχ] ( listen), officially 's-Gravenhage pronounced [ˈsχraˑvə(n)ˌɦaˑɣə] ( listen)) is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants (as of 1 September 2011), and more than one million inhabitants including the suburbs, it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government and parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands which constitutionally is Amsterdam. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands lives at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands and 150 international organisations are located in the city, including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, which makes The Hague one of the major cities hosting the United Nations, along with New York, Vienna and Geneva.
wn.com/The_Hague -
Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; Georgian: ცხინვალი [t͡sxinvali]; Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба listen (help·info), Tskhinval or Ch'reba; Russian: Цхинвал(и)), is the capital of South Ossetia, a disputed region which has been recognised as an independent Republic by Russia and another four UN members, and is regarded by Georgia and all other UN member states de jure as a region within Georgian sovereign territory.
It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 km (62 mi) northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.
The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Georgian Krtskhinvali (Georgian: ქრცხინვალი), literally meaning "the land of hornbeams", which is the historical name of the city. From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (Georgian: სტალინირი), after Joseph Stalin. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final "i", which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian (unofficial) name of the city is Chreba.
The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back in the Bronze Age. The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements.
wn.com/Tskhinvali -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey -
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
wn.com/Turkmenistan -
Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
wn.com/Ukraine -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Uruguay
Uruguayi/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay pronounced: [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika o̞ɾje̞n̪ˈt̪al̪ d̪e̞l uɾuˈɰwai̯]) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.3 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European ancestry.
Except for the recent union of Timoteo Domínguez Island and Argentina's Martín García Island, Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River and the estuary of the Río de la Plata to the southwest. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America by area, after Suriname.
Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, was founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1811–28 following a three-way struggle between the claims of Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, with a president who is both the head of state and the head of government.
wn.com/Uruguay -
USAir Flight 1493
USAir Flight 1493 was a scheduled United States (US) domestic passenger flight from Syracuse Hancock International Airport, New York to San Francisco International Airport, California that collided with SkyWest Flight 5569 upon landing at a scheduled stopover at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The evening of Friday, February 1, 1991, saw slow to moderate air traffic at LAX, but as the USAir 737 was on final approach, a series of abnormalities distracted the local controller, including an aircraft that inadvertently switched off the tower frequency and a misplaced flight progress strip which resulted in the SkyWest Metroliner being told to taxi into takeoff position while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway without the Metroliner ever being given a takeoff clearance.
Upon landing, the 737 collided with the twin-engine turboprop, continued down the runway with the turboprop crushed beneath it, exited the runway, and caught fire. Twenty-two of 89 people aboard the landing 737 and all 12 aboard the turboprop died. Rescue workers were on the scene of the fire within minutes and began the evacuation of the plane. Because of the intense fire three of the 737's six exits could not be used. Neither of the front exits were usable, which caused the front passengers to try to use the overwing exits. However, only one of the overwing exits was usable, which caused a backlog to form. Most of those aboard the 737 who died in the accident did so from asphyxiation in the post-crash fire.
wn.com/USAir_Flight_1493 -
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Vilnius
Vilnius ([ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 554,060 (838, 852 together with Vilnius County) as of 2011. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. The first known written record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital is known from Gediminas' letters in 1323. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies.
The name of the city originated from the Vilnia River. The city has also been known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history. The most notable non-Lithuanian names for the city include: Polish: Wilno, Belarusian: Вiльнюс, Вiльня, German: Wilna, Latvian: Viļņa, Russian: Вильнюс, Yiddish: ווילנע (Vilne). An older Russian name was Вильна / Вильно (Vilna/Vilno), although Вильнюс (Vilnius) is now used. The names Wilno, Wilna and Vilna have also been used in older English, German, French and Italian language publications. The name Vilna is still used in Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Hebrew.
wn.com/Vilnius -
Vukovar
Vukovar (pronounced [v̞ûkɔv̞aːr]) is a city in eastern Croatia, and the biggest river port in Croatia located at the confluence of the Vuka river and the Danube. Vukovar is the center of the Vukovar-Syrmia County. The city's registered population was 26,716 in the 2011 census, with a total of 28,016 in the municipality.
The name Vukovar means "the town on the river Vuka" ('Vuko' from the river Vuka, and 'vár' from the Hungarian word for 'castle'). The name of the river Vuka itself originates from the Slavic word 'vuk', meaning 'wolf'. In Serbian Cyrillic, the town is known as Вуковар, in Hungarian as Vukovár or Valkóvár, in German as Wukowar, and in Turkish as Vukovar.
It is located 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Vinkovci, 36 km (22 mi) southeast of Osijek with the elevation of 108 m (354 ft). Vukovar is located on the main road D2 Osijek—Vukovar—Ilok and on the Vinkovci—Vukovar railway (and road D55).
The city is spread out along the Danube river, and Vukovar proper is in the southeast while Borovo Naselje forms a distinct unit in the northwest.
wn.com/Vukovar -
Vukovar massacre
The Vukovar massacre, also known as Vukovar hospital massacre or simply Ovčara, was a war crime that took place between November 20 and November 21, 1991 near the city of Vukovar, a mixed Croat/Serb community in northeastern Croatia. A mostly Croatian group of 263 men and 1 woman (including civilians and POWs), of whom 194 have been identified, were murdered by members of the Serb militias following the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) withdrawal from Ovčara after it brought those patients there from the Vukovar hospital. The murders occurred at the end of the Battle of Vukovar.
For their roles in orchestrating the massacre, the Yugoslav military leaders Veselin Šljivančanin and Mile Mrkšić were convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 2007, 2009 and 2010. The original indictment included a number of 264 non-Serb men killed, and a third defendant, one Miroslav Radić, who was released free of charge. In the trial against Vojislav Šešelj, the indictment listed 255 names in relation to Ovčara. The names include one woman, a 77-year old man as the oldest and a 16-year old boy as the youngest victim of the massacre. Of these, 23 were older than 49 years of age, which is higher than Croatian military service age. Victims also included French volunteer Jean-Michel Nicollier and journalist Siniša Glavašević and his technician Branimir Polovina.
wn.com/Vukovar_massacre
-
Addison Timlin
Addison Timlin (born June 29, 1991 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American actress. She appeared as Sasha Bingham in season four of Californication.
Timlin debuted on the big screen as Amy, 14-year-old girl with diabetes, in the 2005 film Derailed alongside co-stars Melissa George and Clive Owen playing her parents. Addison played Maddy in a short film called The Isabel Fish directed by Lara Zizic for the Columbia Film Festival. She was also cast in the short lived CBS television drama 3 lbs as Charlotte Hanson, the daughter of main character played by Stanley Tucci, in three of the eight episodes that were filmed. She can also be seen in the short film Man written and directed by Myna Joseph which has been screened at Sundance Film Festival and Cannes. In 2008 she played Emily Draper in the ABC television show Cashmere Mafia, the troubled teenage daughter of Juliet Draper played by Miranda Otto.
She was cast as the metaphorical "Juliet" in the music video for the song "Check Yes Juliet" by pop/punk band We the Kings.
wn.com/Addison_Timlin -
Aileen Wuornos
Aileen Carol Wuornos (February 29, 1956 – October 9, 2002) was an American serial killer who killed seven men in Florida in 1989 and 1990. Wuornos claimed that her victims had either raped or attempted to rape her while she was working as a prostitute, and that all of the killings were committed in self-defense. She was convicted and sentenced to death for six of the murders and had her sentence carried out by the state in the way of lethal injection on October 9, 2002.
Wuornos was born as Aileen Carol Pittman in Rochester, Michigan, on February 29, 1956. Her mother, Diane Wuornos, was 15 years old when she married Aileen's father, Leo Dale Pittman, on June 3, 1954. Less than two years later, and two months before Aileen was born, Diane filed for divorce. Aileen had an older brother named Keith, who was born in February 1955.
Wuornos never met her father, Leo Pittman. He was in prison for the rape and attempted murder of a seven-year-old girl when she was born. He was considered to be a schizophrenic, was convicted of sex crimes against children, was in and out of prison, and hanged himself in prison in 1969. In January 1960, when Aileen was almost four years old, Diane abandoned her children, leaving them with their maternal grandparents, Lauri and Britta Wuornos, who legally adopted Keith and Aileen on March 18, 1960.
wn.com/Aileen_Wuornos -
Aldo Ray
Aldo Ray (born Aldo DaRe; September 25, 1926 – March 27, 1991) was an American actor.
Ray was born in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania, to an Italian family of five brothers and one sister. His brother Mario lettered in football at USC in the years 1952-54. In 1944, at the age of eighteen, Aldo Ray entered the Navy, where he served as a frogman until 1946 and saw action at Okinawa with UDT-17.
Upon leaving the Navy, Ray entered the University of California at Berkeley, but his studies there were brief. Shortly after leaving Berkeley, Ray settled in Crockett, CA with his first wife Shirley Green. They had one child, a daughter named Claire DaRe, and Aldo was even elected the 12th Township Constable of Crockett, a small bedroom community just north of San Francisco.
While constable of Crockett, CA, Aldo drove his brother Guido to an audition for the film Saturday's Hero (1951). Director David Miller was more interested in Aldo, because, it is rumored, of his voice, than in his brother, and hired him for the small role of a cynical college football player opposite John Derek and Donna Reed. Columbia Pictures wasted no time in signing Ray to an exclusive contract, and despite having no acting experience, Aldo soon appeared in several films under his birth name, Aldo DaRe.
wn.com/Aldo_Ray -
Alex North
Alex North (December 4, 1910 – September 8, 1991) was an American composer who wrote the first jazz-based film score (A Streetcar Named Desire) and one of the first modernist scores written in Hollywood (Viva Zapata!).
Born Isadore Soifer in Chester, Pennsylvania to Russian Jewish parents, North was an original composer probably even by the classical music standards of the day. However, he managed to integrate his modernism into typical film music leitmotif structure, rich with themes. One of these became the famous song, "Unchained Melody". Nominated for fifteen Oscars but unsuccessful each time, North is one of only two film composers to receive the Lifetime Achievement Academy Award, the other being Ennio Morricone. North's frequent collaborator as orchestrator was the avant-garde composer Henry Brant. He won the 1968 Golden Globe award for his music to The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968).
His best-known film scores include The Rainmaker (1956), Spartacus (1960), The Misfits (1961),The Children's Hour (1961) Cleopatra (1963), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), The Devil's Brigade (1968), and Dragonslayer (1981). He composed the music for "The Wonderful Country" in a Mexican and southwestern US motif.
wn.com/Alex_North -
Alexis Neiers
Alexis Christine Neiers (born June 20, 1991) is a television personality, aspiring model, and convicted felon. She was featured on E!'s reality series Pretty Wild with her mother, Andrea Arlington-Dunn, and sisters Gabby Neiers and Tess Taylor.
In 2010, Neiers announced that she was getting ready to launch her own clothing line. "I'm inspired by a lot of designers in Europe right now, but it's very Victorian, very sweet, kind of coquettish," she said. "It's girly, it's innocent, it's fun." Neiers also said she had received the samples of the line and is looking at a spring release.
After the airing of Pretty Wild, many unapproved images were released of Alexis and her costar Tess Taylor on the website www.thedirty.com. Although lawyers requested the images such as the girls smoking bongs to be taken down, the blogger Nik Richie of thedirty site declined.In December 2010 Alexis checked into the SOBA Recovery center for her addiction to heroin, Xanax, marijuana and alcohol. She has been sober since. Neiers started school while in treatment in order to obtain her CADAAC certification to become a licensed drug and alcohol counselor. She completed her schooling in October 2011 and now volunteers her time at different rehabilitation centers in Malibu California. Alexis recently filed with the Secretary of state for her 501c3 in hopes of opening a large community center for youth and young adults who are addicted to drugs. In April 2012 Alexis married Canadian businessman Evan Haines in a ceremony in Mexico in front of 20 guests.
wn.com/Alexis_Neiers -
Ali Sabri
Ali Sabri (Arabic: على صبرى, IPA: [ˈʕæli ˈsˤɑbɾi]) (1920 – 3 August 1991, Cairo) was an Egyptian politician of Turkish origin.
He was one of the second row of 1952 revolution officers, he was the head of Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate from 1956 to 1957
He was Prime Minister of Egypt from September 1962 to October 1965.
When Gamal Nasser died in 1970, Anwar Sadat was regarded as Nasser's most likely successor, but Sabri was regarded as the next most likely. Both Sadat and Sabri had heart attacks which they survived at Nasser's funeral.
Sabri was the vice-president and regarded as the no. 2 figure in Sadat's government. However shortly after Sadat came to power he was the most notable casualty of Sadat's "Corrective Revolution", and was imprisoned.
Regarded as a diehard socialist, he was often criticized for his upper-class background. His parents, Dewlet Shamsi (mother) and Abbas-Baligh Sabri (father) were of Turco-Circassian descent and belonged to the privileged class.
Ali Sabri was a grandson of nationalist Amin Shamsi Pasha (1833-1913) a member of the General Assembly and Provincial Council who in 1881-82 was a principal financial backer of Ahmed Urabi Pasha. Following the failure of what historian term the "Urabi Rebellion" of 1882, Khedive Tewfik imprisoned Shamsi Pasha later releasing him on a hefty bail. He resumed his seat at the General Assembly until his death.
wn.com/Ali_Sabri -
Aliza Vellani
Aliza Vellani (born October 30, 1991) is a Canadian television actress, who currently plays the role of Layla Siddiqui in Little Mosque on the Prairie. Born in Vancouver to immigrants from East Africa. Vellani is a university student at Simon Fraser University who has trained extensively in both acting and dancing, including with the Vancouver drama school Tarlington Training.
Little Mosque is her first professional role.
wn.com/Aliza_Vellani -
Allison Bertolino
Allison Bertolino (born February 2, 1991) is a Young Artist Award nominated American television and film actress.
wn.com/Allison_Bertolino -
Amadou Toumani Touré
Amadou Toumani Touré (born 4 November 1948) is a Malian politician who was President of Mali from 2002 to 2012. He overthrew President Moussa Traoré in a March 1991 military coup and presided over a year-long transition to multiparty elections; he handed power to civilian authorities in June 1992. Ten years later, after retiring from the army, he entered politics as a civilian and won the 2002 presidential election with a broad coalition of support. He was easily re-elected in 2007 to a second and final term. On 22 March 2012, one month prior to his scheduled departure from office, disgruntled members of the Malian military initiated a coup d'état that forced him into hiding. As part of the agreement to restore constitutional order to Mali, Touré resigned from the presidency on 8 April.
Amadou Toumani Touré was born on 4 November 1948, in Mopti, where he attended primary school. Between 1966 and 1969, he attended Badalabougou Standard Secondary School in Bamako in order to become a teacher. Eventually, he joined the army and attended the Kati Inter-Military College. As a member of the Parachute Corps, he rose quickly through the ranks and after numerous training courses in the Soviet Union and France, he became the commander of the parachute commandos in 1984.
wn.com/Amadou_Toumani_Touré -
Amala Paul
Amala Paul (born October 26, 1991) is an Indian film actress, who works primarily in the Tamil film industry. After appearing in supporting roles in a few low budget ventures, she received critical acclaim for the portrayal of a controversial character in the film, Sindhu Samaveli. Despite the failure of that film, Amala became noted after playing the title role in Mynaa, receiving critical acclaim for her work. Since then, she has been signed on for several notable projects and is considered the leading upcoming actress in Tamil films.
wn.com/Amala_Paul -
Amos Yarkoni
Lieutenant Colonel Amos Yarkoni (Hebrew: עמוס ירקוני) (born 1 June 1920 — died 7 February 1991), born as Abd el-Majid Hidr (Arabic: عبد الماجد حيدر, Hebrew: עבד אל-מג'יד חידר) was an officer in the Israel Defense Forces and one of six Israeli Arabs to have received the IDF's third highest decoration, the Medal of Distinguished Service. He was the first commander of the Shaked Reconnaissance Battalion of Israel's Southern command.
Yarkoni was born Abd el-Majid Hidr (Arabic: عبد الماجد حيدر, Hebrew: עבד אל-מג'יד חידר) in the Bedouin village of Na'ura (east of Afula, in the Gilboa region of northern Israel). His family were Muslim Bedouin of the Mazarib tribe.
In 1936, at the age of 16, he joined a band which sabotaged the TAP Line, an oil pipeline running from the Iraqi oilfields to Haifa while Palestine was under British Administration (after Israeli independence, the Tapline was redirected to Sidon, Lebanon). Due to an internal disagreement within the band, Abd el-Majid fled to a Jewish area of Palestine, where he was sheltered by Jews. There, he made contacts in the Haganah through Moshe Dayan.
wn.com/Amos_Yarkoni -
Anabel Barnston
Anabel Barnston is an English actress best known for her role as Chloe in the 2008 BBC Three teenage comedy series, Coming of Age.
Barnston first appeared on television in the minor role of Daisy in the 2003 romantic drama The Young Visiters. The following year she played the character of Hester Merton in the BBC's five-part mystery drama, Shadowplay. The 2004 production about children in Victorian life was nominated for a BAFTA children's award for Best School Drama In 2006, Barnston starred in the CITV children's drama spin-off The New Worst Witch. The spin-off was cancelled after the second series had finished airing. In May 2008, Barnston appeared in two episodes of The Inbetweeners, playing Susie. Barnston has most recently played the role of Maya Kemp in BBC drama series, "Casualty"
According to her press agent, Barnston will play the lead role for the Nickelodeon film, Harley's Angels currently in production.
Barnston attended Richmond upon Thames College.
wn.com/Anabel_Barnston -
Andreas Floer
Andreas Floer (German: [ˈfløːɐ]; 1956–1991) was a German mathematician who made seminal contributions to the areas of geometry, topology, and mathematical physics, in particular the invention of Floer homology.
He was an undergraduate student at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and received a Diplom in mathematics in 1982. He then went to the University of California, Berkeley and undertook Ph. D. work on monopoles on 3-manifolds, under the supervision of Clifford Taubes; but he did not complete it when interrupted by his obligatory alternative service in Germany. He received his Ph. D. (Dr. phil.) at Bochum in 1984, under the supervision of Eduard Zehnder.
Floer’s first pivotal contribution was a solution of a special case of Arnold's conjecture on fixed points of a symplectomorphism. Because of his work on Arnold's conjecture and his development of instanton homology, he achieved wide recognition and was invited as a plenary speaker for the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Kyoto in August 1990. He received a Sloan Fellowship in 1989.
wn.com/Andreas_Floer -
André Cools
André H.P. Cools (1 August 1927 – 18 July 1991) was a Belgian socialist politician who died by assassination.
Cools had a long and distinguished political career. He was Belgian budget minister from 1968 to 1971, Deputy Prime Minister from 1969 to 1972, head of the Belgian Socialist Party from 1973 to 1978, head of the Parti Socialiste from 1978 to 1981, president of the Walloon Council from 1982 to 1985, and minister of the government of the Walloon Region from 1988 to 1990. He was also given the honorific title of Minister of State (Belgium) in 1983. In 1990 he retired from the national political scene after an internal power struggle within the PS but he remained influential in the PS party in Liège.
Cools was noted for his pithy pronouncements. For example, when in 1984 he commented on who he thought the four greatest United States' Presidents had been, he said: 'Roosevelt, Roosevelt, Roosevelt and Roosevelt'.
His nickname was "Le maître de Flémalle" (Flémalle's master). Cools had been mayor of Flémalle-Haute from 1964 to 1977 and after the merger from Flémalle from 1977 until his death.
wn.com/André_Cools -
Anita Hill
Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American attorney and academic—presently a professor of social policy, law and women's studies at Brandeis University's Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she alleged that U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had made harassing sexual statements when he was her supervisor at the U.S. Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Though Thomas was confirmed and took a seat on the Court, Hill's testimony focused national attention on the issue of workplace sexual harassment.
Hill was born in Morris, Oklahoma, the youngest of the thirteen children of Albert and Erma Hill, who were farmers. Her family hailed from Arkansas, where her great-grandparents and her maternal grandfather, Henry Eliot, were born into slavery. Hill was raised in the Baptist faith.
After graduating as valedictorian from Morris High School, Hill enrolled at Oklahoma State University, receiving a bachelor's degree with honors, in psychology 1977. She went on to Yale Law School, obtaining her Juris Doctor degree with honors in 1980.
wn.com/Anita_Hill -
Anna Gurji
Anna Giorgobiani (born 1 April 1991), well known as Anna Gurji, is a Georgian actress. She made her debut in the short drama-film "If this day never happened" (2006) but before that she appeared as a child in short documentary named "Town" (1998). In 2007 she got role in American TV-project "Signals" where she played Afanasiia. Then Anna gained the lead role as violinist of 18th century named Cinka Panna in Slovak-Hungarian feature film "Cinka Panna" which was directed by Dusan Rapos.
Anna Gurji, a native of Tbilisi, Georgia, began her acting career at the age of 6 appearing in a number of commercials as well as a documentary. In 2005, at the age of 14, she landed her first serious role as a lead actress in a short feature film called "If This Day Never Happened" (2006), directed by her sister Khatuna Giorgobiani. With the help of foreign casting directors, Anna was given a role in the US TV project "Signals" (2008), directed by Carlos Etzio Roman, which aired in New York International Independent Film and Video Festival in Los Angeles in 2008.
wn.com/Anna_Gurji -
Anton Furst
Anton Furst (born Anthony Francis Furst) (May 6, 1944 – November 24, 1991) was a distinguished production designer who won an Oscar for designing the Batmobile and the noirish nightmare version of Gotham City in Tim Burton's Batman (1989).
Born in London, Furst trained at the Royal College of Art, London.[citation needed]
Furst designed two award winning television films "Just One Kid" and "It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow" for director/producer John Goldschmidt, he gained high praise for his work on Neil Jordan's The Company of Wolves (1984). He went on to create convincing Vietnam War settings, without leaving England, for Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket (1987), and in 1991 designed the themes for the Planet Hollywood restaurant in New York. His final credited film was Awakenings (1990).
Furst committed suicide by jumping from about the eighth floor of a parking structure in Los Angeles. He was survived by a daughter, Vanessa King, a son, Nicholas Sergei Furst, his mother, Pamela Furst, and a sister, Jane Wearne.
wn.com/Anton_Furst -
Anton Yugov
Anton Tanev (Dontcho) Yugov (Bulgarian: Антон Танев Югов) (28 August 1904 - 6 July 1991) was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party served as Prime Minister of the country from 1956 to 1962. Anton Tanev (Dontcho) Yugov is Honorary Citizen of Tirana, Albania.
Yugov was born to a Bulgarian family in Rugunovets, Ottoman Macedonia (today Polykastro, Greece); after World War I, his family moved to Plovdiv. Before becoming prime minister, Yugov served as interior minister from 1944 to 1949, during the beginning stages of the communist government. Although a long standing member of the Party, Yugov was heavily involved in the De-Stalinization that came about in 1956 on the back of Nikita Khrushchev's reforms in the Soviet Union. As a result of this, Yugov was appointed Prime Minister on 17 April 1956. He remained in the job for 6 years until overall leader Todor Zhivkov also assumed this role. Yugov, who had criticised Zhivkov for allowing the Great Leap Forward to influence economic policy, was removed as a potential rival. He was rehabilitated on the 1990 BCP party congress. [1].
wn.com/Anton_Yugov -
Aoi Nakamura
Aoi Nakamura (中村 蒼, Nakamura Aoi?) (March 4, 1991 in Fukuoka) is a Japanese actor.
Nakamura portrays Hibiki Akagi in Boys Esté.
He appears in Perfect Blue a television movie based on a novel by Miyuki Miyabe. Nakamura played the male role in Paranormal Activity 2:Tokyo Night.
wn.com/Aoi_Nakamura -
Arno Breker
Arno Breker (July 19, 1900 – February 13, 1991) was a German sculptor, best known for his public works in Nazi Germany, which were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of degenerate art.
He was born in Elberfeld, now a part of Wuppertal and died in Düsseldorf.
Breker was born in Elberfeld, in the west of Germany, the son of stonemason Arnold Breker. He began to study architecture, along with stone-carving and anatomy. At age 20 he entered the Düsseldorf Academy of Arts where he concentrated on sculpture, studying under Hubert Netzer and Wilhelm Kreis. He first visited Paris in 1924, shortly before finishing his studies. There he met with Jean Cocteau, Jean Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, and Alfred Flechtheim. In 1927 he moved to Paris, which he thereafter considered to be his home. He was quickly accepted by the art dealer Alfred Flechtheim. He also established close relationships with important figures in the art world, including Charles Despiau, Isamu Noguchi, Maurice de Vlaminck and André Dunoyer de Segonzac, all of whom he later portrayed. He travelled to North Africa, producing lithographs which he published under the title "Tunisian Journey". He also visited Aristide Maillol, who was later to describe Breker as "Germany's Michelangelo".
wn.com/Arno_Breker -
Arthur Murray
Arthur Murray (April 4, 1895 – March 3, 1991) was a dance instructor and businessman, whose name is most often associated with the dance studio chain that bears his name.
His pupils include Eleanor Roosevelt, the Duke of Windsor, John D. Rockefeller Jr., Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, Barbara Hutton, Elizabeth Arden, Manuel L. Quezon, and Jack Dempsey. Television evangelist D. James Kennedy was one of the instructors of Murray's technique.
Arthur Murray was inducted into the National Museum of Dance C.V. Whitney Hall of Fame in 2007.
Arthur Murray was born in Galicia, Austria-Hungary in 1895 as Moses Teichmann. In August 1897, he was brought to America by his mother Sarah on the S.S. Friesland, and landed at Ellis Island. They settled in Ludlow Street, in the Lower East Side of Manhattan with his father, Abraham Teichmann.
Murray was shy as a child and self-conscious about his tall, lanky appearance. He wanted very much to be a part of the social activities that most of his friends enjoyed, particularly the dances, but was afraid to socialize with girls. At the age of 14, Joe Feigenbaum, a friend of his whom he admired because of his popularity with girls, taught him his first dance steps. To get practice on the dance floor, Murray attended weddings in his neighborhood, where he found willing dance partners of every size and age.
wn.com/Arthur_Murray -
Arthur Pentelow
Arthur Pentelow (14 February 1924 – 6 August 1991) was an English actor who was best known for playing Henry Wilks in Emmerdale Farm from 1972–91. Pentelow also played George Greenwood in Coronation Street from 1968–71.
Born in Rochdale, Lancashire, Pentelow's love of drama happened whilst he was studying Shakespeare at grammar school, but he started his working life as a cadet clerk in the local police force. He later served in the Second World War in the Royal Navy and did radar work in Normandy. After peace was declared, Pentelow returned to Rochdale, where he became a student teacher. He started acting as an amateur with the Curtain Theatre Company, before becoming a member of the Bradford Civic Playhouse Theatre School. Between his theatre work he sold ice-cream and delivered laundry. He later went on to work in repertory theatre at the Bristol Old Vic, Guildford and Northampton, before joining the company at Birmingham, where his fellow actors included Derek Jacobi, Rosemary Leach and Albert Finney.
wn.com/Arthur_Pentelow -
Artur Lundkvist
Artur Lundkvist (3 March 1906 in Perstorp Municipality, Skåne County – 11 December 1991 in Solna, Stockholm County) was a Swedish writer, poet and literary critic. He was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1968.
He wrote around 80 books, and his works have been translated into some 30 languages. Lundkvist published a number of poems, including Om natten (In The Night). He is also noted for having translated many works from Spanish and French into Swedish. Several authors he translated were later awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
He married the poet Maria Wine in 1936.
During the Cold War, Lundkvist was an adherent of the so called "third stance" (Swedish: tredje ståndpunkten) in Swedish public debate, which advocated a neutral stance in the conflict between the two superpowers. Despite this, he served on the board of the pro-communist Sweden-GDR Association. He was also a member of the Swedish Peace Committee, the Swedish section of the World Peace Council. In 1958 he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.
wn.com/Artur_Lundkvist -
Ashli Amari Adams
Ashli Amari Adams (born September 6, 1991) is an American actress best known for the role of CeCe Peterson on The Parent 'Hood.
Adams has been absent from television since the ending of The Parent Hood in 1999. However, in 2008, she had a small role on the series Girlfriends as a student of Joan's (Tracee Ellis Ross) fiancé Aaron (Richard T. Jones).
wn.com/Ashli_Amari_Adams -
Askar Akayev
Askar Akayevich Akayev (Аскар Акаевич Акаев) (born 10 November 1944 in Kyzyl-Bairak, Kirghiz SSR, Soviet Union) served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until his overthrow in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution.
As late as 1993 political analysts saw Akayev as a "prodemocratic physicist."
Akayev was the youngest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers, in the town of Kemin, 95 km east of Bishkek. He became a metalworker at a local factory in 1961. He subsequently moved to Leningrad, where he trained as a physicist and graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics in 1967 with an honors degree in mathematics, engineering and computer science. He stayed at the institute until 1976, working as a senior researcher and teacher. In Leningrad he met and in 1970 married Mayram Akayeva with whom he now has two sons and two daughters. They returned to their native Kyrgyzstan in 1977, where he became a senior professor at the Frunze Polytechnic Institute. Some of his later cabinet members were former students and friends from his academic career.
wn.com/Askar_Akayev -
Atsuko Maeda
Atsuko Maeda (前田 敦子, Maeda Atsuko?, born July 10, 1991 in Ichikawa, Chiba) is a member of the Japanese idol group AKB48. She is in Team A and one of the most prominent members in the group, being voted number one in the 2009 and 2011 Senbatsu Elections. In the 2010 Senbatsu Election, however, she lost to fellow member Yuko Oshima, who was the lead for their 17th Single: Heavy Rotation. She is part of the "Senbatsu" group which consists of AKB48 members that are featured in their most recent singles. On Sunday 25th March, 2012, she announced her retirement or 'graduation' from the group.
AKB48 released "Aitakatta" on the major label Defstar Records. Before this release, two singles were released as independent records. For this song, 20 members were selected from the 36 members of Team A & Team K. Maeda was one of these selected members, and she performed a leading role in the promotional video of this song. She has appeared at the front of every single ever since.
The group's 12th single, "Namida Surprise!", included voting tickets for the 2009 AKB48 Senbatsu Election, where fans can vote for who will be featured in the next single. Maeda won with 4630 votes, becoming AKB48's most popular member and frontgirl for their 13th single, "Iiwake Maybe". However, in 2010, another election was held and Maeda lost to Yuko Oshima, who had 31,448 votes, whereas Maeda had 30,851 votes, so Yuko became the frontgirl for "Heavy Rotation".
wn.com/Atsuko_Maeda -
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese:
; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, IPA: [ʔàʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and General Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010, becoming one of the world's most prominent (now former) political prisoners.
Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prize from the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country; at the time, she was one of only four people ever to receive the honor. In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.
wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi -
Austin Butler
Austin Robert Butler (born August 17, 1991) is an American actor, singer, and model. He is best known for his feature film role as Peyton Leverette in the High School Musical spin-off film Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure and for his role in Zoey 101 as James Garrett, who replaced Sean Flynn's character, Chase Matthews. He currently stars on Switched at Birth playing the role of James "Wilke" Wilkerson since June 27, 2011.
Austin Butler was born on August 17, 1991 in Anaheim, California, the son of Lori Anne (née Howell) and David Butler. He has one sibling, an older sister named Ashley (born in 1986), who worked as a background-actor alongside him on Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide.
When Butler was 13, he was approached by a representative from a background-acting management company at the Orange County Fair, who helped him get started in the entertainment industry. He found that he really enjoyed it, and soon began taking acting classes to develop his talent.
In 2005, after working as an extra on several TV shows, Butler landed his first regular job as a background actor playing the role of Lionel Scranton for two seasons on Nickelodeon's Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. His friend on the show, Lindsey Shaw, introduced him to her manager, Pat Cutler who immediately offered to represent him, and from that point on, Butler began taking acting seriously as a career.
wn.com/Austin_Butler -
Bela Padilla
Krista Valle Sullivan, better known by her stage name Bela Padilla (born May 3, 1991), is a Filipina actress.
Padilla was born to a Filipina mother and a British father who is a banker in an online company from Nottingham, England. In 2008, then known by the stage name Krista Valle, she was one of the new talents introduced by ABS-CBN via Star Magic Batch 15. The same year she got her first TV role in the teen drama Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv Ur Lyf 2.
In 2009, she played a minor role in the TV series Totoy Bato. The show stars Robin Padilla, who is a distant relative of Krista. She then became a cast regular on the third season of Lokomoko High.
In 2010, she left Star Magic, replaced her manager with Claire dela Fuente and moved to GMA 7. Along with the move she also changed her stage name to Bela Padilla.
In 2011, Padilla was awarded the Miss Friendship and the Media's Darling awards in the Asian Super Model Contest that was held in Guilin and Nanning in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, on September 6 and 7.
wn.com/Bela_Padilla -
Belime
Belime /ˈbəˈlaɪm/ (often bolded as BELIME; born Charbel Ghanime ;Arabic: شربل غنيمة; born 28 December 1991) is a Lebanon-born singer-songwriter, pop musician and music producer.
In September 2010, Belime released the earliest copies of his debut album Trap, spawning the song "This Is Reality" which was featured on MTV Arabia, Orbit MusicNow, and NRJ Lebanon.
Belime was born in the district of Achrafieh in Beirut, the youngest of three children. He is the son of Afaf, a former English teacher, and Toufic Ghanime, an interior designer. He has two elder sisters, Jessica and Sharon.
Belime grew up between Lebanon and Saudi Arabia and has family in Canada. He attended Sagesse High School, a local Catholic school, where he was actively involved in school projects, including being Student Council president in his senior year.
For some time, Belime’s two elder sisters learned the piano at home. As a child, Belime showcased his musical potential by learning how to play the piano by ear. He still plays at this self-taught level to this day. Belime composes most of his songs on the piano. He first showed his potential as a musician in his pre-teen years, when he gained an interest in rap music. He even performed a rap song at a school talent show at age 12.
wn.com/Belime -
Berenice Abbott
Berenice Abbott (July 17, 1898 – December 9, 1991), born Bernice Abbott, was an American photographer best known for her black-and-white photography of New York City architecture and urban design of the 1930s.
Abbott was born in Springfield, Ohio and brought up there by her divorced mother. She attended the Ohio State University, but left in early 1918.
In 1918 she moved with friends from OSU to New York's Greenwich Village, where she was 'adopted' by the anarchist Hippolyte Havel. She shared an apartment on Greenwich Avenue with several others, including the writer Djuna Barnes, philosopher Kenneth Burke, and literary critic Malcolm Cowley. At first she pursued journalism, but soon became interested in theater and sculpture, perhaps because of her interaction with artists Eugene O'Neill, Man Ray and Sadakichi Hartmann. In 1919 she nearly died in the influenza pandemic.
Abbott went to Europe in 1921, spending two years studying sculpture in Paris and Berlin. During this time, she adopted the French spelling of her first name, "Berenice," at the suggestion of Djuna Barnes. In addition to her work in the visual arts, Abbott published poetry in the experimental literary journal transition. Abbott first became involved with photography in 1923, when Man Ray, looking for somebody who knew nothing about photography and thus would do as he said, hired her as a darkroom assistant at his portrait studio in Montparnasse. Later she would write: "I took to photography like a duck to water. I never wanted to do anything else." Ray was impressed by her darkroom work and allowed her to use his studio to take her own photographs. In 1926, she had her first solo exhibition (in the gallery "Au Sacre du Printemps") and started her own studio on the rue du Bac. After a short time studying photography in Berlin, she returned to Paris in 1927 and started a second studio, on the rue Servandoni.
wn.com/Berenice_Abbott -
Betty Alberge
Betty Alberge (22 January 1922, Manchester, England – 18 May 1991) was an English actress best known for her soap opera roles as cornershop owner Florrie Lindley in Coronation Street and as Edna Cross in Brookside (1983–85). She played Florrie Lindley for 4 and a half years from the very first episode in 1960 until 1965.
After she left Coronation Street in 1965, she mainly acted in theatre productions, but also appeared in TV shows, including Z-Cars, The Ken Dodd Show, Rentaghost and Juliet Bravo. Her last TV appearance was in an episode of Casualty.
wn.com/Betty_Alberge -
Bibi Jones
BiBi Jones (Born Britney Maclin;also known as Britney Beth and Lexy Jones) is the current stage name of an American pornographic actress and model. At the age of 19, she was the youngest star to be signed by Digital Playground. She recently appeared in Hollywood Undead's music video for the single "Been to Hell". In October 2011 she posed for a photo with New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski, Gronkowski was topless and Jones was wearing his jersey. The photo was posted by the 6'6" New Yorker via his Twitter account and caused some media attention.
wn.com/Bibi_Jones -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
wn.com/Bill_Clinton -
Billy T. James
Billy T James MBE (17 January 1948 - 7 August 1991), born William James Te Wehi Taitoko, was a New Zealand entertainer, comedian, musician and actor. He became a key figure in the development of New Zealand comedy, a household name during his lifetime, and remains an icon to the present day.
James joined the Maori Volcanics Showband in the 1970s and performed around the world. Going solo in Australia and then New Zealand saw him in great demand for his skits and impressions and his cabaret singing. He adopted the stage name Billy T. James because "it was something the Australians could pronounce".
In 1980 he appeared in the variety show Radio Times, the success of which led to his own comedy sketch show in 1981, The Billy T James Show (see section). The same year he was named New Zealand Entertainer of the Year.
In 1985 his cabaret act was recorded live and released on LP as "Billy T Live! at Pips Cabaret, Whangarei". Featuring standup comedy selections and live versions of songs such as Running Bear and When A Child Is Born, this title was out-of-print for more than a decade before being re-released in CD format in 2008.
wn.com/Billy_T._James -
Birmingham Six
The Birmingham Six were six men—Hugh Callaghan, Patrick Joseph Hill, Gerard Hunter, Richard McIlkenny, William Power and John Walker—sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975 in England for the Birmingham pub bombings. Their convictions were declared unsafe and unsatisfactory and quashed by the Court of Appeal on 14 March 1991. The six men were later awarded compensation ranging from £840,000 to £1.2 million.
The Birmingham pub bombings took place on 21 November 1974 and were attributed to the Provisional IRA. The devices were placed in two central Birmingham pubs: the Mulberry Bush at the foot of the Rotunda, and the Tavern in the Town – a basement pub on New Street. The resulting explosions, at 20:25 and 20:27, collectively were the most injurious and serious terrorist blasts in Great Britain up until that point; 21 people were killed (ten at the Mulberry Bush and eleven at the Tavern in the Town) and 182 people were injured. A third device, outside a bank on Hagley Road, failed to detonate.
wn.com/Birmingham_Six -
Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) is a former Australian politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.
After a decade as president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, he entered parliament as a Labor MP at the 1980 federal election and became Prime Minister within three years, leading Labor to victory at four consecutive federal elections: 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990. Hawke was defeated as Labor leader in a 1991 spill against Paul Keating. He is Labor's longest-serving Prime Minister and Australia's third-longest-serving Prime Minister.
wn.com/Bob_Hawke -
Bonnie Wright
Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is an English actress, fashion model, screenwriter and director. She is best known for playing Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series.
Wright was born in London, England, the second child of Sheila Teague and Gary Wright, owners of jewellery company Wright & Teague. She has an older brother, Lewis. Wright attended Prior Western Primary School and later the King Alfred School in North London for her secondary education.[citation needed] During the filming of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, Wright began attending London's University of the Arts: London College of Communication, to study Film and Television Production Manager. She plans to continue acting and to work behind-the-scenes after filming Harry Potter.
wn.com/Bonnie_Wright -
Boris Pugo
Boris Karlovich Pugo, OAN (Latvian: Boriss Pugo, Russian: Бори́с Ка́рлович Пу́го) (February 19, 1937 – August 22, 1991, in Moscow) was a hardline Soviet Communist political figure.
Pugo was born in Kalinin, Russian SFSR (now Tver, Russia) into a family of Latvian communists who had left Latvia after Latvia was proclaimed as an independent country in 1918. His family returned to Latvia after Soviet Union occupied and annexed it in 1940.
Pugo graduated from Riga Polytechnical in 1960 and worked in various Komsomol, Communist Party and Soviet government positions since then, both in Latvia and Moscow. His positions between 1960 and 1984 included the first secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol of Latvian SSR, a secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol of USSR, the first secretary of Riga City Committee of Communist Party and the chairman of KGB in Latvia.
Pugo was the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Latvian SSR from April 14, 1984 to October 4, 1988.
Between 1990 and 1991, he was the Minister of the Interior Affairs of the USSR. He was a member of the August Coup in 1991. He soon after committed suicide. He shot his wife and himself as soon as he realized that the coup had failed.
wn.com/Boris_Pugo -
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: Бори́с Никола́евич Е́льцин; IPA: [bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn] ( listen); 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the President of Russia, serving from 1991 to 1999.
Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. On 29 May 1990 he was elected the chairman of the Russian Supreme Soviet. On 12 June 1991 he was elected by popular vote to the newly created post of President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR), at that time one of the 15 constituent republics of the Soviet Union. He won 57% of the vote in a six-candidate contest and became the second democratically elected leader of Russia in history. Upon the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev and the final dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991, Yeltsin remained in office as the President of the Russian Federation, the USSR's successor state. Yeltsin was reelected in the 1996 election; in the second round of the election Yeltsin defeated Gennady Zyuganov from the revived Communist Party by a margin of 13%. However, Yeltsin never recovered his early popularity after a series of economic and political crises in Russia in the 1990s.
wn.com/Boris_Yeltsin -
Brad Davis (actor)
Robert Creel "Brad" Davis (November 6, 1949 – September 8, 1991) was an American actor, known for starring in the 1978 film Midnight Express.
Born Robert Davis in Tallahassee, Florida to Welsh American,[citation needed] Eugene Davis (a dentist whose career declined due to alcoholism) and his wife, Anne Davis who was Irish American. His brother Gene is also an actor. According to an article in The New York Times published in 1987, Davis suffered physical abuse and sexual abuse at the hands of both parents. As an adult, he was an alcoholic and an intravenous drug user before becoming sober in 1981. Davis was known as "Bobby" during his youth, but took Brad as his stage name in 1973.
At 16, after winning a music talent contest, Davis worked at Theater Atlanta. He later moved to New York City and attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, as well as studied acting at the American Place Theater. After a role on the soap opera How to Survive a Marriage, he performed in Off-Broadway plays. In 1976 he was cast in the television mini-series Roots then as Sally Field's love interest in the television film Sybil. He played the lead role in Larry Kramer's play about AIDS, The Normal Heart (1985).
wn.com/Brad_Davis_(actor) -
Brayden Schenn
Brayden Schenn ( /ˈʃɛn/; born August 22, 1991) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Schenn was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings fifth overall in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut for the Kings in October 2009, after being called up on an emergency basis. Schenn has represented Canada internationally at several tournaments, and won two silver medals at the 2010 and 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. At the 2011 tournament, Schenn tied Canada's record for points in a single tournament, and was selected to the Tournament's All-Star Team as well as being named Top Forward, and Most Valuable Player. His older brother Luke is a defenceman for the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Schenn played minor hockey in his hometown of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He played AAA midget hockey for the Saskatoon Contacts. During the 2006–07 season, his teammates included Jared Cowen and Carter Ashton. In the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft, Schenn was selected in the first round, ninth overall by the Brandon Wheat Kings. His teammates Cowen and Ashton were selected first and eighth overall respectively. In his last season of midget hockey he scored 70 points in 41 games.
wn.com/Brayden_Schenn -
Brenda Asnicar
Brenda Daniela Asnicar Mendoza (born October 17, 1991), is an Argentine actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her role of Antonelle in the two-year run (2007–2008) of the popular Argentine TV show Patito Feo.
Brenda Asnicar made her debut in show business at age 11, when she was chosen from among thousands of applicants to participate in of Cantaniño (aired on Telefe). Initially selected as part of the choir, she ended her participation as a co-presenter of the program. In 2002 she worked with Jimena Cyrulnik on an entertainment program. In 2003 she appeared on Chicos Argentinos on Buenos Aires channel 7, and at that time made her first CD recording - "Caminos", as part of the group from that show. In 2006 she appeared on "Tour Caminos 2006", with the Chicos Argentinos.
In 2003 Asnicar also began working as a model. She continued with such houses as Jactan and Marcela, until 2007, when she was cast as the villain "Antonella Bernardi Lamas" in Patito Feo ("Ugly Duckling"), a youth-oriented TV comedy series.
wn.com/Brenda_Asnicar -
Brittney Wilson
Brittney Meriah Wilson (born March 26, 1991) is a Canadian actress. She was born in Chilliwack, British Columbia.
wn.com/Brittney_Wilson -
Calum Worthy
Calum Worthy (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian actor.
Worthy was born in Victoria, British Columbia. He attended Lochside Elementary, Royal Oak Middle and Claremont/SIDES Secondary schools. At the age of 9 he was accepted into Tarlington Training Professional Children's class and spent the next five years travelling to Vancouver to attend the weekend program. He decided he wanted to become an actor at the age of four, after watching Macaulay Culkin in Home Alone. A triple threat, Calum has been performing on stage as a singer, dancer and actor since the age of 5. He studied Voice, Tap, Jazz and Piano. He won the Canadian National Young Composer’s Award (piano) when he was 11 years old.
Calum made his screen debut at the age of 9, guest starring in Fox's Night Visions (directed by Bill Pullman). At the age of 10, he booked his first leading role, and travelled to England to star in the BBC 6 episode mini-series I Was a Rat with Brenda Fricker, Tom Conti, Edward Fox and Don McKellar (directed by Laurie Lynd). He has since completed more than 50 different Film and TV projects, and has worked in five different countries – Canada, USA, Australia, England, and Singapore. Equally comfortable in dramatic and comedic roles, he has won Two Young Artist Awards, and a Leo Award (Canada) for “Leading Actor” roles.
wn.com/Calum_Worthy -
Camarón de la Isla
Camarón de la Isla (December 5, 1950 – July 2, 1992), was the stage name of a Spanish (Gypsy) flamenco singer José Monje Cruz.
He was born in San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain. His mother was Juana Cruz Castro, a basket weaver ("La Canastera"), whose gift of singing was a strong early influence. His father, Juan Luis Monje, was also a singer as well as a blacksmith, and had a forge where Camarón worked as a boy. His uncle José nicknamed him Camarón (Spanish for "Shrimp") because he was blonde and fair skinned. At the age of eight he began to sing at inns and bus stops with Rancapino to earn money. At sixteen, he won first prize at the Festival del Cante Jondo in Mairena de Alcor. Camarón then went to Madrid with Miguel de los Reyes and in 1968 became a resident artist at the Tablao Torres Bermejas where he remained for twelve years.
During his time at Tablao Torres Bermejas, he met Paco de Lucía, with whom he recorded nine albums between 1969 and 1977. The two toured extensively together during this period. As Paco de Lucía became more occupied with solo concert commitments, Camarón worked with one of Paco's students, Tomatito.
wn.com/Camarón_de_la_Isla -
Camila Finn
Camila Caroline Finn (born November 6, 1991 in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian fashion model who won the Ford "Supermodel of the Year" award at the age of 14.
Finn was discovered in 2002 at the age of 11. She was approached by photographer and Ford Models representative Malu Ornelas in her hometown while shopping with her mother. She currently lives in New York City.
She has been compared to model Gisele Bündchen, which she considers a "great compliment". She admires fellow Brazilian model Liliane Ferrarezi.
Since her win, she has disassociated her self with Ford Models, resigning with IMG Models in New York City and Women Management in Milan.
wn.com/Camila_Finn -
Carl David Anderson
Carl David Anderson (3 September 1905 – 11 January 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon in 1936.
Anderson was born in New York City, the son of Swedish immigrants. He studied physics and engineering at Caltech (B.S., 1927; Ph.D., 1930). Under the supervision of Robert A. Millikan, he began investigations into cosmic rays during the course of which he encountered unexpected particle tracks in his cloud chamber photographs that he correctly interpreted as having been created by a particle with the same mass as the electron, but with opposite electrical charge. This discovery, announced in 1932 and later confirmed by others, validated Paul Dirac's theoretical prediction of the existence of the positron. Anderson obtained the first direct proof that positrons existed by shooting gamma rays produced by the natural radioactive nuclide ThC'' (208Tl) into other materials, resulting in creation of positron-electron pairs. For this work, Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1936 with Victor Hess.
wn.com/Carl_David_Anderson -
Carol Dempster
Carol Dempster (December 9, 1901 – February 1, 1991) was an American film actress of the silent film era.
Born in Duluth, Minnesota, Dempster got her start in films as a protégé of legendary film director D.W. Griffith alongside other Griffith actresses of the mid-1910s Lillian and Dorothy Gish and Mae Marsh. Griffith gave Dempster her first role at age 15 in his colossal 1916 all-star cast Intolerance playing one of the Babylonian harem girls alongside another teenaged newcomer, Mildred Harris. Dempster would eventually become one of Griffiths "favorites" and cast her in nearly every one of his films throughout the 1920s, allegedly to the irritation of Mae Marsh and Lillian Gish. Dempster became romantically involved with the much older Griffith during the early 1920s while Griffith was estranged from his wife, Linda Arvidson.
Dempster's first feature role came in 1919 in the Griffith directed The Girl Who Stayed at Home opposite Robert "Bobby" Harron. Dempster followed this with Griffith's The Love Flower (1920), Dream Street (1921), One Exciting Night (1922) and Isn't Life Wonderful (1924), the latter being generally considered one of Griffith's greatest films and featuring Dempster's finest performance.
wn.com/Carol_Dempster -
Carter Jenkins
Carter Mark Jenkins (born September 4, 1991) is an American actor.
Jenkins began performing in community theatre, and then on local and national commercials. He has starred in television series such as Surface, Viva Laughlin, CSI: Miami, House, CSI: NY, Without a Trace, The Bernie Mac Show, and Unfabulous along with feature films Aliens in the Attic, Bad News Bears, Keeping Up with the Steins, Life is Ruff and short film "A Day’s Work".
In 2009, he appeared in the film Aliens in the Attic, playing the lead role Tom Pearson. In 2010, he appeared in Valentine's Day, playing the boyfriend of Emma Roberts' character. His upcoming roles include Arcadia Lost, about a mystic adventure through remote villages in Greece, in which Jenkins plays opposite Haley Bennett and Nick Nolte.
Jenkins was born in Tampa, Florida to Mary and Eric Jenkins, and was raised in Carrollwood, Florida, where he attended Independent Day School. His family later moved to Sherman Oaks, California. He has an older brother, Renneker Jenkins, who is also an actor, and an older sister, Tiffany. Like his character in Keeping Up with the Steins, Jenkins was raised Jewish, and attended Hebrew school.
wn.com/Carter_Jenkins -
Casey Abrams
Casey Abrams (born February 12, 1991) is an American musician and multi-instrumentalist from Idyllwild, California who finished in sixth place on the tenth season of American Idol. He was eliminated from the competition on April 28, 2011, five weeks after being the third finalist to be saved from elimination by the judges.
Abrams was born on February 12, 1991 in Austin, Texas, to Pam Pierce and Ira Abrams. His father is Jewish and his mother is from a Catholic background, and Abrams grew up in an interfaith family. He spent his early years in the Chicago area, first in Evanston, Illinois, then in Wilmette, where he attended McKenzie Elementary School.
Abrams later moved to California and attended middle school and high school there. He was a student at Idyllwild Arts Academy in Idyllwild, California, where his father teaches film production. At Idyllwild Arts, he studied classical bass instruction and improvisation, and participted in the jazz ensembles, gaining a foundation in music history, piano, and jazz piano, and learning to write musical scores for films.
wn.com/Casey_Abrams -
Cassandra Harris
Cassandra Harris (15 December 1948[clarification needed] – 28 December 1991) was an Australian actress.
Born Sandra Colleen Waites in Sydney, Australia, Harris was a student at the National Institute of Dramatic Art. She enrolled in 1961, aged 12, under the name Sandra Gleeson. She went on to perform in the successful Sydney stage production of Boeing Boeing from 1964-65.
She appeared in The Greek Tycoon (1978), Rough Cut (1980), and the James Bond film, For Your Eyes Only as the Countess Lisl von Schlaf, the ill-fated mistress of Milos Colombo (played by Israeli actor Topol). While filming this movie, her third husband, Pierce Brosnan, met with producer Albert R. Broccoli, which eventually led to his casting as James Bond in four films. She guest starred in several episodes of the television series Remington Steele with her husband Brosnan; they married on 27 December 1980.[dead link]
She had three children; Christopher and Charlotte Harris by her marriage to Dermot Harris, a younger brother of actor Richard Harris, and a son, Sean Brosnan (born 1983), from her marriage to Brosnan. Christopher and Charlotte were adopted by Brosnan after the death of Dermot Harris in 1986.
wn.com/Cassandra_Harris -
Cesare Merzagora
Cesare Merzagora (November 9, 1898 - May 1, 1991) was an Italian politician from Milan. He was President of Banca Popolare di Milano from 1950 to 1952, President of the Italian Senate from 1953 to 1967, and was also temporarily acting as President of Italy in 1964, in the period between the resignation of Antonio Segni and the election of Giuseppe Saragat. Merzagora was named senator for life in 1963.
Despite being an outspoken atheist[citation needed], he was run as a candidate of the Italian Christian Democracy, and was affiliated to this party during his whole political career, although he never became its official member.
He died in Rome.
wn.com/Cesare_Merzagora -
Charles Barnet
Charles Daly Barnet (October 26, 1913 – September 4, 1991) was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader.
His major recordings were "Skyliner", "Cherokee", "The Wrong Idea", "Scotch and Soda", "In a Mizz", and "Southland Shuffle".
Charlie Barnet was born in New York City. His parents divorced when he was two, and he was raised by his mother and her grandparents. His grandfather was Charles Frederick Daly, a vice-president for the New York Central Railroad, banker, and businessman.
Barnet attended various boarding schools, both in the New York and Chicago areas. He learned to play piano and saxophone as a child. He often left school to listen to music and to try to gain work as a musician.
Although he began his recording career in October 1933, Charlie Barnet was at the height of his popularity between 1939 and 1941, a period that began with his hit version of "Cherokee", written by Ray Noble and arranged by Billy May. In 1944, Barnet had another big hit with "Skyliner". In 1947, he started to switch from swing music to bebop. During his swing period his band included Buddy DeFranco, Roy Eldridge, Neal Hefti, Lena Horne, Barney Kessel, Dodo Marmorosa, Oscar Pettiford, and Art House, while later versions of the band included Maynard Ferguson, Doc Severinsen, and Clark Terry. Trumpeter Billy May was an arranger in the Charlie Barnet Orchestra before joining Glenn Miller in 1940.
wn.com/Charles_Barnet -
Charles Goren
Charles Henry Goren (March 4, 1901 – April 3, 1991) was a world champion American bridge player and bestselling author who contributed significantly to the development and popularization of the game following upon the heels of Ely Culbertson in the 1940s and rising to prominence in the 1950s to the early 1960s.
Goren was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Russian Jewish immigrants. He earned a law degree at McGill University in Montreal. While he was attending McGill, a girlfriend laughed at his ineptness at the game of bridge, motivating him to immerse himself in a study of existing bridge materials.
When he graduated, he briefly attempted a law career in Philadelphia. The growing fame of Ely Culbertson, however, prompted Goren to abandon his original career choice to pursue bridge competitions, where he attracted the attention of Milton Work, who had developed the Work Point Count system. Goren began helping Work with his bridge articles and columns, and eventually began ghostwriting some of his material.
wn.com/Charles_Goren -
Charlie G. Hawkins
Charlie George Hawkins (born 14 February 1991) is an English actor. He was raised in Islington where he has lived since birth.[citation needed]
His most notable role is Darren Miller in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, which he has starred in since 2004, although he has had other roles in films, dramas, documentaries and advertisements.[citation needed] His most notable other role was his debut as a cub scout named Tyrone in Ali G In Da House.[citation needed]
EastEnders casting director Kat Collins had worked with him in a workshop before deciding to cast him as Darren Miller in 2004.
Hawkins attended Holloway Secondary School in Islington, London, following which he attended Central Foundation Boys School.[citation needed] Hawkins aspires to carry on acting and maybe even directing and would one day like to be James Bond or The Doctor.[citation needed] His inspiration since joining EastEnders was his former co-star Nigel Harman, who played Dennis Rickman.[citation needed]
He uses his middle initial in his acting name as there has been another actor in EastEnders with the same name.[citation needed]
wn.com/Charlie_G._Hawkins -
Chloe Bridges
Chloe Bridges (born on December 27, 1991 in Louisiana, U.S.; formally credited as Chloe Suazo) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Zoey in the sitcom Freddie (2005–2006) and as Dana Turner in 2010 television film Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam which also star Demi Lovato. She has also appeared in the films Legally Blondes (2009) and Forget Me Not (2009).
wn.com/Chloe_Bridges -
Chloe Marshall
Chloe Elizabeth Marshall (born 27 March 1991) is an English plus-size model from Cranleigh, Surrey. Having won the Miss Surrey title in March 2008, she became the first size 16 (US size 12 to 14) model to reach the finals for the Miss England tiara.
Marshall has stated that she "wanted to go through to the Miss England finals to break the stereotype that you have to be tall and skinny to be considered beautiful." However, Marshall's Body Mass Index of 26.03, which is within what the body mass index classifies as overweight, has led to her being criticised for promoting obesity and ill-health.
The national finals for the Miss England title were held on 18 July 2008. Marshall came in second place. The same year, she was signed by the Models Plus agency.
Chloe appeared on the cover of Plus Model Magazine in March 2010. Marshall signed a three year contract with Ford Models in early 2010. Chloe has modeled for notable plus-size clothing clients including Macy's and Torrid. She also walked in Lane Bryant's 2011 runway show in Las Vegas .
wn.com/Chloe_Marshall -
Choi Minho
Choi Minho; (Hangul: 최민호; Hanja: 崔珉豪; born December 9, 1991) is a South Korean idol singer, rapper, dancer, actor, model, lyricist, promotional model and presenter. He is a member of South Korean boy group Shinee under the label SM Entertainment, as the main rapper, visual, and sub vocalist.
Minho was discovered at the 2006 S.M. Casting System. In 2008, he was chosen as a member of the group Shinee, the 5-member boy group debuted on May 25, 2008 on SBS's Inkigayo.
Before debuting with Shinee, Minho modeled for Ha Sang Baek's Seoul Collection F/W 08-09 in March 2008, two months before Shinee debut stage.
Minho appeared in both the Korean and Japanese version of Girls' Generation's music video "Gee".
He was also featured in the music video of VNT's debut song, Sound.
Minho debuted as an actor on November 20, 2010 in a KBS drama special, entitled "Pianist".
On December 7, 2011, it was announced that Minho will be taking on a comedic acting role in SBS‘s new sitcom, "Salamander Guru and The Shadows", which will air in early 2012. Minho will be playing the role of Minhyuk, a genius hacker, alongside actors Im Won Hee and Oh Dal Soo. Salamander Guru and The Shadows is SBS’s first sitcom in 5 years and revolves around two robbers who impersonate a guru. The sitcom will air in January 2012.
wn.com/Choi_Minho -
Chris Short
Christopher Joseph "Style" Short (September 19, 1937 – August 1, 1991) was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies (1959–1972), and in his final year, for the Milwaukee Brewers (1973). He was a left-handed pitcher, but batted righty. He was born in Milford, Delaware.
Short was considered a top pitcher from 1964 through 1968 with the Phillies. He was 17–9 in 1964, with a 2.20 ERA in 220 and 2/3 innings pitched. It was his career-best ERA and was third in the league behind only Sandy Koufax (1.74) and Don Drysdale (2.18). Teammate Jim Bunning was 5th that season with a 2.63 ERA. Juan Marichal finished 4th (2.48). That year, however, the Phillies and Short suffered a heartbreaking loss in the pennant race. After leading by six and a half games with 12 to go, manager Gene Mauch decided to start his two aces, Bunning and Short, for eight of the last 12 games. Short pitched respectably despite the heavy workload, giving up only six earned runs in 18 innings over his final three starts. But weak hitting, poor relief pitching and atrocious defense (the team committed 17 errors in a 10-game losing streak) doomed Philadelphia. The Phillies lost three games in a row to the hot St. Louis Cardinals, who won the NL race by 1 game and went on to defeat the New York Yankees in the 1964 World Series.
wn.com/Chris_Short -
Christa Theret
Christa Theret (born 25 June 1991 in Paris) is a French actress.
In 2003, Christa was spotted at the age of 11 in the playground of the Antoine Coysevox secondary school in the 18th arrondissement of Paris by a head of casting and started in cinema in the film Le Couperet by Costa-Gavras, where she played the daughter of José Garcia. In 2007, she portrayed Julie, a goth teenager in the film Et toi, t'es sur qui?, chosen at the Cannes film festival 2007 in the category Un Certain Regard and for the Caméra d'Or. In 2008, she left school at 17 and played in the film Lol by Lisa Azuelos beside Sophie Marceau. From April til June, 2009, she made Le village des ombres, the first work by film-maker Fouad Benhammou. Again, in October, she made Le Mariage de Chiffon, by Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe, film director of Le Grand Meaulnes, fifth episode of the season of Au siècle de Maupassant: Contes et nouvelles du XIXème siècle, envisaged for 2010.
wn.com/Christa_Theret -
Christian Fortune
Christian Caleb Fortune (born July 12, 1991) is an American actor who was born in Pasadena, California in the United States.
Christian Fortune played Biloxi Pitcher in The Perfect Game.
Because of a funding problem, the film had to shut down just a couple of weeks into filming. When they were able to start up again a few months later, Fortune was one of the boys who had experienced a growth spurt and all scenes with them had to be re-shot. Despite the baseball plot in the film, Christian prefers to play football in real life.
During the filming Christian became not only a team mate, but also built up a friendship with fellow actor Jake T. Austin. In their spare time the two boys enjoy producing and directing their own productions on YouTube, but Christian says he would much rather be acting.
In 2011, Fortune appeared in Jasmine V's music video as her ex-boyfriend.
wn.com/Christian_Fortune -
Christofer Drew
Never Shout Never is an American rock band, formed in Joplin, Missouri in 2007. The band has released three albums and six extended plays. The name "NeverShoutNever" and later "Never Shout Never" originally referred exclusively to Christofer Drew Ingle before the touring band previously referred to as "The Shout" took up the name "Never Shout Never" with Ingle as front man.
Christofer Drew Ingle began making music as Never Shout Never in September 2005. His first exposure came through the internet, where he achieved success on MySpace before issuing the extended play, The Yippee Ep on July 29, 2008. On July 30, 2008, he was featured on TRL, where he performed his single "Bigcitydreams." He toured with Hellogoodbye and Ace Enders in the fall of 2008. .
As of November 17, 2008, the official spelling of Ingle's alias became NeverShoutNever! Although in 2008, the band had a slight name change and excluded the "!" from Nevershoutnever! To make ' Never Shout Never" (example song: Awful) It had previously been listed as Never Shout Never on iTunes and his management company's site. An official statement regarding the reason behind the spelling change has not been made available.
wn.com/Christofer_Drew -
Clifton C. Edom
Clifton Cedric "Cliff" Edom (February 12, 1907 in Baylis, Illinois - January 30, 1991 in Branson, Missouri), often credited as the "Father of Photojournalism", was prolific in the development of photojournalism education.
After receiving a teaching certificate from the Western Illinois State Teachers College, now Western Illinois University, in 1925, Edom attended a Linotype school and worked for several newspapers. He married Vilia Clarissa "Vi" Patefield (1908–2004) on June 30, 1928, and the couple bought the weekly Edgar News in Edgar, Wisconsin, working with it until 1930 when Edom began work with the Wausau Record-Herald in Wausau, Wisconsin.
Five years later, the Edoms with their daughter Verna Mae "Vme", moved to Aurora, Missouri, for Cliff to serve as educational director of TASOPE, the Aurora School of Photo-Engraving, as well as editor of its magazine The Tasope News, later PIX.
In 1943, Frank Luther Mott, dean of the School of Journalism at the University of Missouri at Columbia, recruited Edom to head the new photojournalism sequence. He also enrolled as an undergraduate, teaching classes he wasn't able to take until his junior year, and finally completed his Bachelor of Journalism in 1946.
wn.com/Clifton_C._Edom -
Cole Hawkins
Cole East Hawkins (born October 4, 1991) is an American actor in both television and film. He was a brief member of The Naked Brothers Band.
Hawkins was born in Manhattan, New York. He is perhaps best known for his role in School of Rock as Leonard, the band security guard. His line in that film "You mean we're not in the band?" initially encourages Dewey, played by Jack Black to transform the non-musicians in the class into members of the crew. He has also made minor appearances in such films as Changing Lanes, Big Daddy, Meet the Parents, Music of the Heart, Kate and Leopold, and The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie. He has made television appearances in Law & Order and Third Watch.
wn.com/Cole_Hawkins -
Colleen Dewhurst
Colleen Rose Dewhurst (June 3, 1924 — August 22, 1991) was a Canadian-American actress known for a while as "the Queen of Off-Broadway." In her autobiography, Dewhurst wrote: "I had moved so quickly from one Off-Broadway production to the next that I was known, at one point, as the 'Queen of Off-Broadway'. This title was not due to my brilliance but rather because most of the plays I was in closed after a run of anywhere from one night to two weeks. I would then move immediately into another." She was a renowned interpreter of the works of Eugene O’Neill on the stage, and her career also encompassed film, early dramas on live television, and Joseph Papp's New York Shakespeare Festival. She was also renowned for her television work playing Marilla Cuthbert in the Kevin Sullivan TV movie adaptations of the Anne of Green Gables series and her reprisal of the role in the subsequent TV series Road to Avonlea (marketed as just Avonlea in the US).
Dewhurst was born in Montreal, Quebec, the only child of Ferdinand Augustus "Fred" and Frances Marie (née Woods) Dewhurst, a businessman and homemaker, respectively. Her father had been a "well-known athlete in Canada, where he had played football with the Ottawa Rough Riders". Her mother was a practitioner of Christian Science, which her daughter would also adopt. Her family moved to Massachusetts in 1928 or 1929, staying in Boston, Dorchester, Auburndale, and West Newton. Later they moved to New York City. After her parents separated, she and her mother relocated to Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, where she graduated from Riverside High School in 1942. She went on to attend Milwaukee-Downer College.
wn.com/Colleen_Dewhurst -
Colton Harris-Moore
Colton A. "Colt" Harris-Moore (born March 22, 1991) is a criminal and former fugitive from Camano Island, Washington. He was charged with the thefts of small aircraft, a boat, and two cars and in the burglaries of at least 100 private residences in various locations around the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. He fled to the Bahamas on July 4, 2010, allegedly in a plane stolen from Bloomington, Indiana. He was indicted on July 6, 2010, by a U.S. Federal Court in Seattle, Washington, on charges of transporting another stolen aircraft in that state. Harris-Moore was arrested in Harbour Island, Bahamas, on July 11, 2010, after police shot out the engine of the boat in which he was attempting to flee. Two days later, he was deported from Nassau, Bahamas, to Miami, Florida, and transferred on July 21 to the Federal Detention Center, SeaTac in Washington State. On December 16, 2011, Harris-Moore was sentenced to more than seven years in prison for dozens of consolidated charges brought against him from three different counties. On January 27, 2012, he was sentenced to 6 and a half years for related federal crimes.
wn.com/Colton_Harris-Moore -
Cool Papa Bell
James Thomas "Cool Papa" Bell (May 17, 1903 – March 7, 1991) was an American center fielder in Negro league baseball, considered by many baseball observers to have been one of the fastest men ever to play the game. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974.
James Thomas Nichols was born May 17, 1903, in or near Starkville, Mississippi. The 1910 U.S. Census shows him as the fourth of seven children living with his widowed mother, Mary Nichols, in Sessums Township, just outside of Starkville. When and why he changed his name to "Bell" is unknown. He joined the St. Louis Stars of the Negro National League as a pitcher in 1922. By 1924, he had become their starting center fielder, and was known as an adept batter and fielder, and the "fastest man in the league". After leading the Stars to league titles in 1928, 1930, and 1931, he moved to the Detroit Wolves of the East-West League when the Negro National League disbanded. Detroit soon folded, leaving Bell to bounce to the Kansas City Monarchs and the Mexican winter leagues until finding a home with the Pittsburgh Crawfords in the reorganized NNL. In Pittsburgh, he played alongside Ted Page and Jimmie Crutchfield to form what is considered by many to have been the best outfield in the Negro leagues. Bell left the Crawfords in 1938 to return to Mexico, coming back to baseball in the United States in 1942 to play for the Homestead Grays, who won Negro league titles in 1942, 1943, and 1944 with his help. He last played for the semi-pro Detroit Senators in 1946. He coached for the Monarchs in the late 1940s, managing their barnstorming "B" team, scouting for the club, signing prospects, and teaching the ins and outs of the game to future major-league baseball greats Ernie Banks, Jackie Robinson, and Elston Howard, among others.
wn.com/Cool_Papa_Bell -
Craig Roberts
Craig Roberts (born 25 January 1991) is a Welsh actor. He is best known for playing the lead role of Oliver Tate in the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Submarine, and for playing the character Rio in The Story of Tracy Beaker.
Roberts was born in Maesycwmmer, Caerphilly, Wales.
He has appeared as the vampire fanatic Robin Branagh, in two seasons of the television show Young Dracula. He has also appeared in Care and Casualty.
Roberts appeared in the pantomime 'Snow White' in Worthing, where he played the evil queen's sidekick 'Drax' in January 2009. In 2008 he worked with Y Touring Theatre Company where he played the part of 'Ryan' in a UK national tour of 'Full Time' which was a play that explores issues of racism, sexism and homophobia in football. He also appeared in the BBC Three television show Being Human and the online spin-off series Becoming Human as Adam.
Roberts starred in the 2010 film Submarine which also stars Paddy Considine and Yasmin Paige.
wn.com/Craig_Roberts -
Creagen Dow
Creagen Dow (born May 1, 1991) is an American actor. Creagen had a recurring role as Jeremiah Trottman on the Nickelodeon series Zoey 101. He has also guest starred on Hannah Montana, Without a Trace, Veronica Mars, Chuck, Greek, Castle, Numb3rs, Entourage, FlashForward and Hot in Cleveland, CSI: NY and provided the voice of "Mullet Boy" in the film The Ant Bully. He appeared in the feature film The Least of These and alongside Reese Witherspoon and Vince Vaughn in Four Christmases, and with Sean Astin in Amazing Love as well as in various television commercials including the Above The Influence spot "Shoulders" for Drug Free America involving teens doing drugs.
wn.com/Creagen_Dow -
Cromwell Everson
Cromwell Everson (28 September 1925 – 11 June 1991) was primarily known as a composer during his lifetime. He was brought up as an Afrikaner by his mother, Maria De Wit and father, Robert Everson. He continued this tradition and all his children were brought up as Afrikaners.
Everson wrote the first Afrikaans opera, and most of his other vocal works were in Afrikaans. His works consist of five sonatas, a trio, an opera, a set of inventions, four song-cycles, a piano suite, miscellaneous movements for the piano and guitar and an incomplete symphony and string quartet.
During Everson's career in Worcester, Western Cape he also gave music lessons to the famous musician David Kramer.
For his Afrikaans opera Everson received in 2007 a posthumous acknowledgement from the ATKV (Afrikaans Language- and Cultural society).
First complete performance 8 April 1978, SABC Concert Studio Seapoint, Cape Town. First radio broadcast performance 20 July 1971 (SABC).
wn.com/Cromwell_Everson -
Cyril Knowles
Cyril Barry Knowles (13 July 1944 – 30 August 1991) was a footballer who played full-back for Tottenham Hotspur and England. He was the brother of fellow professional footballer Peter Knowles. He died of cancer on 30 August 1991 aged 47.
Knowles was born in Fitzwilliam, West Yorkshire and started his career as a left winger with local side Hemsworth before rejection from three of the country's leading sides - Manchester United, Blackpool and Wolverhampton Wanderers - left him questioning his future prospects as a professional footballer.
However, Middlesbrough recognised his talents as a potential left back and Knowles was accepted into their amateur squad. He made his debut late in the 1962-63 season and after just 39 first team appearances legendary Spurs manager Bill Nicholson signed Knowles in 1964 for £45,000.
Knowles was seen as a young replacement for Ron Henry, a member of the Spurs team that famously won The Double in 1960-61, the FA Cup in 1962 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1963. His first competitive match for Spurs was in a 2-0 win over Sheffield United at White Hart Lane on the opening day of 1964-65 First Division campaign.
wn.com/Cyril_Knowles -
Daiki Arioka
Daiki Arioka (有岡 大貴, Arioka, Daiki?, born April 15, 1991) is a Japanese actor, tarento and singer as well as member of Hey! Say! JUMP. He is under the management of Johnny & Associates. He was born in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture.[citation needed]
On June 2, 2003, he joined Johnny & Associates as a trainee. As a Junior he was a member of J.J.Express. However, before he became a part of Johnny's he was a member of JUNES Project.
When he was fourteen in 2005, he played Toru Sonobe in the drama Engine with his Johnny's senior Takuya Kimura of SMAP.
On April 3, 2007, he joined the temporary group, Hey! Say! 7, with soon to be fellow members of Hey! Say! JUMP, Yuya Takaki, Yuto Nakajima, Ryosuke Yamada and Yuri Chinen, starting with a public performance at KAT-TUN's 2007 Cartoon KAT-TUN II You concert.
On September 21, 2007, he began performing as a member of Hey! Say! JUMP.
In October 2008, he acted in the drama Sensei wa Erai! as Takekura Rin, along with other Hey! Say! JUMP members; Yuto Nakajima, Ryosuke Yamada and Yuri Chinen.
wn.com/Daiki_Arioka -
Daniel Curtis Lee
Daniel Curtis Lee (born May 17, 1991) is an American actor, comedian, and rapper. He is best known in Nickelodeon's Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, in which he played the nerdy Simon Nelson-Cook, known as "Cookie" or "P Cookie". Lee has also appeared in other television shows such as First Monday and The Shield, and motion pictures such as Friday After Next. He recently starred in Zeke & Luther as Kojo. He likes to disguise himself as "Keante Balelo".
Daniel was born in Jackson, Mississippi. He is currently a member of the Hollywood Knights, the Celebrity basketball team. He is currently doing alot of work with Disney.
He also posts videos on YouTube on the channel DanDonthefly of him rapping.
wn.com/Daniel_Curtis_Lee -
Daniel Magder
Daniel Magder (born December 12, 1991) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in such projects such as The Famous Jett Jackson, and X-Men. One of his most recent roles is on Life with Derek, where he portrays Edwin Venturi. He graduated Thornlea Secondary School in Thornhill, Ontario. After attending the University of British Columbia for his first year, he transferred to the Vancouver Film School's writing for film and television course, which he completed in December 2011. He is a brother of the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity, Beta Chi chapter.
wn.com/Daniel_Magder -
Daniel Mann
Daniel Mann, also known as Daniel Chugerman (August 8, 1912 – November 21, 1991), was an American film and television director.
Daniel Mann was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was a stage actor since childhood, and attended Erasmus Hall High School, New York's Professional Children's School and the Neighborhood Playhouse. He entered films in 1952 as a director, evincing very little flair for visual dynamics but an excellent ear for dialogue. Most of Mann's films were adaptations from the stage (Come Back Little Sheba, The Rose Tattoo, The Teahouse of the August Moon) and literature (BUtterfield 8, The Last Angry Man).
Daniel Mann died of heart failure in Los Angeles, California in November 1991.
wn.com/Daniel_Mann -
Daniel Oduber Quirós
Porfirio Ricardo José Luis Daniel Oduber Quirós (1921 - 1991) served as President of Costa Rica from 1974 to 1978. Early in his career he worked as a lawyer. In 1945 he went to Canada to study philosophy at McGill University, graduating with a Master of Arts. In 1948 he returned to Costa Rica and participated in the revolution led by José Figueres Ferrer. When their faction won, he was named Secretary General of the Second Republic of Costa Rica. Some time later he travelled to Paris, where he continued his philosophical studies at the Sorbonne. While in France he married Marjorie Elliot Sypher, daughter of Canadian diplomats.
After returning to Costa Rica, he worked in national politics, working with the Figueres presidency campaign and becoming an ambassador in Europe.
He was elected president in 1974. His government was very socially focused, dealing heavily with working class issues. He worked on raising the quality of life of rural areas and bettered pricing for agricultural products. A lot of attention was given to reforestation and the preservation of natural resources. On the international front, his government was popular amongst the Central American nations. During his term in office, Oduber granted legal status to the communist party (1975) and restored consular relations with Cuba (1977). He sided and worked with Presidents Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos to defend Panama's sovereignty.
wn.com/Daniel_Oduber_Quirós -
Daniel Tay
Daniel Tay (born December 17, 1991) is an American actor and voice actor who is best known for playing Michael in the Christmas film Elf. Tay also voiced Pedro De La Hoya in Bully and the title character in the movie Doogal.
wn.com/Daniel_Tay -
Danielle Horvat
Danielle Horvat (born 10 July 1991) is an Australian actress, best known for her role in Neighbours as Taylah Jordan, and as Jessica Bird on Sea Patrol.
Danielle made her on-screen debut as the character Taylah Jordan, on the Australian TV soap, Neighbours. Taylor and her best friend Jessica Wallace (played by Heidi Valkenburg), appeared in 2007 as a mischievous tag-team duo intent on shaking things up in Ramsey Street. Whilst Jessica died at the end of the season, Taylah survived the cliffhanger and dated Zeke Kinski, brother of Rachel Kinski. A dramatic storyline ensued as dark secrets about Taylah's past were slowly revealed, culminating in the death of her abusive ex-boyfriend and her departure to a boarding school..
In 2009, Danielle played the role of Skye Sailendra, on the Australian tween comedy, Snake Tales. Skye is a 14-year-old upper-class English girl who, through a twist of fate, must live in the harsh Australian outback with her mother, Miranda (played by Leah Vandenberg), and brother Harrison.
wn.com/Danielle_Horvat -
Danny Miller (actor)
Daniel Benedict "Danny" Miller (born 2 January 1991) is an English actor from Bredbury, Stockport, Greater Manchester, best-known for his role as Aaron Livesy in ITV soap opera Emmerdale.
Still relatively new to television, Miller won his first major role in 2007, when he played Kyle Brown in the long-running BBC children's show Grange Hill. He followed this in 2008 with his most prominent role, being the second actor to portray Aaron Livesy on the ITV soap opera Emmerdale. Miller announced in 2011 that he is quitting Emmerdale and will depart on screen in spring 2012. On 22 October 2011, alongside his family, Miller appeared on the ITV game show All Star Family Fortunes. In February 2012, Miller left Emmerdale in the Most Emotional Scene Known in a Soap.. From 07 December 2012 to 06 January 2013, Miller is due to star as Prince Charming in the Pantomime Cinderella at the Grand Theatre in Blackpool.
Note: At the British Soap Awards, in categories such as Best Storyline, Best Single Episode and Spectacular Scene, the nomination is credited to the producers, writers or director.
wn.com/Danny_Miller_(actor) -
Danny Thomas
Danny Thomas (born Amos Muzyad Yakhoob Kairouz; January 6, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was an American nightclub comedian and television and film actor, best known for starring in the television sitcom Make Room for Daddy (also known as The Danny Thomas Show). He was also the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He was the father of Marlo Thomas, Terre Thomas, and Tony Thomas.
Thomas was born in Deerfield, Michigan, to Charles Yakhoob Kairouz and his wife Margaret Taouk in 1912. His parents were Maronite Catholic immigrants from Lebanon. Thomas was raised in Toledo, Ohio, attending St. Francis de Sales Church (Roman Catholic), Woodward High School and finally The University of Toledo, where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Thomas was confirmed in the Catholic Church by the bishop of Toledo, Samuel Stritch. Stritch, a native of Tennessee, was a lifelong spiritual advisor for Thomas, and urged him to locate the St. Jude Hospital in Memphis. He married Rose Marie Cassaniti in 1936, a week after his 24th birthday.
wn.com/Danny_Thomas -
David Lean
Sir David Lean, CBE (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor, best remembered for big-screen epics The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984); for bringing Charles Dickens' novels to the silver screen with films such as Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948); and for the renowned romantic drama Brief Encounter (1945).
Acclaimed by directors including Steven Spielberg and Stanley Kubrick,, Lean was voted 9th greatest film director of all time in the British Film Institute Sight & Sound Directors' Top Directors" poll 2002. Lean has four films in the top eleven of the British Film Institute's Top 100 British Films.
David Lean was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London), to Francis William le Blount Lean and the former Helena Tangye (niece of Sir Richard Trevithick Tangye). His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading. His younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean (1911–1974), founded the original Inklings literary club when a student at Oxford University. Lean was a half-hearted schoolboy with a dreamy nature who was labeled a "dud" of a student; he left in his mid-teens and entered his father's chartered accountancy firm as an apprentice. At age 16, his father deserted the family when he ran off with another woman, and young David would later follow a similar path after his own first marriage and child.
wn.com/David_Lean -
David Ruffin
Davis Eli "David" Ruffin (January 18, 1941 – June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of the Temptations from 1964 to 1968 (or the group's "Classic Five" period as it was later known). He was the lead voice on such famous songs as "My Girl" and "Ain't Too Proud to Beg." Known for his unique raspy and anguished tenor vocals, Ruffin was ranked as one of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine in 2008. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 for his work with the Temptations. Fellow Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye once said admiringly of Ruffin that, "I heard in [his voice] a strength my own voice lacked."
Ruffin was born Davis Eli Ruffin on January 18, 1941 in the rural unincorporated community of Whynot, Mississippi, the son of Eli, a Baptist minister, and Ophelia Ruffin (née Davis). His father was strict and at times violently abusive. Ruffin's mother died just months after his birth and his father married a schoolteacher, Earline, in 1942. As a young child, Ruffin, along with his other siblings (older brothers Quincy and Jimmy, and sister Rita Mae), traveled with their father and their stepmother as a family gospel group opening shows for Mahalia Jackson and The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi among others. He also had an older sister Rosetta who died as a child. Ruffin sang in the choir at Mount Salem Methodist Church, talent shows, and wherever else he could. In 1955, at the age of fourteen, he left home under the guardianship of a minister and went to Memphis, Tennessee with the purpose of pursuing the ministry.
wn.com/David_Ruffin -
Dead (musician)
Per Yngve Ohlin (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991), better known by his stage name Dead, was a Swedish black metal vocalist and lyricist best known for his work with Norwegian black metal band Mayhem. He also performed as vocalist of the Swedish death metal band Morbid on their demo December Moon.
Roadrunner Records ranked Him #48 out of 50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time.
Per Ohlin (sometimes called "Pelle") was born in 1969 in Stockholm, Sweden. As a young child, he suffered from sleep apnea. At the age of ten, he suffered internal bleeding when his spleen ruptured after what he told everyone was an ice skating accident. In the Swedish metal book Blod eld död ('Blood Fire Death', an allusion to Swedish band Bathory's fourth album Blood Fire Death), his brother said in an exclusive interview that Dead was bullied in school and one day the beatings got out of hand causing the ruptured spleen. He had to be rushed to a hospital, where he was for a time clinically dead. After this near-death experience, he became enthralled with death and dying.
wn.com/Dead_(musician) -
Dean Jagger
Ira Dean Jagger (November 7, 1903 – February 5, 1991) was film actor who received an Academy Award for his role in Henry King's Twelve O'Clock High (1949).
Born in Columbus Grove, Ohio, Jagger made his film debut in The Woman from Hell (1929) with Mary Astor. He became a successful character actor, without becoming a major star, and appeared in almost 100 films in a career that lasted until shortly before his death.
Jagger made his breakthrough to major roles in film with his portrayal of Brigham Young in Brigham Young (1940). According to George D. Pyper, a technical consultant on the film who had personally known Brigham Young, said that Jagger not only resembled Young, he also spoke like him and had many of his mannerisms.
Jagger then played prominent roles in Western Union (1941), Sister Kenny (1946) and Raoul Walsh's Western neo-noir Pursued (1947).
He received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Twelve O'Clock High (1949). In the film he played the middle-aged adjutant Major Stovall, who acts as an advisor to the commander General Savage (Gregory Peck), and is tasked with writing letters to the next of kin of slain airmen. He appeared in the biblical epic The Robe (1953) as the weaver Justus of Cana, "whose words were like his work: simple, lasting, and strong," as Marcellus Gallio (Richard Burton) put it later in the film.
wn.com/Dean_Jagger -
Declan Galbraith
Declan John Galbraith (born 19 December 1991, Hoo St Werburgh, Kent) is an English singer. He is best known for his 2002 hit single, "Tell Me Why", which peaked at #29 in the UK Singles Chart.
When Galbraith was small, his grandfather, who played several instruments in a band, took Galbraith to Fleadhs (concerts) he was participating in, and the mix of Scottish and Irish musical traditions. Declan knew that he wanted to be a singer when he saw his grandfather in his band.
Galbraith's talent was publicly acknowledged for the first time when at just 7 years old. He insisted on performing spontaneously at the annual Rochester Dickens Festival, a two-day extravaganza where people were invited to dress up in Victorian costumes to celebrate the life and times of the famous author Charles Dickens and his links with their town. Galbraith, dressed up as a chimney sweep, started singing and the crowd went wild. Soon after this he started to enter local talent contests and within a year he had won 15 titles and more than £1,000.
wn.com/Declan_Galbraith -
Dennis Crosby
Dennis Michael Crosby (July 13, 1934 – May 4, 1991) was an American singer and occasional actor, the son of singer and actor Bing Crosby, and twin brother of Phillip Crosby. He was the father of actress Denise Crosby.
Dennis was a son of Bing Crosby and his first wife Dixie Lee. He attended Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose with his other brothers where he graduated in 1952 and subsequently enrolled at Washington State University at Pullman.
In the late 1950s, Dennis and his brothers, Lindsay and Phillip, often performed as the Crosby Brothers in nightclubs and on The Ed Sullivan Show, though Dennis reputedly wished to avoid such appearances.
While a young man, Crosby performed military service in Germany.
On May 4, 1958, Crosby married Pat Sheehan, a Las Vegas showgirl and model who had once dated his father. She was also Miss San Francisco of 1950, Playmate of the month of October 1958, and part time actress. Within days, Crosby was sued by another woman, Marilyn Miller Scott, over the paternity of her daughter, Denise Crosby. The sensational lawsuit lasted three years and ended with Dennis being ordered to pay Scott child support and legal fees. This and the marriage to Sheehan and other details caused deep embarrassment for both him and his famous father. Although Bing died when his granddaughter was 19, the two reportedly never met.
wn.com/Dennis_Crosby -
Derrick Henry Lehmer
Derrick Henry "Dick" Lehmer (February 23, 1905 – May 22, 1991) was an American mathematician who refined Édouard Lucas' work in the 1930s and devised the Lucas–Lehmer test for Mersenne primes. Lehmer's peripatetic career as a number theorist, with he and his wife taking numerous types of work in the United States and abroad to support themselves during the Great Depression, fortuitously brought him into the center of research into early electronic computing.
Lehmer was born in Berkeley, California, to Derrick Norman Lehmer, a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, and Clara Eunice Mitchell.
He studied physics and earned a Bachelor degree from UC Berkeley, and continued with graduate studies at the University of Chicago.
He and his father worked together on Lehmer sieves.
During his studies at Berkeley, Lehmer met Emma Markovna Trotskaia, a Russian student of his father's, who had begun with work toward an engineering degree but had subsequently switched focus to mathematics, earning her B.A. in 1928. Later that same year, Lehmer married Emma and, following a tour of Northern California and a trip to Japan to meet Emma's family, they moved by car to Providence, Rhode Island, after Brown University offered him an instructorship.
wn.com/Derrick_Henry_Lehmer -
Devon Bostick
Devon Bostick (born November 13, 1991) is a Canadian actor, best known for playing the lead role in the Atom Egoyan-directed film Adoration and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies.
Bostick was born in Toronto, Ontario. His mother, Stephanie Gorin, is a casting agent in Toronto, working in stage and screen, and his father, Joe Bostick, is an actor as well as a film fight coordinator. Devon began acting when in grade five. He is a graduate of the Etobicoke School of the Arts in Toronto. He has had roles in the TV series Degrassi: The Next Generation, Flashpoint (TV Series) and in the film Citizen Duane. His film work has included roles in Godsend,Fugitive Pieces and The Stone Angel. In Adoration he plays Simon, a boy who is being raised by his uncle (played by Scott Speedman) after his parents' death. He also appears in an online spoof trailer for a hoax movie called "Ice Fortress".
He had roles in The Poet, a World War II drama starring Roy Scheider and Colm Feore, Saw VI as Brent and Assassin's Creed: Lineage as Ezio Auditore.
wn.com/Devon_Bostick -
Devon Werkheiser
Devon Joseph Werkheiser (born March 8, 1991) is an American actor and musician, best known for his starring role as Ned Bigby on the Nickelodeon sitcom Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide and for his role in the 2007 TV Movie Shredderman Rules, as the lead character Nolan Byrd. Werkheiser also played Peter Parkes in the fourth and final season of the ABC Family show Greek.
Werkheiser was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Johns Creek, Georgia. His parents enrolled him in acting classes at the Talent Factory, a local children’s acting program. After landing a minor role in We Were Soldiers, Werkheiser and his mother moved to LA to pursue his acting career. Since his arrival in Hollywood, Werkheiser has landed several television and film roles, the biggest of which is that of Ned Bigby on Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. Recently, Werkheiser was cast in two significant roles in the movies Love at First Hiccup and The Prankster, both of which feature his music.
Werkheiser originally signed with Universal Records for his debut album, however his label status on MySpace has since changed to unsigned, possibly indicating that he is no longer with Universal. His album, which has been described as being a combination of rock and pop, will feature him singing and playing the guitar. Werkheiser has requested that he be able to co-write the lyrics and music of all of his songs, and he has been working with artists including Tim Myers, Wally Gagel, Eddie Galan, and Charlie Midnight to help write his songs. He performed live shows with female vocalists Kristen Marie Hollyin and Britney Christian and plans to go on live tours after the release of the album.
wn.com/Devon_Werkheiser -
Diana Vickers
Diana Vickers (born 30 July 1991) is an English singer-songwriter, stage actress and fashion designer who initially came to public attention as a semi-finalist on the fifth series of British talent show The X Factor in 2008. In January 2009 Vickers signed a record deal with RCA Records and after touring with her fellow finalists from The X Factor until March 2009, began work on her debut album, Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree, until September 2009.
From October 2009 to January 2010 Vickers played the title role in a West End revival of The Rise and Fall of Little Voice for which she won the award for "London Newcomer of the Year" at the Theatregoers' Choice Awards. Vickers' debut single, "Once", charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart after its release on 19 April 2010 and has sold over 204,000 copies in the United Kingdom. Vickers' debut album was released on 3 May 2010 in the United Kingdom achieving number one status on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the Irish Albums Chart and number four on the European Top 100 Albums, and has been certified Gold by the BPI. '
wn.com/Diana_Vickers -
Diandra Newlin
Diandra Newlin (born March 4, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and fashion model.
Born in Richmond, Virginia in 1991 to Jim and Donna Newlin, Diandra Newlin grew up in Richmond. Her mother is a registered nurse and SAG actress. Her only current pet is a Yorkie named Max who is ten years old. Diandra spent five summers in New York City from 1997 - 2001 modeling with Wilhelmina and Product Models, doing commercials, and making her debut into movies. Diandra has been in hundreds of International magazines and ads; her most famous gig was being on the Easy Bake Oven box. After 2001, she began spending her summers in Hollywood.[citation needed] What began as a hobby took a turn toward serious acting when she booked the recurring role as Angel Girl on NBC's soap opera Passions. Diandra moved to Los Angeles in 2004. She currently is represented by LA Models/LA Talent for modeling and by Coast to Coast for commercials and theatrical. Her current acting managers are Susan and Cami Curtis.
She lives in Marina Del Rey, California and graduated with honors, one year early from Laurel Springs School June 2008. In October 0f 2007 she also passed her CHSPE test which earned her High School Proficiency Diploma at age 16. Diandra started incorporating college courses into her busy acting/music career at Santa Monica College where she made the Dean's List her first semester. She graduated from Santa Monica College with Honors obtaining her Associate of Arts Degree in Liberal Arts in 2010. She was immediately accepted into Loyola Marymount University in January 2009 and is working toward a degree in Natural Science (Pre-Med) while continuing her music and acting career. Diandra plans to use both her acting and medical background in her future career. Diandra does research and volunteers at both Marina del Rey Hospital and UCLA/Ronald Reagan in Westwood, California.
wn.com/Diandra_Newlin -
Diva Montelaba
Hyacienth Diva Mantalaba, better known as Diva Montelaba (born January 14, 1991 in Cebu City, Philippines), is a Filipina actress. She was one of the Final Five in the fifth season of StarStruck, a reality-based talent search show of GMA Network in the Philippines and finished as first runner-up (First Princess). She lives in Minglanilla, Cebu.
wn.com/Diva_Montelaba -
Dmitriy Martynov
Dmitriy Martynov (born November 21, 1991) is a Russian actor. His breakthrough came in Night Watch, where he starred as Yegor.
wn.com/Dmitriy_Martynov -
Dominique Jackson
Dominique Hannah Jackson (born 3 December 1991) is a British actress from Oldham, Greater Manchester, who has starred in various TV roles. She is best known for her roles as Becky in the Children's TV series Becky and Barnaby Bear and Lauren Valentine on Channel 4 soap, Hollyoaks. In 2003 she appeared as Joanna Sharpe in The Bill, and has since appeared as Roseanne Speedwell on The New Worst Witch in 2005 and as Selena on the hit children's TV show My Parents Are Aliens in 2006. She plays Evie Prior in Waterloo Road. She also appeared in Episode One of The Body Farm as Natasha Collins.
She attended the Radclyffe School in Chadderton and left with 9 GCSEs (8 A* - C).
Dominique starred alongside Paul O'Grady as "Molly" in the 1998 West End production of Annie at the Victoria Palace.
Her first major role was as Saffron in the BAFTA winning and heart-warming TV drama Buried Treasure with revered British actor John Thaw. Since September 2007, Dominique has starred as the Emo girl Lauren Valentine on the Channel 4 show Hollyoaks. Jackson left Hollyoaks in August 2010 after she, according to Digital Spy, made a mutual decision to leave in March 2010. Other credits include The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy,Casualty, Doctors, UGetMe, Welcome to Orty Fou, Conviction Little Britain.
wn.com/Dominique_Jackson -
Don Siegel
Donald Siegel (October 26, 1912 - April 20, 1991) was an American film director and producer. His name variously appeared in the credits of his films as both Don Siegel and Donald Siegel. He was best known for the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and five films with Clint Eastwood, including Dirty Harry (1971) and Escape from Alcatraz (1979).
Born in Chicago, with Jewish origins, he attended schools in New York and later graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge in England. For a short time he studied at Beaux Arts in Paris, France, but left at age 20 and later made his way to Los Angeles.
Siegel found work in the Warner Bros. film library after meeting producer Hal Wallis, and later rose to head of the Montage Department, where he directed thousands of montages, including the opening montage for Casablanca. In 1945 two shorts he directed, Hitler Lives? and Star in the Night, won Academy Awards, which launched his career as a feature director.
He directed whatever material came his way, often transcending the limitations of budget and script to produce interesting and adept works. He made the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1956. He directed two episodes of The Twilight Zone, "The Self-Improvement of Salvadore Ross" and "Uncle Simon". He worked with Elvis Presley and Dolores del Río in Flaming Star (1960), with Steve McQueen in Hell Is for Heroes and Lee Marvin in the influential The Killers (1964) before directing a series of five films with Clint Eastwood that were commercially successful in addition to being well received by critics. These included the policiers Coogan's Bluff and Dirty Harry, the Budd Boetticher-scripted Western Two Mules for Sister Sara, the cynical American Civil War melodrama The Beguiled and the prison-break picture Escape from Alcatraz. He was a considerable influence on Eastwood's own career as a director, and Eastwood's film Unforgiven is dedicated "for Don [Siegel] and Sergio [Leone]".
wn.com/Don_Siegel -
Dottie West
Dottie West (October 11, 1932 – September 4, 1991) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Along with her friends and co-recording artists Patsy Cline and Loretta Lynn, she is considered one of the genre's most influential and groundbreaking female artists. Dottie West's career started in the early 1960s, with her Top 10 hit, "Here Comes My Baby Back Again," which won her the first Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1965. In the 1960s, West was one of the few female country singers working in what was then a male-dominated industry, influencing other female country singers like Lynn Anderson, Crystal Gayle, Barbara Mandrell, Dolly Parton, and Tammy Wynette. Throughout the 1960s, West had country hits within the Top 10 and 20.
In the early 1970s, West wrote a popular commercial for the Coca-Cola company, titled "Country Sunshine", which she nearly brought to the top of the charts in 1973. In the late-70s, she teamed up with country-pop superstar, Kenny Rogers for a series of duets, which brought her career in directions it had never gone before, earning Platinum selling albums and No. 1 records for the very first time. Her duet recordings with Rogers, like "Every Time Two Fools Collide," "All I Ever Need Is You," and "What Are We Doin' In Love," eventually became country-music standards. In the mid-1970s, her image and music underwent a major metamorphosis, bringing her to the very peak of her popularity as a solo act, and reaching No. 1 for the very first time on her own in 1980 with "A Lesson in Leavin'".[citation needed]
wn.com/Dottie_West -
Dr. Seuss
Theodor Seuss Geisel ( /ˈɡaɪzəl/; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer, poet, and cartoonist most widely known for his children's books written under the pen names Dr. Seuss, Theo LeSieg and, in one case, Rosetta Stone.
He published 46 children's books, which were often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of anapestic meter. His most celebrated books include the bestselling Green Eggs and Ham, The Cat in the Hat, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, Horton Hatches the Egg, Horton Hears a Who!, and How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. Numerous adaptations of his work have been created, including 11 television specials, four feature films, a Broadway musical and four television series. He won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street.
Geisel also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns, most notably for Flit and Standard Oil, and as a political cartoonist for PM, a New York City newspaper. During World War II, he worked in an animation department of the United States Army, where he wrote Design for Death, a film that later won the 1947 Academy Award for Documentary Feature.
wn.com/Dr._Seuss -
Drake Kemper
Drake Kemper is an American actor.
Kemper has made guest appearances and co-starred in shows such as Law and Order: Los Angeles , Entourage, 90210, Flash Forward, Three Rivers, Zoey 101, Hannah Montana,and iCarly. He has also made an appearance on "The Middle". Kemper worked with Michael Sheen in "Beautiful Boy" .
Kemper spends his spare time Racing his Boxster Spec Racer in The POC. Drake's Track and Race training includes Stunt Driver Training as well as Track and Sports Car Racing.
Kemper represented BMW in Forum Wars sponsored by Royal Purple and Speed Channel in Houston TX. He Drove his BMW M3 competing against a C63 AMG representing Mercedes in a series of competitions to find the which car would win in a head to head match up. The series aired April 2011.
wn.com/Drake_Kemper -
Drew Osborne
Drew Osborne, a young American actor, was born March 11, 1991, in Salt Lake City, Utah. He is the brother of actor Brandon Osborne.
He began acting at the age of twelve after attending his first audition. He flew to California to film a documentary for the SciFi Channel Monsters of the UFO and within a few months he was booked the feature film Piggybanks. Drew moved to Los Angeles, California with his family in the autumn of 2003 and has been living there ever since.
wn.com/Drew_Osborne -
Dylan O'Brien
Dylan O'Brien (born August 26, 1991) is an American actor. He was born in New York City and grew up in Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey before moving with his family to Hermosa Beach, California when he was 12 years old. As of July 2011, he co-starred as Stiles in the MTV series Teen Wolf. He also co-starred the film High Road and appeared in the film The First Time with Victoria Justice and Britt Robertson and directed by Jon Kasdan.
O'Brien began as a YouTube star with his mother as an actress and his father a camera operator. He auditioned for MTV's Teen Wolf, a series loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name, while planning to pursue college, making an agreement with his parents that provided he was not selected for a role, his sights would set on attending film school. However, after 4 auditions, O'Brien scored a major role. According to an interview on the SmodCast Internet Radio show Plus One Per Diem, he was sent a script for the lead character and main protagonist, Scott McCall. Dylan reported that he had no previous knowledge of the 1985 film of the same name and that after reading the script was immediately drawn to the character of Stiles Stilinski, who is the best friend of main character Scott within the series. After reading the script, O'Brien spoke to his manager on auditioning for the role of Stiles, which he later auditioned for and was well received by Producer Jeff Davis and Director Russell Mulcahy and briefly after received network character approval.
wn.com/Dylan_O'Brien -
Dyllan Christopher
Dyllan Christopher (born December 12, 1991) is an American actor. He played one of the five major roles in the 2006 film Unaccompanied Minors - Spencer, the leader of a group of kids who get stuck in an airport on Christmas. In the film, he worked alongside Quinn Shephard and Tyler James Williams.
Christopher was born Dyllan Christopher Fernandez in Los Angeles, California. His great-uncle is Hawaiian entertainer Augie Rey (Fernandez). Dyllan was in the Hallmark Cards singing Christmas card commercials shown in December 2006, and a KFC commercial as a grocery store employee, and appeared in Phil of the Future.
He also played the part of Ralphie Anderson in Stephen King's Storm of the Century.
In 2009, Christopher appeared in an Olive Garden commercial ad.
wn.com/Dyllan_Christopher -
Ed Heinemann
Edward Henry Heinemann, (March 14, 1908 – November 26, 1991) was a noted military aircraft designer for Douglas Aircraft Company.
Heinemann was born in Saginaw, Michigan, but moved to California as a boy and was raised in Los Angeles. A self-taught engineer, he joined Douglas Aircraft as a draftsman in 1926, but was laid off within a year. After stints at International Aircraft, Moreland Aircraft, and Northrop, Heinemann re-joined Douglas when it acquired Northrop. Heinemann became Douglas's Chief Engineer in 1936. He remained with the company through 1960, when he left to join Guidance Technology. In 1962 he joined General Dynamics as Corporate Vice President of Engineering. In this position he oversaw the development of the F-16. He retired in 1973.
His approach to aircraft design was simplistic, once saying that he simply took the most powerful engine available, and designed the aircraft around it.
During his long career at Douglas, Heinemann designed more than 20 combat aircraft, primarily for the U.S. Navy, including many that became legends in aviation history. His designs included:
wn.com/Ed_Heinemann -
Ed Sheeran
Edward Christopher "Ed" Sheeran (born 17 February 1991) is an English singer-songwriter who is currently signed to Asylum / Atlantic Records. Sheeran broke through commercially in June 2011, when his debut single "The A Team" debuted at number 3 on the UK chart.
Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire to Irish and English parents, before moving to Framlingham, Suffolk; he is a cousin of TV journalist and presenter Gordon Burns. He learned guitar at a very young age, and began writing songs during his time at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham. His early childhood memories, referred to in a interview on the Zane Lowe show, included listening to Van Morrison on his countless trips to London with his parents and going to an intimate gig with Damien Rice in Ireland when he was 11. He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008 after being one of their guitar technicians. Sheeran began recording in 2005, which led to the release of his first EP, The Orange Room EP. Sheeran also released 2 albums, a self-titled one in 2006 and Want Some? in 2007. He moved to London in 2008 to play gigs, starting off in very small venues, playing every day, to as little as five people. In 2008, he auditioned for the ITV series Britannia High.
wn.com/Ed_Sheeran -
Eden Sher
Eden Rebecca Sher (born December 26, 1991) is an American actress, best known for her role as Sue Heck on ABC's The Middle. She may also be known for her role as Carrie Fenton in the television series Sons and Daughters.
Sher has been acting since she was 8 years old. She has appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, the short film Stuck, and ads for Capital One and Fruity Pebbles.
She had the recurring role of Gretchen in the second season of the Showtime series Weeds and currently appears in The Middle, as Sue Heck, a dorky, quirky, ever-hopeful teenager, on ABC.
wn.com/Eden_Sher -
Edmund Adamkiewicz
Edmund Adamkiewicz (April 21, 1920 in Hamburg – April 4, 1991) was a German footballer.
Adamkiewicz's career began in Wilhelmsburg and led him to various clubs, his first spell with Hamburger SV starting in early 1940. Both of his international appearances were during World War II. On November 22, 1942 Adamkiewicz scored his only international goal.
After the war finished, Adamkiewicz played for Eintracht Frankfurt during the 1946/47 season and played 21 times. In 1947 he returned to Hamburg where he became top-scorer for two non-consecutive seasons, before moving on in 1951. He was with VfB Mühlburg/Karlsruher SC for a time before returning to Hamburg once again where he joined Harburger TB.
wn.com/Edmund_Adamkiewicz -
Edwin McMillan
Edwin Mattison McMillan (September 18, 1907 – September 7, 1991) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate credited with being the first ever to produce a transuranium element. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg in 1951.
McMillan was born in Redondo Beach, California, but his family moved to Pasadena the following year. He attended some of the public lectures at the California Institute of Technology as a high school student and began his studies there in 1924. He did a research project with Linus Pauling as an undergraduate and received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1928 and his Master of Science degree in 1929, both from the California Institute of Technology.
He then took his Doctor of Philosophy from Princeton University in 1932 for the thesis: "Deflection of a Beam of HCI Molecules in a Non-Homogeneous Electric Field" under the supervision of Edward Condon.
He joined the group of Ernest Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley upon receiving his doctorate, moving to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory when it was founded at Berkeley in 1934.
wn.com/Edwin_McMillan -
Edwina Booth
Edwina Booth (September 13, 1904 – May 18, 1991) was an American actress. She is best known for the 1931 film Trader Horn, during the filming of which she contracted an illness which effectively ruined her movie career.
Born Josephine Constance Woodruff, the daughter of a doctor, in Provo, Utah, Booth's brief film career began in 1928 with the Dorothy Arzner-directed Manhattan Cocktail, which also featured Nancy Carroll and Richard Arlen.
She was on vacation following a 1927 stage appearance when film director E. Mason Hopper saw her and offered her a part in a Marie Prevost picture. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was impressed with her, and cast Booth in supporting roles. Her chance for stardom came when the studio cast her in its new jungle epic Trader Horn opposite Harry Carey. MGM gave the production a fairly large budget, and sent cast and crew on location in East Africa. Up until 1929, the only films shot in Africa were travelogues, but MGM was hoping that the idea of "location shooting" might increase the film's commercial appeal. The crew was inexperienced and ill-equipped for filming in Africa, a problem exacerbated by MGM's last-minute decision to shoot the film with sound.
wn.com/Edwina_Booth -
Eleanor Boardman
Eleanor Boardman (August 19, 1898 – December 12, 1991) was an American film actress, popular during the era of silent movies.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Boardman was originally on stage but, after temporarily losing her voice, in 1922, she entered silent films. There followed months of fruitless effort until one day Rupert Hughes saw her riding a horse and gave her a part in a film and she quickly began to attract audiences. She was chosen by Goldwyn Pictures as their "New Face of 1922," through which she signed a contract with the company. After several successful supporting roles, she played the lead in 1923's Souls for Sale.
Her growing popularity was reflected by inclusion on the list of WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1923. She appeared in fewer than forty films during her career, achieving her greatest success in Vidor's The Crowd in 1928. Her performance in that film is widely recognized as one of the outstanding performances in American silent films.
Unable to make the transition from silent to talking pictures, Boardman retired in 1935, and retreated from Hollywood. Her only subsequent appearance was in an interview filmed for the Kevin Brownlow and David Gill documentary series Hollywood in 1980.
wn.com/Eleanor_Boardman -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
wn.com/Elizabeth_II -
Emily DiDonato
Emily DiDonato (born February 24, 1991)[citation needed] is an American model. She was raised in a small town in Orange County in upstate New York and is of Irish and Italian ancestry. After a family friend encouraged her to pursue modeling, she signed with Request Model Management in 2008 and booked jobs as the face of Guess? clothing for spring 2009 and as a model in Ralph Lauren's "Rugby" spring 2009 advertisement campaign. In May 2009, she was signed as the latest face of Maybelline New York, a notable accomplishment for a model who had just graduated from high school with only a few months of modeling experience, and made her television commercial debut for the company's "Color Sensational Lip Color" line, alongside Christy Turlington, Jessica White, and Julia Stegner. DiDonato began modeling for Victoria's Secret in August 2009, and appeared on her first magazine cover with The Block's October 2009 issue.
Prior to the 2009 New York Fashion Week, Vogue Germany dubbed her "top newcomer."
wn.com/Emily_DiDonato -
Emma Maree Urquhart
Emma Maree Urquhart (born October 2, 1991, Inverness) is a Scottish writer and Computer Engineer.
She was born in Raigmore Hospital Inverness before moving to Stornoway with her family, returning to Inverness for school at an early age. At school, she developed a fondness for reading and of creative writing also excelling at maths. Doing most of her work on school PCs and transporting them with floppy disks.
After some early attempts at comedic science fiction, her first attempt at novel writing was a science fiction comedy novel written for classmates, before a "scribbled paragraph" became Dragon Tamers, a 60,000 word novella written in six months.
In 2003, Dragon Tamers was published by Aultbea Publishing. Aided by a media caught off-guard by a 13-year-old publishing a book, the novel sold well. Achieving success in the UK and abroad, requiring a second print run of 50,000 copies after the first run of 1,000 sold out. in 2003 a sequel (Dragon Tamers 2: Digital Tempest) was released.
During autumn 2006, the publisher pulled promotion of the sequel, putting interest instead in other child stars.
wn.com/Emma_Maree_Urquhart -
Emma Roberts
Emma Rose Roberts (born February 10, 1991) is an American actress, model and singer. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and niece of Julia Roberts. Roberts became known for her role as Addie Singer in the Nickelodeon television series Unfabulous. She released her debut album, which also served as the show's soundtrack Unfabulous and More. Roberts then pursued a solo singing career by recording two songs for the soundtracks of Ice Princess and Aquamarine (in which Roberts starred as one of the leads). Roberts then began to focus on her acting career, the title character in the 2007 film Nancy Drew, and her voice-over debut in The Flight Before Christmas.
In 2008 and 2009, Roberts was cast in the coming-of-age movies Wild Child, Memoirs of a Teenage Amnesiac and Lymelife. Roberts appeared in the 2009 family film Hotel for Dogs and The Winning Season. In 2010, she appeared in Valentine's Day, which also starred Julia Roberts. Later the same year, she had a leading role in It's Kind of a Funny Story. In 2010, she played the role of Molly in the Joel Schumacher film Twelve. In 2011, she starred as one of the leads, Jill Roberts, in the slasher film Scream 4.
wn.com/Emma_Roberts -
Emmalee Thompson
Emmalee Thompson (born April 19, 1991) is an American actress.
She was born in Studio City, CA. She is an only child.[citation needed]
Emmalee is best remembered as Young Prue Halliwell, the younger character version of Charmed one Shannen Doherty in Charmed. She was chosen mainly because of her resemblance to Doherty. However, the young Southern California actress expressed an interest in acting as a toddler and was demanding to try it by the age of two. At the age of four, her parents caved in to her requests in hopes of getting the acting bug out of her system. However, it went from an interest to a major passion, and in just a few short years, Emmalee has built up an impressive resume in both commercial and television.
She completed a role in Charmed (1999–2001) and filmed guest stints on Tucker (2000), The Sullivan Sisters (2000), That 70s Show (1998) and most recently Cold Case (2003).
wn.com/Emmalee_Thompson -
Emmy Clarke
Mary Elizabeth Clarke (born September 25, 1991 in Mineola, New York), better known as Emmy Clarke, is an American actress.
At the age of one Clarke moved with her parents to Houston, Texas. At age 6 she moved to Woking, England, where she attended TASIS England before moving to New York City at age 11. The nickname "Emmy" is derived from her first two initials. She has two siblings, Patrick (older) and Bridget (younger). She now lives in Fairfield County, Connecticut.
Her first acting role was in the 2003 TV film My House in Umbria, for which she won the Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries, or Special - Supporting Young Actress Young Artist Award in 2004.
Beginning with the Season 3 episode "Mr. Monk and the Red Herring," Clarke had a recurring role on the television series Monk as Julie Teeger, the daughter of Adrian Monk's assistant Natalie. She also had a role in Fur, a film released on 10 November 2006.
wn.com/Emmy_Clarke -
Enrique Bermúdez
Enrique Bermúdez Varela (December 11, 1932 – February 16, 1991) was a Nicaraguan who founded and commanded the Nicaraguan Contras. In this capacity, he became a central global figure in one of the most prominent conflicts of the Cold War.
Bermúdez founded the largest Contra army in the war against Nicaragua's Marxist Sandinista government, which was supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba. From 1979 until the end of the military conflict in 1990, Bermudez was the Contras' top military commander. In addition to being responsible for all of the Contras' military operations, Bermúdez ultimately helped manage the Contras' transition to an opposition political party in the early 1990s, after the Sandinistas' ultimately yielded to demands for elections in the country.
On February 16, 1991, Bermudez was assassinated in Managua.
Bermúdez was born on December 11, 1932 in León, Nicaragua, the son of a mechanical engineer and a domestic servant. After graduating from the military academy in 1952, he took a commission in the engineer corps of the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel under former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and was serving as military attaché to the United States at the time of the 1979 revolution in Nicaragua by the Sandinistas.
wn.com/Enrique_Bermúdez -
Eric Carr
Paul Charles Caravello (July 12, 1950 – November 24, 1991), also known as Eric Carr, was an American musician, best known as drummer for the rock band Kiss. Caravello was selected as the new Kiss drummer after Peter Criss left in 1980, where he took up the "Fox" persona. He remained a band member until his death of complications from heart cancer in November 1991, aged 41. Caravello was an artist and went to the High School of Art & Design in New York City.
Caravello played with a string of bands mostly performing covers of well-known songs before joining Kiss. The first band, "The Cellarmen", was formed in 1965 by him and a couple of friends. They started playing local clubs in Brooklyn and Queens. Only a handful of recordings were made, released on the "Jody" label, a small Brooklyn recording studio. Caravello then joined a band called "Things That Go Bump In The Night" and later "Smack", the latter of which consisted mostly of members from "The Cellarmen", who disbanded in 1968.
"Salt & Pepper" was Caravello's next cover band, playing music from multiple genres. He would go on with this band for nine years. The band enjoyed some success, performing as opening act for established names such as Stevie Wonder and Nina Simone. Changing name to "Creation" in 1973, the band was now performing disco music. Tragedy struck when a fire broke out during a discothèque gig in Port Chester, New York, killing dozens of people including the band's keyboardist and lead singer. Caravello escaped and was credited with saving another person. It was determined that the fire had been started by a thief in an adjacent building hoping to cover his tracks. The band continued for some time, sometimes using the name "Bionic Boogie".
wn.com/Eric_Carr -
Erik J. Berg
Erik J. Berg (born July 15, 1991 ) is a Canadian actor whose most notable performance was the role of Jonah in The Haunting in Connecticut. Erik originally got the role of troubled Jonah at age 15 or 16. His other film appearances have been in the movies "The Saddest Music in the World", "The Big White", and the television movie "Elijah". He has also been in several productions for the Manitoba Theatre for Young People. He graduated from Kelvin High School, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 2009.[citation needed]
wn.com/Erik_J._Berg -
Erik Per Sullivan
Erik Per Sullivan (born July 12, 1991) is an American actor best known for his role as Dewey, the younger brother to middle child Malcolm, on the FOX series, Malcolm in the Middle which was on air for 6 years.
His father, Fred Sullivan, owns a Mexican restaurant in Milford, Massachusetts called The Alamo. His mother, Ann, was born in Sweden, and was naturalized as a US citizen in 2007. He speaks fluent Swedish, and his family visits Sweden almost every year. At a young age he began studying piano and the alto saxophone. At the age of seven he held a black belt in Tae Kwon Do.
Sullivan attended Mount Saint Charles Academy in Woonsocket, Rhode Island before transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy his junior year. He attended the University of Southern California from 2009 to 2010.
One of his many roles includes playing the main character, a child, in the 2001 horror film Wendigo. Sullivan also played the only child in the 2002 film Unfaithful and played the orphaned child Fuzzy Stone, who suffered from weak lungs in The Cider House Rules. He was also in the 2004 comedy film Christmas with the Kranks, playing the character of Spike. He played young Joe Dirt in the film of the same name. In the 2003 animated film Finding Nemo, he voiced Sheldon the Seahorse. He starred as the title role in the independent film Mo.[citation needed]
wn.com/Erik_Per_Sullivan -
Erin Sanders
Erin Zariah Sanders (born January 19, 1991) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Quinn Pensky on Zoey 101 and Camille on Big Time Rush. She may also be known for portraying Eden Baldwin on The Young and the Restless in 2008.
Sanders was born in Santa Monica, California. She first started acting at the age of 9, after being discovered by an agent while selling Girl Scout cookies. In addition to Zoey 101 and Big Time Rush, she has recurred as Eden on The Young and the Restless and guest-starred in several TV shows, such as Mad Men, Weeds, The Mentalist, CSI: Miami, Castle, Carnivàle, 8 Simple Rules, Ugly Betty, Judging Amy, Strong Medicine, and American Dreams, as well as in a T-Mobile commercial with Catherine Zeta-Jones, an SBC commercial with Joe Pesci, and a Jared jewelry commercial. Sanders also plays a small role in Rockstar's video game L.A. Noire.
wn.com/Erin_Sanders -
Erwin Neher
Erwin Neher (born 20 March 1944 in Landsberg am Lech, Upper Bavaria) is a German biophysicist.
Erwin Neher studied physics at the Technical University of Munich from 1963 to 1966. In 1966, He was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in the US. He spent a year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and earned a Masters Degree in Biophysics.
In 1986, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Bert Sakmann. In 1987, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research. Along with Bert Sakmann, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 for "their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells". Neher and Sakmann were the first to record the currents of single ion channels through their development of the patch-clamp technique, a project Neher began as a postdoctoral associate in the laboratory of Charles F. Stevens at Yale. He is now a director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen and heads its Department for Membrane Biophysics. He is also a Professor at the University of Göttingen and a co-chair of the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen.
wn.com/Erwin_Neher -
Ethiopian Civil War
The Ethiopian Civil War began on November 28, 1974 when the Marxist Derg staged a coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie, and lasted until the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of rebel groups, overthrew the government in 1991. The war overlapped other Cold War conflicts in Africa, such as the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002). The war left between 230,000-1.4 million dead.
The revolutionaries abolished the monarchy in March 1975 and Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen settled permanently in London, England where several other members of the Imperial family were already based. The other members of the Imperial family who were still in Ethiopia at the time of the revolution were imprisoned, including Amha Selassie's father the Emperor, his daughter by his first marriage, Princess Ijigayehu, his sister Princess Tenagnework and many of his nephews, nieces, relatives and in-laws. In 1975, first his father Emperor Haile Selassie then in 1977, his daughter Princess Ijigayehu died in detention. Members of the Imperial family remained imprisoned until 1988 (for the women) and 1989 (for the men).
wn.com/Ethiopian_Civil_War -
Eunice Cho
Eunice Cho (born December 15, 1991 in New Jersey) is a Korean-American actress. Her best-known role was Robin in the Cartoon Network live action/animated TV movie, Re-Animated. (Re-Animated had a spin-off TV series called Out of Jimmy's Head, but the role of Robin was recast and Cho did not appear in the series.) She also voiced Kiku in Little Bill from 2000-2002.
wn.com/Eunice_Cho -
Eva Le Gallienne
Eva Le Gallienne (January 11, 1899 – June 3, 1991) was a theatrical actress, producer, and director during the first half of the 20th century.
Le Gallienne was born in London to an English poet of French descent, Richard Le Gallienne, and a Danish journalist, Julie Norregard. After Eva's parents separated when she was three years old, she spent her childhood shuttling back and forth between Paris and England. She made her stage debut at the age of 15 in a 1914 production of Maurice Maeterlinck's Monna Vanna.
The next year Le Gallienne sailed for New York, and then on to Arizona and California where she performed in several theatre productions. After travelling in Europe for a period of time, she returned to New York and became a Broadway star in several plays including Arthur Richman's Not So Long Ago (1920) and Ferenc Molnár's Liliom (1921).
Disillusioned by the state of commercial theatre in the 1920s, Le Gallienne founded the Civic Repertory Theatre in the former Fourteenth Street Theatre in Manhattan, New York. She was backed by the financial support of one of her lovers, Alice DeLamar, a wealthy Colorado gold mine heiress, whose support was instrumental in the success of the repertory theatre movement in the U.S. In 1928 she earned a great success with her performance in Ibsen's Hedda Gabler. As head of the Civic Repertory Theatre, she is known to have rejected the admission of Bette Davis, whose attitude she described as "insincere" and "frivolous". The Civic Rep disbanded at the height of the Depression in 1934.
wn.com/Eva_Le_Gallienne -
Evanna Lynch
Evanna Patricia Lynch (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress who rose to prominence playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting role in the Harry Potter film series. Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having previously acted only in school plays. From 2007 to 2011, she appeared in four Harry Potter films and their tie-in video games.
Besides acting, Lynch has made and helped design fashion accessories and recorded an audiobook. She is a member of the Board of Advisors for the non-profit organization, the Harry Potter Alliance (HPA).
Lynch was born in the Termonfeckin townland of County Louth, Ireland to Marguerite and Donal Lynch. One of a family of six, she has two sisters, Emily and Mairead, and one brother, Patrick. As a child, Lynch read the Harry Potter series and became a fan, sending letters to the author, J. K. Rowling. For two years from the age of 11, Lynch suffered from anorexia. During this time, Rowling sent her letters of encouragement; Lynch has described her as being "like a counsellor".
wn.com/Evanna_Lynch -
Forrest Towns
Forrest Grady "Spec" Towns (February 6, 1914 - April 9, 1991) was an American track and field athlete. He was the 1936 Olympic champion in the 110 m hurdles, and broke the World Record in that event three times.
Born in Fitzgerald, Georgia, Towns grew up in Augusta, Georgia, where he played football in high school at Richmond Academy. In 1933, he earned a football scholarship to the University of Georgia (UGA) after a sports journalist had seen him high jumping in his back yard.
Rather than high jumping, Towns specialized in the high hurdles, winning NCAA and AAU titles in the 120 y hurdles event in 1935. It was the beginning of a 60 race winning streak, lasting until 1937.
In 1936, Towns was named to the American Olympic team, becoming the first Georgian to achieve this. During the Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Towns became the world record holder with 14.1, and he won the Olympic gold in 14.2. Also, he became the first Georgian to earn Olympic Gold. Shortly after the Games, he became the first hurdler under 14 seconds. At a race in Oslo, he dramatically improved the world record to 13.7 - a time that would stand until 1950.
wn.com/Forrest_Towns -
Francesca Isherwood
Francesca Isherwood (born 17 June 1991) is a British actress. Her most notable role to date is playing Flavia in the CBBC series of Roman Mysteries. Her other television credits include The New Worst Witch, The Catherine Tate Show and Casualty. She attended Burntwood school and now attends the University of York where she studies English Literature. She is still good friends with many of her The New Worst Witch co-stars, including Alice Connor, and Daisy Hughes.
wn.com/Francesca_Isherwood -
Frank Capra
Frank Russell Capra (May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was a Sicilian-born American film director. He emigrated to the U.S. when he was six, and eventually became a creative force behind major award-winning films during the 1930s and 1940s. His rags-to-riches story, having worked his way through college, has led film historians like Ian Freer to consider Capra the "American dream personified."
Capra became one of America's most powerful directors during the 1930s, winning three Oscars as Best Director. Among his leading films was It Happened One Night (1934), which became the first film to win all five top Oscars, including Best Picture. Other leading films included Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Lost Horizon (1937), You Can't Take It With You (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Meet John Doe (1941), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and State of the Union (1948). Because of his early fame as a director, his name was listed "above the title" of his films when they were publicized. People "flocked to the theaters" during the 1930s and 1940s to see films directed by Frank Capra.
wn.com/Frank_Capra -
Frank H. Netter
Frank H. Netter (25 April 1906-17 September 1991) was an artist, physician, and most notably, a leading medical illustrator. He was also a Fellow of The New York Academy of Medicine.
Frank Henry Netter was born in Manhattan at 53rd Street and Seventh Avenue, and grew up wanting to be an artist. In high school, he obtained a scholarship to study at the National Academy of Design, doing so at night while continuing high school. After further studying at the Art Students League of New York and with private teachers, he began a commercial art career, quickly achieving success and doing work for the Saturday Evening Post and The New York Times. However, his family disapproved of a career as an artist and he agreed to study medicine. After getting a degree at the City College of New York, he completed medical school at New York University and a surgical internship at Bellevue Hospital and attempted to begin practicing medicine. However, as Netter put it: "This was in 1933—the depths of the Depression—and there was no such thing as medical practice. If a patient ever wandered into your office by mistake, he didn't pay."
wn.com/Frank_H._Netter -
Frank Yerby
Frank Garvin Yerby ((1916-09-05)September 5, 1916 – November 29, 1991(1991-11-29)) was an African American historical novelist. He is best known as the first African American writer to become a millionaire from his pen, and to have a book purchased by a Hollywood studio for a film adaptation.
Born in Augusta, Georgia to Rufus Garvin Yerby, an African American, and Wilhelmina Smythe, who was caucasian. He graduated from Haines Normal Institute in Augusta and graduated from Paine College in 1937. Thereafter, Yerby enrolled in Fisk University where he received his Master's degree in 1938. In 1939, Yerby entered the University of Chicago to work toward his doctorate but later left the university. Yerby taught briefly at Florida A&M University and at Southern University in Baton Rouge.
Yerby was originally noted for writing romance novels set in the Antebellum South. In mid-century, Yerby embarked on a series of best-selling historical novels ranging from the Athens of Pericles to Europe in the Dark Ages. Yerby took considerable pains in research, and often footnoted his historical novels. In all, he wrote 33 novels. In 1946, he published The Foxes of Harrow (novel), a southern historical romance, which became the first novel by an African-American to sell more than a million copies. In this work he faithfully reproduced many of the genre's most familiar features, with the notable exception of his representation of African American characters, who bore little resemblance to the "happy darkies" that appeared in such well known works as Gone With the Wind. That same year he also became the first African-American to have a book purchased for screen adaptation by a Hollywood studio, when 20th Century Fox optioned Foxes. Ultimately, the book became a 1947 Oscar-nominated film of the same name starring Rex Harrison and Maureen O'Hara.
wn.com/Frank_Yerby -
Fred MacMurray
Frederick Martin "Fred" MacMurray (August 30, 1908 – November 5, 1991) was an American actor who appeared in more than 100 movies and a successful television series during a career that spanned nearly a half-century, from 1930 to the 1970s.
MacMurray is well known for his role in the 1944 film noir Double Indemnity directed by Billy Wilder, which he starred in with Barbara Stanwyck. Later in his career, he became better known worldwide as the paternal Steve Douglas, the widowed patriarch on My Three Sons, which ran on ABC from 1960–1965 and then on CBS from 1965–1972.
MacMurray was born in Kankakee, Illinois to Frederick MacMurray and Maleta Martin, both natives of Wisconsin. When MacMurray was two[citation needed] years old the family moved to Madison, Wisconsin and several[vague] years later settled in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, where his mother had been born in 1880. He earned a full scholarship to attend Carroll College in Waukesha, Wisconsin. In college, MacMurray participated in numerous local bands, playing the saxophone.
wn.com/Fred_MacMurray -
Freddie Mercury
Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara (Gujarati: ફારોખ બલ્સારા), 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "We Are the Champions". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, and also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease.
Mercury was a Parsi born in Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid-teens. He has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star". In 2002, Mercury was placed at number 58 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, in 2006, Time Asia named him one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years, and he continues to be voted one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music. In 2005, a poll organised by Blender and MTV2 saw Mercury voted the greatest male singer of all time. In 2008, Rolling Stone editors ranked him number 18 on their list of the 100 greatest singers of all time. In 2009, a Classic Rock poll saw him voted the greatest rock singer of all time.Allmusic has characterised Mercury as "one of rock's greatest all-time entertainers", who possessed "one of the greatest voices in all of music".
wn.com/Freddie_Mercury -
Gabriella Cilmi
Gabriella Lucia Cilmi ( /ˈtʃɪlmi/ CHIL-mee; born 10 October 1991) is an Australian singer-songwriter. In 2008, Cilmi was awarded six ARIA awards including Single of the Year and Best Female Artist. Her debut album, Lessons to Be Learned was released in 2008, and was a moderate international success. Then, she recorded in 2010 her second album, Ten. As of January 2012, a new album is planned for 2012 spring, and a teaser of the album is available on YouTube with the song "Vicious Love"
Cilmi had enjoyed success since 2008, mainly with her hit singles, "Sweet About Me" and "On a Mission" (Ten).
Cilmi was born in the Melbourne suburb of Dandenong. Of Italian-Albanian(Arbereshe) heritage, she moved to London with her family when she was 15, where she currently lives with her parents Paula and Joe (whose origins are in Crotone, Calabria, Italy) and her brother Joseph.
At an early age, Cilmi developed an interest in a wide range of pop music acts, including Nina Simone, Led Zeppelin, Janis Joplin, The Sweet, T. Rex and Cat Stevens. She has also cited Suzi Quatro as a particular influence. Despite her natural aptitude and vocal talent, Cilmi was told that she lacked the discipline necessary to pursue a singing career. Idolising Janis Joplin, during this time she sang with a band (Foucault) cover songs by Led Zeppelin, Jet, Silverchair and others. Cilmi recorded original songs with writer/producers Barbara and Adrian Hannan of The SongStore.
wn.com/Gabriella_Cilmi -
Gene Roddenberry
Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter, producer and futurist, best known for creating the American science fiction series Star Trek. Born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, California where his father worked as a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, and worked as a commercial pilot after the war. He later followed in his father's footsteps, joining the Los Angeles Police Department to provide for his family, but began focusing on writing scripts for television.
As a freelance writer, Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol, Have Gun–Will Travel, and other series, before creating and producing his own television program, The Lieutenant. In 1964, Roddenberry created Star Trek, and it premiered in 1966, running for three seasons before cancellation. Syndication of Star Trek led to increasing popularity, and Roddenberry continued to create, produce, and consult on Star Trek films and the television series, Star Trek: The Next Generation until his death. Roddenberry received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and he was inducted into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Hall of Fame. Years after his death, Roddenberry was one of the first humans to have his ashes "buried" in outer space.
wn.com/Gene_Roddenberry -
Genevieve Buechner
Genevieve Sterling Buechner (born November 10, 1991) is a Canadian actress. Her stepfather is folk musician Geoff Berner.
Genevieve Buechner was born in Edmonton, Alberta, to single parent mother Tea Buechner. When her family moved to Vancouver, she took a small course in acting from the Vancouver Youth Theatre. After completing the course, she went on tour with the youth theater as the youngest member of the cast. She was scouted by Robert Carrier and signed to Carrier Talent Management in Vancouver.
At age ten Buechner got the lead role in a Toronto film production 'St. Monica'. The film went on to be a festival success playing across North America and being selected for the Berlin Film Festival, the Atlantic Film Festival, the Toronto Film Festival and the Vancouver Film Festival. She was nominated for a Canadian Leo Award for Best Lead performance by a female in 2003 for that role.
She has since been nominated for Best Actress in a supporting role for her portrayal of Tamara Adama in the TV Series "Caprica"
wn.com/Genevieve_Buechner -
Gennady Yanayev
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (Russian: Генна́дий Ива́нович Яна́ев; 26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet Russian politician and statesman whose career spanned the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko, and culminated during the Gorbachev years. Yanayev was born in Perevoz, Gorky Oblast. After years in local politics, he rose to prominence as Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, but he also held other lesser posts such as deputy of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
Due to his chairmanship of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions he gained a seat in the Politburo. During the 1990 July plenum he was elected to the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee. Later that year, with the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was elected the first, and only, Vice President of the Soviet Union. Having growing doubts about where Gorbachev's reforms were leading, Yanayev started working with, and eventually leading, the Gang of Eight, the group which deposed Gorbachev during the August coup of 1991. After three days the coup collapsed due to the popularity of Boris Yeltsin, but during its brief grip of power Yanayev was made Acting President of the Soviet Union. He was then arrested for his role in the coup, but in 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma. He spent the rest of his life working in the Russian tourism administration until his death on 24 September 2010.
wn.com/Gennady_Yanayev -
George Abecassis
George Edgar Abecassis DFC (21 March 1913 – 18 December 1991) was an English racing driver, and co-founder of the HWM Formula One team.
Born in Oatlands, Surrey, Abecassis began circuit racing in 1935 in a modified Austin Seven which became known as The Einsitzer. After taking 1937 as a year away from the track, he acquired an Alta and made a name for himself in English national racing during the 1938 and 1939 seasons. In 1939 he won the Imperial Trophy Formula Libre race at Crystal Palace, driving his Alta, defeating Prince Bira, in the E.R.A. known as Romulus, in a wet race, "that being the only time it was beaten by a 1,500 c.c. car in the British Isles."
At one point Abecassis held the Campbell circuit lap record at Brooklands at 72.61 m.p.h. On 3 July 1938 Abecassis broke the Prescott Hill Climb record with a climb of 47.85 seconds in his supercharged 1½ litre Alta.
When World War II broke out he joined the Royal Air Force and became an experienced pilot, ultimately becoming a member of the secret "Moon Squadrons", ferrying secret agents in and out of occupied countries in Europe with specially-modified Halifax and Stirling aircraft. During the course of his wartime service Abecassis was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
wn.com/George_Abecassis -
George Gobel
George Leslie Gobel (May 20, 1919 – February 24, 1991) was an American comedian and actor. He was best known as the star of his own weekly NBC television show, The George Gobel Show, which ran from 1954 to 1960 (the last season on CBS, alternating with The Jack Benny Program).
He was born George Leslie Goebel in Chicago, Illinois, His father, Hermann Goebel, was a butcher and grocer who had emigrated to the United States with his parents in the 1890s from the Austrian Empire. His mother, Lillian (MacDonald) Goebel, was born in Illinois to immigrant parents from Scotland. He was an only child.
Gobel graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in Chicago in 1937.
Gobel initially pursued an entertainment career as a country music singer, appearing on the National Barn Dance on WLS radio. Gobel enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and served as a flight instructor in AT-9 aircraft at Altus, Oklahoma and later in B-26 Marauder bombers at Frederick, Oklahoma. In a 1969 appearance on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, Gobel joked about his stateside service, "There was not one Japanese aircraft got past Tulsa." After his discharge at the end of the war, he switched from singing to comedy.
wn.com/George_Gobel -
George Sherman
George Sherman (July 14, 1908-March 15, 1991) was a film director of action movies beginning in the 1930s. The New York-born director's films include The Sleeping City and Tomahawk.
wn.com/George_Sherman -
George Stigler
George Joseph Stigler (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was a U.S. economist. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1982, and was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with his close friend Milton Friedman.
While at Chicago, he was greatly influenced by Frank Knight, his dissertation supervisor. Friedman, a friend for over sixty years, comments upon it as remarkable since only three or four students ever managed to complete their PhD dissertation under Knight in his 28 years at Chicago. Jacob Viner and Henry Simons also influenced him and, among his students, W. Allen Wallis and Milton Friedman.
Stigler is best known for developing the Economic Theory of Regulation, also known as capture, which says that interest groups and other political participants will use the regulatory and coercive powers of government to shape laws and regulations in a way that is beneficial to them. This theory is a component of the public choice field of economics. He also carried out extensive research in the history of economic thought.
wn.com/George_Stigler -
Georgia May Foote
Georgia May Foote (born 11 February 1991) is a British actress. She is best known for playing Alison Simmons in the school drama series Grange Hill. She is currently starring in Coronation Street as Katy Armstrong, sister to Izzy Armstrong and daughter to Owen Armstrong.
Foote has played mainly minor roles during her career. She has played two different murder victims: Angela Fairley in the psychological thriller Conviction, and an uncredited role as Charley Witham in Life on Mars. Other roles are Rosie in Sorted, Katy Barnes in Doctors, Jennifer Thurber in the BBC drama Casualty (20 September 2008), Julie Tinniswood in ITV1's Heartbeat (3 May 2009), Bryony in Emmerdale (April 2010), Gemma in This Is England 86 and Jess Burrows in ITV1's Coronation Street (18 January 2010). She has recently starred in a television advertisement against domestic violence in teenage relationships.
She attended Elton High School in Bury and is currently studying in her final year at Bury College. She attends the Carol Godby Theatre Workshop on the Rock in Bury.
wn.com/Georgia_May_Foote -
Glenn McCuen
Glenn McCuen (born February 3, 1991) is an American actor, model and gymnast, best known for his supporting role as Bodie in the 2010 family film Marmaduke, and for his starring role as the narcissistic surfer, Aloe on the Nickelodeon teen sitcom, Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures.
Glenn McCuen was born on February 3, 1991 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana to parents Glenn McCuen and Kathy Authement-McCuen. Raised in Houma, Louisiana with his older sister, Courtney, McCuen attended Lisa Park Elementary and was active in karate until the age of 8, when he decided to follow in his older sister's footsteps and began taking gymnastics. McCuen showed a talent for gymnastics and trained at Jennings Gymnastics in Schriever, Louisiana until, at the age of 10, the family sold everything they owned and made the move to Plano, Texas, so that he could train at the World Olympic Gymnastics Academy (WOGA).
In 2001, at the age of 10, McCuen began his WOGA training in Plano, Texas. Balancing his schoolwork and training seven hours a day in the gym under the tutelage of gymnastics coach Sergei Pakanich, McCuen quickly moved up the ranks, placing 8th in the country at the U.S. National Gymnastics Championships in the 14-15 division in 2007, and winning the Texas State Gymnastics Competition in 2008. McCuen told journalist Dave Walker of The Times-Picayune of his aspirations as a gymnast - "I had a dream. I wanted to go the Olympics and get a gold medal." However, in the fall of 2008, at the age of 17, McCuen suffered a serious back injury that forced him to take a year off from his training, effectively putting an end to his dreams of Olympic gold.
wn.com/Glenn_McCuen -
Gonzaguinha
Luiz Gonzaga do Nascimento Júnior (September 22, 1945 - April 29, 1991), better known as Gonzaguinha, was a noted Brazilian singer and composer. He was born in Rio de Janeiro and he was the son of Luiz Gonzaga ('Gonzagão'), the "king of baião". Gonzaguinha was killed in a car accident on April 29, 1991, in Curitiba.
Many eminent Brazilian artists recorded his compositions, such as Maria Bethânia, Simone, Elis Regina, Fagner, e Joanna. Among these, stands out Simone and great hits like "Sangrando", "Mulher, e daí" and "Começaria tudo outra vez".
wn.com/Gonzaguinha -
Goo Ha-ra
Goo Hara (born on January 13, 1991) is a South Korean idol singer and actress, known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.
Goo Hara was born on January 13, 1991, in Gwangju, South Korea. Before debuting, she participated in the SM's youth appearance tournament in 2005. In 2007, she auditioned for JYP, however, she lost the runoff.
She was also an online shopping mall model, having been scouted after her photos were uploaded onto DSP's homepage. Thus, Goo Hara became a member of Kara. Currently, she is attending at Sungshin Women's University.
On June 28, 2011, Cube Entertainment announced that Hara and Yong Jun Hyung from Beast are in a relationship. DSP Media also announced; “They do have good feelings towards one another, but they’re still getting to know each other."
Kara debuted on March 29, 2007. In 2008, however, a member, Kim Sunghee, left the group. DSP Entertainment replaced her with two new members, Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung, and Kara made a comeback with Rock U, which changed their image from "Hip-hop" to "cute and playful".
wn.com/Goo_Ha-ra -
Greta Kempton
Greta Kempton (March 22, 1901 - December 10, 1991) born Martha Greta Kempton in Vienna, Austria. American artist. She served as the White House artist during the Truman administration.
She studied at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts before emigrating to the United States circa 1926 and in the 1930s was a student at the National Academy of Design and Art Students League both in New York City.
Her style was reminiscent of Rembrandt, Rubens, and other European masters. By the 1940s, she had compiled a list of subjects, including Dagmar Nordstrom, one of the Nordstrom Sisters, the families of some Hollywood residents of New Orleans, where she lived with her then-husband, the businessman Ambrose McNamara. Kempton became well-known in Washington following the unveiling in 1947 of her portrait of Drucie Snyder, the daughter of Treasury Secretary John W. Snyder. Through Snyder, Kempton gained introductions to other high officials of the Truman administration. Later in 1947, she painted a portrait of Drucie Snyder's friend, Bess Truman, and was also commissioned to paint a portrait of the President himself--the first of five Kempton paintings for which Mr. Truman posed.
wn.com/Greta_Kempton -
Greyson Fletcher
Greyson Fletcher (born March 8, 1991) is a professional skateboarder and actor.
Greyson Fletcher was born March 8, 1991 in Orange County, California, but has since moved with his mother, Jennifer Fletcher, to Anaheim, California, to be closer to filming studios and locations.[1] Fletcher is the son of professional surfer Christian Fletcher, who is separated from his mother.[2]
Fletcher was raised in a family of surfers, and took to the sport naturally as a young child. However he found himself excelling more at the sport of skateboarding.[3] Greyson has been able to travel and compete across the United States, participating in skate clinics and demos. He has also had the opportunity to travel to Europe and Australia with his father.[4] He lists his favorite skate spot as Marseilles, France.[5] He also had the opportunity to visit Bali, Indonesia, where his father now resides, and was able to skate and surf with the locals.[6]
Major sponsors include Vans, RVCA Clothing, Anti-Hero Boards, SabreVision Sunglasses, Independent Trucks, Spitfire Wheels, Motto Griptape, and Cartel Lowrider Bikes.[7]
wn.com/Greyson_Fletcher -
Gustáv Husák
Gustáv Husák (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈgustau̯ ˈɦusaːk]), (10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Slovak politician, president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term Communist leader of Czechoslovakia and of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1987). His rule is known as the period of Normalization after the Prague Spring.
Gustáv Husák was born as a son of an unemployed worker in Pozsonyhidegkút, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (now part of Bratislava, Slovakia as Dúbravka). He joined the Communist Youth Union at the age of sixteen while studying at the grammar school in Bratislava. In 1933, when he started his studies at the Law Faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava, he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) which was banned from 1938 to 1945. During World War II he was periodically jailed by the Jozef Tiso government for illegal Communist activities, and he was one of the leaders of the 1944 Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany and Tiso. Husak was a member of the Presidium of the Slovak National Council from 1 September to 5 September 1944.
wn.com/Gustáv_Husák -
H. John Heinz III
Henry John Heinz III (October 23, 1938 – April 4, 1991) was an American politician from Pennsylvania, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives (1971–1977) and the United States Senate (1977–1991).
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Heinz was the son of H. J. Heinz II (heir to the H. J. Heinz Company) and Joan Diehl. His parents divorced, and Heinz moved to San Francisco, California with his mother and his stepfather, U.S. Navy Captain Clayton C. McCauley. He graduated from the Town School, Phillips Exeter Academy, in 1956, and Yale University, where he was a member of Manuscript Society, in 1960. He then earned an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1963. In 1963, Heinz enlisted in the United States Air Force and served on active duty from June to December of that year at Lackland Air Force Base. He then served with the 911th Troop Carrier Group, based at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport, as a member of the United States Air Force Reserve. In 1969 his rank was staff sergeant.
wn.com/H._John_Heinz_III -
Hamse Abdouh
Hamse Abdouh (or Hamza Abdu, Arabic: حمزة عبده), born January 1, 1991, is a Palestinian swimmer.
He represented Palestine at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In the lead-up to the Games, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported on the difficulties he faced in training for the Olympics, having only an 18 metre pool at his disposal rather than a standard Olympic-sized 50 metre pool. His coach, while noting assistance from the Israeli swimming association, lamented the lack of funding from Palestinian authorities, which had hampered his training. The British newspaper The Guardian described him, along with Vanuatu's Elis Lapenmal, as one of the Games' "underdogs", and as such he has also been described as a "potential successor to [Eric] Moussambani".
Abdouh is the Palestinian record holder for the 100-metre freestyle and 100-metre butterfly. His personal best in the 100-metre freestyle is 56 seconds. He has said that he was inspired to become an Olympic swimmer by his cousin Raed Awisat, who swam for Palestine at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He lives in East Jerusalem.
wn.com/Hamse_Abdouh -
Hannah Hodson
Hannah Rose Hodson (born September 10, 1991) is an American actress. She played Camille Hawthorne daughter of Jada Pinkett-Smith's character Christina in the 2009 TNT drama "Hawthorne".
Hodson was born in San Francisco, California and moved to Brooklyn, New York at 2 years of age.
She got her start in a Nike Air Jordan commercial directed by Spike Lee. Later she was cast in Lee's short film "Jesus Children of America," which premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2005. She also starred in the TNT film special The Ron Clark Story as Shameika, for which she won a Young Artist's Award in 2007. She currently plays Camille Hawthorne daughter of Jada Pinkett-Smith's character Christina in the 2009 TNT drama "HawthoRNe".
Hodson graduated from The Beacon School in 2009. She now attends Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts where she studies theater and political science.
wn.com/Hannah_Hodson -
Hans Nüsslein
Hans Nüsslein (31 March 1910 – 28 June 1991) was a German tennis player of the 1930s.
Born in Nuremberg, he had almost no background in amateur tennis. In late 1931, as a professional, he played Bill Tilden twice in Europe, taking him to 5 sets each time. Later in the 1930s, as Tilden aged, Nüsslein would beat the far more prominent American frequently. He won five pro majors, which were the US Pro title in 1934, the Wembley Pro title in 1937 and 1938, and the French Pro title in 1937 and 1938. He was also a finalist in five other pro majors. He was known for his fine groundstrokes.
Nüsslein was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 2006.
wn.com/Hans_Nüsslein -
Hansika Motwani
Hansika Motwani (born 9 August 1991) is an Indian film actress who predominantly appears in Tamil and Telugu cinema, while also appearing in Hindi and Kannada cinema.She made her film debut in Telugu film Desamuduru (2007),after which she starred in several high budget Telugu films like Kantri (2008), Maska (2009) and Billa (2009).In 2011,she started her career in Tamil with the hit film Mappillai (2011),after which she appeared in several critically and commercially successful films like Engeyum Kaadhal (2011), Velayudham (2011) and Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (2012).These accomplishments have thus established her as a leading contemporary actress in Tamil Cinema.
Hansika began her television career with a serial called Shaka Laka Boom Boom, a story about a boy named Sanju and his magic pencil. Simultaneously, she also acted in a child role in the Indian serial Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand, for which she received the Favorite Child Award at the Star Parivaar Awards. She also appeared as one of the children in Koi Mil Gaya with Preity Zinta and Hrithik Roshan.
wn.com/Hansika_Motwani -
Harald V of Norway
Harald V (born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway. He succeeded to the throne of Norway upon the death of his father Olaf V on 17 January 1991. The son of the then-Crown Prince Olaf and of Princess Märtha of Sweden, Harald was born at the Crown Prince Residence at Skaugum, Akershus, Norway.
A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, originally from Northern Germany, Harald became the first Norwegian-born prince since Olaf IV, who was born in 1370. Harald V is the formal head of the Church of Norway and the Norwegian Armed Forces. He has two children, Crown Prince Haakon and Princess Märtha Louise. His grandchildren are Maud Angelica (2003), Leah Isadora (2005), Emma Tallulah (2008), Princess Ingrid Alexandra (2004), and Prince Sverre Magnus (2005).
Harald has two older sisters: Princess Ragnhild of Norway, Mrs. Lorentzen (Ragnhild Alexandra, born Oslo, 9 June 1930), who lives in Brazil, and Princess Astrid of Norway, Mrs. Ferner (Astrid Maud Ingeborg, born Oslo, 12 February 1932), who lives in Oslo.
wn.com/Harald_V_of_Norway -
Harry Reasoner
Harry Truman Reasoner (April 17, 1923 – August 6, 1991) was an American journalist for ABC and CBS News, known for his inventive use of language as a television commentator, and as a founder of the 60 Minutes program.
Reasoner was born in Dakota City. He attended West High School in Minneapolis, going on to study journalism at Stanford University and the University of Minnesota. He served in World War II and then resumed his journalism career with The Minneapolis Times. His novel Tell Me About Women, about a fading marriage, was written partly during his WWII service and was first published in 1946.
After going into radio with CBS in 1948, Reasoner worked for the United States Information Agency in the Philippines. When he returned stateside, he went into television and worked at station KEYD (later KMSP) in Minneapolis. He ran for Minneapolis city council as a Republican in 1949 and garnered 381 votes (4.4 percent). Reasoner then moved to New York, where he hosted a morning news program called Calendar on top of doing commentator and special news narration duties.
wn.com/Harry_Reasoner -
Hayley Kiyoko
Hayley Kiyoko Alcroft (Japanese: ヘイリー・キヨコ, Hepburn: Heirī Kiyoko; born April 3, 1991), known professionally as Hayley Kiyoko, is a Japanese-American actress, singer-songwriter, musician, and dancer. She is best known for playing Velma Dinkley in Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins and Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster, as well as Stella Yamada in the Disney Channel film Lemonade Mouth.
Kiyoko was born on April 3, 1991, in Los Angeles, California, to Jamie Alcroft and Sarah Kawahara. She is of Japanese, English, and Scottish descent. She began acting at a young age, appearing in national commercials for companies such as GM Onstar, Slim Jim and Cinnamon Toast Crunch.
In high school, she has served as Student Council President and Vice President. She also founded the step team for her high school. Upon graduation, she was accepted into Clive Davis School of Recorded Music at New York University.
In 2007, Kiyoko became a member of The Stunners, a girl group formed by musician Colleen "Vitamin C" Fitzpatrick. She has performed her music at Los Angeles area clubs. The group was an opening act for Justin Bieber's My World Tour in Summer 2010. On April 4, 2011, the group announced their disbandment.
wn.com/Hayley_Kiyoko -
Henri Lefebvre
Henri Lefebvre (16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French sociologist, Marxist intellectual, and philosopher, best known for his work on dialectics, Marxism, everyday life, cities, and (social) space. He coined the slogan the Right to the city.
Lefebvre was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with Paul Nizan, Norbert Guterman, Georges Friedmann, Georges Politzer and Pierre Morhange in the Philosophies group seeking a "philosophical revolution". This brought them into contact with the Surrealists, Dadaists, and other groups, before they moved towards the French Communist Party (PCF). He later worked closely with wives and girlfriends, in some places publishing under their names or publishing with them. From 1930 to 1940, Lefebvre was a professor of philosophy; in 1940 he joined the French resistance. From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of Radiodiffusion Française, a French radio broadcaster in Toulouse.
wn.com/Henri_Lefebvre -
Henry Surtees
Henry John Surtees (18 February 1991 – 19 July 2009) was a British racing driver and the son of John Surtees.
Henry Surtees finished his debut season in the championship 7th in the overall points standings, and second in the Rookie Cup. During a season in which the second half was dominated by fellow rookie Marcus Ericsson, Henry claimed one pole position (Thruxton), one race win (Donington Park) and two fastest laps (Rockingham and Snetterton) while driving for the very successful Carlin Motorsport team. The season was marred by penalties and a disqualification at Oulton Park.
After two races in 2007, Surtees moved up full-time to the Formula Renault UK series in 2008 with Manor Competition. Henry would go on to finish 12th in the championship, including a third place finish during a wild race at Silverstone's National Circuit. He also competed in the Winter Series again, having finished 13th in 2007. He battled James Calado for the title, with Calado coming out on top.
Surtees competed in one race meeting during the 2008 season, in the final two races at Donington Park for Carlin Motorsport. Surtees revelled with a win and a second in his two races in the National Class.
wn.com/Henry_Surtees -
Hinoi Asuka
Asuka Hinoi (樋井 明日香, Hinoi Asuka?, born January 8, 1991 in Osaka, Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese singer and leader of the J-pop group Hinoi Team.
Asuka's musical career began in 2002, when she was chosen with two other girls, Hikaru Koyama and Miho Hiroshige, to form the group LOVE & PEACE. Their song "Drifter" became the theme for the movie Dodge Go! Go! and the three girls even had minor roles in the movie. LOVE & PEACE, however, only that single was released.
In 2003, Asuka and Hikaru, along with Yuho Fujiwara, attempted to create a group again under Vision Factory's management. The girls were models for mezzopiano and nicola, but their debut never occurred.
Later in 2003, Tomoko Kawase, better known as Tommy, had seen potential in Asuka and had produced her first solo single, "♥Wanna be your girlfriend♥", under the Sonic Groove label, a sub-label of avex trax. The song was used as the ending theme for the drama Ashita Tenki ni Naare. The single only made it to position 60 on the Oricon charts but did give Asuka much needed exposure. Five months later, her second single Tatta Hitori no Kimi (たったひとりの君, You as Only One Person?), was written by the songwriter behind SPEED, Hiromasa Ijichi. Her second single gave her much more exposure as she performed on musical shows like Music Station, Pop Jam, and HEY!HEY!HEY!. This single did not do as well as her first on the charts, as it only reached position number 79 on the Oricon charts.
wn.com/Hinoi_Asuka -
Howard Ashman
Howard Elliott Ashman (May 17, 1950 – March 14, 1991) was an American playwright and lyricist. Ashman first studied at Boston University and Goddard College (with a stop at Tufts University's Summer Theater) and then went on to achieve his master's degree from Indiana University in 1974. He collaborated with Alan Menken on several films, notably animated features for Disney, Ashman writing the lyrics and Menken composing the music.
Ashman was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Shirley Thelma (née Glass) and Raymond Albert Ashman, an ice cream cone manufacturer. He was the artistic director of the WPA Theater in New York. His first two plays, Cause Maggie's Afraid of the Dark and Dreamstuff, were met with mixed reviews. His play The Confirmation was produced in 1979 at Princeton's McCarter Theater and starred Herschel Bernardi. He first worked with Alan Menken on a 1979 musical adapted from Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. They also collaborated on Little Shop of Horrors with Ashman as director, lyricist, and librettist, winning the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics.
wn.com/Howard_Ashman -
Howard Nemerov
Howard Nemerov (29 February 1920 – 5 July 1991) was an American poet. He was twice Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, from 1963 to 1964 and again from 1988 to 1990. For The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov (1977), he won the National Book Award for Poetry,Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, and Bollingen Prize.
Nemerov was brother to photographer Diane Nemerov Arbus and father to art historian Alexander Nemerov, Professor of the History of Art and American Studies at Yale University.
Born on leap day in New York City, his parents were David Nemerov and Gertrude. His younger sister was the photographer Diane Arbus. The elder Nemerov's talents and interests extended to art connoisseurship, painting, philanthropy, and photography — talents and interests undoubtedly influential upon his son. Young Howard was raised in a sophisticated New York City environment where he attended the Society for Ethical Culture's Fieldston School. Graduated in 1937 as an outstanding student and second string team football fullback, he commenced studies at Harvard University where, in 1940, he was Bowdoin Essayist and he received bachelor's degree at this university. Throughout World War II, he served as a pilot, first in the Royal Canadian Air Force and later the U. S. Army Air Forces. He married in 1944, and after the war, having earned the rank of first lieutenant, returned to New York with his wife to complete his first book.
wn.com/Howard_Nemerov -
Hunter Gomez
Hunter Gomez (born December 20, 1991 in Mesa, Arizona) is an American actor. He is probably most widely recognized for his work in films and guest appearances in American television.
Since beginning his career in the entertainment business in 2003 at the age of 12, Gomez has worked with some of the biggest names in Hollywood, including Nicolas Cage, Jon Voight, Christopher Plummer, Jessica Simpson, Jennifer Love Hewitt, James Belushi, Robert Picardo and Seth MacFarlane.
Gomez played the younger version of Nicolas Cage's character Benjamin Franklin Gates in the 2004 Disney blockbuster film National Treasure. He has also played the younger versions of actual celebrities Justin Timberlake, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Goose Gossage in films and on television. John Henson once remarked on television that Gomez reminded him of a "young DeNiro."[citation needed]
His appearances on TV include episodes of According to Jim, Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Ghost Whisperer. He has also voiced several characters on Family Guy.
wn.com/Hunter_Gomez -
Héctor Rial
José Héctor Rial Laguía (14 October 1928 – 24 February 1991) was a football player from Argentina who played for Real Madrid between 1954 and 1961. He was part of the team that won five consecutive European Cups. He played professional football in Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay, Spain, France and Chile as well as representing the Spain national football team on five occasions.
Rial started playing professional football in 1947 with San Lorenzo de Almagro in the Primera Division Argentina. In 1949 he moved to Colombia to play for Independiente de Santa Fe. After 2 seasons with the club, he moved to Uruguay to join Nacional where he was part of the Primera División Uruguaya championship winning side of 1952.
In 1954 Rial joined Spanish giants Real Madrid, where he played for 7 years, amassing 10 major titles with the team.
In 1961 Rial left Real to join Espanyol in Barcelona, but he left the club after a disappointing season, where the club finished 13th of the 16 teams in La Liga. The next season, Rial joined the French club Olympique de Marseille, which finished at the bottom of the league, prompting Rial's return to South America.
wn.com/Héctor_Rial -
Igor Talkov
Igor Vladimirovich Talkov (Russian: И́горь Влади́мирович Талько́в; 4 November 1956 – 6 October 1991), was a Russian rock singer-songwriter.
He is often compared to another Russian singer and songwriter of that time, Viktor Tsoi, whom, according to his diaries, Talkov highly appreciated and to whom he even dedicated a song on his death. Talkov's songs also have much in common - particularly from a lyrical perspective - with Russian bard music.
Igor Talkov was born in Gretsovka, Tula Oblast, Soviet Union. Whilst he is mostly remembered for songs about love and fate, most of his work held a clearly political message against the Soviet regime, desperately calling for a change. This is one of the reasons why Talkov was never popular with the Soviet government; even as a performer renowned and loved throughout the whole Soviet Union, he lived in a small two-room apartment with his wife and son, even composing his masterful lyrics and music "on top of the washing machine in the bathroom", according to the rumours. Curiously enough, he was not satisfied with Perestroika, claiming it to be nothing but the same regime under a different guise. In his post-Perestroika songs, he openly mocked the changes, calling them a ruse. Talkov was an avid reader of pre-revolutionary Russian history, which served as the inspiration for many of his songs. He even guaranteed at his last concert that he was willing to "back up" his lyrics with historical facts.
wn.com/Igor_Talkov -
Irina Kulikova
Irina Kulikova (born August 6, 1991) is a Russian fashion model. She was discovered in a Moscow restaurant by Ivan Bart of IMG Models and actress Liv Tyler. She is now represented by IMG Models worldwide, and was named one of the top 10 models of 2007 by V.
During her first season in Fall/Winter 2007 she opened the shows of Prada and Nina Ricci, closed the shows of Yves Saint Laurent and Louis Vuitton, and was an exclusive for Calvin Klein in New York, among others. She has since opened shows for Dior, Donna Karan, BCBG Max Azria, Marc Jacobs, John Galliano, and Sonia Rykiel, and closed shows for Peter Som, Alberta Ferretti, Proenza Schouler, Donna Karan, Moschino, Dries Van Noten, John Galliano, Sonia Rykiel, Viktor & Rolf, and Vera Wang. She also received her first crop of campaigns for Prada, Marc Jacobs' new fragrance "Daisy", Jil Sander, and Pringle of Scotland, while appearing regularly in editorials for W. She is known for being a favorite model of Marc Jacobs and John Galliano.[citation needed]
wn.com/Irina_Kulikova -
Irwin Allen
Irwin Allen (June 12, 1916 – November 2, 1991) was a television and film director and producer nicknamed "The Master of Disaster" for his work in the disaster film genre. He was also notable for creating a number of television series.
Allen was born in New York City. His film credits include the 3-D film Dangerous Mission (1954), The Animal World (1956), The Story of Mankind (1957), The Big Circus (1959), The Lost World (1960), Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1961) (later the basis of his TV series of the same name), and Five Weeks in a Balloon (1962). In the 1970's, he produced popular disaster films including The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and The Towering Inferno (1974).
In the 1960s, Allen moved into television as "the most successful science-fiction producer of the decade", and was responsible for series such as:
Allen also produced several TV movies, such as City Beneath the Sea, which recycled many props and models from Voyage, Lost in Space, and Man From The 25th Century. Both were intended as pilots for new TV series projects, but his small-screen success from the 1960s largely eluded him in the 1970s. Allen's science-fiction series had earned a reputation for using nonsensical science and for catering to juvenile audiences.[citation needed]Lost in Space's Bill Mumy said of Allen that, while he was very good at writing television pilots that sold, his unwillingness to spend money hurt his shows' quality once on the air. A monster costume that appeared on one of his shows, for example, would appear on another a few weeks later with new paint. In his book Irwin Allen Television Productions, 1964-1970 (McFarland & Co. Publishers, 2006), writer Jon Abbott described Allen as paradoxical. "Here was a man who, when told the cost of a spaceship for a Lost in Space alien, snapped, 'Let him walk!' ... and then let the show be canceled rather than take a cut in the budget."
wn.com/Irwin_Allen -
J. D. McDuffie
John Delphus McDuffie (December 5, 1938 – August 11, 1991) was a NASCAR Winston Cup (now Sprint Cup) driver. He raced in the top division of NASCAR from 1963 to 1991. McDuffie had 106 top-tens in his Cup Series career. His death was a result of a crash at Watkins Glen International in 1991.
After attending his first race in Bowman Gray Stadium at the age of ten, McDuffie was inspired by racers Curtis Turner, Glenn Wood, Billy Myers, and others to become a race car driver.
He won several small races throughout the Carolinas including a track championship at a small dirt track near Rockingham, North Carolina. McDuffie made his NASCAR Winston (Sprint) Cup debut in 1963 at the Rambi Speedway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina driving Curtis Turner’s old 1961 Ford. Though McDuffie was an expert dirt track racer, he never met with much success on asphalt tracks. His best NASCAR finish came at Albany-Saratoga Speedway in 1971 where he managed to finish 3rd. Meanwhile, his first last-place finish came at the 1963 Pickens 200. In 1978 McDuffie won the pole position for the Delaware 500. In the 1988 Daytona 500 qualifying race, McDuffie received second and third-degree burns in an accident after he raced without fireproof gloves because they were stolen before the race.
wn.com/J._D._McDuffie -
Jack Kevorkian
Jacob "Jack" Kevorkian ( /kɨˈvɔrkiən/; May 26, 1928 – June 3, 2011), commonly known as "Dr. Death", was an American pathologist, euthanasia activist, painter, author, composer and instrumentalist. He is best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claimed to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said, "dying is not a crime".
Beginning in 1999, Kevorkian served eight years of a 10-to-25-year prison sentence for second-degree murder. He was released on parole on June 1, 2007, on condition he would not offer suicide advice to any other person.
As an oil painter and a jazz musician, Kevorkian marketed limited quantities of his visual and musical artwork to the public.
wn.com/Jack_Kevorkian -
Jaime Guzmán
Jaime Jorge Guzmán Errázuriz (June 28, 1946 - April 1, 1991) was a Chilean lawyer and senator, member and doctrinal founder of the conservative Independent Democrat Union party. He opposed President Salvador Allende and later became a close advisor to President Augusto Pinochet. A professor of Constitutional Law, he played an important part in the drafting of the 1980 Constitution. He was assassinated in 1991, during the transition to democracy, allegedly by members of the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, a terrorist organization formed to fight the Pinochet Government.[citation needed]
Jaime Guzmán was born in Santiago to Jorge Guzmán Reyes and Carmen Errázuriz Edwards. Between 1951 and 1962 he studied in the Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Santiago, where at a young age he showed interest in literature and strong leadership qualities. Already during his senior year he began to show interest in political life. An excellent student, he graduated from high school at the age of 15.
In 1963, only 16 years old, he was accepted to study law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (UC, formerly PUC) (Spanish: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile), graduating in 1968 with hightest honours. He was awarded the Monseñor Carlos Casanueva prize for being the best student in his class.
wn.com/Jaime_Guzmán -
James Franciscus
James Grover Franciscus (January 31, 1934 – July 8, 1991) was an American actor, known for his roles in the series Mr. Novak, The Naked City and The Investigators, and in feature films.
Franciscus was born in Clayton, Missouri, the son of Loraine (née Grover) and John Allen Franciscus, who was killed in action in World War II. In 1957, Franciscus received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and theatre arts from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, graduating magna cum laude.
His first major role was as Detective Jim Halloran in the half-hour version of ABC's The Naked City television series. Franciscus was thereafter the lead star in the 13-week series The Investigators, which aired on CBS from October 5 to December 28, 1961. He played the insurance investigator Russ Andrews, with James Philbrook as a co-star. Franciscus also appeared in the role of Tom Grover in the 1961 episode "The Empty Heart" of CBS anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson.
He performed in many feature films and television programs throughout the 1960s and 1970s, preceded by a minor role in an episode of The Twilight Zone titled Judgment Night in 1959. He starred in I Passed for White, in 1960, and in 1963, he appeared as Mike Norris in the episode "Hang By One Hand" on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry, The Eleventh Hour, Combat! and Miracle of the White Stallions.
wn.com/James_Franciscus -
James Hogue
James Arthur Hogue (born October 22, 1959) is a US impostor who most famously entered Princeton University by posing as a self-taught orphan.
Hogue was born in Kansas City, Kansas and spent his youth there. He attended Washington High School where he set the school records in track for the 1 mile (4:18.4) and 2 mile (9:20.4) in 1977; records that still stand to this day. He has refused to talk about much of his childhood.
In 1986, Hogue enrolled in a Palo Alto, California high school as Jay Mitchell Huntsman, a 16-year-old orphan from Nevada. He had adopted the identity of a dead infant. A suspicious local reporter exposed him.
He next enrolled at Princeton University in 1988 using the alias Alexi Indris-Santana, a self-taught orphan from Utah; Hogue claimed in his application materials that he had slept outside in the Grand Canyon, raising sheep and reading philosophers. He deferred admission for one year because he had been convicted of the theft of bicycle frames in Utah, and violated his parole to enter class. For the next two years he lived as Santana, he was a member of the track team and was admitted into the Ivy Club.
wn.com/James_Hogue -
James Irwin
James Benson Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) was an American astronaut and engineer. He served as Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing; he was the eighth human to walk on the Moon.
Irwin's grandparents emigrated to the USA from Altmore Parish at Pomeroy in County Tyrone, Ireland around 1859. Irwin himself was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania of Scottish and Irish descent. Irwin graduated from East High School in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1947. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in naval science from the United States Naval Academy in 1951 and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from the University of Michigan in 1957.
He received his flight training at Hondo Air Base and Reese Air Force Base, Texas. He graduated from the Air Force Experimental Test Pilot School in 1961 and the Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1963. Prior to joining NASA, he was chief of the Advanced Requirements Branch at Headquarters Air Defense Command. During his time in the United States Air Force he received an Air Force Distinguished Service Medal and two Air Force Commendation Medals. He also received an Outstanding Unit Citation while with the 4750th Training Wing.
wn.com/James_Irwin -
James Roosevelt
James Roosevelt (December 23, 1907 – August 13, 1991) was the oldest son of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was a United States Congressman, an officer in the United States Marine Corps, an aide to his father, the official Secretary to the President, a Democratic Party activist, and a businessman.
Roosevelt was born in New York City at 125 East 36th Street. He attended the Potomac School and the National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., and the Groton School in Massachusetts. At Groton, he rowed and played football, as well as serving as a prefect in his senior year. After graduation in 1926, he attended Harvard University, where he rowed with the freshman and junior varsity crews. At Harvard, he followed some family traditions, joining the Signet Society and Hasty Pudding Club, of which both his father, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, had been members, as well as the Fly Club, which his father had joined, and Institute of the 1770. He graduated from Harvard University in 1930 and was elected permanent treasurer of his class.
wn.com/James_Roosevelt -
Jamie Grace
Jamie Grace Harper (born November 25, 1991) is an American Contemporary Christian musician, singer, rapper, songwriter, and actress from Atlanta, Georgia. In 2010 she was discovered (via her Youtube channel) by TobyMac and signed to his label Gotee Records. She released the song "Hold Me" in 2011 and won the 2012 Dove Award for New Artist of the Year.
Jamie Grace's debut EP, Hold Me was released by the label on February 22, 2011. Jamie Grace released the title track to the album at the same time and it was one of the most added singles to Christian Hit Radio stations. Her debut album, One Song at a Time, was released in stores September 20, 2011. Her second EP, Christmas Together was released November 29, 2011.[citation needed]
In a somewhat unique style, Jamie Grace combines elements of hip hop, folk, and pop into one distinct sound. In addition, she occasionally uses elements of guest vocalists, such as TobyMac in "Hold Me" and GabeReal from DiverseCity in "One Song at a Time."
Jamie Grace is featured as a main artist and speaker in the Revolve Tour by Women of Faith alongside artists such as Britt Nicole, Group 1 Crew, and Hawk Nelson. On May 4, 2011, Jesus Freak Hideout announced that "Hold Me," her first single, had attained the No. 1 spot at CHR.
wn.com/Jamie_Grace -
Jamie Lynn Spears
Jamie Lynn Marie Spears (born April 4, 1991) is an American actress and singer. The younger sister of pop star Britney Spears, she rose to prominence for her appearances on Nickelodeon shows All That and for playing Zoey Brooks on Zoey 101.
Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi to Jamie and Lynne Spears. She attended Parklane Academy, where she was a cheerleader and a member of the basketball team. She finished her education there via online correspondence and received her GED in February 2008 from Kentwood High School in Kentwood, Louisiana.
Spears made her acting debut in the 2002 Paramount film Crossroads, which starred older sister Britney, in a cameo role as Lucy Wagner.
Spears then signed on as a regular performer on the Nickelodeon sketch series All That. Her performance was positively received by critics and she stayed on for Seasons 8 & 9 of the series from 2002 through 2004. She left after Season 9 to work on her then, new series, Zoey 101.
In 2005, Spears played the protagonist Zoey Brooks of the Nickelodeon comedy-drama Zoey 101. The series premiered in 2005 and ran four seasons, earning Spears several awards for her work, including the Young Artist Award, the Young Hollywood Award, and the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. Spears also recorded the theme song for the show, which was co-written by her sister, Britney Spears. Other roles include a cameo as Mandy Ferner in the ABC comedy sitcom series Miss Guided (in the episode "Hot Sub") and the voice of Goldilocks in the television film Unstable Fables: Goldilocks & 3 Bears Show.
wn.com/Jamie_Lynn_Spears -
Jan Józef Lipski
Jan Józef Lipski (26 May 1926 Warsaw – 10 September 1991 Kraków) was a Polish critic and literature historian, socialist politician, and notable Freemason (for a long time Master of the Copernicus Lodge). As a soldier of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), he fought in the Warsaw Uprising. Editor of collected works by Jan Kasprowicz, Benedykt Chmielowski and Gabriela Zapolska.
Between 1956 and 1957 Lipski was an editor of the pro-reform weekly “Po prostu”; from 1957 to 1959 he was president of the Klub Krzywego Koła. In 1964 Lipski organized the Letter of the 34 (objecting the expansion of censorship in communist Poland). In 1975 he signed the Letter of 59 and in 1976 he co-funded the Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotnikow); as one of the most active members of this organization he organized help for the workers who protested in June 1976 against the government sponsored price increases in Radom and in Ursus district of Warsaw.
In 1980, Lipski became a member of the Solidarity Union and was elected a delegate to the 1st Delegates’ Rally to represent the Masovia Region (based in Warsaw). On December 14, 1981, after the imposition of the martial law, he was arrested and charged with orchestrating a protest.
wn.com/Jan_Józef_Lipski -
Jason Dolley
Jason Scott Dolley (born July 5, 1991) is an American actor and musician, best known for his roles in various Disney Channel projects. These include Newton "Newt" Livingston III on Cory in the House, Virgil Fox in Minutemen, Connor Kennedy in Read It and Weep and Pete Ivey in Hatching Pete. He currently stars as PJ Duncan in Disney's Good Luck Charlie.
Dolley was born in Los Angeles, California. Dolley gained his first stage experience at 11 when he and one of his brothers performed the Abbott and Costello "Who's on First" routine in a school talent show. His first real acting jobs came that same year. He won the lead role in the award winning short film entitled Chasing Daylight. He was then cast by director Mel Gibson to be 13-year-old T.J. Savage on the ABC TV series Complete Savages. After Complete Savages was cancelled, he starred in the film Saving Shiloh as Marty Preston, in the Disney Channel Original Movie Read it and Weep as Connor Kennedy and in the film The Air I Breathe as the younger form of the character named 'Pleasure' (the adult version of whom was played by Brendan Fraser).
wn.com/Jason_Dolley -
Jay Greenberg
Jay "Bluejay" Greenberg (born December 13, 1991, New Haven, Connecticut) is an American composer and child prodigy who entered the Juilliard School in 2002.
He came to the American media's attention through the sponsorship of Juilliard instructor Samuel Zyman, who lauded Greenberg's talent during a CBS News 60 Minutes broadcast on November 28, 2004, and again on November 26, 2006. "We are talking about a prodigy of the level of the greatest prodigies in history, when it comes to composition. I am talking about the likes of Mozart, and Mendelssohn, and Saint-Saëns." His primary composition instructor was Samuel Adler. Greenberg composes primarily on his computer, using a music notation program. His most well known work is the Overture to 9-11, about the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, which was featured on PRI's From the Top. At the time of the attacks, he was living in Former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia but has since returned to the United States. His father, Robert Greenberg, is a professor of Slavic languages at Yale University. His Israeli-born mother also has no musical background, but Jay found himself attracted to music from an early age, having begun playing the cello at the age of two.
wn.com/Jay_Greenberg -
Jean Langlais
Jean Langlais (15 February 1907 – 8 May 1991) was a French composer of modern classical music, organist, and improviser.
Jean Langlais was born in La Fontenelle (Ille-et-Vilaine, Brittany), a small village near Mont St Michel, France. Langlais became blind due to glaucoma when he was only two years old, and was sent to study at the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris, where he began to study the organ, with André Marchal. From there, he progressed to the Paris Conservatoire, obtaining prizes in organ, which he studied with Marcel Dupré, composition, which he studied with Paul Dukas. He studied also gregorian improvisation with Charles Tournemire.
After graduating, he returned to the National Institute for the Young Blind to teach, and also taught at the Schola Cantorum from 1961 to 1976. However, it was as an organist that he made his name, following in the steps of César Franck and Charles Tournemire as Organist Titulaire at the Basilique de Ste-Clotilde, Paris in 1945, a post in which he remained until 1988. He was much in demand as a concert organist, and toured widely across Europe and the United States.
wn.com/Jean_Langlais -
Jean Rogers
Jean Rogers (March 25, 1916 – February 24, 1991) was an American actress. She portrayed Dale Arden in two of the three Flash Gordon serials.
Jean Rogers was born Eleanor Dorothy Lovegren in Belmont, Massachusetts. Her father was an immigrant from Malmö, Sweden. Originally, she had hoped to study art. However, as a teenager in 1933, she won a local beauty contest sponsored by Paramount Pictures, which helped launch a career in Hollywood. Rogers starred in a number of serials for Universal from 1935 to 1938, including Ace Drummond and Flash Gordon.
Rogers got her biggest assignment when she played the role of Dale Arden in the first two Flash Gordon serials between 1936 and 1939. Buster Crabbe and Rogers were perfectly cast as hero and heroine in the first serial (Flash Gordon), and Rogers' fragile beauty, long blonde hair, and revealing costume endeared her to thousands of moviegoers during the late 1930s. She was lusted after by "Ming the Merciless" (Charles B. Middleton) and most of the male audience as Flash Gordon rescued her from one life-threatening situation after another in the serial.[citation needed]
wn.com/Jean_Rogers -
Jean Tinguely
Jean Tinguely (22 May 1925 in Fribourg, Switzerland – 30 August 1991 in Bern) was a Swiss painter and sculptor. He is best known for his sculptural machines or kinetic art, in the Dada tradition; known officially as metamechanics. Tinguely's art satirized the mindless overproduction of material goods in advanced industrial society.
Tinguely grew up in Basel, but moved to France in 1952 with his first wife Swiss artist Eva Aeppli, to pursue a career in art. He belonged to the Parisian avantgarde in the mid-twentieth century and was one of the artists who signed the New Realist's manifesto (Nouveau réalisme) in 1960.
His best-known work, a self-destroying sculpture titled Homage to New York (1960), only partially self-destructed at the Museum of Modern Art, New York City, although his later work, Study for an End of the World No. 2 (1962), detonated successfully in front of an audience gathered in the desert outside Las Vegas.
In Arthur Penn's Mickey One (1965) the mime-like Artist (Kamatari Fujiwara) with his self-destructive machine is an obvious Tinguely tribute.
wn.com/Jean_Tinguely -
Jeanine Mason
Jeanine Marie Mason (born January 14, 1991) is an American dancer specializing in contemporary dance. She is best known for her 2009 appearance as the winner of the fifth season of the television show So You Think You Can Dance - which airs on the Fox Network - becoming the youngest person to win the competition. She had a small role (her acting debut) on the Nickelodeon show Big Time Rush as a vampire slayer hunting down the vampire James (James Maslow).
Although Mason was born in Miami, Florida, she grew up in a dance-oriented family in Pinecrest, Florida. Mason began her dance training at the age of three in ballet and flamenco, and went on to study jazz, acrobatics, hip-hop, modern, and contemporary dance.
At the age of 18, Mason competed on the fifth season of the show So You Think You Can Dance, becoming the overall winner over fellow final contestants Brandon Bryant, Kayla Radomski, and Evan Kasprzak. For the first five weeks of the competition (Top 20 to Top 12), Mason was partnered with Phillip Chbeeb. During the show's sixth week (Top 10), Mason danced a contemporary number choreographed by Travis Wall and was partnered with Jason Glover. Later, Mason was also partnered with Brandon Bryant, Ade Obayomi, Evan Kasprzak, and Kayla Radomski. Mason was consistently praised for her strong and versatile performances.[citation needed]
wn.com/Jeanine_Mason -
Jedward
Jedward are an Irish pop duo comprising identical twins John and Edward Grimes (born 16 October 1991 in Dublin, Ireland). Widely known for their blond quiffs, they first appeared as John & Edward in the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009, generating a phenomenon described as "the Jedward paradox". They finished sixth and are now managed by Louis Walsh, who was their mentor during The X Factor.
Jedward have released two albums, Planet Jedward and Victory, both of which went double platinum in Ireland. They have released seven singles, including "Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)" (a mash-up of "Under Pressure" by Queen and Vanilla Ice's track "Ice Ice Baby"), "Lipstick", the song with which they represented Ireland at Eurovision 2011, and "Waterline", with which they represented Ireland at Eurovision 2012.
Jedward are also known for their television work, including hosting children's series Jedward's Big Adventure, OMG! Jedward's Dream Factory, and for participating in Celebrity Big Brother 8. Jedward's combined net worth was estimated at £4.5 million in April 2012.
wn.com/Jedward -
Jeffrey Dahmer
Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer (May 21, 1960 – November 28, 1994) was an American serial killer and sex offender. Dahmer murdered 17 men and boys between 1978 and 1991, with the majority of the murders occurring between 1987 and 1991. His murders involved rape, dismemberment, necrophilia and cannibalism. On November 28, 1994, he was beaten to death by an inmate at the Columbia Correctional Institution, where he had been incarcerated.
Dahmer was born in West Allis, Wisconsin, the son of Joyce Annette (née Flint) and Lionel Herbert Dahmer, an analytical chemist. Seven years later, his brother David was born. Joyce Dahmer reportedly had a difficult pregnancy with her elder son. When Jeffrey was eight years old, he moved with his family to Bath, Ohio. Dahmer grew increasingly withdrawn and uncommunicative between the ages of 10 and 15, showing little interest in any hobbies or social interactions. He biked around his neighborhood looking for dead animals, which he dissected at home (or in the woods near his home). In one instance, he went so far as to put a dog's head on a stake. Dahmer began drinking in his teens and was an alcoholic by the time of his high school graduation.
wn.com/Jeffrey_Dahmer -
Jennifer Damiano
Jennifer Damiano (born May 12, 1991) is an American actress and singer, most known for originating the role of Natalie Goodman in Next to Normal on Broadway. She was nominated for the 2009 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance in that musical. She most recently appeared in Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark on Broadway as Mary Jane Watson; the musical opened officially on June 14, 2011.
Damiano was born in Rye Brook, New York. From a early age, she took voice lessons and joined a children's theatre, The Random Farms Kids' Theater, playing parts such as Dorothy in "The Wizard of Oz", the title role in Cinderella, Gertrude in "Seussical" and Marion Paroo in "The Music Man". Her father, Mark, owns an amusement company, and her mother Nancy works at a hospital. Damiano is one of three children. Her brother Pat attends University of Tampa, and her sister Elizabeth graduated as an arts management major at Purchase College in May 2011. As Damiano began her acting career, she stayed enrolled in her hometown's public high school, where she graduated in 2009.[citation needed]
wn.com/Jennifer_Damiano -
Jennifer Hof
Jennifer Karin-Luise Hof (born 15 May 1991) is a German fashion model and winner of the third cycle of Germany's Next Topmodel.
Hof lives in the Hessian town of Rodgau, where she attended a Realschule. She graduated during her participation of the show.
In the last episode, with her trademark been her 113 cm long legs, she outpaced the other two finalists, Janina Schmidt and Christina Leibold, and was declared winner of the title "Germany's Next Topmodel". The prize included a contract with the modelling agency IMG Models in Paris, an appearance on the cover of the German edition of Cosmopolitan in August 2008, her own perfume brand, "Jenny K.L." and a contract as the face of the next advertising campaign for the clothing company C&A.
Hof is currently taking time off from modeling to complete her Abitur studies.
wn.com/Jennifer_Hof -
Jerzy Kosinski
Jerzy Kosiński (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjɛʐɨ kɔˈɕiɲskʲi]; June 14, 1933 – May 3, 1991), born Józef Lewinkopf, was an award-winning Polish American novelist, and two-time President of the American Chapter of P.E.N.
He was known for various novels, among them The Painted Bird (1965) and Being There (1971). Being There was adapted as an Academy Award-winning film in 1979.
Kosiński, who was Jewish, was born Józef Lewinkopf in Łódź, Poland. As a child during World War II, he lived in central Poland under a false identity, Jerzy Kosiński, which his father gave to him. A Roman Catholic priest issued him a forged baptismal certificate. The Kosiński family survived the Holocaust thanks to local villagers who offered assistance to Jewish Poles, often at great personal risk (the penalty for assisting Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland was death). Kosiński's father received help not only from Polish town leaders and churchmen, but also from individuals such as Marianna Pasiowa, a member of the Polish underground network helping Jews evade capture. The family lived openly in Dąbrowa Rzeczycka near Stalowa Wola, and attended church in nearby Wola Rzeczycka, obtaining support from villagers in Kępa Rzeczycka. They were sheltered temporarily by a Catholic family in Rzeczyca Okrągła. The young Jerzy even served as an altar boy in a local church.
wn.com/Jerzy_Kosinski -
Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing (pinyin: Jiāng Qīng; Wade–Giles: Chiang Ch'ing; IPA: [tɕjɑ́ŋ tɕʰíŋ]; 20 March 1914 – 14 May 1991) was the pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong's last wife and major Communist Party of China power figure. She went by the stage name Lan Ping (Chinese: 蓝苹) during her acting career, and was known by various other names during her life. She married Mao in Yan'an in November 1938, and is sometimes referred to as Madame Mao in Western literature, serving as Communist China's first first lady. Jiang Qing was most well known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and for forming the radical political alliance known as the "Gang of Four". She was named the "Great Flag-carrier of the Proletarian Culture" (无产阶级文艺伟大旗手/無產階級文藝偉大旗手).
Jiang Qing served as Mao's personal secretary in the 1940s and was head of the Film Section of the CPC Propaganda Department in the 1950s. In the early 1960s, she made a bid for power during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), which resulted in widespread chaos within the communist party. In 1966 she was appointed deputy director of the Central Cultural Revolution Group and claimed real power over Chinese politics for the first time. She became one of the masterminds of the Cultural Revolution, and along with three others, held absolute control over all of the national institutions.
wn.com/Jiang_Qing -
Jiao Liuyang
Jiao Liuyang (simplified Chinese: 焦刘洋; traditional Chinese: 焦劉洋; pinyin: Jiāo Liúyáng; born August 6, 1991 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a female Chinese swimmer, who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics and finished second in the 200 m butterfly at 2:04.72, behind her teammate Liu Zige, who won the race in 2:04.18. Both girls were under the former world record held by Australia's Jessicah Schipper (2:05.40).
Before the Olympics, Jiao had competed at the 2007 World Swimming Championships in Melbourne, where she was 4th in the 200 m butterfly (2:07.22).
In long course
wn.com/Jiao_Liuyang -
Joan Caulfield
Joan Caulfield (June 1, 1922 - June 18, 1991) was an American actress and former fashion model. After being discovered by Broadway producers, she began a stage career in 1943 that eventually led to signing as an actress with Paramount Pictures.
Born while her family resided in East Orange, New Jersey, she moved to West Orange during childhood but continued attending Miss Beard's School in Orange, New Jersey. During her teenage years, the family moved to New York City where Joan eventually attended Columbia University.
One of her most memorable roles was when she was lent out to Warner Bros. to appear in The Unsuspected (1947) alongside Claude Rains and Audrey Totter. Later in life she appeared mostly on television, appearing on programs such as Cheyenne, Baretta, and Murder, She Wrote, with Angela Lansbury. In the 1957-1958 season, Caulfield starred in her own short-lived NBC situation comedy, Sally in the role of a traveling companion to an elderly widow, played by Marion Lorne. At midseason, Gale Gordon and Arte Johnson joined the cast.
wn.com/Joan_Caulfield -
Joe McElderry
Joseph "Joe" McElderry ( /məˈkɛldəri/; born 16 June 1991) is an English singer songwriter and model. He won the sixth series of the ITV show The X Factor in 2009. His first single "The Climb" reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Charts. He was also crowned the winner of the second series of Popstar to Operastar, two years later in 2011. To date he has released three albums - two of them reaching the UK top three. He is currently working on his fourth studio album.
Born in South Shields, England, McElderry is the only child of Jim McElderry and Eileen Joyce. The couple separated when McElderry was a child. McElderry was raised in a small flat on Tyneside.
McElderry attended Harton Technology College in Lisle Road, South Shields, before joining South Tyneside College to study AS level school qualifications, and Newcastle College to study performing arts. He was the Pride of South Tyneside's Young Performer of the Year in 2008. McElderry studied for BTEC National Diploma in Performing Arts (Advanced Performance) at Newcastle College Performance Academy and in 2010 graduated with triple distinction. He took the role of 'Danny Zuko' in Grease performed at Harton Technology College.
wn.com/Joe_McElderry -
John A. McCone
| birth_name = Heinz Alfred Kissinger | birth_date = (1923-05-27) May 27, 1923 (age 89) | birth_place = San Francisco, California | party = Republican | alma_mater = University of California, Berkeley | profession = Businessman, politician
John Alexander McCone (January 4, 1902 - February 14, 1991) was an American businessman and politician who served as Director of Central Intelligence during the height of the Cold War.
McCone was born in San Francisco, California. His father ran iron foundries across California, a business started in Nevada in 1860 by McCone's grandfather. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1922 with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, beginning his career in Los Angeles' Llewellyn Iron Works. He rose swiftly and in 1929, when several works merged to become the Consolidated Steel Corporation, he became executive vice president. He also founded Bechtel-McCone. A prominent industrialist, McCone also served for more than twenty years as a governmental advisor and official, including head positions at the AEC and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He also worked for the ITT corporation. McCone's political affiliation was with the Republican Party.
wn.com/John_A._McCone -
John Bardeen
John Bardeen FRS (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century."
John Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin on May 23, 1908. He was the second son of Dr. Charles Russell Bardeen and Althea Harmer Bardeen. He was one of five children. His father, Charles Bardeen, was Professor of Anatomy and the first Dean of the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Althea Bardeen, before marrying, had taught at the Dewey Laboratory School and run an interior decorating business; after marriage she was an active figure in the art world.
wn.com/John_Bardeen -
John Hoyt
John Hoyt (October 5, 1905 – September 15, 1991) was an American film, stage, and television actor.
Hoyt was born John McArthur Hoysradt. Before becoming an actor with Orson Welles's Mercury Theatre, the Yale University graduate worked as a history instructor, acting teacher and even (under his birth name) a nightclub comedian.[citation needed] In the latter activity, Hoyt performed impressions of famous entertainers. His impersonation of Noël Coward was so remarkable that he was hired for the original cast of the Broadway comedy The Man Who Came to Dinner, in which he played Beverley Carlton.[citation needed] Hoyt soon shortened his surname when he began his movie career.
Hoyt had a number of memorable roles - as Darwin Norland in the Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Libelous Locket", an industrialist in When Worlds Collide, in a number of guest roles on Hogan's Heroes, and as Dr. Philip Boyce in a pilot episode of Star Trek ("The Cage"). Hoyt appeared twice during the second season of The Twilight Zone, in the episodes "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up" and "The Lateness of the Hour". He also appeared as the KAOS agent Conrad Bunny in the Get Smart episode, "Our Man in Toyland", as General Beeker in the Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea episode "Hail to the Chief" and as Dr. Mendoza in The Monkees episode "I Was a Teenage Monster". He was also a guest player in an episode of the "George Burns and Gracie Allen [television] Show." Because of his stentorian demeanor, the writers had him play opposite the usual conceit—where most strangers became befuddled by Gracie's convoluted behavior. In the teleplay, Hoyt simply would not put up with Gracie's antics and immediately removed himself from the room—twice. His last screen role was as Grandpa in Nell Carter's TV series Gimme a Break!.
wn.com/John_Hoyt -
John Leonard Orr
John Leonard Orr (born April 26, 1949) is a former fire captain and arson investigator for the Glendale Fire Department in Southern California and novelist who was indicted and later convicted for serial arson. Orr had originally wanted to be a police officer, but had failed his entrance exam; instead he became a dedicated fire investigator and career fire officer. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Los Angeles was plagued by a series of fires that cost millions of dollars in damages and claimed four lives. John Orr was found to be the cause of most of those fires. During his arson spree, Orr was given the nickname the Pillow Pyro by arson investigators.
His modus operandi was to set fires using an incendiary timing-device, usually comprising a lit cigarette, three matches wrapped in ruled yellow writing paper and secured by a rubber band, in stores while they were open and populated. He would set small fires often in the grassy hills, in order to draw firefighters, leaving fires set in more congested areas unattended.
wn.com/John_Leonard_Orr -
John McIntire
John McIntire (June 27, 1907 – January 30, 1991) was an American character actor.
The craggy-faced film actor was born in Spokane in eastern Washington State but reared in Montana, having grown up around ranchers and cowboys, an experience that would later inspire his performances in dozens of Westerns.
A graduate of USC, McIntire began acting in radio and on stage, before embarking on a lengthy film and TV career as a character actor. He was already 40 when he made his big-screen debut in 1947, but went on to appear in some 65 films, often playing police chiefs, judges, crazy coots and western characters. His films include the film noir classic The Asphalt Jungle (1950), the 1960 Hitchcock thriller Psycho and the 1960 drama Elmer Gantry, but some of his more memorable roles were in westerns such as the acclaimed Winchester '73 (1950) and The Far Country (1955), both with James Stewart, and The Tin Star, with Henry Fonda (1957). He also played a judge in Rooster Cogburn (1975), the sequel to True Grit featuring John Wayne and Katharine Hepburn. His final film role was in Turner & Hooch (1989).
wn.com/John_McIntire -
John Sherman Cooper
John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was a politician, jurist, and diplomat from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive, partial terms in the United States Senate before being elected to two full terms in 1960 and 1966. He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S. Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966, he set records for the largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party.
Cooper's first political service was as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1927 to 1929. In 1930, he was elected county judge of Pulaski County. After a failed gubernatorial bid in 1939, he joined the U.S. Army in 1942. During World War II, he earned the Bronze Star Medal for reorganizing the Bavarian judicial system after the allied victory in Europe. While still in Germany, he was elected circuit judge for Kentucky's 28th district. He returned home to accept the judgeship, which he held for less than a year before resigning to seek election to A. B. "Happy" Chandler's vacated seat in the U.S. Senate. He won the seat by 41,823 votes, the largest victory margin by any Republican for any office in Kentucky up to that time.
wn.com/John_Sherman_Cooper -
John Tower
John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since Reconstruction. He served from 1961 until his retirement in January 1985, after which time he was appointed as the chairman of the Reagan-appointed Tower Commission that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. He was George H. W. Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense in 1989, but he was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 53 to 47.
Tower was born in Houston to Joe Z. Tower (1898–1970) and Beryl Tower (1898–1990). Joe Tower was a Methodist minister, and John traveled wherever his father was named to pastor a church. He attended public schools in East Texas and graduated in Beaumont, the seat of Jefferson County, in southeast Texas in the spring of 1942.
Tower was active in politics as a child; at the age of thirteen, he passed out handbills for the campaign of liberal Democrat and future U.S. Senator Ralph William Yarborough while Yarborough was running unsuccessfully for attorney general. Yarborough and Tower would later be paired as Texas's Senate delegation, though of opposing political perspectives. He entered Southwestern University in Georgetown (Williamson County near Austin) that same year and met future U.S. President and political opponent Lyndon Baines Johnson on a campus visit while Johnson was the local congressman.
wn.com/John_Tower -
Johnny Eck
Johnny Eck, born John Eckhardt, Jr. (27 August 1911, Baltimore, Maryland – 5 January 1991, Baltimore, Maryland) was an American freak show performer born with the appearance that he was missing the lower half of his torso. Eck is best known today for his role in Tod Browning's 1932 cult classic film, Freaks. He was often billed as the amazing "Half-Boy" and "King of the Freaks".
Besides being a sideshow performer and actor, Johnny Eck was also an artist, photographer, illusionist, penny arcade owner, Punch and Judy operator, and expert model-maker.
Robert Eckhardt and John Eckhardt, Jr. were born on August 27, 1911 to Amelia and John Eckhardt, Sr. in Baltimore, Maryland. Eck was born with a truncated torso due to Sacral agenesis. Though Eck would sometimes describe himself as "snapped off at the waist", he had unusable, underdeveloped legs and feet that he would hide under custom-made clothing. At birth, Eck weighed two pounds (0.9kg) and was less than eight inches (20cm) in length. He would eventually reach a total of eighteen inches tall. Though Eck capitalized on the resemblance between himself and Robert, the twins were fraternal. Aside from the sacral agenesis, Eck was otherwise healthy.
wn.com/Johnny_Eck -
Johnny Thunders
Johnny Thunders (July 15, 1952 – April 23, 1991), born John Anthony Genzale, Jr., was an American rock and roll/punk rock guitarist, singer and songwriter.
He came to prominence in the early 1970s as a member of the New York Dolls. He later played with The Heartbreakers and as a solo artist.
John Genzale was born in Queens, NY, where he first lived in East Elmhurst and then Jackson Heights.
His first musical performance was in the winter of 1967 with The Reign. Shortly thereafter, he played with "Johnny and the Jaywalkers," under the name Johnny Volume, at Quintano's School for Young Professionals, around the corner from Carnegie Hall, on 58th Street near 7th Avenue.
In 1968 he began going to the Fillmore East on weekends. In late 1969 he got a job as a sales clerk at D'Naz leather shop, on Bleecker Street in the West Village. In the summer of 1970 he went to England for the Isle of Wight Festival. In London he hung out at the Speakeasy Club and bought clothes on King's Road. Toward the end of 1970 he started hanging out at Nobodys, a club also on Bleecker Street in the West Village. It was near there that he met future Dolls Arthur Kane and Rick Rivets. He joined their band "Actress" which, after firing Rivets and adding David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain and Billy Murcia, became the New York Dolls. At this time John Genzale renamed himself Johnny Thunders, after the DC comic book figure.
wn.com/Johnny_Thunders -
Jordan Hinson
Jordan Danielle Hinson (born June 4, 1991) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Zoe Carter on the Syfy series Eureka.
Hinson was born in El Paso, Texas. Growing up as a dedicated gymnast, she began acting in plays at the age of six, which pulled her away from gymnastics. After moving to Los Angeles, Hinson appeared in numerous television commercials.
Hinson made her television movie debut in 2005, starring as aspiring professional figure skater Katelin Kingsford in the Disney Channel Original Movie Go Figure. She had to learn to ice skate for the film and was trained by Olympic choreographer and two-time Emmy winner Sarah Kawahara. She also starred in a Screen Gems film The Good Mother opposite Angie Harmon.
wn.com/Jordan_Hinson -
Jordan McCoy
Jordan Elizabeth McCoy (born September 17, 1991; Mount Vernon, Illinois) is an American singer, guitarist, and American Juniors finalist.
After the show, she went to Los Angeles to start developing her music career and auditioned for TV and movie roles. While recording in Los Angeles, her label head (who did Dream with Diddy) mentioned he was in town and he wanted to hear her sing. McCoy stopped by the hotel and sang and danced for Combs. Diddy signed her to Bad Boy Records.
She is a member of the upcoming revival of the girl group Dream.
It has been reported by E! News that McCoy will appear on Diddy's upcoming album We Invented the Remix Vol. 2. Her song "Rockstar" was featured on an episode of The Hills, a commercial for American Idol, and an episode of Make It or Break It.
McCoy has been posting videos of herself singing, while playing guitar, on her YouTube account JordanMcCoyTV every Tuesday. Some of these videos include her friends and former bandmates Imaj Thomas and Hunter Pecunia. Both Hunter and Imaj were once members of the Dream revival group, but have since left the band. McCoy's music can be sampled on her MySpace page.
wn.com/Jordan_McCoy -
Jordan Pruitt
Jordan Lynne Pruitt (born May 19, 1991 in Loganville, Georgia) is an American recording artist. She started writing songs at age nine. After recording a demo album in 2006, Pruitt was discovered by producer Keith Thomas and later signed to Hollywood Records.
Pruitt's debut studio album, No Ordinary Girl, was released in February 2007, and included her first charting single, "Outside Looking In." The album peaked at number sixty-four on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States. Her second album, Permission to Fly, was released in August 2008.
Pruitt resides near Franklin, Tennessee, when not on tour or in Los Angeles. She is currently writing and recording her third album and is managed by The Jonas Group.
Pruitt was born and raised in Loganville, Georgia. She started writing songs at nine. In 2006, she recorded a demo album that was eventually discovered by producer Keith Thomas. Shortly after, Pruitt was signed to Hollywood Records.
In June 2006, Pruitt's debut single, "Outside Looking In," was released to promote the Disney Channel TV film Read It and Weep. Her debut studio album, No Ordinary Girl, was released on February 6, 2007 and peaked at number sixty-four on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States. Pruitt toured as the opening act on select dates of The Cheetah Girls 2006 tour and all stops on the High School Musical: The Concert tour, in 2006 and 2007.
wn.com/Jordan_Pruitt -
Jordan-Claire Green
Jordan-Claire Green (born October 31, 1991) is an American actress, a musician and singer. She is most well known for her role in the film School of Rock.
Green was born in Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. She has taken violin lessons since age four. She now takes piano and voice lessons, as well as dance classes including tap, ballet, jazz and hip-hop. She appeared in School of Rock as Michelle, a student turned groupie. She has also appeared in Come Away Home, The Double, and The 12 Dogs of Christmas, and Forgotten Pills. She has also guest-starred in Power Rangers Time Force, Alias and Arrested Development.
wn.com/Jordan-Claire_Green -
Joseph Papp
Joseph Papp (June 22, 1921 – October 31, 1991) was an American theatrical producer and director. Papp established The Public Theater in what had been the Astor Library Building in downtown New York (still located there as of 2011). "The Public," as it is known, has many small theatres within it. There, Papp created a year-round producing home to focus on new creations, both plays and musicals. Among numerous examples of these creations were the works of David Rabe, Ntozake Shange's "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf", Charles Gordone's No Place to Be Somebody (the first off-Broadway play to win the Pulitzer Prize), and Papp's production of Michael Bennett's Pulitzer-Prize winning musical, "A Chorus Line." At Papp's death, The Public Theatre was renamed The Joseph Papp Public Theatre.
Papp was born Joseph Papirofsky in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Yetta (née Miritch), a seamstress, and Samuel Papirofsky, a trunkmaker. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Russia. He was a high school student of Harlem Renaissance playwright Eulalie Spence. Papp founded the New York Shakespeare Festival in 1954 with the aim of making Shakespeare's works accessible to the public. In 1957, he was granted the use of Central Park for free productions of Shakespeare's plays. This legacy of Papp has continued (through 2010) at the open-air Delacorte Theatre every summer in Central Park.
wn.com/Joseph_Papp -
Julie Dubela
Julie Dubela (born on January 16, 1991 in Jupiter, Florida) is an American singer living in Stratham, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. She is known in the Boston, Massachusetts area for her live performances of "The Star-Spangled Banner" and has also gained national attention for her TV appearances.
She has performed for the New Hampshire General Court, the state legislature of New Hampshire. She sang the national anthem in Fenway Park (home of the Boston Red Sox), TD Banknorth Garden (home of the Boston Bruins, formerly "FleetCenter"), Gillette Stadium (home of the New England Patriots), and elsewhere. Performances outside of sports have included the Seacoast Repertory Theater and an event planned to happen at Six Flags New England. In 2003, she recorded her first album with her voice coach titled Broadway Dreaming.
Dubela first appeared on national TV in 2003, when she participated in Fox TV's American Juniors, a reality TV competition, to select members for a new band. She became a semi-finalist. Her last performance of "Rainy Days and Mondays" was criticized by the celebrity judges (Deborah Gibson, Gladys Knight and Justin Guarini), for her showing precociousness and nervousness in the performance, and she didn't make it the next stage. Subsequently, she appeared on PAX TV's America's Most Talented Kid, a TV talent competition, where she again lost, in a show which aired early in 2005.
wn.com/Julie_Dubela -
Kaho (actress)
Kaho (夏帆?, born June 30, 1991 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress and fashion model. Her real name is not disclosed.
From 2004 to 2007, Kaho was the 11th Mitsui ReHouse Girl. She was given a Best New Talent award at the 2008 Yokohama Film Festival for her performance in the film A Gentle Breeze in the Village.
wn.com/Kaho_(actress) -
Kang Min-Hyuk
Kang Min-Hyuk (Hangul: 강민혁; born 10 July 1982) is a South Korean football defender who currently plays for Gyeongnam FC in the K-League. His previous clubs are Seongnam Ilhwa, Gyeongnam FC, Gwangju Sangmu and Jeju United.
On 25 October 2009, Kang Min-Hyuk made his professional career total 100 appearances in a 0-0 draw away against Chunnam Dragons.
wn.com/Kang_Min-Hyuk -
Karina Pasian
Karina Pasian (born July 18, 1991) is a Grammy Award nominated recording artist and pianist.
Karina Pasian was born in New York City, of Dominican and Armenian descent. Her first language was Russian, and she can sing in six other languages, including English, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Turkish, and French. She first began taking piano lessons at the age of three from her babysitter, and began classical piano training while in kindergarten. She began working with a vocal coach at the age of eight, and attended the Professional Performing Arts School in New York City alongside Taylor Momsen and Mark Indelicato.
In 2003, Pasian met Quincy Jones, who invited her and her family to his home in Bel Air, California. Soon after this, Pasian performed and won on Star Search. She also performed at Quincy Jones' We Are The Future concert in Rome. On June 22, 2007, Pasian performed at the White House for President George W. Bush, in celebration of Black Music Month, making her the first person of Dominican descent to perform there.
wn.com/Karina_Pasian -
Katie Jarvis
Katie Jarvis (born 22 June 1991)[citation needed] is an English actress, known for her role as Mia in the film Fish Tank. She was spotted by a casting agent, following an argument with her boyfriend at Tilbury Town railway station.
Jarvis was seen by a casting agent working for director Andrea Arnold at Tilbury Town railway station in Tilbury, Essex, following an argument with her boyfriend, Brian. When first approached by the casting agent, she did not believe she was being cast for a film and refused to hand over her phone number, but eventually took a number and called later. She was cast in Arnold's film, Fish Tank, following a successful audition. Despite no previous acting experience, Jarvis said she wasn't nervous; "There weren't a lot of people at the first audition so I wasn't nervous, but at the second it became a bit more scary as there were a lot of girls. I'd never done any dancing or anything like that and I didn't think I had a chance." However, in the audition Jarvis refused to dance on which Arnold commented; "We had to leave the camera in the room and go out. She hates dancing." During much of the filming, Jarvis slept on her sister's couch. She plays Mia, a troublesome and sometimes aggressive 15-year-old girl from an underclass family, passionate about dance. The film was in the running for the Palme d'Or at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival, and although it didn't win the highest award, it did win the Jury Prize. Following the success of the film, she was signed by talent agencies, Billy Lazarus signed her for United States based United Talent Agency and Sue Latimer of Artist Rights Group will represent her in Britain.
wn.com/Katie_Jarvis -
Kelsey Chow
Kelsey Asbill Chow (born September 9, 1991) is an American actress originally from Columbia, South Carolina, United States. She is best known for her role as Mikayla in the Disney XD sitcom Pair of Kings. From 2005 to 2009, she had a recurring role as Gigi Silveri on the drama One Tree Hill.
Kelsey Chow was born in Columbia, South Carolina on September 9, 1991. She is of Chinese and Caucasian descent. She has two younger siblings, a brother who is two years younger than her and a sister who is eight years younger. She attended Hammond School for high school, in Columbia. Chow currently attends Columbia University in New York City.
After gaining experience in community theatre she got her first television role in 2005; she played the recurring role of Gigi Silveri on One Tree Hill appearing on the show until 2009. She also co-starred in Disney Channel original film, Den Brother. As of 2012[update] Chow co-stars as Mikayla in Disney XD original series, Pair of Kings.
wn.com/Kelsey_Chow -
Kenas Aroi
Kenas Aroi (1942? - January 1991) was a Nauruan political figure. He was President of the Republic of Nauru from 17 August to 12 December 1989.
Aroi was part of the Parliament of Nauru, and was finance minister under Kennan Adeang. Before he became president, Aroi was involved in the Nauru Phosphate Corporation.
With support from Kennan Adeang, as Hammer DeRoburt was caught in a military situation, Aroi became president on the 17th August, 1989. Adeang then became finance minister. During his period of Presidential office, Aroi experienced health problems: after a stroke in November 1989, he did not contest elections in December, and was succeeded as president on the 12th of December by his ally, Bernard Dowiyogo.
Kenas Aroi died in January 1991. According to Australian rumour, Aroi DeRoburts is his biological son, but this is not proven. His widow, Millicent Aroi, is Nauru's High Commissioner to Fiji, and is a composer.
wn.com/Kenas_Aroi -
Kevin Peter Hall
Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 – April 10, 1991) was an American actor known for his roles in Misfits of Science, Prophecy, Without Warning, and Harry and the Hendersons. He was also best known as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise.
Hall was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents were of above-average stature; his father, Charles Hall, was 6' 6", and his mother, Sylvia Hall, was 6' 2". At 7' 2" tall, he was the tallest of seven brothers, all over 6' 5". During his high school years at Penn Hills High School, he excelled at basketball and earned a scholarship to George Washington University in Washington, D.C.. In college, Hall continued to play basketball and majored in Theatrical Arts. After graduation, Hall moved to Venezuela to play basketball.
Hall made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film Prophecy. Due to his tall stature, he was often cast in monster roles. He appeared as "the alien" in the 1980 horror film Without Warning and as "Gorvil" in the 1982 television movie Mazes and Monsters. In 1985, he co-starred in the short-lived series Misfits of Science. He guest starred on the sitcom Night Court as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon (played by Richard Moll, who is 6'8"). The next year, Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film Monster in the Closet, followed by the role of "Harry" in Harry and the Hendersons.
wn.com/Kevin_Peter_Hall -
Key (singer)
Kim Kibum (Hangul: 김기범; Hanja: 金基范; born September 23, 1991), better known by his stage name Key (Hangul: 키), is a South Korean idol singer, rapper, dancer, actor, and promotional model. He is a member of South Korean boy group Shinee under the label of SM Entertainment, as a vocalist, lead dancer, and lead rapper.
Key was a varsity water-skier in Dae Gu Yeong Shin Middle School. Key also appeared in Super Junior's Wonder Boy music video as an extra dancer. Key is also known for his multilingual talents since he spent six weeks on an exchange in America.
Key was discovered at the 2005 S.M. National Tour Audition Casting. In 2008, he was chosen as a member of the group Shinee, the 5-member boy group debuted on May 25, 2008 on SBS's Inkigayo.
Key featured in label-mate Xiah's solo performance of "Xiahtic" in TVXQ's concert, 2009: The 3rd Asia Tour Mirotic, in Seoul. In 2010 Key was featured in the song "치유 (Healing)" on TRAX's mini album "Trax Mini Album Volume 1".
Later, it was also announced that Key would have a part in Girls' Generation's song "Hwaseongin Virus (Boys & Girls)" (Korean: "화성인 바이러스 (Boys & Girls)") on their second studio album Oh!. Key featured in Girls' Generation's first live album The 1st Asia Tour: Into The New World Album in the song "Barbie Girl" with Girls' Generation's Jessica Jung. Key also featured in Im Yoona's solo performance in Girls' Generation 1st Asia Tour: Into the New World in Shanghai with the song "If You Find A Cool Guy, Please Introduce Me."
wn.com/Key_(singer) -
Keye Luke
Keye Luke (Chinese: 陸錫麟, Cantonese: Luk Sek Lam, Pinyin: Lù Xīlín; June 18, 1904 – January 12, 1991) was a Chinese-born American actor. He was best known for playing Lee Chan, the "Number One Son" in the Charlie Chan films, the original Kato in the 1939-1941 Green Hornet film serials, and Master Po in the television series, Kung Fu. He was the first Chinese-American contract player signed with RKO, Universal, and MGM and was one of the most prominent Asian actors of American cinema in the mid-twentieth century.
Luke was born in Guangzhou, China to a father who owned an art shop, but grew up in Seattle. He was part of the Luke family, a relative of Wing Luke, namesake of Seattle's Wing Luke Asian Museum. He had four siblings who all migrated to California during the Depression. His younger brother Edwin Luke also became an actor in the Charlie Chan series. Luke became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1944—in a moment fictionally recreated in Lisa See's novel Shanghai Girls.
Before becoming an actor he was a local artist in Seattle and, later, Hollywood, working on several of the murals inside Grauman's Chinese Theater. He did some of the original artwork for the 1933 King Kong pressbook. Luke also painted the casino's mural in The Shanghai Gesture. He published a limited edition set of pen and ink drawings of The Rubiyat of Omar Khayyam in the 1950s. Other art done by Luke included the dust jackets for books published in the 1950s and 1960s. It was through his studio art work that he was recruited for his first movie roles.
wn.com/Keye_Luke -
Kie Kitano
Kie Kitano (北乃 きい, Kitano Kii?, born March 15, 1991 in Kanagawa Prefecture) is a singer, gravure idol and an actress in Japan. She is signed with the Foster agency. Kitano is a former member of the celebrity girls futsal team Miss Magazine. In 2005, Kitano won a Miss Magazine Award, becoming the youngest (age 14) to receive that award. In 2007, Kitano was chosen for the first time star in the drama Life. To properly portray her character, Kitano saved up and bought every volume of the manga on which the drama is based. With Kofuku no Shokutaku, she has won 31st Japan Academy Award in the New Actor category. In February 2008, she has also won the 29th Yokohama Film Festival with the same film. After acting in Life and Kofuku no Shokutaku, she was chosen to appear in the promotional video for the single released on October 10, 2007 by Little. Between December 2007 and January 2008, she was chosen as the third cheering manager for Japan's High School Soccer Tournament, following Maki Horikita and Yui Aragaki.
wn.com/Kie_Kitano -
Kirsten Olson
Kirsten Olson (born 20 October 1991) is an American figure skater and actress. As an actress, Olson played the role of Nikki Fletcher, the 'Jumping Shrimp,' in the Disney movie Ice Princess (2005). As a figure skater, Olson placed fifth on the novice level at the 2005 United States Figure Skating Championships and came in ninth at the junior level at the 2007 Nationals. She represents the Starlight Ice Dance Club in the Twin Cities, Minnesota and is coached by Page Lipe. Though she no longer skates competitively, Olson has been coaching for the last few years. Olson graduated from Burnsville High School in 2010 and currently goes to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse.
wn.com/Kirsten_Olson -
Klaus Barbie
Nikolaus 'Klaus' Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (rank approximately equivalent to army captain), Gestapo member and war criminal. He was known as the Butcher of Lyon.
Klaus Barbie was born in Godesberg, later renamed Bad Godesberg, which is today part of Bonn. The Barbie family came from Merzig, in the Saar near the French border. His patrilineal ancestors were likely a French Catholic family named Barbier who had left France at the time of the French Revolution.[citation needed]
In 1914, his father Nickolaus Barbie was drafted to fight in World War I. He returned an angry, bitter man. Wounded in the neck at Verdun and captured by the French, whom he hated, he never recovered his health. He became an alcoholic and abused his children. He was later diagnosed with cancer of blood, spine and prostate.
Until 1923 when he was 10, Klaus, a shy and quiet youth, went to the local school where his father taught. Afterward, he attended a boarding school in Trier and was relieved to be away from his abusive father. In 1925, the entire Barbie family moved to Trier.
wn.com/Klaus_Barbie -
Klaus Kinski
Klaus Kinski (born Klaus Günter Karl Nakszynski 18 October 1926 – 23 November 1991) was a German actor. He appeared in more than 130 films, and is perhaps best-remembered as a leading role actor in the films of Werner Herzog, including: Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979), Woyzeck (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982) and Cobra Verde (1987).
Klaus Kinski was born in Zoppot, in the Free City of Danzig (now Sopot, Poland). He was the son of a German father of Polish descent, Bruno Nakszynski, a pharmacist and a failed opera singer, and a German mother Susanne (née Lutze), a nurse and a daughter of a local pastor. He had three older siblings: Inge, Arne and Hans-Joachim. Because of the Great Depression, the family was unable to make a living in Danzig and was forced to move to Berlin in 1931. They settled in a flat in the Wartburgstraße 3, in the district of Schöneberg, and took German citizenship. From 1936 on, Kinski attended the Prinz-Heinrich-Gymnasium in Schöneberg.
Kinski was conscripted into the German Wehrmacht sometime in 1943, serving in the army. He saw no action until the winter of 1944, when his unit was transferred to the Netherlands. His obituary in Variety Magazine states that there he was wounded and captured by the British on the second day of combat, but Kinski's autobiography claims he made a conscious decision to desert. He further claims that after being captured by the Germans, court-martialed as a deserter and sentenced to death, Kinski subsequently escaped, hid in the woods and finally surrendered to a British patrol which first had wounded him on the arm.
wn.com/Klaus_Kinski -
Kyle Massey
Kyle Massey (born August 28, 1991), is an American actor, dancer, singer, comedian and rapper from Atlanta, Georgia. He is perhaps best known for starring in the Disney Channel sitcoms That's So Raven and its spin-off Cory in the House, in which he played Cory Baxter. Massey is also well known for starring in the Disney Channel Original Movie Life Is Ruff. Massey is the brother of Zoey 101 star Christopher Massey. As a rapper, Massey has released several songs for Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records including "Underdog Raps". He is currently the voice of Milo in the Disney animated series Fish Hooks and also finished second place in ABC's Dancing with the Stars with his partner Lacey Schwimmer. (Note: Kyle Massey may also refer to the Mississippi born scholar and educator of the same name.)
Massey was in the hit Disney sitcom That's So Raven and its spin-off Cory in the House, where he starred as Cory Baxter, Raven Baxter's stubborn younger brother who was constantly in love with money and at odds with her. "Cory in the House" was the spin-off of "That's So Raven" but was cancelled after its second season. Massey also starred in the 2005 Disney Channel Original Movie Life Is Ruff. Massey has a new show on Disney Channel called Fish Hooks where he plays "Milo" the daredevil fish. He also plays a recurring role on PBS's "Electric Company" as P.J. Watson, Keith's cousin. He was also on the season 11 of Dancing with the Stars.
wn.com/Kyle_Massey -
Lacey Baker
Lacey Baker (born November 24, 1991) is a professional skateboarder from Covina, California who focuses primarily on street tricks.
Lacey Baker is a part of a small group of professional female skaters. She began skateboarding at the age of 5, but she only started focusing on it at the age of 11. Baker lists her proudest moment as the first time she landed a kickflip. Baker is said to be one of the best female skaters in the world.[citation needed]
In the March 2007 edition of The Skateboard Mag, Baker is featured in 2 photo sequences showing her perform a 360 flip and a hardflip down 8 stairs. This was part of the magazine's article "Killer Kids."
In 2006, Baker placed first in street competitions at both the Canadian Open in Toronto and the Slam City Jam in Calgary.
Now she's sponsored by Billabong Billabong (clothing), Element Element Skateboards, Independent Independent Truck Company, Utility Board Shop, Es (flow) ÉS Footwear and Bones (flow) Bones Bearings.
Daughter of guitarist Marshall Rohner (The Cruzados, T.S.O.L., Dino's Revenge).
wn.com/Lacey_Baker -
Larry Kert
Larry Kert (December 5, 1930 - June 5, 1991) was an American actor, singer, and dancer. He is best known for creating the role of Tony in the original Broadway version of West Side Story.
Born as Frederick Lawrence Kert in Los Angeles, California, Kert graduated from Hollywood High School. His first professional credit was as a member of a theatrical troupe called the "Bill Norvas and the Upstarts" in the 1950 Broadway revue Tickets, Please!. After a seven-month run, he worked sporadically in Off-Broadway and ballet productions as a dancer until 1957, when he was cast in West Side Story.
In 1955, while dancing in the chorus in the Sammy Davis, Jr. show Mr. Wonderful, Kert was recommended by his fellow dancer and friend Chita Rivera, who eventually won the role of Anita in West Side Story,, to audition as a dancer for Gangway during the earliest Broadway pre-production of the Arthur Laurents-Leonard Bernstein-Stephen Sondheim musical later titled West Side Story, an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet set on the west side of mid-town Manhattan in the 1950s. Years later while singing at the White House, Kert remembered he was the 18th out of 150 hopefuls to audition, but he was the first one to be cut. A few months later, while he was working for Esquire in an advertising show, Stephen Sondheim approached him after seeing him perform and set up an audition for the part of Tony. Kert was reluctant to accept the offer, but a few weeks later, he was informed that he had the role.
wn.com/Larry_Kert -
Lazar Kaganovich
Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; 22 November [O.S. 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. At his death in 1991 he was the last surviving Old Bolshevik, almost outliving the existence of the Soviet Union itself.
Kaganovich was born in 1893 to Jewish parents in the village of Kabany, Radomyshl uyezd, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now named Dibrova, Poliske Raion, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine). Early in his political career, in 1915, Kaganovich became a Communist organizer for a shoe factory where he worked.
In 1911, he enlisted with the Bolshevik party (his older brother Mikhail Kaganovich was already a member). Later in 1915, Kaganovich was arrested and sent back to Kabany. During March–April 1917, he was the Chairman of the Tanners Union and the vice-chairman of the Yuzovka Soviet. In May 1917, he became the leader of the military organization of Bolsheviks in Saratov, and in August 1917, he became the leader of the Polessky Committee of the Bolshevik party in Belarus. During the October Revolution, he was the leader of the revolt in Homel.
wn.com/Lazar_Kaganovich -
Lee Atwater
Harvey LeRoy "Lee" Atwater ((1951-02-27)February 27, 1951 – March 29, 1991(1991-03-29)) was an American political consultant and strategist to the Republican Party. He was an advisor of U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush and Chairman of the Republican National Committee.
Atwater was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Harvey Dillard, an insurance adjustor, and Alma "Toddy" Page Atwater. He had two siblings, Ann, and Joe. He grew up in Aiken, South Carolina where his childhood was marred with tragedy when his three-year-old brother, Joe, was scalded to death when he pulled a deep fryer full of hot oil on himself.
In 1970, Atwater graduated from Newberry College, a small private Lutheran institution in Newberry, South Carolina where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. While attending Newberry, Atwater served as Governor of the South Carolina Student Legislature. Atwater earned a Master of Arts in communications from the University of South Carolina in 1977. Atwater married his wife, Sally Dunbar, in 1978 and together they had three children, Sara Lee, Ashley Page, and Sally Theodosia.
wn.com/Lee_Atwater -
Lena Meyer-Landrut
Lena Meyer-Landrut (born 23 May 1991), known professionally as Lena, is a German singer-songwriter. She represented Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo, Norway, and won the contest with the song "Satellite". With her three entries from the German national final Unser Star für Oslo (Our Star for Oslo), Meyer-Landrut set an all-time chart record in her home country by debuting with three songs in the top five of the German singles chart. Both "Satellite" and her first album My Cassette Player debuted at number one in Germany, while the former has been certified double Platinum since, the album has been certified five times Gold for sales of over 500,000 units. Meyer-Landrut represented Germany, for the second consecutive time, in the Eurovision Song Contest at Düsseldorf in 2011 with the song "Taken by a Stranger".
Lena Meyer-Landrut was born in Hanover, Germany. She is the granddaughter of Andreas Meyer-Landrut, the Estonian-born West German ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow from 1980 to 1983 and 1987 to 1989. She grew up as an only child, and started taking dancing lessons at the age of five; initially doing ballet and later practising various modern styles, including hip-hop and jazz dance. Meyer-Landrut grew fond of singing and appeared as an extra in a number of German television series; however she never received any formal acting or vocal training. In June 2010 she graduated from IGS Roderbruch Hannover, a comprehensive school, receiving her Abitur diploma.
wn.com/Lena_Meyer-Landrut -
Leo Fender
Clarence Leonidas "Leo" Fender (August 10, 1909 – March 21, 1991) was an American inventor who founded Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, or "Fender" for short. He left the company in the late 1960s, and later founded two other musical instrument companies, MusicMan and G&L Musical Instruments.
The guitars, bass guitars, and amplifiers he designed from the 1940s on are still relevant: the Fender Telecaster (1950) was the first mass-produced electric guitar; the Fender Stratocaster (1954) is among the world's most iconic electric guitars; the Fender Precision Bass (1951) set the standard for electric bass guitars; and the Fender Bassman amplifier, popular enough in its own right, became the basis for later amplifiers (notably by Marshall and Mesa Boogie) that dominated rock and roll music.
Clarence Leonidas Fender ("Leo") was born on August 10, 1909, to Clarence Monte Fender and Harriet Elvira Wood, owners of a successful orange grove located between Anaheim and Fullerton, California.
wn.com/Leo_Fender -
Leopold Nowak
Leopold Nowak (17 August 1904 – May 27, 1991) was a musicologist chiefly known for editing the works by Anton Bruckner for the International Bruckner Society. He reconstructed the original form of some of those works, most of which had been revised and edited many times.
Nowak was born in Vienna, Austria. He studied piano and organ at the Imperial Academy of Music in Vienna. He studied musicology with Guido Adler and Robert Lach at the Vienna University, where he later taught from 1932 to 1973.
He succeeded Robert Haas as music director of the music collection of the Austrian National Library in 1946, and is credited with helping preserve documents about Bruckner.
Nowak's approach to editing Bruckner's music was much more scientific than Haas's. Whereas Haas for instance combined bits from the 1887 and 1890 versions of Bruckner's Symphony No. 8 in C minor to make his edition of the work, Nowak put out two separate editions for the two versions. Nowak also wrote essays examining theoretical aspects of the music of Bruckner and others, such as an essay on the metrical and rhythmical aspects of the symphonies of Beethoven and Bruckner.
wn.com/Leopold_Nowak -
Leslie Mahaffy
Leslie Erin Mahaffy (July 5, 1976 – June 16, 1991) was a teenaged female student, resident of Burlington, Ontario, Canada, who was murdered by serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Mahaffy's kidnapping was one in a series of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, including Kristen French, also a victim of Bernardo and Homolka. Prior to killing Mahaffy in 1991 and French in 1992, the pair had raped and killed Homolka's teenaged sister Tammy in 1990. The disappearances, arrests, and convictions were widely covered in Canadian media, becoming one of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history.
Leslie Erin Mahaffy was born July 5, 1976, to Debbie Smith Mahaffy and Robert "Dan" Mahaffy. Her brother Ryan was born some years later. Her father was an oceanographer for the Canadian federal Fisheries and Oceans department, and sometimes would be on assignments away from home for weeks at a time. Her mother was a teacher.
Though she had been close to her family, when she turned fourteen, Mahaffy began to rebel and run away from home. However, she always phoned home during her absences. When she missed the funeral of a friend the day after she missed a Friday night curfew (her mother locked her out of the house and she was picked up by Bernardo while she was sitting outside her home), her mother became gravely concerned and contacted the police. When Mahaffy failed to phone home on her own birthday about two weeks later, her family was certain that she had not called them because she could not.
wn.com/Leslie_Mahaffy -
Lino Brocka
Catalino Ortiz Brocka (April 3, 1939–May 21, 1991) is known as one of the greatest film directors of the Philippines. Brocka was openly gay and many of his films incorporated LGBT themes into their often dramatic storylines.
Brocka was born in Pilar, Sorsogon. He directed his first film, Wanted: Perfect Mother, based on The Sound of Music and a local comic serial, in 1970. It won an award for best screenplay at the 1970 Manila Film Festival. Later that year he also won the Citizen’s Council for Mass Media's best-director award for the film Santiago!.
In 1974 Brocka directed Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (Weighed But Found Wanting), which told the story of a teenager growing up in a small town amid its petty and gross injustices. It was a box-office hit, and earned Brocka another best-director award, this time from the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS).
The following year he directed Maynila: Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (The Claws of Light), which is considered by many critics to be the greatest Philippine film ever made - including British film critic and historian Derek Malcolm [1]. The film tells the allegorical tale of a young provincial named Julio Madiaga who goes to Manila looking for his lost love, Ligaya Paraiso. The episodic plot has him careering from one adventure to another until he finally finds Ligaya. Much of the film's greatness can be traced to the excellent cinematography by Mike de Leon, who would become a great Filipino filmmaker himself.
wn.com/Lino_Brocka -
Linus Torvalds
Linus Benedict Torvalds (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈliːn.ɵs ˈtuːr.valds] ( listen); born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish Americansoftware engineer and hacker, best known for having initiated the development of the open source Linux kernel. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project's coordinator. He also created the revision control system Git. He was honored (shared with Dr Shinya Yamanaka) with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel".
Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland. He is the son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds, and the grandson of poet Ole Torvalds. Both of his parents were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki in the 1960s. His family belongs to the Swedish-speaking minority (5.5% of Finland's population). Torvalds was named after Linus Pauling, the American Nobel Prize-winning chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution, Torvalds is quoted as saying, "I think I was named equally for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character", noting that this makes him half "Nobel-prize-winning chemist" and half "blanket-carrying cartoon character".
wn.com/Linus_Torvalds -
Louis Guglielmi
Louis Guglielmi (3 April 1916 – 4 April 1991) was a Catalan musician of Italian extraction who wrote under the nom de plume Louiguy. He wrote the melody for Édith Piaf's lyrics of "La Vie en Rose" and the Latin jazz composition made famous in English as "Cherry Pink (and Apple Blossom White)", which was recast as a resounding mambo hit for Pérez Prado.
Guglielmi was born in Barcelona. He created almost three dozen film scores, beginning in 1946 with La Rose de la mer and including Mourir d'aimer (1970; in English To Die of Love). Among the last was the score for Jean Gabin's final gangster flick, Verdict (1974). He died at Vence.
wn.com/Louis_Guglielmi -
Luigi Zampa
Luigi Zampa (Rome, January 2, 1905 – Rome, August 16, 1991) was an Italian film-maker.
Son of a worker, Zampa studied film making from 1932 to 1937 at the Italian film school Centro sperimentale di cinematografia in Rome.
He directed several Italian neorealism films in the 1940s. In 1949 he filmed in UK the British film Children of Chance, which he remade in Italian the following year as Campane a martello.
During the 1950s and 1960s he became a director of several successful films belonging to the Commedia all'italiana genre, some starring Alberto Sordi.
one of the few Italian directors who wanted to make us laugh of fascism, in a time when doing something like this was a risky venture. Luigi Zampa was so: argumentative, and very good-natured satire. And his way of doing this was reflected in his way of filmmaking, inspired by stories uncommon to mock particular mindset and particular social customs, stripping them of their falsity and showing us what they really were: opportunism, arrogance and deception that were paradoxically , according to Zampa, also the only means to survive.
wn.com/Luigi_Zampa -
Luke Appling
Lucius Benjamin Appling (April 2, 1907 – January 3, 1991) was an American shortstop in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Chicago White Sox (1930–1950). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964.
Appling was born in High Point, North Carolina. He attended Oglethorpe College, but left during his sophomore year when he was signed by the Southern League Atlanta Crackers in 1930. He was a good hitter in his first year, but committed 42 errors in 104 games. The Chicago Cubs showed some interest at first, but decided not to sign him, and the White Sox ended up purchasing him from the Crackers for $20,000. He seemed a poor pickup initially, as his hitting fell off and his fielding failed to improve, but in 1933 he stopped trying to be a power hitter and had his first of nine straight .300 seasons. He interrupted his career to serve in World War II in 1944 and 1945.
Appling was a good leadoff hitter who topped the .400 mark in OBP eight times (1935–1937, 1939–1940, 1943, 1948–1949) and drew over 100 walks three times (1935, 1939, 1949), though he often batted third due to a lack of offensive talent on the White Sox. Indeed, this lack of talent insured that Appling never had a chance to play in a World Series. His best season was 1936, when he batted .388, knocked in 124 runs (his only 100-RBI season), scored 111 times, recorded 204 hits, and had a team-record 27-game hitting streak. His .388 average was good for the first batting title ever won by a shortstop (in the American League) and was the highest batting average recorded by a shortstop in the 20th century. Appling won another batting title in 1943 with a .328 average and also led the league in OBP that year (.419). Appling was selected to seven All-Star teams (1936, 1939–1941, 1943, 1946–47).
wn.com/Luke_Appling -
Madison Burge
Madison Burge (born Dora Madison Burge on October 17, 1991) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of the character Becky Sproles on the television series Friday Night Lights.
Burge was born in Hutto, Texas and attended Round Rock Christian Academy and was accepted to the University of North Texas but delayed her admission to pursue a career in acting.
After appearing in a number of short films, in 2009, Burge was cast in the television series Friday Night Lights. According to a local interview, prior to being cast, she did not watch the series, but her lack of familiarity with the show did not limit her abilities when auditioning for the part as she was "so right on" for the role.
In 2011, Burge appeared in the film Seven Days in Utopia. starring Academy Award winners Robert Duvall and Melissa Leo. She also appeared as Lexi Samuels in three episodes of the ABC Family series The Lying Game .
Also in 2011, Burge appeared in the dark comedy/horror film "Humans vs Zombies", based on the "Live Action Role-Playing" game of the same name.
wn.com/Madison_Burge -
Madylin Sweeten
Madylin Anne Michele Sweeten (born June 27, 1991) is an American actress.
Sweeten was born in Brownwood, Texas, to Timothy Lynn Sweeten and Elizabeth Anne Millsap. She is perhaps best known for playing the role of Ally Barone on the CBS television sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond from 1996–2005. Her younger twin brothers Sullivan and Sawyer played her twin brothers Geoffrey and Michael Barone on the sitcom. She also has a younger sister, Maysa Sweeten.
Sweeten began her acting career by attending the Kay Scott School of Performing Arts in San Saba, Texas, at age 3. While attending Kay Scott, Sweeten, at age four, was cast in the television movie A Promise to Carolyn. From there, she went on to book several commercials in Dallas. Madylin also captured the title of World's Universal Beauty a title that is part of the oldest children's scholarship competition called "Our Little Miss". Later that year, she auditioned for several television pilot roles in Los Angeles and was discovered by producers of Everybody Loves Raymond. Sweeten played Ally Barone, the eldest child and only daughter of Raymond and Debra Barone for 9 seasons, starting in 1996, until the show's end in 2005.
wn.com/Madylin_Sweeten -
Maestro Harrell
Maestro Harrell (born July 29, 1991) is an American actor who starred on the HBO original series The Wire as Randy Wagstaff. He was also on the NBC drama ER on April 26, 2007.
Harrell was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 2005, Maestro performed at the grand opening ceremony for Disneyland in Hong Kong. He signed a recording deal with So So Def/Island Def Jam with hip-hop producer Jermaine Dupri.
Maestro made his motion picture film debut in the movie Ali, which was directed by Michael Mann. He portrayed the young Muhammad Ali, and the all-star cast included Will Smith, Jamie Foxx and Jon Voight. He also was in Barbershop which featured Cedric the Entertainer, Ice Cube and Eve. Maestro also had a small role in the film The Promotion.
His voice is featured on the Twilight Zone episodes CD, along with Blair Underwood. Maestro starred in ABC's production of the PGA Tour Western Open with Tiger Woods and other pro-golfers.
He started singing and dancing at age two. Since then, his many accomplishments include: performing several times on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Maury Povich -Most Talented Kids Show and other television shows; serving as the spokesperson for Western Union's Study Buddy Reading Program which enabled him to travel around the United States performing at schools and delivering motivational speeches to encourage students to read, as well as singing numerous jingles. He is a member of SAG, AFTRA and EQUITY unions. In addition to his lead role in Sony TriStar's Guys Like Us, Maestro has appeared in several television commercials.
wn.com/Maestro_Harrell -
Magic Johnson
Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is a retired American professional basketball player who played point guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). After winning championships in high school and college, Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA Draft by the Lakers. He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season, and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s. Johnson retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had contracted HIV, but returned to play in the 1992 All-Star Game, winning the All-Star MVP Award. After protests from his fellow players, he retired again for four years, but returned in 1996, at age 36, to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time.
Johnson's career achievements include three NBA MVP Awards, nine NBA Finals appearances, twelve All-Star games, and ten All-NBA First and Second Team nominations. He led the league in regular-season assists four times, and is the NBA's all-time leader in average assists per game, at 11.2. Johnson was a member of the "Dream Team", the U.S. basketball team that won the Olympic gold medal in 1992.
wn.com/Magic_Johnson -
Malese Jow
Malese Jow (born February 18, 1991) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She is best known for playing Geena Fabiano, a girl interested in fashion and designing her own clothes on the Nickelodeon television teen sitcom Unfabulous, and Anna, a teenage vampire on The CW television teen drama The Vampire Diaries.
Born as Elizabeth Melise Jow in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Jow moved to California with her mother and siblings when she was 9 years old. Jow is half Chinese American and part Cherokee. She has a younger sister and two younger brothers.
When she was 6, Jow appeared on Barney and Dellaventura, but her acting career took off when she landed the role of Geena Fabiano in the Nickelodeon television series Unfabulous alongside Emma Roberts. Geena was Addie Singer's diva best friend, obsessed with fashion and designing her own clothes. The teen sitcom lasted three seasons and earned Jow several Young Artist Award nominations.
Since Unfabulous ended in 2007, Jow has appeared in Bratz:The Movie as Quinn and has guest starred on Wizards of Waverly Place, portraying the role of famous actress, Ruby Donahue. In 2008 she guest starred on The Young and the Restless as Hannah, and in 2009 she portrayed "Look-alike Carly" on iCarly, another series on Nickelodeon. That same year she acted in The Secret Life of the American Teenager as Gail and Disney show Hannah Montana as Rachel. She also made a cameo in the 2009 movie Aliens in the Attic.
wn.com/Malese_Jow -
Manolo Gómez Bur
Manolo Gómez Bur (21 April 1917 – 30 May 1991) was a Spanish film actor. He appeared in over 90 films between 1943 and 1983.
He was born in Madrid, Spain and died in Andalucía, Spain.
wn.com/Manolo_Gómez_Bur -
Marcel Lefebvre
Marcel François Marie Joseph Lefebvre (29 November 1905 – 25 March 1991) was a French Roman Catholic archbishop. Following a career as an Apostolic Delegate for West Africa and Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, he took the lead in opposing the changes within the Church associated with the Second Vatican Council.
In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX). In 1988, against the express prohibition of Pope John Paul II, he consecrated four bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. The Holy See immediately declared that he and the other bishops who had participated in the ceremony had incurred automatic excommunication under Catholic canon law.
Marcel Lefebvre was born in Tourcoing, Nord,. He was the second son and third child of eight children of textile factory-owner René Lefebvre and Gabrielle, born Watine, who died in 1938. Marcel's father René died at age 62 in 1944 in the German concentration camp at Sonnenburg (in East Brandenburg, Germany), where he had been imprisoned by the Gestapo because of his work for the French Resistance and British Intelligence.
wn.com/Marcel_Lefebvre -
Mariana Espósito
Mariana Espósito (born October 10, 1991, in Buenos Aires), also known as "Lali Espósito", is an argentine actress, singer, dancer and model. She came to international prominence with her work with Cris Morena and Cris Morena Group. Espósito claimed her status of child star in television series Rincón de Luz, Floricienta and Chiquititas Sin Fin, and reached a wider audience as Marianella "Mar" Rinaldi in series Casi Ángeles and musical group Teen Angels.
Espósito debuted in television show "Caramelito y vos" in 1998, when she has age 6 years old. In 2003, Espósito made her acting debut in Rincón de Luz, a successful children's television series created and produced by Cris Morena. She portrayed one of the main supporting roles of Malena "Coco" Carbera. A year later, she was cast in another auccessful teenage series by Cris Morena, Floricienta, interpreting the role of Roberta. In 2005, Espósito reprised her role of Roberta in a theater adaptation of Floricienta. She then portrayed Augustina Ross in Chiquititas Sin Fin, a 2006 spin–off of the original famous series Chiquititas.
wn.com/Mariana_Espósito -
Mario Scelba
Mario Scelba (September 5, 1901 – October 29, 1991) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as the 34th Prime Minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. He was also President of the European Parliament from 1969 to 1971.
Scelba was born in Caltagirone, Sicily, the son of a poor sharecropper on land owned by the priest Don Luigi Sturzo, one of the founders of the Italian People's Party (Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI). He studied law and graduated at the University of Rome.
Scelba was Sturzo's godchild and protégé. Sturzo paid for his law studies in Rome and employed him as his private secretary. When the Fascists suppressed the PPI and forced Sturzo into exile (in Brooklyn, part of the time), Scelba remained in Rome as his agent. He wrote for the underground paper Il Popolo during World War II. Arrested by the Germans, he was released within three days as a worthless catch.
On the day of Rome's liberation by the Allied forces, he joined the new five-man national directorate of the Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana, DC). The Christian Democrats started organising post-Fascist Italy in competition with, but also for a time in coalition with, the parties of the centre and left. In 1945, Scelba won a seat in the post-war Italian Constituent Assembly and entered Ferruccio Parri's anti-fascist government as Minister of Post and Telecommunications, a post he retained in the two successive governments of Alcide de Gasperi.
wn.com/Mario_Scelba -
Marlon Teixeira
Marlon Teixeira (born September 16, 1991) is a Brazilian model from Santa Catarina.
Marlon started his career when his grandmother introduced him to Anderson, owner of Way Model Management and friend of the family.
He has walked for numerous shows including Emporio Armani, Dolce & Gabanna, DSquared, Roberto Cavalli, Jean Paul Gaultier and many more and opened for shows such as Emporio Armani and Dior Homme.Marlon has also appeared on several magazine covers L’Officiel Hommes,Essential Homme,Fiasco,Made in Brazil,Client, Hercules.Alongside this he has appeared in high fashion editorials for GQ,Vogue Espana, V (American magazine) , Elle, W magazine with Ginnifer Goodwinand Vanity Fair with Shakira.
More impressive is the number of campaigns the he has shot in just over 2 years. These include campaign for some of the most popular fashion brands such us Armani Jeans, Custo Barcelona, Dior Homme, Sergio K, Diesel Underwear, American Eagle, Iceberg, Armani Exchange, Ermanno Scervino,Emporio Armani, Iceberg, and Antony Morato.
wn.com/Marlon_Teixeira -
Martha Graham
Martha Graham (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991) was an American modern dancer and choreographer whose influence on dance has been compared with the influence Picasso had on modern visual arts,Stravinsky had on music, or Frank Lloyd Wright had on architecture.
She danced and choreographed for over seventy years. Graham was the first dancer ever to perform at the White House, travel abroad as a cultural ambassador, and receive the highest civilian award of the USA: the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In her lifetime she received honors ranging from the Key to the City of Paris to Japan's Imperial Order of the Precious Crown. She said, "I have spent all my life with dance and being a dancer. It's permitting life to use you in a very intense way. Sometimes it is not pleasant. Sometimes it is fearful. But nevertheless it is inevitable."[citation needed]
Graham was born in Allegheny City, which today is part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1894. Her father George Graham was what in the Victorian era was known as an "alienist", a practitioner of an early form of psychiatry. The Grahams were strict Presbyterians. Dr. Graham was a third generation American of Irish descent and her mother Jane Beers was a tenth generation descendant of Puritan Miles Standish.
wn.com/Martha_Graham -
Martin Ennals
Martin Ennals (27 July 1927 – 5 October 1991) was a British human rights activist. Ennals served as the Secretary-General of Amnesty International from 1968 to 1980. He went on to help found the British human rights organisation ARTICLE 19, followed by International Alert in 1985.
During Ennals's tenure as Secretary General, Amnesty International was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the Erasmus Prize, and the UN Human Rights Award.
Born in 1927 in Walsall, Staffordshire to Arthur Ford Ennals and his wife Jessie Edith Taylor. Ennals was educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School and The London School of Economics, where he received a degree in international relations. Ennals worked for The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) from 1951 to 1959. In 1959, Ennals became a founding member of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and also become Secretary General of the National Council for Civil Liberties, a position that he held until 1966, when he become Information and Publications Officer of the Commission for Racial Equality.
wn.com/Martin_Ennals -
María Zambrano
María Zambrano Alarcón (April 22, 1904, Vélez-Málaga – February 6, 1991, Madrid) was a Spanish essayist and philosopher associated with the Generation of '36 movement.
Zambrano studied under and was influenced by José Ortega y Gasset and went on to teach Metaphysics at Madrid University from 1931 to 1936. Her involvement in the Spanish civil war caused her exile when Franco came to power.
After living in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Italy, France and Switzerland, Zambrano finally returned to Madrid, Spain in 1984.
Highly respected by her peers, she maintained contact with Italian intellectuals as well as her compatriots Rafael Alberti and Jorge Guillén.
A slow process of recognition of her work commenced in Spain in 1966 with the publication of J. L. Aranguren's article "Los sueños de María Zambrano" (María Zambrano's Dreams) in the important cultural and scientific Revista de Occidente, founded by Ortega y Gasset, a review to which leading contemporary philosophers such as Bertrand Russell and Edmund Husserl contributed.
wn.com/María_Zambrano -
Masahiro Usui
Masahiro Usui (碓井 将大, Usui Masahiro?, born December 3, 1991) is a Japanese actor and the second-youngest of the acting group D-BOYS, produced by Watanabe Entertainment.
Usui joined D-BOYS through the 4th D-BOYS open audition, held on May 28, 2007. Winner of the audition's Grand Prix, Usui was officially added to the group on December 30, 2007, after making his entertainment debut was on the TV Tokyo comedy series ChocoMimi.
Television
Film
wn.com/Masahiro_Usui -
Matt Bennett
Matthew H. "Matt" Bennett (born November 13, 1991) is an American actor, singer and screenwriter. He is best known for playing the role of Robbie Shapiro in the Nickelodeon sitcom Victorious and for starring in the Will Ferrell-produced film The Virginity Hit.
Matt Bennett grew up in Massapequa, New York and attended Massapequa High School. After appearing in numerous commercials, Bennett began his television career as Greg the Intern in the pilot episode of the Comedy Central sketch comedy series Michael & Michael Have Issues.
He starred in and co-wrote the short film Text Me in 2010.Text Me was voted Best Comedy at the Indie Short Film Competition and at the Third Screen Film Festival, and was a finalist at the IndieProducer Film Festival.
Bennett later starred in The Virginity Hit, released in October 2010. Described as a "documentary style comedy," Bennett stated in an interview that the film's "directors gave us cameras in our spare time, and he said do pranks, talk amongst yourselves, do things and film that. So we did, and most of the movie is what we filmed. So I feel like 20% is scripted but the rest is all real."
wn.com/Matt_Bennett -
Max Frisch
Max Rudolf Frisch (May 15, 1911 – April 4, 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist, regarded as highly representative of German-language literature after World War II. In his creative works Frisch paid particular attention to issues relating to problems of human identity, individuality, responsibility, morality and political commitment. His use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war publications. Frisch was a member of the Gruppe Olten. He was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1986.
Max Rudolf Frisch was born in 1911 in Zürich; the son of Franz Bruno Frisch (an architect) and Karolina Bettina Frisch (née Wildermuth). After studying at the Realgymnasium in Zurich, he enrolled at the University of Zurich in 1930, but had to abandon his studies in German literature owing to financial problems caused by the death of his father in 1932. Instead, he started working as a journalist and columnist for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), one of the major newspapers in Switzerland. With the NZZ he would entertain a lifelong ambivalent love-hate relationship, for his own views were in stark contrast to the conservative views promulgated by this newspaper. In 1933 he travelled through eastern and south-eastern Europe, and in 1935 he visited Germany for the first time.
wn.com/Max_Frisch -
Melanie Oudin
Melanie Oudin (born September 23, 1991 in Marietta, Georgia, United States) is an American tennis player and former world junior no. 2. Her current career ranking is world no. 269, as of May 28, 2012. She won the mixed doubles title at the US Open in 2011 with fellow American Jack Sock.
Oudin is of French descent and has a twin sister, Katherine, and a younger sister, Christina. She was home schooled from seventh grade on so that she could have more time for tennis practice, but admits envying her twin sister's experiences at a regular school. She says her idol is Justine Henin because "she proved you don't have to be tall to win things." Her grandmother inspired her and her sister to play tennis when she gave them racquets and lessons when they were young.
Oudin is a defensive counterpuncher. She uses her speed and footwork to get balls back from the other side of the court. Her best shot is her forehand which she can really hit with power. Her slice backhand is basically defensive but accurate. Good dropshots and clean volleys are useful assets in her game, as well.
wn.com/Melanie_Oudin -
Mia Carruthers
Mia Carruthers (born March 30, 1991) is a one of the main cast members of MTV's Taking the Stage. She is a singer/songwriter. Mia and her family moved from West Chester Township to Cincinnati so that Mia can enroll at the S.C.P.A. as a freshman, majoring in music. Since then she has performed at coffeehouses in the local area. She plays several instruments: the guitar, alto saxophone and the piano. Mia comes from a musical family. Her brother Alex plays guitar in her band, "Mia Carruthers and the Retros". Her singer-songwriter father recorded three albums with Jackbone, a Zanesville rock band. Mia recently released an EP album titled "We Will Grow" available on iTunes.
Taking the Stage 1
The reality series Taking the Stage has Mia as one of the main cast members. Despite having an affable disposition, Mia is shown having issues with many of her classmates. Her Calvinist approach towards life, her spurning Aaron Breadon's advances (as she only wants their relationship to be platonic), and, perhaps most importantly, her relentless romantic overtures towards Tyler Nelson (who was in a relationship with Jasmine during most of the show's duration), resulted in an elongated feud with Jasmine and some of her friends, after that happened Mia had no friends and everybody start calling her a boyfriend stealer, And she never knows who she loves a lot during this season, which served as one of the season's major ongoing plot lines.
wn.com/Mia_Carruthers -
Michael Landon
Michael Landon (October 31, 1936 – July 1, 1991) was an American actor, writer, director, and producer. He is widely known for his roles as Little Joe Cartwright in Bonanza (1959–1973), Charles Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie (1974–1983), and Jonathan Smith in Highway to Heaven (1984–1989). Landon appeared on the cover of TV Guide 22 times, second only to Lucille Ball (TV Guide, July 6, 1991).
Landon produced, wrote, and directed many of his series' episodes, including his shortest-lived production, Father Murphy, which starred his friend and "Little House" co-star Merlin Olsen. In 1981, Landon won recognition for his screenwriting with a Spur Award from the Western Writers of America. Although his youngest daughter Jennifer Landon and Bonanza co-star David Canary, have both won multiple Emmys, Michael Landon was never given the honor. In 1976, Landon wrote and directed an auto-biographical movie, The Loneliest Runner, which was nominated for two Emmys.
Michael Landon was born Eugene Maurice Orowitz in Forest Hills, a neighborhood of Queens, New York. Landon's father, Eli Maurice Orowitz, was an actor and movie theater manager, and his mother, Peggy (O'Neill), was a dancer and comedienne. Eugene was the Orowitz' second child; his sister, Evelyn, was born three years earlier. His father was a Jewish American actor and his mother was from an Irish Catholic family. In 1941, when Landon was four years old, he and his family moved to the Philadelphia suburb of Collingswood, New Jersey. He attended and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah at Temple Beth Shalom, a Conservative synagogue, in Haddon Heights, an area that did not allow Jews until after World War II. His family recalls that Landon "went through a lot of hassle studying for the big event, which included bicycling to a nearby town every day to learn how to read Hebrew and do the chanting." He later attended Collingswood High School.
wn.com/Michael_Landon -
Michel Aoun
Michel Naim Aoun (Arabic: ميشال عون) (born February 18, 1935) is a former Lebanese Army Commander and currently a Politician and leader of the Free Patriotic Movement.
From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, he has served as Prime Minister of the legal one of two rival governments that contended for power. He declared "The Liberation War" against the Syrian Occupation on the 14th of March 1989. On the 13th of October 1990, the Syrian forces, invaded Beirut killing hundreds of unarmed soldiers and civilians. General Aoun went to the French embassy to seek intermediation for a ceasefire after the Syrian forces bombed the presidential palace in Baabda, and later was allowed to travel to France. He returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops. In 2006, as head of the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), he signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah. He visited Syria in 2009. Aoun is currently a Member of Parliament. He leads the "Free Patriotic Movement" party which has 27 representatives and is the second biggest bloc in the parliament.
wn.com/Michel_Aoun -
Mike Tyson
Michael Gerard "Mike" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to individually unify them.
In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks in the first 91 seconds of the fight. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. Tyson lost his titles to 42-to-1 underdog James "Buster" Douglas on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan, by a knockout in round 10. Tyson continued in his quest to regain the titles, defeating Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991. Tyson was then scheduled to take on the undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield but pulled out due to injury.
wn.com/Mike_Tyson -
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, tr. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejəvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the Soviet Union, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist rule.
Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and soon became very active within it. In 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. Before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level.
wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev -
Miki Ishikawa
Miki Ishikawa (born July 29, 1991) is an American teen actress and singer. She was a part of the singing group T-Squad until they disbanded in 2008 and has had parts in TV and feature films.
Ishikawa, a Japanese American, was born in Denver, Colorado. She has been performing since the age of 6. In 2005, Miki landed a recurring role on the hit Nickelodeon TV show, Zoey 101, as Vicky. The same year, she booked her first feature film as one of the family members in the romantic comedy Yours, Mine and Ours starring Dennis Quaid and Rene Russo. She played Naoko North, the filmmaker of the North family as she used her camera to document the ups and downs of the family. She was also in a short film, 3 The Hard Way, filmed in August 2005. She played one of the three main characters, Madison. She has also been in a Disney clip called Movie Surfers for Disney from the years 2000–2003.
wn.com/Miki_Ishikawa -
Mildred Dunnock
Mildred Dunnock (January 25, 1901 – July 5, 1991) was an American theater, film and television actress.
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, and graduated from Western Senior High School, Dunnock was a school teacher who did not start acting until she was in her early thirties. She attended Goucher College where she was a member of Alpha Phi sorority.
After a couple of roles in Broadway productions, Dunnock won praise for her performance as a Welsh school teacher in The Corn is Green (1940). The 1945 film version marked her screen debut opposite Bette Davis.
During the 1940s Dunnock performed mostly on stage, in such dramas as Another Part of the Forest (1946) and Death of a Salesman (1949) and in the musical Lute Song (1946). She reprised her Salesman role in the 1951 film version. She originated the role of Big Mama in the Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, although she lost the movie role to Judith Anderson. Her films include The Trouble with Harry (1955), Love Me Tender (1956), Baby Doll (1956), Peyton Place (1957), The Nun's Story (1959), Butterfield 8 (1960), and Sweet Bird of Youth (1962).
wn.com/Mildred_Dunnock -
Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion.
Miles Dewey Davis was born on May 26, 1926, to an affluent African American family in Alton, Illinois. His father, Dr. Miles Henry Davis, was a dentist. In 1927 the family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. They also owned a substantial ranch in northern Arkansas, where Davis learned to ride horses as a boy.
Davis' mother, Cleota Mae (Henry) Davis, wanted her son to learn the piano; she was a capable blues pianist but kept this fact hidden from her son. His musical studies began at 13, when his father gave him a trumpet and arranged lessons with local musician Elwood Buchanan. Davis later suggested that his father's instrument choice was made largely to irk his wife, who disliked the trumpet's sound. Against the fashion of the time, Buchanan stressed the importance of playing without vibrato; he was reported to have slapped Davis' knuckles every time he started using heavy vibrato. Davis would carry his clear signature tone throughout his career. He once remarked on its importance to him, saying, "I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a round voice with not too much tremolo and not too much bass. Just right in the middle. If I can’t get that sound I can’t play anything."Clark Terry was another important early influence.[citation needed]
wn.com/Miles_Davis -
Minami Takahashi
Minami Takahashi (高橋 みなみ, Takahashi Minami?, born April 8, 1991 in Tokyo) is a member of the Japanese idol group AKB48. She is currently the captain of Team A as well as AKB48's de facto captain. She was described as the "eldest daughter of the 48 sisters (48人姉妹の長女?)" in the group by Yasushi Akimoto during an interview carried out by the Nippon Television network in June 2010. Minami is commonly part of the "Senbatsu" group of singers in the singles released by AKB48. She is also a member of the sub-group no3b, along with AKB48 members Haruna Kojima and Minami Minegishi.
In August 2005, Minami Takahashi become one of the 30th HoriPro Talent Contest's 15 final candidates, but she failed to win the competition's Grand-Prix prize. In October 2005, she participated in the first AKB48 audition and beat 7,924 other applicants to be chosen as one of the 24 founding members of the group. According to Tomonobu Togasaki, the manager of the AKB48 Theater, two factors that gave her an advantage over other applicants. These advantages were the fact that both her birthday (April 8) and her height (148 cm) includes the number "48" inside. She later made her stage debut on December 8, 2005.
wn.com/Minami_Takahashi -
Miori Takimoto
Miori Takimoto (born October 16, 1991) is a Japanese actress and a former musical performer. She is best known for being a member of the disbanded Japanese idol group SweetS.
Miori Takimoto began her professional career as a member of the former group SweetS, signed by avex. She was chosen from the avex trax 2002-2003 auditions, and the group debuted on August 27, 2003. During these years, she had side projects such as modelling for various magazines and acting in Waseda Academy commercials. Miori and her fellow ex-SweetS members parted ways on June 7, 2006. Upon departing from the music business, she decided to pursue a career in acting. She appeared in a music video for Himari in November 2007. Currently Miori is signed with Stardust and since then has appeared in the film Higanjima, Yui's "Never Say Die" music video, and various commercials.
wn.com/Miori_Takimoto -
Mitchel Musso
Mitchel Tate Musso (born July 9, 1991) is an American actor, singer-songwriter and musician. Musso is best known for his three Disney Channel roles as Oliver Oken in the Disney Channel sitcom, Hannah Montana, Jeremy Johnson in the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb and his role as King Brady in the Disney XD series Pair of Kings. He is also the host of Disney Channel's latest reality series, PrankStars.
In some of his other works, he provided his voice of DJ for the computer animated/motion capture film, Monster House and also starred as Raymond Figg in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Life Is Ruff, released in 2005. Musso's self-titled debut album was released on June 2, 2009 on Walt Disney Records. The album debuted at number 19 on the Billboard 200.
Musso was born in Garland, Texas, the son of Katherine (née Moore) and Samuel Musso, who were involved in community theater in Dallas, Texas. He has two siblings – Mason Musso, who sings lead vocals in the band Metro Station, and Marc Musso, an actor. He has a golden labrador named Stitch.
wn.com/Mitchel_Musso -
Mohammed Abdel Wahab
Mohammed Abdel Wahab (Arabic: محمد عبد الوهاب), also transliterated Mohammed Abd el-Wahaab (March 13, 1907 – May 4, 1991) was a prominent 20th-century Arab Egyptian singer and composer. He composed the "Ya Beladi" (also known as "Libya, Libya, Libya") the National anthem of Libya used by the Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1969 and again by the post-Gaddafi transitional government in 2011. He also composed the national anthem of Tunisia, "Humat al-Hima."
Born in Bab El-Shaariyah area of Cairo, Egypt (where his statue stands), Abdel Wahab played oud before the Prince of Poets, Ahmed Shawqi. Abdel Wahab acted in several movies. Mohammed Abdel Wahab was a very close friend to loved singer Abdel Halim Hafez.
Despite the fact that Abdel Wahab composed many songs and musical pieces of classical Arab music, he was always criticized for his orientation to Western music. In fact, he introduced Western rhythms to Arab songs in a way appropriate to the known forms of Arab songs. For example, in 1941, he introduced a waltz rhythm in his song "Al Gondol," and, in 1957, he introduced a rock and roll rhythm in Abdel Halim Hafez's song "Ya Albi Ya Khali".
wn.com/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab -
Mollee Gray
Mollee Gray (born May 15, 1991) is an American dancer, actress and singer from Utah. Her full name is Mollee Shon Gray and she's the daughter of Sean Gray and Thursday Martak. She was born in Salt Lake City on May 15, 1991, but lived most of her life in Orem, Utah. She now resides in North Hollywood.
She started dancing at age 3 at the Winner School in Salt Lake City. Most of her dance training was at The Dance Club, in Orem.
When she was 14 she auditioned for the Disney Channel Original Movie, High School Musical and ended up being a featured dancer. She then auditioned for High School Musical 2 and became a principal dancer. After that she danced in the MTV movie "The American Mall", starring The Vampire Diaries star Nina Dobrev. She's mostly seen in the number "Survivor". In 2008 she was a principal dancer in the feature film: High School Musical 3: Senior Year, where she can be seen in most scenes, as an extra or a dancer.
At age 18 she auditioned for the television show "So You Think You Can Dance" Season 6. She got her ticket to Vegas and made it all the way to the TOP 20. She made it to the semi-finals (TOP 8) but was voted off on December 9, 2009.
wn.com/Mollee_Gray -
Molly Geertsema
Molly Geertsema (18 October 1918 – 27 June 1991) was a Dutch politician. He was born in Utrecht, and died in Wassenaar.
wn.com/Molly_Geertsema -
Moussa Traoré
Moussa Traoré (born 25 September 1936) is a Malian soldier and politician. As a Lieutenant, he led the military ouster of President Modibo Keïta in 1968. Thereafter he served as Head of State (by various titles) from 1968–1979, and President of Mali from 1979 to 1991, when he was overthrown by popular protests and military coup. He was twice condemned to death in the 1990s, but eventually pardoned on both occasions and freed in 2002. He has since retired from political life.
Born in Kayes Region, he studied at Kita and at the military academy in Fréjus, France. He returned to Mali in 1960, after its 1959 independence. He became second lieutenant in 1961, and lieutenant in 1963. He went to Tanganyika (now Tanzania) as military instructor to its liberation movements. He then became instructor at the École militaire interarmes in Kati.
On 19 November 1968 he took part in the coup d'état which deposed President Modibo Keïta. He became president of the Comité militaire de libération nationale, which made him effective Head of State of the Republic of Mali. All political activity was banned. A police state was run by Captain Tiécoro Bagayoko. Informers monitored academics and teachers, mostly hostile to the military rule. The socialist economic policies of Modibo Keïta were partially dropped. In 1972-1973, a major drought hit Mali. International aid money was corruptly appropriated. In 1974, he issued a changed constitution for a Malian Second Republic, which was inaugurated in 1978, and was proported to move Mali toward civilian rule. However, the military leaders remained in power. In September 1976, a new political party was established, the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM), based on the concept of non-ideological democratic centralism. Single- party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979. Traoré, the only candidate for president, was elected with 99 percent of the vote.
wn.com/Moussa_Traoré -
Muhammad Ahmed
Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (Arabic:محمد أحمد المهدي) (August 12, 1844 – June 22, 1885) was a religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who, on June 29, 1881, proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith. His proclamation came during a period of widespread resentment among the Sudanese population of the oppressive policies of the Turco-Egyptian rulers, and capitalized on the messianic beliefs popular among the various Sudanese religious sects of the time. More broadly, the Mahdiyya, as Muhammad Ahmad's movement was called, was influenced by earlier Mahdist movements in West Africa, as well as Wahabism and other puritanical forms of Islamic revivalism that developed in reaction to the growing military and economic dominance of the European powers throughout the 19th century.
From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the fall of Khartoum in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan (known as the Turkiyah). During this period, many of the theological and political doctrines of the Mahdiyya were established and promulgated among the growing ranks of the Mahdi's supporters. After Muhammad Ahmad's unexpected death on 22 June 1885, a mere six months after the conquest of Khartoum, his chief deputy, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad took over the administration of the nascent Mahdist state.
wn.com/Muhammad_Ahmed -
Nancy Kulp
Nancy Jane Kulp (August 28, 1921 – February 3, 1991) was an American character actress best known as Miss Jane Hathaway on the popular television series The Beverly Hillbillies.
Kulp was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the only child of Robert I. Kulp, a traveling salesman, and his wife, Marjorie S. Kulp. The family moved from Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, to Dade County, Florida, prior to 1935.
Kulp obtained her bachelor's degree in journalism from Florida State University in 1943, then known as Florida State College for Women, worked on a master's degree in English and French at the University of Miami, and was a member of Pi Beta Phi Women's Fraternity. In the early 1940s she also was a feature writer for the Miami Beach Tropics newspaper, writing profiles of celebrities such as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor and Clark Gable.
In 1944 Kulp left the University of Miami to volunteer for United States Naval Reserve service in World War II. As a member of the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), Ltjg. Kulp received several decorations, including the American Campaign Medal, the National Defense Medal, and the Good Conduct Medal. She left the service in 1946.
wn.com/Nancy_Kulp -
Natalie Evans
Natalie Evans (née Price) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Lucy Speed between 1994 and 2004. Natalie first appeared in January 1994, depicted initially as an unhappy, insecure teenager; she was among various regular characters brought in to increase the cast following the BBC's decision to increase episode output to 3 per week. She featured most often with the characters Ricky Butcher and Bianca Jackson; Natalie's affair with Ricky ending his relationship with Bianca was one of the prominent storylines aired in the Winter of 1995. Despite producers offering to extend Speed's contact, she opted to leave the serial in 1995.
Executive producer Matthew Robinson reintroduced the character in 1999 as a business woman and a love interest for Barry Evans. Speed left once again in 2004, with Natalie departing in the wake of Barry's murder by Janine Butcher.
Natalie's parents separated early in her childhood and she took it badly. She lived with her mother Andrea in Walford, but she had been closer to her father, Dave, and missed him terribly. Andrea favoured her other children, especially her older daughter Susie, over Natalie. She was highly critical of Natalie and blamed her for the breakdown of her marriage (the unwanted pregnancy had ruined her figure and singing career, causing her husband to leave her). Andrea and Susie ridiculed Natalie for missing her father and wanting to keep in touch; Andrea claimed that Dave had no interest in Natalie.
wn.com/Natalie_Evans -
Natalie Schafer
Natalie Schafer (November 5, 1900 - April 10, 1991) was an American actress, best known as Eunice "Lovey" Wentworth Howell on CBS's sitcom Gilligan's Island (1964–67).
Born in Red Bank, New Jersey, Natalie Schafer was the eldest child of Jennie and Charles Schafer. She began her career as an actress on Broadway before moving to Los Angeles in 1941 to work in films.
Schafer appeared on Broadway in seventeen plays between 1927 and 1959, often playing supporting roles. Most of these appearances were in short-run plays, with the exceptions of Lady in the Dark (1941-1942), The Doughgirls (1942-1944), and Romanoff and Juliet (1957-1958). She was also seen in a revival of Six Characters in Search of an Author, directed by Sir Tyrone Guthrie (1955-1956). She also appeared in stock and regional productions of plays.
Schafer appeared in many films, usually portraying beautiful sophisticates, but she is best known for the situation comedy Gilligan's Island, playing the role of the millionaire's wife, Eunice "Lovey" Wentworth Howell. She reprised her role in the made-for-TV spin-off films that were made after the show's demise, along with the animated spinoff, Gilligan's Planet, in 1982. Originally written as a humorless grande dame, Schafer worked with the writers to create a character not unlike the scatterbrain roles played in 1930s films by Mary Boland and Billie Burke. Schafer specifically suggested that the writers read the George S. Kaufman-Marc Connelly play Dulcy for its dizzy title-character.
wn.com/Natalie_Schafer -
Natasha Dupeyrón
Natasha Elizabeth Dupeyrón Estrada (born June 3, 1991 in Mexico City, Mexico) known professionally as Natasha Dupeyrón, is a Mexican actress and singer. Natasha has starred in various Mexican telenovelas since childhood. She is best known for her lead role in the Mexican children's telenovela Peregrina and for her role as Marión Von Ferdinand in the 2007 Mexican teen telenovela, Lola...Érase una vez.
Natasha was born in Mexico City to Mexican actor, Humberto Dupeyrón. Many of Natasha's relatives are also actors including her older brother Odín Dupeyrón, older sister Odette Dupeyrón, and her aunt is actress Elizabeth Dupeyrón.
Natasha received her first acting role as an extra, in the telenovela, Doctor Cándido Pérez, when she was just 20 days old. Since infancy, Natasha has participated in numerous roles in telenovelas, theatre, and films. As a child, Natasha starred in many famous children's telenovleas such as Peregrina, Carita de ángel, De pocas, Pocas Pulgas. In addition to television roles, Natasha also participated in theatre productions. She starred as Chiquis in the 2006 Mexican theatre production of Vaselina (Grease in Spanish) alongside Mexican actresses, Violeta Isfel and Daniela Lujan. Following her role in Vaselina, Dupeyrón was cast in her first adolescent role as weathly rebellious Marión Von Ferdinand in the 2007 Mexican telenovela. Lola...Érase una vez.
wn.com/Natasha_Dupeyrón -
Nicolai Kielstrup
Nicolai Kielstrup (Vejle, Jutland, Denmark, 4 October 1991) is a young singer who participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005.
In 2003, he was at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen, as he knew one of the participants.
In 2004, he wrote "Shake, Shake, Shake", a rap song about a nervous boy who falls in love after meeting a girl on the bus on a school field trip to a pond. He performed it at the MGP Junior 2005 scoring maximum points. His resulting participation in Junior Eurovision 2005 earned him a fourth place finish.
Nicolai has a little sister, Natalie, who competed in MGP, but she didn't advance to Melodi Grand Prix Nordic.
He has released two albums, 'Nicolai' (2006) and 'Stage 2' (2007)
His third album 'Deja Vu - Tilbage til Mig' was released on February 2, 2009.
wn.com/Nicolai_Kielstrup -
Nicole Jung
Nicole Jung (Korean name: Jung Yong-Joo), better known mononymously as Nicole, born on October 7, 1991, is a Korean-American idol singer. She is best known as the member of the girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.
Nicole was born on October 7, 1991 in Los Angeles, California to Korean parents. She attended Mark Keppel Elementary School and Toll Middle School in Glendale, California; however, she lived in downtown Los Angeles. Nicole was into the visual and performing arts while in school. She participated in choir, drill team, played the violin for 4 years and took dance classes. She auditioned for DSP by sending a video of her singing an Ivy and Black Eyed Peas song. Her mom was very supportive and told her that it was her decision and whatever decision, she would fully support her. Nicole made the decision to go to Korea and experienced hardships such as adjusting to the culture and missing her friends terribly. She accepted DSP's offer, her mom moved with her to Korea and has opened up a successful Korean BBQ restaurant called "Aura The Grill" that is often frequented by Nicole and KARA fans alike.
wn.com/Nicole_Jung -
Nimeño II
Christian Montcouquiol ("Nimeño II") (born in Speyer, Germany, March 10, 1954, died in Caveirac, France, November 25, 1991) was a French matador.
Christian Montcouquiol was the brother of Alain Montcouquiol, a bullfighter known as "Nimeño I". From 1975 to 1982, Christian appeared in arenas in Spain, France, and Latin America under the direction of Spanish promoter Manolo Chopera. In 1982, Christian separated from Chopera and turned to his brother Alain for management.
On May 14, 1989 in Nîmes, Nimeño II and Portuguese torero Victor Mendes were scheduled to fight six bulls. Mendes was injured early in the match, and Nimeño II won renown for defeating all six bulls single-handedly.
On September 10, 1989 in Arles, Nimeño II was hurled into the air by a bull named Pañolero. He landed on his head, fracturing his cervical vertebrae and suffering paraplegia. After months of rehabilitation, Nimeño regained the use of his legs and right arm, but his left arm remained paralzyed. On November 25, 1991, Nimeño II committed suicide by hanging himself in his garage.
wn.com/Nimeño_II -
Niven Busch
Niven Busch (April 26, 1903 – August 25, 1991) was an American novelist and screenwriter of movies such as the acclaimed The Postman Always Rings Twice. His novels included Duel In the Sun and California Street. He was married to actress Teresa Wright for ten years beginning in 1942.
Born in New York City, Busch began his writing career in the early twenties, when he went to work for Time Magazine (co-founded by Busch's cousin, Briton Hadden). Before departing for Hollywood a decade later, Busch had risen to editor at the weekly, working simultaneously for The New Yorker, where he contributed profiles on famous Americans. (These articles were collected into his first book, the non-fiction Twenty-One Americans.)
In 1932, realizing he had gone as far as he was likely to go as a New York-based magazine writer/editor, Busch re-connected with agent Myron Selznick, whom Busch knew through his father, an executive who had worked for Myron's father Lewis in the teens and early twenties.
Myron Selznick soon secured work for Busch at Warner Bros. Pictures, and Busch decamped to Los Angeles to write his first film, Howard Hawks's The Crowd Roars. One of four writers on the production, Busch's name was misspelled in the credits.
wn.com/Niven_Busch -
Norodom Sihanouk
Norodom Sihanouk (Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហនុ) (born 31 October 1922) was the King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 until his semi-retirement and voluntary abdication on 7 October 2004 in favour of his son, the current King Norodom Sihamoni. Since his abdication, he has been known as The King-Father of Cambodia (Preahmâhaviraksat), a position in which he retains many of his former responsibilities as constitutional monarch.
The son of King Norodom Suramarit and Queen Sisowath Kossamak, Sihanouk has held so many positions since 1941 that the Guinness Book of World Records identifies him as the politician who has served the world's greatest variety of political offices. These included two terms as King, two as Sovereign Prince, one as president, two as prime minister, and one as Cambodia's non-titled head of state, as well as numerous positions as leader of various governments-in-exile.
Most of these positions were only honorific, including the last position as constitutional King of Cambodia. Sihanouk's actual period of effective rule over Cambodia was from 9 November 1953, when France granted independence to Cambodia, until 18 March 1970, when Lon Nol and the National Assembly deposed Sihanouk.
wn.com/Norodom_Sihanouk -
Olav V of Norway
Olav V (Alexander Edward Christian Frederik; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Olav was born in the United Kingdom as the son of King Haakon VII of Norway and Queen Maud of Norway.
He became Crown Prince and heir-apparent to the throne of Norway when his father was elected king in 1905. He was the first heir to the Norwegian throne to be brought up in Norway since Olav IV, and his parents made sure he was given as Norwegian an upbringing as possible. In preparation for his royal duties, he attended both civilian and military schools. In 1929, he married his first and second cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden. During World War II his leadership was much appreciated and he was appointed Norwegian Chief of Defence in 1944. At his death, he was the last surviving grandchild of Edward VII of the United Kingdom and Alexandra of Denmark.
Due to his considerate, down-to-earth style, King Olav was immensely popular, resulting in the nickname Folkekongen ("People's King"). In a 2005 poll by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Olav was voted "Norwegian of the century".
wn.com/Olav_V_of_Norway -
Olivia Tennet
Olivia Tennet (born 4 January 1991) is a New Zealand actress and dancer. She has been active as an actress since 1999 and is mostly known for her role as Tuesday Warner on the New Zealand medical drama Shortland Street.
Tennet began taking dance lessons at four years old. She says that she followed her older sister into dance and eventually stumbled into acting. She made her first major television appearance in the fourth season of Xena: Warrior Princess as the runaway Princess Alesia in the episode "If The Shoe Fits...".
Eventually, Tennet made her way into films. She went on to win the "Best Juvenile Performer" award at the Nokia New Zealand Film and TV Awards in 2000, for her role as Nicole Mitchell in Kids World. She also appeared in Peter Jackson's film adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers as Freda, a young girl of Rohan. She then won "Best Actress" at the Drifting Clouds Short Film Festival for her outstanding performance in the short film Watermark, beating the other adult nominees. The film won "Best Film" at the same awards.
wn.com/Olivia_Tennet -
Palestinians
The Palestinian people, (Arabic: الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī) also referred to as Palestinians (Arabic: الفلسطينيون, al-Filasṭīniyyūn), are descendants of the peoples who have lived in Palestine over the centuries. Today, Palestinians are largely culturally and linguistically Arab. Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the area encompassing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Israel. In this combined area, as of 2004, Palestinians constituted 49% of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.6 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2.3 million versus close to 500,000 Jewish Israeli citizens which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and 16.5% of the population of Israel proper as Arab citizens of Israel.
Throughout the aforementioned combined area, many are Palestinian refugees or internally displaced Palestinians, including more than a million in the Gaza Strip, three-quarters of a million in the West Bank,, and about a quarter of a million in Israel proper. Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, making up what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half of these are stateless refugees lacking citizenship in any country. About 2.6 million of the diaspora population live in neighboring Jordan where they make up approximately half the population, 1.5 million live between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter of a million in Saudi Arabia, with Chile's half a million representing the largest concentration outside the Arab world.
wn.com/Palestinians -
Patricia Ashley
Patricia Ashley (born April 28, 1991) is an American actress.
After competing at the International Modeling and Talent Association (IMTA) in 2005, Patricia went on to host her own Disney Show called Gotcha Covered which aired on the Disney Channel for two years. She has appeared in numerous commercials for companies such as Target, Old Navy and Sears. She has performed lead and supporting roles on film and television including the short film Just Another Lost Soul and Nickelodeon's Victorious and iCarly.
wn.com/Patricia_Ashley -
Paul Brown
Paul Eugene Brown (September 7, 1908 – August 5, 1991) was a coach in American football and a major figure in the development of the National Football League. A seminal figure in the game's history, Brown is considered the "father of the modern offense", and one of the greatest football coaches of all time, achieving success at every major level—high school, college, and professional—and introducing numerous innovative coaching methods still in use today. He is also credited with founding both the Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals franchises, with the former named after him and the latter naming their stadium in his honor.
Born in Norwalk, Ohio, Brown's family moved to Walshingham when he was nine. His father, Lester, a dispatcher for the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad, was described as "very meticulous, serious-minded and highly-disciplined," all of which characterized Brown's later approach to coaching. Brown graduated from Washington High School in Massillon, Ohio in 1925, having played varsity quarterback in the wake of Harry Stuhldreher (one of Notre Dame's legendary Four Horsemen).
wn.com/Paul_Brown -
Paul Keating
Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) is a former Australian politician who served as the 24th Prime Minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996.
Keating was first elected to the House of Representatives at the 1969 election as the Labor member for Blaxland in New South Wales. He came to prominence as the reformist Treasurer of the government of Bob Hawke, which came to power at the 1983 election. In 1991, Keating defeated Hawke for the Labor leadership in a partyroom ballot and became prime minister. He went on to lead Labor to a record fifth consecutive victory at the 1993 election against the Liberal-National coalition led by John Hewson. Many had considered this election unwinnable for Labor due to poor polls for the 10-year-incumbent federal Labor government, and the effects of the early 1990s recession on Australia. Keating Labor lost the subsequent 1996 election to the Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard.
Keating grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb of Sydney. He was one of four children of Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade-union representative of Irish Catholic descent, and his wife, Minnie. Keating was educated at Catholic schools; he was the first practising Catholic Labor prime minister since James Scullin left office in 1932. Leaving De La Salle College Bankstown (now LaSalle Catholic College) at 15, Keating decided not to pursue higher education, and worked as a clerk at the Electricity Commission of New South Wales and then as a trade union research assistant. He joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of the ALP’s Youth Council. In the 1960s Keating managed ‘The Ramrods’ rock band.
wn.com/Paul_Keating -
Paul Maxwell
Paul Maxwell (12 November 1921 - 19 December 1991) was a Canadian actor who worked mostly in British television and films, in which he was usually cast as an American. In terms of audience, his most notable role was probably Elsie Tanner's ex-GI bridegroom in her 1967 wedding on the long-running and widely popular soap opera, Coronation Street.
He appeared in many of ITC's TV productions, such as Danger Man, and also contributed to series filmed by Gerry Anderson's production company Century 21, as these series featured many American roles. He voiced the leading character of Captain Steve Zodiac in Fireball XL5 and Captain Grey for the first 12 episodes of Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. He also played the "man with the Panama Hat" in the films Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and General Maxwell Taylor in A Bridge Too Far. His true passion was theatre, and he starred in the West End several times, with roles in Twelve Angry Men and the musical Promises, Promises.
After the Second World War, Maxwell married Mary Lindsay. The couple had one daughter, named Lindsay.
wn.com/Paul_Maxwell -
Paulina Olszynski
Paulina Olszynski (born October 30, 1991) is an American actress of Polish origin. Truthful information. She is most known for her role in Wes Craven's 2010 horor movie, My Soul to Take.
Born in the United States to a Polish family. She is proud of her roots and speaks Polish fluently.
wn.com/Paulina_Olszynski -
Paulo Muwanga
Paulo Muwanga (c. 1921 – 1 April 1991) was the chairman of the governing Military Commission, and the de-facto President of Uganda for a few days in May 1980 until the establishment of the Presidential Commission of Uganda. The Presidential Commission, with Muwanga as chairman, held the office of President of Uganda between 22 May and 15 December 1980. This was after Muwanga, together with Yoweri Museveni, Oyite Ojok and Tito Okello had deposed Godfrey Binaisa in a coup on 12 May 1980.
From 1 August to 25 August 1980, he served as Prime Minister.
Following the elections held on 10 December 1980, Muwanga installed himself as the head of the Electoral Commission and declared Milton Obote's Uganda People's Congress the winner. The elections were contested. Yoweri Museveni waged a guerilla war in protest, eventually becoming president.
Also served as Ugandan ambassador to Frace in the late 60's or there abouts.
wn.com/Paulo_Muwanga -
Pedro Arrupe
Fr. Pedro Arrupe, S.J. (November 14, 1907 – February 5, 1991) (full name, Pedro de Arrupe y Gondra) was the twenty eighth Superior General (1965–83) of the Society of Jesus. He was born in Bilbao, Spain.
Pedro Arrupe attended school at the Santiago Apostol High School in Bilbao. Later he moved to Madrid to attend the Medical School of the Universidad Complutense. There he met Severo Ochoa, who later won the Nobel Prize in Medicine. One of his teachers was Juan Negrín, a pioneer in physiology, who would become Prime Minister of the Spanish Republic during the Civil War (1936–1939). After some years of medical training, Pedro Arrupe joined the Jesuits in 1927 but was unable to pursue his studies for the Ministerial Priesthood in Spain due to the Order having been expelled by the Republican government of 1932. Accordingly, the young Arrupe did his studies in the Netherlands and Belgium before being ordained in 1936. Following his ordination to the Presbyterate, Fr. Arrupe was sent to the United States of America where he completed a doctorate in Medical Ethics.
wn.com/Pedro_Arrupe -
Peggy Ashcroft
Dame Peggy Ashcroft, DBE (22 December 1907 – 14 June 1991) was an English actress.
Born as Edith Margaret Emily Ashcroft in Croydon, Surrey, Ashcroft attended the Woodford School, Croydon and the Central School of Speech and Drama. A prolific stage actress from a young age, she first gained notoriety playing Naemi in Jew Suss in 1929, and Desdemona opposite Paul Robeson's Othello two years later, during which time the two had a brief affair.
Stardom came in 1934 when she played Juliet in a legendary production of Romeo and Juliet, at the New Theatre, in which Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated in the roles of Romeo and Mercutio. She and Gielgud would later be acclaimed as Beatrice and Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing, which they played together a number of times, including a London engagement and European tour for the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1955 (she also played Cordelia to his King Lear during that tour). When she first played Beatrice with him in 1950, Gielgud found her performance "a revelation - an impish, rather tactless girl with a curious resemblance to Bea Lillie," while a teenage Peter Hall observed in her "English containment and decency, contrasted with a wild passion." She stayed at the top of the British theatrical profession throughout her career, with some of the highlights Three Sisters (1937) in which she played Irina, The Heiress (1949), Antony and Cleopatra (1953), As You Like It and Cymbeline (as Imogen) (1957), The Taming of the Shrew (1960), and The War of the Roses, the Royal Shakespeare Company's massive landmark compendium of the three Henry VI plays and Richard III, directed by Peter Hall for the RSC in 1963. Her last appearances for the RSC were as the Countess of Rousillon in Trevor Nunn's 1981 All's Well That Ends Well, a "perfect…performance" according to Financial Times critic Bertram Young, and in a revival of The Hollow Crown for a gala performance at The Swan on 22 June 1986.
wn.com/Peggy_Ashcroft -
Pete Axthelm
Pete Axthelm (August 27, 1943, in New York City, New York - February 2, 1991) worked as a sportswriter and columnist for the New York Herald Tribune, Sports Illustrated and Newsweek. During the 1980s, his knowledge of sports and journalistic skill aided him in becoming a sports commentator for The NFL on NBC and NFL Primetime and horse racing on ESPN. Axthelm died of liver failure on February 2, 1991 at the age of 47.
A graduate of Yale University, he wrote The Modern Confessional Novel while a student there. In 1970, The City Game, Basketball in New York was published. The book explored one season of the New York Knicks along with players who were legends in neighborhoods of New York but who never played professionally.
The City Game, Harper's Magazine Press, New York, 1970 (ISBN 0-8032-5934-4)
wn.com/Pete_Axthelm -
Pierre Jamet
Pierre Jamet (21 April 1893 in Orléans - 17 June 1991 in Gargilesse-Dampierre) was a French harpist and pedagogue; professor of harp at the Paris Conservatory, 1948 to 1963, succeeding Marcel Tournier.
wn.com/Pierre_Jamet -
Pol Espargaró
Pol Espargaró (born June 10, 1991 in Granollers, Barcelona) is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer who currently rides in the Moto2 class for the Pons 40 HP Tuenti team. Pol is the younger brother of Aleix Espargaró.
Pol Espargaró, arrived in the 125 World Championship in 2006 participating in the last six races of the year. This promising rider from Barcelona replaced the injured Italian Andrea Iannone at Campetella Racing and made his debut with the Italian team onboard a Derbi at the Czech Republic Grand Prix. Two months before, Espargaró had made history as a wildcard in the Catalunya GP when he finished 13th to become the youngest ever point scorer in a Grand Prix at the age of just 15 years and 8 days. His end of season run-in was spectacular, winning five consecutive races in Spanish 125cc Championship to become champion, followed by a 6th placed finish at the Valencian GP.
In 2007, Espargaró aimed to further enhance the family reputation over a full season with Campetella Racing Junior Aprilia. The season start with two good results, a seventh in Qatar and fourth at Jerez, then a couple of Top 10's until the Catalunyan round where he finished fifth. Espargaró's turning point came in the Czech Republic where he finished in sixth place, before a top five in San Marino. The Portuguese race was the highlight point of his short career, claiming a third place finish from seventh on the grid. Espargaró battled for the lead with Héctor Faubel and Gábor Talmácsi, finishing just 0.2 seconds behind Faubel, who won.
wn.com/Pol_Espargaró -
Pontus Ekhem
Pontus Ekhem (born June 19, 1991) is a Swedish ice hockey player, also known as 'Ponty' and also coined the phrase "It's Ponty!". He is 169 cm tall
He started his career at Skåre BK in 2001 and was drafted to Nor IK for the 2002–2003 season. He made a comeback to Skåre BK for the 2004–2005 season
After the 2005–2006 season he moved to The Netherlands where he joined the Hijs Hokij Wolves Under 17 team and they won the 2007 Dutch championship.
In the season 2007–2008 he moved to Den Bosch Red Eagles Under 17 team and finished third in the championships after several years without any Under 17 team. With the Red Eagles team, he has had big successes in Belgium and The Netherlands.
During his time in The Netherlands he has played in two different allstar teams, Dutch Alligators and the Pirates.
wn.com/Pontus_Ekhem -
Qory Sandioriva
Qory Sandioriva (born in Jakarta, August 17, 1991), is an Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned as Puteri Indonesia 2009 on October 9, 2009 by her predecessor, Zivanna Letisha Siregar. Currently she's the youngest titleholder in Puteri Indonesia's history and the first ever woman from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province to win the title.
Sandioriva was born in Jakarta to a Sundanese father and an Acehnese mother. She attended the Al-Azhar School for her elementary and secondary education. During high school, Sandioriva joined the Pencak Silat and choir team of her school and won a choir competition. She is currently studying at the University of Indonesia majoring in French literature.
Her participation in Puteri Indonesia 2009 was controversial because she was representing the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, a conservative Muslim province ruled by Sharia law. Past representatives of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam had always worn a headscarf, but Sandioriva did not. Sandioriva later explained that despite not wearing a headscarf, she still upheld traditional values and morals – just like the Acehnese heroine she admired, Cut Nyak Dhien.
wn.com/Qory_Sandioriva -
Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Ratna Gandhi /ˈrɑːdʒiːv ˈɡɑːndiː/ ( pronunciation (help·info); 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1984–1989). He took office after his mother's assassination on 31 October 1984; he himself was assassinated on 21 May 1991. He became the youngest Prime Minister of India when he took office at the age of 40.
Rajiv Gandhi was the eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi. He went to study at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later at Imperial College London, but did not complete a degree at either. At Cambridge he met the Italian-born Antonia Albina Maino, then a waitress in a restaurant, whom he later married. After dropping out of university, he became a professional pilot for Indian Airlines. He remained aloof from politics, despite his family's political prominence. It was only following the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in 1980 that Rajiv entered politics. Following the assassination of his mother in 1984 after Operation Blue Star, the Indian National Congress party leaders nominated him to be Prime Minister.
wn.com/Rajiv_Gandhi -
Ralph Bellamy
Ralph Bellamy (June 17, 1904 – November 29, 1991) was an American actor whose career spanned sixty-two years.
He was born Ralph Rexford Bellamy in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Lilla Louise (née Smith), a native of Canada, and Charles Rexford Bellamy. He ran away from home when he was fifteen and managed to get into a road show. He toured with road shows before finally landing in New York City, New York. He began acting on stage there and by 1927 owned his own theatre company. In 1931, he made his film debut and worked constantly throughout the decade first as a lead then as a capable supporting actor. Bellamy was cast in the lead role in the film Straight from the Shoulder (1936) and also in the film It Can't Last Forever (1937) with Edward J. Pawley.
He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Awful Truth (1937) with Irene Dunne and Cary Grant, and played a similar part, that of a naive boyfriend competing with the sophisticated Grant character, in His Girl Friday (1940). He portrayed detective Ellery Queen in a few films during the 1940s, but as his film career did not progress, he returned to the stage, where he continued to perform throughout the fifties. Highly regarded within the industry, he was a founder of the Screen Actors Guild and served as President of Actors' Equity from 1952-1964.
wn.com/Ralph_Bellamy -
Rebecca Ryan
Rebecca Ryan (born 27 April 1991) is an English actress from Manchester. She is best known as Debbie Gallagher in the Channel 4 series Shameless, and as Vicki McDonald in the BBC show Waterloo Road.
Ryan has appeared in various television series, including State of Play, in which she played opposite her brother Charlie Ryan, Holby City and the CBBC show, Stupid!.
In February 2006 she appeared in Emmerdale playing Bob Hope's daughter, Carly Hope.
In 2007, she played the title character in the award-winning radio play Abigail Adams. She made her stage debut in Scarborough by Fiona Evans at London's Royal Court Theatre in 2008.
She also appeared on Celebrity Big Brother 2009 as part of a task and in a May 2009 episode of Casualty. From 2009 to 2011 she appeared as pupil Vicky McDonald in BBC drama series, Waterloo Road.
In January 2010 she played the part of Ellie McCall in a special five-part storyline in BBC daytime soap Doctors.
On the 28 May 2011, she played Maeve Summers in an episode of Casualty.
wn.com/Rebecca_Ryan -
Redd Foxx
John Elroy Sanford (December 9, 1922 – October 11, 1991), better known by his stage name Redd Foxx, was an American comedian and actor, best known for his starring role on the sitcom Sanford and Son.
Foxx was born in St. Louis, Missouri and raised there and on Chicago's South Side. His mother was half Seminole.[citation needed] His father, an electrician, left his family when Foxx was four years old. Foxx was raised by his mother, his minister, and his grandmother. He briefly attended DuSable High School with future Chicago mayor Harold Washington.
In the 1940s, he was an associate of Malcolm Little, later known as Malcolm X. In Malcolm's autobiography, Foxx is referred to as "Chicago Red, the funniest dishwasher on this earth." Foxx earned the nickname due to his reddish hair and complexion. His stage surname was taken from baseball star Jimmie Foxx. During World War II, Foxx dodged the draft by eating half a bar of soap before his physical, a trick that resulted in heart palpitations.
Foxx gained notoriety with his nightclub act (considered by the standards of the time to be raunchy). His big break came after singer Dinah Washington insisted that Foxx come to Los Angeles, where Dootsie Williams of Dootone records caught his act at the Brass Rail nightclub. He was signed to a long term contract and released a series of comedy albums that quickly became cult favorites.
wn.com/Redd_Foxx -
Regis Toomey
John Regis Toomey (August 13, 1898 – October 12, 1991) was an American film and television actor.
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he was one of four children of Francis X. and Mary Ellen Toomey and attended Peabody High School. He initially pondered a law career, but acting won out and he established himself as a musical stage performer.
Educated in dramatics at the University of Pittsburgh, where he became a brother of Sigma Chi, Toomey began as a stock actor and eventually made it to Broadway. Toomey was a singer on stage until throat problems (acute laryngitis) while touring in Europe stopped that aspect of his career. In 1929, he appeared in his first films, initially starting out as a leading man, but finding more success as a character actor, sans his toupee.
Toomey appeared in over 180 films, including classics such as The Big Sleep with Humphrey Bogart. In the 1954-1955 television season, Toomey appeared as Joe Mulligan, a police officer in Los Angeles and the father of the Mickey Rooney character Mickey Mulligan, in NBC's short-lived sitcom, The Mickey Rooney Show: Hey, Mulligan.
wn.com/Regis_Toomey -
Renato Rascel
Renato Ranucci, in art Renato Rascel (27 April 1912 – 2 January 1991) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 50 films between 1942 and 1972. He represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1960 with the song "Romantica" which was placed equal eighth out of thirteen entries.
He was born to Cesare and Paola Ranucci in Turin (he always regretted not to be born in Rome) where his parents, who were opera singers were performing a show. Renato could really say that he was born in the back stage of the theater and that’s where he spent all of his life. His father tried to make it up to him by having him baptized at Saint Peter's in Rome and apparently it worked because growing up in that neighborhood he ended up singing for the “white voices choir” of Saint Peter with the leadership of Don Lorenzo Perosi. At the age of 14 Renato started to play drums in ballrooms around Rome. Soon after, he joined the Di Fiorenza Sisters as an actor, dancer and clown and in 1934 he was hired for his first big role by the Schwarts Brothers in the operetta “Al Cavallino bianco”. In 1935, he joined Elena Gray for his first foreign tour in Africa.
wn.com/Renato_Rascel -
Richard R. Ernst
Richard Robert Ernst (born August 14, 1933) is a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.
Born in Winterthur, Switzerland, Ernst was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions towards the development of Fourier Transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy while at Varian Associates, Palo Alto and the subsequent development of multi-dimensional NMR techniques. These underpin applications of NMR both to chemistry (NMR spectroscopy) and to medicine (MRI). He also received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1991.
Early Life
Ernst lived in house that his grandfather, a merchant, had built in 1898. Ernst's father, Robert Ernst, was teaching as an architect at the technical high school of their town. He also had two sisters. His town had a lot of art and industry in it, a lot of the art had to do with music. Winterthur had a small but first rank orchestra that was famous throughout Switzerland and also an industry in diesel motors and rail way engines.
wn.com/Richard_R._Ernst -
Richard Stone
Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist who in 1984 received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and, later, an international scale. While he was not the first economist to work in this field, he was the first to do so with double entry accounting. Double entry accounting basically states that every income item on one side of the balance sheet must be met by an expenditure item on the opposite side of the accounting sheet therefore creating a system of balance. This double entry system is the basis of nearly all modern accounting today. This allowed for a reliable way of tracking trade and wealth transfer on a global scale. He is sometimes known as the 'father of national income accounting', and is the author of studies of consumer demand statistics and demand modeling, economic growth, and input-output. During his acceptance speech Stone mentioned François Quesnay as well as the Tableau économique. Stone stated that it was one of the very first works in economics to examine various sectors on such a global level and how they are all interconnected. Stone was educated at Westminster School, Cambridge University (Caius and King's).
wn.com/Richard_Stone -
Richard Thorpe
Richard Thorpe (February 24, 1896 – May 1, 1991) was an American film director.
Born Rollo Smolt Thorpe in Hutchinson, Kansas, he began his entertainment career performing in vaudeville and onstage. In 1921 he began in motion pictures as an actor and directed his first silent film in 1923. He went on to direct more than one hundred and eighty films. The first full length motion picture he directed for MGM was Last of the Pagans (1935) starring Ray Mala. After directing The Last Challenge in 1967, he retired from the film industry. He died in Palm Springs, California in 1991.
Thorpe is also known as the original director of The Wizard of Oz. He was fired after two weeks of shooting, because it was felt that his scenes did not have the right air of fantasy about them. Thorpe notoriously gave Judy Garland a blonde wig and cutesy "baby-doll" makeup that made her look like a girl in her late teens rather than an innocent Kansas farm girl of about thirteen. Both makeup and wig were discarded at the suggestion of George Cukor, who was brought in temporarily. Stills from Thorpe's work on the film survive today.
wn.com/Richard_Thorpe -
Rin Asuka
Rin Asuka (飛鳥 凛, Asuka Rin?, March 28, 1991) is a Japanese actress from Osaka Prefecture represented by Stardust Promotion. Her debut role was in the film Tenshi ga Kureta Mono, and was later cast in the film adaptations of Higurashi no Naku Koro ni as Mion Sonozaki. She also played Akira Karasaki for several episodes of K-tai Investigator 7. In 2009, Asuka joins the cast of Kamen Rider W as Wakana Sonozaki.
wn.com/Rin_Asuka -
Rina Aizawa
Rina Aizawa (逢沢 りな, Aizawa Rina?, born July 28, 1991) is a Japanese actress & gravure idol signed under Box Corporation. Her debut role is Saki Rōyama/Go-on Yellow in the 2008 TV Asahi's tokusatsu series Engine Sentai Go-onger.
She is ranked 249th out of 422001 people according to Oricon Style's page.
She was selected to be the support manager for the 87th All Japan High School Soccer Tournament. Previous managers were idols like Maki Horikita, Yui Aragaki, and Kie Kitano.
Live matches
(English)
wn.com/Rina_Aizawa -
Rina Takeda
Rina Takeda (武田 梨奈, Takeda Rina?, born June 15, 1991) is a Japanese actress and black belt in Ryukyu Shorin-ryu Karate. She was born on June 15, 1991 in Kanagawa Prefecture. She got her first major break in High Kick Girl! after trying to audition for a role in Shaolin Girl and is set to star in Karate Girl. Rina Takeda has also starred in The Ancient Dogoo Girl.Takeda was first inspired to get into karate at the age of 10 when she witnessed her father get eliminated from a tournament and became determined to avenge his defeat.
wn.com/Rina_Takeda -
Robert Maxwell
Ian Robert Maxwell MC (10 June 1923 – 5 November 1991) was a Czechoslovakian-born British media proprietor and former Member of Parliament (MP), who rose from poverty to build an extensive publishing empire. His death revealed huge discrepancies in his companies' finances, including the Mirror Group pension fund, which Maxwell had fraudulently misappropriated.
Robert Maxwell was born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch into a poorYiddish-speaking Jewish family in the small town of Slatinské Doly (now Solotvino, Ukraine) in the easternmost province of pre-World War II Czechoslovakia. His parents were Mechel Hoch and Hannah Slomowitz. He had six siblings. In 1939, the area was reclaimed by Hungary. Most members of his family died in Auschwitz after Hungary was occupied in 1944 by its former ally, Nazi Germany, but he had already escaped to France. In Marseille he joined the Czechoslovak army in exile in May 1940.
After the defeat in France and the retreat to Great Britain, Maxwell took part in the protest against the leadership of the Czechoslovak army and, together with 500 other soldiers, was transferred to the British Pioneer Corps, and later to the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1943. He was then involved in action across Europe, from the Normandy beaches to Berlin, and achieved the rank of sergeant. He gained a commission in 1945 and was promoted to captain. In January 1945 he received the Military Cross from Field Marshal Montgomery. It was during this time that British Intelligence changed his name several times, finally settling on Ian Robert Maxwell.[citation needed]
wn.com/Robert_Maxwell -
Robert Motherwell
Robert Motherwell (January 24, 1915 – July 16, 1991) American painter, printmaker and editor. He was one of the youngest of the New York School (a phrase he coined), which also included Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, and Philip Guston.
Robert Motherwell was born in Aberdeen, Washington, on January 24, 1915, the first child of Robert Burns Motherwell II and Margaret Hogan Motherwell. The family later moved to San Francisco, where Motherwell's father served as president of Wells Fargo Bank. Due to the artist's asthmatic condition, Motherwell was reared largely on the Pacific Coast and spent most of his school years in California. There he developed a love for the broad spaces and bright colours that later emerged as essential characteristics of his abstract paintings (ultramarine blue of the sky and ochre yellow of Californian hills). His later concern with themes of mortality can likewise be traced to his frail health as a child.
Between 1932 and 1937 Motherwell briefly studied painting at California School of Fine Arts, San Francisco and received a BA in philosophy from Stanford University. At Stanford Motherwell was introduced to modernism through his extensive reading of symbolist literature, especially Mallarmé, James Joyce, Edgar Allan Poe and Octavio Paz. This passion stayed with Motherwell for the rest of his life and became a major theme of his later paintings and drawings.
wn.com/Robert_Motherwell -
Robert Q. Lewis
Robert Q. Lewis (April 25, 1920 – December 11, 1991) was an American radio and television personality, game show host, and actor. Lewis added the middle initial "Q." to his name accidentally on the air in 1942, when he responded to a reference to radio comedian F. Chase Taylor's character, Colonel Lemuel Q. Stoopnagle, by saying, "and this is Robert Q. Lewis."[citation needed] He subsequently decided to retain the initial, telling interviewers that it stood for "Quizzical."
Lewis is perhaps best known for his game show participation, having been the first host of The Name's the Same, and regularly appearing on other Goodson-Todman panel shows. He also hosted and appeared on a multitude of television shows of the 1940s through the 1970s. His most distinguishing feature was his horn-rimmed glasses, to the point that the title card for his second Robert Q. Lewis Show featured a pair of such glasses as a logo, and they were mentioned in the title of his lecture. As a frequent guest panelist on What's My Line?, Lewis's blindfold featured a sketched pair of glasses.
wn.com/Robert_Q._Lewis -
Robert Velter
François Robert Velter (February 9, 1909 – April 27, 1991), known by his pen-name Rob-Vel, was a French cartoonist. He is best known for creating the character Spirou in 1938.
Like Spirou, Velter began his career as an lift attendant at age 16, in the London Ritz Charlton. He later learned the trade as an assistant to American cartoonist Martin Branner on the Winnie Winkle strip from 1934-1936.
In 1938, Velter created the title character for the launch of a new magazine by Belgian publisher Éditions Dupuis, Le Journal de Spirou. Signed with the pen-name Rob-Vel, the story was titled Groom au Moustic–hôtel (Bellboy at the Hotel Moskito). Later the same year, he created Spirou's inseparable companion, the squirrel Spip, for the story L’héritage.
When Velter was drafted and wounded in 1940, his wife Davine (Blanche Dumoulin) took over the strip for a while.
After the war, Velter published a number of strips, including Le Père Pictou, Les Tribulations du Chien Petto, Bibor et Tribar and M. Subito, but he was never able to reach the broad popularity of Spirou again.
wn.com/Robert_Velter -
Ronald Allen
Ronald John Allen (16 December 1930 [some sources say 1934] – 18 June 1991) was an English character actor who achieved the status of a soap opera star.
Allen was born in Reading, Berkshire. He studied at Leighton Park School in Reading and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, worked in repertory theatre, had a season at the Old Vic, London and made several films, including the classic about the sinking of the Titanic A Night to Remember (1958).
After roles in the BBC soaps Compact (1963-64) and United! (1966-67) came his best remembered famous role, in the long-running Crossroads (1969-85). Allen played David Hunter, who was a shareholder of the Crossroads Motel with Meg Mortimer, Tish Hope and Bernard Booth. He also twice appeared as a lead actor in the science fiction programme Doctor Who, in the stories The Dominators (1968) and The Ambassadors of Death (1970).
Allen also made a number of guest appearances in The Comic Strip Presents. In the first episode, Five Go Mad in Dorset (1982), which spoofed Enid Blyton's The Famous Five stories, he makes a surprise appearance as Uncle Quentin; deliberately sending up his staid image, he most memorably told The Famous Five, "Your Aunt Fanny is an unrelenting nymphomaniac – and I am a screaming homosexual". (The show's TV Times entry had listed him as "Surprise Guest"). Allen reprised the role in the sequel Five Go Mad on Mescalin (1983), and also appeared in South Atlantic Raiders Part 2 (1990), The Strike (1988) and Oxford (1990), in addition to the feature film The Supergrass (1985). There was much comic mileage to be gained from Allen sending up his conservative image. In a 1987 interview, he said that he was approached by a very intimidating-looking punk. He shook his hand and said, "I thought you were really cool in The Supergrass". Then, as he was about to walk away, he turned back and said, almost apologetically, "I loved you in Crossroads too!"
wn.com/Ronald_Allen -
Ronald Coase
Ronald Harry Coase (/ˈkoʊs/; born 29 December 1910) is a British-born, America-based economist and the Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927–29, Coase entered the London School of Economics, where he took courses with Arnold Plant. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1991.
Coase is best known for two articles in particular: "The Nature of the Firm" (1937), which introduces the concept of transaction costs to explain the nature and limits of firms, and "The Problem of Social Cost" (1960), which suggests that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities (see Coase Theorem). Coase is also often referred to as the "father" of reform in the policy for allocation of the electromagnetic spectrum, based on his article "The Federal Communications Commission" (1959), where he criticizes spectrum licensing, suggesting property rights as a more efficient method of allocating spectrum to users. Additionally, Coase's transaction costs approach is currently influential in modern organizational economics, where it was reintroduced by Oliver E. Williamson.
wn.com/Ronald_Coase -
Rubab Raza
Rubab Raza (Urdu: رُباب رضا; born January 15, 1991) is an Olympic and national-record-holding swimmer from Pakistan. She became Pakistan's first female Olympic swimmer when she swam at the 2004 Olympics.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics, she swam the 50m Freestyle, though unable to progress through the first round she undoubtedly opened up the opportunity for future female Pakistani swimmers. She became the second Pakistani female to compete at the Olympics—following Shabana Akhtar at the 1996 Olympics--shortly before the country's third female competitor, Sumaira Zahoor, who ran the 1500m at the 2004 Games a few days after Raza swam. At the age of 13 at the time of her Olympic race, Raza was the youngest Pakistani female ever to compete at an Olympics.
The Pakistani Swimming Federation funded her with only $30 a month, but she was fortunate to have support from her father who is a retired army major and her mother who is a doctor.
She has won a number of national titles, and has seen success at Asian swimming tournaments.
wn.com/Rubab_Raza -
Rudolf Serkin
Rudolf Serkin (March 28, 1903 – May 8, 1991), was a Bohemian-born pianist.
Serkin was born in Eger, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Cheb, Czech Republic) to a Russian-Jewish family.
Hailed as a child prodigy, he was sent to Vienna at the age of 9, where he studied piano with Richard Robert and, later, composition with Joseph Marx, making his public debut with the Vienna Philharmonic at 12. From 1918 to 1920 he studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg and participated actively in Schoenberg's Society for the Private Performance of Music. He began a regular concert career in 1920, living in Berlin with the German violinist Adolf Busch and his family, which included a then 3-year-old daughter Irene, whom Serkin would marry 15 years later. In the 1920s and early 1930s, Serkin performed throughout Europe both as soloist and with Busch and the Busch Quartet. With the rise of Hitler in Germany in 1933, Serkin and the Busches (who were not Jewish but who vehemently opposed the Nazi regime) left Berlin for Basel, Switzerland.
wn.com/Rudolf_Serkin -
Russell Lynes
Russell Lynes (Joseph Russell Lynes, Jr.) December 2, 1910 – September 14, 1991) was an American art historian, photographer, author and managing editor of Harper's Magazine.
Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Lynes was the younger son of Adelaide (Sparkman) and Joseph Russell Lynes. His older brother was the photographer George Platt Lynes.
He graduated from Yale in 1932 and married Mildred Akin, a Vassar graduate, in 1934. He started as a clerk at Harper & Brothers, the publishing house, from 1932 to 1936 and was director of publications at Vassar in 1936 and 1937. He then took a job at the Shipley School in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, where he was assistant principal from 1937 to 1940, then principal until 1944. He then joined Harper's Magazine as an assistant editor and became managing editor in 1947, a position he would hold for the next twenty years.
He died in New York City at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.
wn.com/Russell_Lynes -
Ryo Ishikawa
Ryo Ishikawa (石川 遼, Ishikawa Ryō?, born 17 September 1991), also known by the nickname "Hanikami Ōji" (literally, "Bashful Prince"), is a Japanese professional golfer.
On 20 May 2007, Ishikawa became the youngest winner ever of a men's regular tournament on the Japan Golf Tour by winning the Munsingwear Open KSB Cup at the age 15 years and 8 months. He competed as an amateur and it was Ishikawa's first tour appearance. He finished one shot ahead of Japan's 9th top ranked player at the time, Katsumasa Miyamoto. The highest ranked player on the Official World Golf Ranking who took part in the event was Toru Taniguchi who finished T13, 6 shots shy of Ishikawa. Taniguchi ranked number 86 in the world after the event.
Ishikawa turned professional in 2008 and won another Japan Golf Tour tournament, the mynavi ABC Championship. By the close of 2008 he had become the youngest ever player to reach the top 100 of the Official World Golf Rankings.
Ishikawa played in PGA Tour tournaments for the first time in 2009. He was cut from the Northern Trust Open, the Arnold Palmer Invitational and the 2009 Masters Tournament. He finished 71st at the Transitions Championship.
wn.com/Ryo_Ishikawa -
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, which espoused ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup, later referred to as the 17 July Revolution, that brought the party to long-term power of Iraq.
As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. The state-owned banks were put under his control, leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions. Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were filled with Sunnis, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.
wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Sahara Garey
Sahara Garey is an American film and television actress.
She was born in Houston, Texas.
She has appeared in films including Akeelah and the Bee (2006).
Garey has also appeared on television series Thats So Raven, The Shield and Everybody Hates Chris. She potrayed Georgia, Akeelah's best friend who always supported her along the way eventhough Akeelah didn't belive in herself, from the movie "Akeelah and the Bee".
wn.com/Sahara_Garey -
Saki Shimizu
Saki Shimizu (清水 佐紀, Shimizu Saki?, born November 22, 1991 in Tokyo, Japan) is a J-pop singer. Her career began in 2002 when she successfully passed the audition for Hello! Project Kids, an all-female teen pop group within Hello! Project. Since then, she has continued to sing in that group and has become a part of two smaller groups composed of Hello! Project Kids members, Berryz Kobo and ZYX. Currently, she is Captain of Berryz Kobo.
In 2002, Shimizu successfully passed the Hello! Project Kids Audition.
Being a member of Berryz Kobo, she also participates in the band's weekly radio show Berryz Kobo Kiritsu! Rei! Chakuseki!.
In that same year, she was cast as one of the main characters in "Koinu Dan no Monogatari". Many members of Hello! Project Kids and Morning Musume participated in this film.
In 2003, Shimizu was chosen to join the group ZYX, which consisted of five Hello! Project Kids and Mari Yaguchi, who acted as a mentor. They released two singles: Iku ZYX! Fly High and Shiroi Tokyo. They remained active until 2004, when Saki and Momoko Tsugunaga were selected to become members of Berryz Kobo.
wn.com/Saki_Shimizu -
Salah Khalaf
Salah Mesbah Khalaf (Arabic: صلاح مصباح خلف), also known as Abu Iyad (أبو إياد) (born 1933 – January 14, 1991) was deputy chief and head of intelligence for the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the second most senior official of Fatah after Yasser Arafat.
Khalaf has been described as "of medium height and sturdy build, undistinguished in a crowd." When Christopher Dobson, hoping for an interview, was introduced to him in Cairo in the early 1970s, Khalaf made "so little an impression" during the brief encounter that Dobson did not realize until later that he had already met Israel's most-wanted terrorist.
Khalaf and his family left Jaffa after Israel took the city in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. He moved to Cairo in the early 1950s. There he became a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1951, he met Yasser Arafat at the al-Azhar University—where he studied literature—during a meeting of the General Union of Palestinian Students. In 1958, he founded the organization of Fatah with Arafat and other Palestinians in Kuwait.
wn.com/Salah_Khalaf -
Salvador Luria
Salvador Edward Luria (Turin, August 13, 1912 – Lexington, February 6, 1991) was an Italian microbiologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey, for showing that bacterial resistance to viruses (phages) is genetically inherited. He found that bacterial resistance was caused by restriction enzymes, which cut viral DNA at sequences that are specific to viruses and not found in the bacteria.
Luria was born Salvatore Edoardo Luria in Turin, Italy to an influential Italian Sephardic Jewish family. He attended the medical school at the University of Turin studying with Giuseppe Levi. There, he met two other future Nobel laureates: Rita Levi-Montalcini and Renato Dulbecco. He graduated from the University of Turin in 1935. From 1936 to 1937, Luria served his required time in the Italian army as a medical officer. He then took classes in radiology at the University of Rome. Here, he was introduced to Max Delbrück's theories on the gene as a molecule and began to formulate methods for testing genetic theory with the bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria.
wn.com/Salvador_Luria -
Sarah Bolger
Sarah Lee Bolger (born 28 February 1991) is an Irish actress. She is known for her role as Princess / Lady Mary Tudor on The Tudors and for her role as Mallory Grace in The Spiderwick Chronicles.
Bolger was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, the daughter of Monica and Derek Bolger, who is a butcher. She has a younger sister, actress Emma Bolger. As a youth Sarah attended The Young People's Theatre School in Dublin. Sarah attended Loreto High School, Beaufort in Rathfarnham between the years 2003–2009.
She starred in In America with her sister Emma. From 2008 to 2010, Bolger portrayed Princess Mary Tudor on The Tudors. Bolger starred in Stormbreaker alongside Alex Pettyfer. She also starred in the film adaptation of the children's novel The Spiderwick Chronicles. She will star in the upcoming Steven Spielberg mystery series Locke & Key and the movie Starbright.
She will star on the upcoming ABC drama series Gilded Lillys created and produced by Shonda Rhimes.
In January 2011, Bolger was selected to be in photographer Kevin Abosch's project "The Face of Ireland" alongside other Irish celebrities including Sinéad O'Connor, Neil Jordan, and Pierce Brosnan
wn.com/Sarah_Bolger -
Sarah Ramos
Sarah Emily Ramos (born May 21, 1991) is an American actress. Her most prominent roles have been as Patty Pryor on the television series American Dreams and Haddie Braverman on the series Parenthood.
Ramos was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father has Hispanic ancestry and her mother is Jewish. She became very interested in acting at a young age. Ramos began developing her acting abilities at the age of 9, entering into formal training at Center Stage L.A. "According to her mother, 11-year-old Sarah Ramos would go to bed each night pleading to get an agent — then wake up each morning asking about the status of her parents' talent agent search."
Ramos began her acting career at a very young age and starred in various television commercials, but gained much attention as Patty Pryor in critically acclaimed NBC drama American Dreams. This role garnered her acting accolades, including winning the Women’s Image Network Award (WIN) for Best Actress in a TV Drama in 2003 and various nominations by the Young Artist Awards.
wn.com/Sarah_Ramos -
Seohyun
Seo Joo-hyun (born June 28, 1991), who uses the stage name Seohyun, is a South Korean idol singer, dancer, actress, and spokesmodel. She is the maknae, or youngest member, of the girl group Girls' Generation.
She was appointed by the Seoul Metropolitan Office as their goodwill ambassador for student fitness. Also, Seohyun was appointed as one of the UNICEF envoys on the 11th at Changseong-Dong, Seoul. This is a notable feat, as only those who have a respectable reputation are appointed as goodwill representatives. On May 2012, Seohyun was appointed as the Goodwill Ambassador for the UN 2012 Yeosu Expo.
Seohyun was born on June 28, 1991, in Seoul, South Korea. She is an only child. SM scouts spotted Seohyun as she walked on the street and offered to let her become an apprentice at the SM Academy. She is known for singing children's songs for her audition unlike other applicants who usually sing pop and dance songs.
She attended Seoul Middle School and Daeyoung High School, then transferred to Jeonju Arts High School, from which she graduated on February 9, 2010 and currently attends Dongguk University with her fellow member, Yoona. Seohyun's major is acting.
wn.com/Seohyun -
Serge Gainsbourg
Serge Gainsbourg, born Lucien Ginsburg (French pronunciation: [sɛʁʒ ɡɛ̃sbuʁ]; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer, songwriter, poet, composer, artist, actor and director. Gainsbourg's extremely varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize. His legacy has been firmly established, and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.
He was born Lucien Ginsburg in Paris, France, the son of Russian Jewish emigrants, Joseph Ginsburg (28 December 1898, Kharkov (Ukraine) – 22 April 1971) and Olga Bessman (1894 – 16 March 1985), who fled to France after the 1917 Russian Revolution. He had a twin sister, Liliane. His childhood was profoundly affected by the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, during which he and his family, as Jews, were forced to wear the yellow star and eventually flee Paris. Before he was 30 years old, Gainsbourg was a disillusioned painter, but earned his living as a piano player in bars.
He first married Elisabeth "Lize" Levitsky on 3 November 1951, and divorced her in 1957. He married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Françoise-Antoinette "Béatrice" Pancrazzi (b. 28 July 1931), with whom he had two children: a daughter named Natacha (b. 8 August 1964) and a son, Paul (born in spring 1968, after Serge had gotten back together with Béatrice). They divorced in February 1966.
wn.com/Serge_Gainsbourg -
Sergey Akhromeyev
Sergey Fyodorovich Akhromeyev (Russian: Серге́й Фёдорович Ахроме́ев; May 5, 1923 – August 24, 1991) was a soviet military figure, Hero of the Soviet Union (1982), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1983).
Akhromeyev was a Naval Infantry junior officer during the German-Soviet War, serving with distinction on the Leningrad front. At one point he was ordered to guard and hold a road on which the German Army would be trying to advance. Despite a bloody battle, he was able to accomplish the task. Relating the story during a meal with Secretary of State George Shultz and Ambassador Ken Adelman in Reykjavik during the first Reagan Administration, Akhromeyev told Shultz that his accomplishment was not only a great sign of his patriotism, as Shultz suggested, but also was because had he abandoned the road, Stalin would have had him shot.
In 1984-1988, Akhromeyev was Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces. In that capacity he was heavily involved in the talks which brought an end to the Cold War. However, he grew increasingly dissatisfied with Mikhail Gorbachev's approach to the reforms of the military, and resigned that position.
wn.com/Sergey_Akhromeyev -
Sergio Canales
Sergio Canales Madrazo (born 16 February 1991 in Santander, Cantabria) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Real Madrid, as an attacking midfielder.
A product of hometown Racing de Santander's youth ranks, Canales was bought by Deportivo de La Coruña – 50% of the player's rights – in 2006, as part of the deal which saw Pedro Munitis return to Cantabria. Dudu Aouate and Antonio Tomás were also involved, in the opposite direction.
On 18 September 2008, he made his first team debut with Racing, playing in a UEFA Cup home tie against FC Honka of Finland (1–0 win). Roughly two weeks later, he first appeared in La Liga, at CA Osasuna (same result).
Having gradually received more playing time with the main squad, Canales scored twice against RCD Espanyol on 6 December 2009 (4–0 away win), and repeated the feat at Sevilla FC on 9 January 2010 (2–1 at the Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán), receiving Man of the match accolades in the latter game. The following week, as Racing drew at home to Real Valladolid 1–1, he also found the net, and eventually finished his first full season with six goals and four assists, helping Racing narrowly avoid relegation.
wn.com/Sergio_Canales -
Seychelle Gabriel
Seychelle Suzanne Gabriel (born March 25, 1991) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for roles in the feature films The Spirit (2008) and The Last Airbender (2010). She currently co-stars as Lourdes in the TNT series Falling Skies.
Gabriel was born in Burbank, California and is of Mexican descent. She graduated from Burbank High School.
Gabriel appeared as Princess Yue in the film The Last Airbender (2010), directed by M. Night Shyamalan. The film was based on Avatar: The Last Airbender, an animated children's television series.
Gabriel appeared in Honey 2 (2011), directed by Bille Woodruff, produced by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
Gabriel also appeared in the films The Spirit (2008), as Young Sand Saref. She has performed on The Tonight Show, a late-night talk show, and had a recurring role on the comedy-drama television series Weeds. She has also appeared in one episode of Zoey 101.
It was announced on March 7, 2011 that Gabriel was to voice the character Asami Sato in the Nickelodeon series The Legend of Korra.
wn.com/Seychelle_Gabriel -
Shailene Woodley
Shailene Diann Woodley (born November 15, 1991) is an American actress. Woodley is known for portraying Amy Juergens in the ABC Family series The Secret Life of the American Teenager and for co-starring alongside George Clooney in the critically acclaimed 2011 film The Descendants. For her performance in The Descendants she won an Independent Spirit Award and was nominated for a Golden Globe.
Woodley was born in Simi Valley, California. Her mother, Lori (née Victor), is a middle school counselor, and her father, Lonnie Woodley, is a school principal. She has a younger brother, Tanner. When she was 15 and a freshman, her parents divorced and she was also diagnosed with scoliosis. She was put in a chest-to-hips plastic brace to straighten her spine.
wn.com/Shailene_Woodley -
Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar ( Shapour Bakhtiar (help·info)) (also Shapur Bakhtiar) (Persian: شاپور بختیار Shāpūr Bakhtīār) (26 June 1914 – 6 August 1991) was an Iranian political scientist, writer and the last Prime Minister of Iran under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Bakhtiar was born on 26 June 1914 in southwestern Persia [Iran] into a family of Iranian tribal nobility: the family of the paramount chieftains of the then powerful Bakthiari tribe. His father was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh), his mother Naz-Baygom, both Lori and Bakhtiaris. Bakhtiar's maternal grandfather, Najaf-Gholi Khan Samsam ol-Saltaneh (a.k.a. Saad ad-Daula), was appointed prime minister twice, in 1912 and 1918. Bakhtiar's mother died when he was seven years old. He attended elementary school in Shahr-e Kord and then secondary school, first in Isfahan and later in Beirut, Lebanon, where he received his high school diploma from a French school..
In 1936 he left for France. Being a firm opponent of all totalitarian rule, he was active in the Spanish Civil War for the Republican side against General Franco's uprising and fascism. Later he volunteered for the French army and fought in the Orleans battalion and in the French Resistance against the occupation by Germany. In 1945 he received his PhD, in political science, as well as degrees in law and philosophy, from the Sorbonne.
wn.com/Shapour_Bakhtiar -
Shintaro Abe
Shintaro Abe (安倍 晋太郎, Abe Shintarō?, April 29, 1924 - May 16, 1991) was a Japanese politician from Yamaguchi Prefecture.
He was the eldest son of member of Parliament Kan Abe and son-in-law of Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. He was married to Yoko Kishi, daughter of Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. His second son, Shinzō Abe, became Prime Minister of Japan on September 26, 2006. Shintaro Abe was a leading member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
He led a major LDP faction, the conservative Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyukai, whose reins took from former Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda in July 1986, and held a variety of Cabinet and party posts. He became Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Minister of Trade and lately, in July 1986, Minister of Foreign Affairs within the Government of Yasuhiro Nakasone.
Abe was a top contender to succeed Nakasone as Prime Minister in 1987, until he stepped aside for Noboru Takeshita, head of a powerful rival faction. Then, he was given the post of General Secretary of the party. In 1988, his chances of becoming Prime Minister sometime in a near future were again thwarted when his name became associated with the Recruit-Cosmos insider-trading stock scandal, which brought down Takeshita and forced Abe to resign as the party General Secretary in December 1988. Although Abe seemed to regain his political influence, he died of liver cancer before he could make another bid for the position of prime minister.
wn.com/Shintaro_Abe -
Simona Halep
Simona Halep (born September 27, 1991) is a world top-50 tennis player playing on the ITF Women's Circuit and the WTA Tour, and is currently the number-two ranked women's tennis player in Romania, behind Monica Niculescu (out of 6 in the top-100).
Halep's father Stere runs a cheese and milk factory. She started playing tennis at age four, in emulation of her older brother. She has self-described her playing style as being "an aggressive baseliner," while New York Times columnist Michael Kimmelman described her as "a scrappy player from Romania, short but with potent ground strokes and a scrambler’s talent." In a post-match interview Serena Williams once commented that Halep "serves well [for] her height... She has so much power on her serve."
She started the year with a final in Nottinghill, losing to Arantxa Rus, then defeated Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the quarterfinals at the Australian Open Junior Championships, before losing in the semifinal to Jessica Moore.
At the ITF $50,000 tournament in Bucharest, Halep eliminated former Roland Garros semi-finalist Sesil Karatantcheva in the first round, before losing in the quarterfinals to Sorana Cîrstea in three sets, 6–3, 3–6, 1–6.
wn.com/Simona_Halep -
Skandar Keynes
Skandar Keynes (pronounced /ˈkeɪnz/; born Alexander Amin Casper Keynes; 5 September 1991) is a British actor. He is best known for starring as Edmund Pevensie in the Chronicles of Narnia film series since 2005. He has appeared in all three installments, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian and most recently The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which was released on 10 December 2010.
Keynes was born in London, the son of Zelfa Hourani and author Randal Keynes. He has an older sister, Soumaya Anne Keynes (born August 1989), who has appeared in various productions for BBC Radio 4.
On his mother's side, Keynes is of Lebanese, Persian, and Turkish descent. His maternal grandparents were Furugh Afnan and Cecil Fadlo Hourani, who was an advisor to the late Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba, as well as an author; Cecil Hourani is also the brother of Albert Hourani, a major historian of the Middle East. The Hourani family were immigrants to England from Marjeyoun in southern Lebanon.
On his father's side, Keynes is the grandson of physiologist Richard Keynes, the nephew of historian and Cambridge professor Simon Keynes, and the great-great-nephew of economist John Maynard Keynes. His great-great-great-grandfather was naturalist Charles Darwin. Keynes' great-grandparents were Nobel Prize laureate Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian and Hester Adrian, Baroness Adrian.
wn.com/Skandar_Keynes -
Skyler Day
{{Infobox person
| name = Skyler Day | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | othername = | birth_date = (1991-08-02) August 2, 1991 (age 20) | birth_place = Cumming, Georgia, U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | alma_mater = | occupation = Actress, singer | years_active = 2003–present | spouse = }}
Skyler Day (born August 2, 1991) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her recurring role as Maggie Ritter on the TeenNick series Gigantic. She currently has a recurring role as Amy Ellis on the NBC series Parenthood.
Day was born in Cumming, Georgia. She started participating in gymnastics and modeling at an early age. She was then discovered by a talent agent as a result of a chance encounter at the DMV. In 2003, she co-starred in the Atlanta-based short film A Perilous Dance: The Damon DeRivers Story. In 2004, she and her family moved to French Valley, California to pursue a career in the entertainment industry.
For many months, she auditioned for television pilots and took jobs doing radio voice-overs, television commercials before landing a role in the independent film entitled The Religion of Choice In 2003, she was given the title role in the direct-to-video film The Adventures of Ociee Nash opposite Keith Carradine and Mare Winningham. From 2004 to 2008, she co-starred in a number of television films and short independent films before guest starring in a 2009 episode of iCarly. Her other television credits include Southland, Drop Dead Diva, The Whole Truth, Days of our Lives, Law & Order: Los Angeles, Sonny with a Chance, CSI: Miami and Good Luck Charlie. In 2010, she had a recurring role in the TeenNick series Gigantic, the series ended the following year after one season. In 2011, she landed the role of Amy Ellis on the NBC series Parenthood.
wn.com/Skyler_Day -
Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich[citation needed]; Serbian pronunciation: [slɔbɔ̌dan milɔ̌ːʃɛʋitɕ] ( listen); Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was the President of Serbia and Yugoslavia. He served as the President of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. His presidency was marked by the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent Yugoslav Wars. In the midst of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with the wars in Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
Milošević resigned the Yugoslav presidency amid demonstrations, following the disputed presidential election of 24 September 2000. He was arrested by Yugoslav federal authorities on Saturday, 31 March 2001, on suspicion of corruption, abuse of power, and embezzlement. The initial investigation into Milošević faltered for lack of evidence, prompting the Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić to send him to The Hague to stand trial for charges of war crimes instead. Milošević conducted his own defense in the five-year long trial, which ended without a verdict when he died on 11 March 2006 in his prison cell in The Hague. Milošević, who suffered from heart ailments and high blood pressure, died of a heart attack. The Tribunal denies any responsibility for Milošević's death. They claim that he refused to take prescribed medicines and medicated himself instead.
wn.com/Slobodan_Milošević -
Soichiro Honda
Soichiro Honda (本田 宗一郎, Honda Sōichirō?, November 17, 1906 – August 5, 1991) was a Japanese engineer and industrialist, and founder of Honda Motor Co., Ltd..
Honda was born in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan on November 17, 1906. He spent his early childhood helping his father, Gihei, a blacksmith, with his bicycle repair business. At the time his mother, Mika, was a weaver. At 15, without any formal education, Honda left home and headed to Tokyo to look for work. He obtained an apprenticeship at a garage in 1922, and after some hesitation over his employment, he stayed for six years, working as a car mechanic before returning home to start his own auto repair business in 1928 at the age of 22.
In 1937 Honda founded Tōkai Seiki to produce piston rings for Toyota. During World War II US B-29 bomber attack destroyed Tōkai Seiki's Yamashita plant in 1944, and the Itawa plant collapsed in the 1945 Mikawa earthquake, and Soichiro Honda sold the salvageable remains the company to Toyota after the war for ¥450,000, and used the proceeds to found the Honda Technical Research Institute in October 1946. In 1948 he started producing complete motorcycles as president of the Honda Motor Company. Honda turned the company into a billion-dollar multinational that produced the best-selling motorcycles in the world. Honda's engineering and marketing skills resulted in Honda motorcycles' outselling Triumph and Harley-Davidson in their respective home markets. In 1959 Honda Motorcycles opened its first dealership in the United States.
wn.com/Soichiro_Honda -
Sonny Carter
Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter, Jr. (August 15, 1947–April 5, 1991) was an American physician, professional soccer player, U.S. Navy officer, and NASA astronaut who flew on STS-33.
Sonny Carter was born in Macon, Georgia. He graduated from Lanier High School in Macon in 1965. He received a bachelor of arts degree in chemistry from Emory University in Atlanta in 1969 and a doctor of medicine degree from there in 1973. After completing medical school in 1973, Carter completed internship in internal medicine at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta.
Carter played collegiate soccer and ran track while an undergraduate at Emory University. His senior season, he was captain and most valuable player of the soccer team. In addition to his intercollegiate athletic career, Carter was an intramural wrestling champion. Carter played professional soccer while he attended medical school. In 1970, he signed with the Atlanta Chiefs of the North American Soccer League for whom he played three seasons.
In 1974, he entered the Navy and completed flight surgeon school. After serving tours as a flight surgeon with the 1st and 3rd Marine Aircraft Wings, he returned to flight training and was designated a Naval Aviator on April 28, 1978 at NAS Chase Field, Beeville, Texas. During the following years, his naval career allowed him to serve as a fighter pilot flying F-4 Phantoms with the Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 333 (VMFA-333) and to complete a nine month Mediterranean cruise aboard USS Forrestal. In 1982 he attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School, graduating in 1984. Carter logged 3,000 flying hours and 160 carrier landings.
wn.com/Sonny_Carter -
Sophie Oda
Sophie Tamiko Oda (born October 23, 1991) is an American actress.
Oda, a Japanese American, was born in San Francisco, California. She is also a professional singer and performs frequently in concerts and benefits. Some of her performances include the Japanese American Hall of Fame, TheatreWorks 35th Anniversary, Asian Americans on Broadway, Multi-Media Musicals, East West Players Anniversary, MADD, Bay Area Kid Fest. She is a featured singer on the CD, Kabaret for Kids.
Oda has been performing in professional theatre since the age of six. Shows include The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, the World Premiere of A Little Princess, the West Coast Premiere of Jane Eyre,the Musical, The Sound of Music, Pacific Overtures, Annie, The Joy Luck Club, A Midsummer Night's Dream, South Pacific, The King and I, and more.
Oda has completed high school and is now in college at UC Irvine.
Oda had a recurring role in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody as Barbara Brownstein appearing in Benchwarmers, A Tale of Two Houses, Romancing The Phone, Orchestra, Rock Star in the House, Neither a Borrower Nor a Speller Bee, Ask Zack, Club Twin, Graduation and Miniature Golf. She appeared in two movies: Bee Season and Kung Phooey. Sophie has been a singer on Star Search. She has been a guest star in the latest sitcom, The Suite Life On Deck, with her recurring role as Barbara. Sophie is starring in a comedy web series called Spaz Fu. Her Suite Life character Barbara Brownstein has been in a relationship with other Suite Life recurring star Bob as revealed in Suite Life on Deck episode Flowers and Chocolate, even though in the original series she was girlfriend to main star Cody Martin. In Flowers and Chocolate it is revealed that Barbara and Bob started dating in The Suite Life Sets Sail, the first episode of the spin-off and the day Zack and Cody left.
wn.com/Sophie_Oda -
Soren Fulton
Soren Fulton is an American actor, best known for playing Rob Austin in A Ring of Endless Light, Caleb Cottrell in Saving Sarah Cain, and Fermat in Thunderbirds. He also voiced the character Mordred in Justice League. He starred in the television pilot of The Oaks, playing Young Dan. In MADtv, he played two different characters from 1999 to 2002.
wn.com/Soren_Fulton -
Spencer Locke
Spencer Locke (born September 20, 1991) is an American actress who has had various appearances as Kylie on the ABC sitcom Cougar Town.
Prior to appearing as Candida on Phil of the Future, she had a recurring role as Bitsy on season one of the Nickelodeon series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide.
Locke has also guest starred as Brandee Case in Without a Trace in the episode "Wannabe", Kayla in That's So Raven in episode "Mad Hot Cotillion", and as Jenny in the animated film Monster House. She appeared in the 2007 film Resident Evil: Extinction as a girl found in the ruins of a K-Mart, hoping to find a safe haven in Alaska.
Spencer reprised her role as K-Mart in the film Resident Evil: Afterlife, released September 10, 2010. She also has appeared as Amber Bradley on The Vampire Diaries.
Spencer guest starred in the ABC primetime comedy Cougar Town as Kylie, Travis' girlfriend. She appeared regularly in season one and briefly during season two. On screen, the pair separated when Travis moved to college while Kylie was still in high school. Spencer made her last appearance as Kylie in a brief scene on the season two episode Little Girl Blues when Travis introduces his new girlfriend Kirsten (Collette Wolfe) to the family. She has not appeared since.
wn.com/Spencer_Locke -
Stan Getz
Stanley Getz (February 2, 1927 – June 6, 1991) was an American jazz saxophone player. Getz was known as "The Sound" because of his warm, lyrical tone, his prime influence being the wispy, mellow timbre of his idol, Lester Young. Coming to prominence in the late 1940s with Woody Herman's big band, Getz is described by critic Scott Yanow as "one of the all-time great tenor saxophonists". Getz went on to perform in bebop, cool jazz and third stream, but is perhaps best known for popularizing bossa nova, as in the worldwide hit single "The Girl from Ipanema" (1964).
Getz was born on February 2, 1927, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Ukrainian Jews who emigrated from the Kiev area in 1903. The family later moved to New York City for better employment opportunities. Getz worked hard in school, receiving straight As, and finished sixth grade close to the top of his class. Getz's major interest was in musical instruments, and he felt a need to play every instrument in sight. He played a number of them before his father bought him his first saxophone at the age of 13. Even though his father also got him a clarinet, Getz instantly fell in love with the saxophone and began practicing eight hours a day.
wn.com/Stan_Getz -
Stanley Hawes
Stanley Gilbert Hawes (19 January 1905 – 19 April 1991) was a British-born documentary film producer and director who spent most of his career in Australia, though he commenced his career in England and Canada. He was born in London, England and died in Sydney, Australia. He is best known as the Producer-in-Chief (1946-1969) of the Australian Government's filmmaking body, which was named, in 1945, the Australian National Film Board, and then, in 1956, the Commonwealth Film Unit. In 1973, after he retired, it became Film Australia.
He started work in 1922 as a committee clerk with the City of Birmingham Corporation, but started his film career in 1931, when he co-founded the Birmingham Film Society. He arrived in Australia in 1946, from the National Film Board of Canada, to take up a position as Producer-in-Chief with the Australian National Film Board, initially as a temporary assignment but made permanent within a couple of years of his arrival. Hawes is regarded as working primarily in the classical style of documentary he learnt with John Grierson in the 1930s. As Moran writes, 'Films such as School in the Mailbox, Flight Plan and The Queen In Australia make clear his aesthetic preference for the classic documentary rather than for drama or the more evocative, poetic forms of documentary'.
wn.com/Stanley_Hawes -
Steve Clark
Stephen Maynard Clark (23 April 1960 – 8 January 1991) was an English musician, co-lead guitarist for the British hard rock band Def Leppard up until his death in 1991 due to a combination of alcohol and multiple prescription drugs. In 2007 Clark was ranked #11 on Classic Rock Magazine's "100 Wildest Guitar Heroes".
Steve Clark was born and raised in Hillsborough, the north-western suburb of Sheffield, England. From an early age he showed an interest in music — at the age of six, his mother took him to a concert to see The Shadows perform. At eleven, he asked his father, a taxi driver, for a guitar, and his father gave him one, on the condition that Steve would learn to play.
Clark primarily used Gibson guitars during his time with Def Leppard. He occasionally used other guitars, such as a Fender Stratocaster in the "Love Bites" video. This Fender Strat was given to Steve by Led Zeppelin's Jimmy Page.
Before joining Def Leppard in 1978, Clark played cover songs with his small band, Electric Chicken, in Sheffield. Around that time, he met Pete Willis (Def Leppard's original guitarist/founder). Clark asked for a spot in the band and joined Def Leppard in January 1978. According to Joe Elliott in Behind the Music, Clark auditioned for Def Leppard by playing all of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Freebird" without accompaniment.
wn.com/Steve_Clark -
Steve Marriott
Stephen Peter Marriott (30 January 1947 – 20 April 1991), popularly known as Steve Marriott, was an English musician, songwriter and frontman of several notable rock and roll bands, spanning over two decades. Marriott is remembered for his powerful singing voice which belied his small stature, and for his aggressive approach as a guitarist in the mod rock bands- the Small Faces (1965–1969) and Humble Pie (1969–1975 and 1980–1981). Marriott was inducted posthumously into the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame in 2012 as a member of the Small Faces.
In Britain, Marriott became a popular, often-photographed mod style icon through his role as lead singer and guitarist with the Small Faces in the mid to late 1960s. Marriott was influenced from an early age by his heroes including Buddy Holly, Booker T & the MG's, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Muddy Waters and Bobby Bland. In later life Marriott became disillusioned with the music industry and turned his back on the big record companies, remaining in relative obscurity. He returned to his music roots playing the pubs and clubs around London and Essex.
wn.com/Steve_Marriott -
Sumio Iijima
Sumio Iijima (飯島 澄男 Iijima Sumio, born May 2, 1939) is a Japanese physicist, often cited as the discoverer of carbon nanotubes. Although carbon nanotubes had been observed prior to his "discovery", Iijima's 1991 paper generated unprecedented interest in the carbon nanostructures and has since fueled intense research in the area of nanotechnology. For this and other work Sumio Iijima was awarded, together with Louis Brus, the inaugural Kavli Prize for Nanoscience in 2008.
Born in Saitama Prefecture in 1939, Iijima graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1963 from the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo. He received a Master's degree in 1965 and completed his Ph.D. in solid-state physics in 1968, both at Tohoku University in Sendai.
Between 1970 and 1982 he performed research with crystalline materials and high-resolution electron microscopy at Arizona State University. He visited the University of Cambridge during 1979 to perform studies on carbon materials.
He worked for the Research Development Corporation of Japan from 1982 to 1987, studying ultra-fine particles, after which he joined NEC Corporation where he is still employed. He discovered carbon nanotubes in 1991 while working with NEC. He is also a professor at Meijo University since 1999. Furthermore, he is the director of the Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Distinguished Invited University Professor of Nagoya University and the dean of Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT).
wn.com/Sumio_Iijima -
Sun Yang
Sun Yang (simplified Chinese: 孙杨; traditional Chinese: 孫楊; pinyin: Sūn Yáng; born 1 December 1991 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang) is an Olympic and world-record-holding distance swimmer from China. He swam for China at the 2008 Olympics. At the 2010 Asian Games, he won the men's 1500m freestyle in an Asian Record; this swim and his two other medals at the Games were cited in his being named the Rookie of the Year at the 2010 CCTV Sports Awards. At the 2011 World Championships, Sun broke the world record in the 1500 metre freestyle, long-held by Grant Hackett and which was the longest-held world record in swimming, and the only men's swimming record to not have been beaten during the techsuit era.
Key: AS = Asian record, NR = National record, WR = World Record
wn.com/Sun_Yang -
Sunthorn Kongsompong
General Sunthorn Kongsompong (1931 - 1999) was the de facto head of government of Thailand from 1991 - 1992, following a military coup d'etat led by Sunthorn and General Suchinda Kraprayoon deposed the government of Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan on February 23, 1991. The generals accused Chatichai of corruption, and established the National Peacekeeping Council (NPKC) as an interim administration, with Sunthorn as chairman. Anand Panyarachun was appointed Prime Minister in March, but the administration of the country was also executed by the NPKC. Sunthorn left the political office following the May 1992 constitution promulgation, which prohibited members of the military from executing the office of the Prime Minister.
Following his death due to cancer, a scandal arose over the distribution of his estate. He decided to leave most of his fortune of approximately US$ 150 million to his mistress. His wife sued to have the decision declared void. However, questions arose on how a general earning a little over US$1,000 a month could accumulate such a large personal fortune. The case led to the investigation of other generals, politicians, and businessmen into possible money laundering and corruption. It is said that the general also had close relationship with Thaksin Shinawatra, ousted prime minister in another 2006 coup.
wn.com/Sunthorn_Kongsompong -
Sylvia Fine
Sylvia Fine (August 29, 1913, Brooklyn, New York – October 28, 1991, New York City) was an American lyricist, composer, producer and the wife of the comedian Danny Kaye. The daughter of a dentist and the youngest of three children, she and her future husband grew up within blocks of each other in Brooklyn, but never met until 1939.
Raised in a Jewish household in East New York, she attended Thomas Jefferson High School and studied music at Brooklyn College, where she wrote the music for the school's alma mater, with lyrics from the poet Robert Friend.
She was working as an audition pianist when she met Danny Kaye; both were working on a short-lived Broadway show. Fine also wrote the lyrics and music for it. Though the pair had never met, they discovered something in common. Kaye had once worked for Fine's father: watching his office while the dentist went to lunch. Dr. Fine also had to fire his future son-in-law for doing woodworking with his dental drills. After a whirlwind romance, they were married on January 3, 1940. Kaye proposed on the telephone while working in Florida; Fine was in New York. She made the trip to Fort Lauderdale where they were married.
wn.com/Sylvia_Fine -
Sylvia Porter
Sylvia Field Porter (18 June 1913 - 5 June 1991) was an American economist and journalist. At the height of her career, her readership was greater than 40 million people.
Born Patchogue, New York, on Long Island as Sylvia Field Feldman, she aspired to be an author at the age of six. Originally majoring in English literature, she switched to economics and finance after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. It has been suggested that her fiancee, bank employee Reed Porter, was relying upon Sylvia to explain the complications of the worldwide financial panic. They were married in 1931.
She graduated magna cum laude from Hunter College in 1932, and her expertise in government bonds enabled her to get a job as assistant to the president of an investment counseling firm. Working 12 hour days, she quickly learned more about the bond market, currency fluctuations and movements of the price of gold. In her spare time, she pursued an MBA at New York University.
Starting in 1934 as "S.F. Porter", she published a newsletter devoted exclusively to U.S. government bonds, and was able to persuade the New York Post to hire her to write a thrice-weekly financial column.
wn.com/Sylvia_Porter -
Taylor Gildersleeve
Taylor Gildersleeve (born September 13, 1991) is an American actress. She is known for her role as teenager Sydney Harris on the daytime soap opera All My Children.
Taylor Gildersleeve originated the role of Sydney Harris on ABC's "All My Children" on August 1, 2006. She last appeared on the show on November 28, 2006, but remained with the show until May 2007. She acted in 38 episodes and portrayed an original character.
Taylor won the pageantry title of Miss New York Teen USA 2009 on November 30, 2008. Taylor competed in the Miss Teen USA 2009 pageant, but failed to advance into the Top 15.
Starting March 15, 2010, Gildersleeve joined the cast of ABC's One Life to Live as Leah Valeria, one of Kim's dancer friends.
Taylor also won the title of Miss Teen Connecticut-World 2010 and competed for the title of Miss Teen United-States World 2010 in the summer of 2010.
Taylor has appeared on NBC's Law and Order in the role of Lauren Claiborne.
She has appeared on NBC's 30 Rock in the role of actress Archeria in the episode "Black Light Attack!", has starred in the TV pilot "Wingman", the independent film "Recess", and has appeared in national commercials for Subway Sandwich's "Five Dollar Footlong".
wn.com/Taylor_Gildersleeve -
Tennessee Ernie Ford
Ernest Jennings Ford (February 13, 1919 – October 17, 1991), better known as Tennessee Ernie Ford, was an American recording artist and television host who enjoyed success in the country and Western, pop, and gospel musical genres. Today, he is best remembered for his hit recording of "Sixteen Tons".
Born in Bristol, Tennessee, to Clarence Thomas Ford and Maud Long, Ford began his radio career as an announcer at WOPI-AM in Bristol, Tennessee. In 1939, the young bass-baritone left the station to study classical singing at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music in Ohio. First Lieutenant Ford served in World War II as the bombardier on a B-29 Superfortress flying missions over Japan. After the war, Ford worked at radio stations in San Bernardino and Pasadena, California. In San Bernardino, Ford was hired as a radio announcer. He was assigned to host an early morning country music disc jockey program titled Bar Nothin' Ranch Time. To differentiate himself, he created the personality of "Tennessee Ernie," a wild, madcap exaggerated hillbilly. He became popular in the area and was soon hired away by Pasadena's KXLA radio.
wn.com/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford -
Terry A. Anderson
Terry A. Anderson (born October 27, 1947) is the best known, and longest held, hostage of a group of Americans believed to be captured by Shiite Hezbollah militants in an attempt to drive U.S. military forces from Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.
Anderson was born in Lorain, Ohio and raised in Batavia, New York, where he graduated from Batavia High School in 1965.
A professional journalist, he was in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War, where he was a combat correspondent (1969–70). After his discharge he enrolled at Iowa State University, studying broadcast journalism and graduating in 1974. Then he joined the Associated Press, serving in Asia and Africa before being assigned to Lebanon as the chief Mideast correspondent in 1983.
On March 16, 1985, Anderson had just finished a tennis game when he was abducted from the street in Beirut, placed in the trunk of a car, and taken to a secret location where he was imprisoned. For the next six years and nine months, he was held captive, being moved periodically to new sites. His captors were a group of Hezbollah Shiite Muslims who were supported by Iran in supposed retaliation for Israel's use of U.S. weapons and aid in its 1982–83 strikes against Muslim and Druze targets in Lebanon.
wn.com/Terry_A._Anderson -
Terry Waite
Terry Waite CBE (born 31 May 1939 in Bollington, Cheshire) is an English humanitarian and author.
Waite was the Assistant for Anglican Communion Affairs for the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, in the 1980s. As an envoy for the Church of England, he travelled to Lebanon to try to secure the release of four hostages, including the journalist John McCarthy. He was himself held captive between 1987 and 1991.
He is also president of the charity Y Care International (the YMCA's international development and relief agency) and patron of AbleChildAfrica and Habitat for Humanity Great Britain. He is also president of Emmaus UK, a charity for formerly homeless people.
The son of a village policeman, Waite was educated at Stockton Heath County Secondary school where he became head boy. Although his parents were only nominally religious, he showed a commitment to Christianity from an early age.
Waite joined the Grenadier Guards at Caterham Barracks, but an allergy to a dye in the uniform obliged him to depart after a few months. He then considered a monastic life, but instead joined the Church Army, the evangelistic arm of the Anglican Church, undergoing training and studies in London. While he was held captive in the 1980s, many Church Army officers wore a simple badge with the letter H on it, to remind people that one of their members was still a hostage, and was being supported in prayer daily by them and many others.
wn.com/Terry_Waite -
Tess Gaerthé
Tess Gaerthé (born on 21 August 1991 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands), better known as just Tess, was the Dutch representative at the 3rd Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2005. Singing "Stupid", she finished in 7th place with 82 points.
Tess was born in the VU Amsterdam Hospital on 21 August 1991 at 1:05 PM, half an hour after her twin brother Joel.Tess was born with her arm around her head.At night, she would sleep with her arm around her head during the first months of her life.Tess and Joel had many nannies during their childhood because both of their parents worked.
Since the JESC, apart from still going to school with an integrated pop/jazz education, she came out with additional singles. "First Kiss" won the award for longest noted artist for 26 weeks in the Kids Top 20. She was asked by Jetix/Dolfinarium to write and sing the title song for the popular TV series Spetter (Mijn allerbeste vriend) and following this came the request to sing the Dutch version of the main duet of High School Musical 2, by Disney. This duet, "De stem van mijn hart", she did together with Thomas Berge. Tess now performs jazz and pop with Tess and the Rhythm Chiefs in Belgium and the Netherlands. Her first album, Onweerstaanbaar is released on 6 March 2008 in Belgium and the Netherlands.
wn.com/Tess_Gaerthé -
Tessa James
Tessa James (born 17 April 1991) is an Australian actress who is best known for the role of Nicole Franklin in the Australian soap opera Home and Away.
James has performed in school plays and amateur theatre throughout primary school and high school. She has been dancing since the age of five, has sung for the Young Australian Broadway Chorus and the Children Performing Choirs Australia.[citation needed] She took up acting at the age of 7. She attended Methodist Ladies' College Melbourne.[citation needed]
In December 2010, James became engaged to professional rugby league footballer Nate Myles. The pair wed on 23 December 2011.
Her first television role was playing Anne Baxter in the soap opera Neighbours. She also played the lead role in the Australian short film, Hugo.
James joined the cast of Home and Away as Nicole Franklin in 2008. In an interview, James stated that she likes playing Nicole because they are complete opposites and that she is not a fan of wearing lots of make-up, unlike Nicole.[citation needed] In March 2011, James confirmed that she had left Home and Away after three and a half years. She plans to audition for roles in Los Angeles.
wn.com/Tessa_James -
Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955), also known as "TimBL", is an English computer scientist, MIT professor and the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 and on 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet.
Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development. He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation, and is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of The Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
wn.com/Tim_Berners-Lee -
Tino Casal
José Celestino Casal Álvarez, more commonly known as Tino Casal, (11 February 1950, in Tudela Veguín, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain – 22 September 1991, in Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish singer, songwriter and producer, who was active during La Movida Madrileña (English: The Madrid movement) Tino was the most popular singer in the 80's in Spain.
Casal began his musical career, aged 13, in a group called "Los Zafiros Negros" (The Black Sapphires). In 1967 he joined "Los Archiduques" (The Archdukes), replacing their lead singer, who had fallen ill. He then left for London, in order to follow one of his other great passions - painting. It was there, that Casal had his first contact with glam-rock, attracted by the stream led by David Bowie, Sweet & T-Rex among others.
In 1977, after a series of trips abroad, Casal returned to Spain, where he signed a recording contract with Philips when Spanish music lovers were looking for a substitute for well-loved crooners Nino Bravo and Bruno Lomas. During the 1970s, he performed at a number of different music festivals, and in 1978 he took part in the Benidorm Festival, where he won "Best Young Singer" and "Best Musical Composition.".
wn.com/Tino_Casal -
Tommy Bastow
Tommy Bastow (born 26 August 1991) is an English actor and musician from Epsom, Surrey. He is best known for playing the character Dave the Laugh in the 2008 film Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging, as Joe in the BT adverts and as the lead singer in the band FranKo.
Bastow attended the independent City of London Freemen's School, and later transferred to the BRIT School in Croydon, a state school that specialises in the performing arts.
Bastow wanted to become an actor after watching films like A Clockwork Orange, Pulp Fiction and American Psycho with his dad and being inspired by the performances of the actors, "Watching those great performances sent tingles down my spine and I wanted to have that ability myself. I wanted other people to watch me and get that same feeling, I wanted to entertain." Bastow first got involved with acting at the age of thirteen. Since 2005, Bastow has appeared in several BT adverts. In 2008, he appeared in two episodes of the CBBC program M.I.High as Lewis Chuckworth, and in a short film titled Londongrad. Bastow landed his first major film role playing the character of "Dave the Laugh" in Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging, released in July 2008. In December 2008, he played the role of a young Sir Guy of Gisborne for an episode of the BBC One series Robin Hood which aired on 6 June 2009. In 2009, he also had an uncredited role in The Boys Are Back starring Clive Owen. Bastow starred in the 2010 Spanish - American horror film Exorcismus, which is produced by Filmax. He is currently appearing in a recurring role in teen drama The Cut, a BBC Switch program, playing Greg Cranborne. In 2011 he appeared in EastEnders as Seb Parker.
wn.com/Tommy_Bastow -
Tony Oller
Tony Oller (born February 25, 1991) is an American actor and musician from Cypress, Texas. He is known for his role as Walt Moore on Gigantic, Jesse in Lifetime's "Unanswered Prayers". and as Daniel "Danny" Neilson on As the Bell Rings.
He is in the Lifetime (TV network) Original Unanswered Prayers based on the song by Garth Brooks. He began his career in a comedy short program on Disney at age 15 but was later picked up and developed by Nickelodeon for a half hour dramedy series at age 18. He appeared in both seasons of the Disney Channel short series As the Bell Rings as Danny. As The Bell Rings features three original songs recorded by Oller. His first song/music video "Could You Be The One" premiered August 2, 2008 on the Disney Channel followed by "Here I Go" and "All You've Got To Do".[citation needed] He also appeared in the Teen Nick series "Gigantic as Walt Moore".
Before his live action career, he did some voice acting in Anime that was licensed by the now defunct ADV Films. His roles include Nataku in Saiyuki, Jacob in Saint Seiya, and Mini in Legend of the Mystical Ninja.
wn.com/Tony_Oller -
Tony Richardson
Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English theatre and film director and producer.
Richardson was born in Shipley, Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson and Gavin Lambert. He had the unprecedented distinction of being elected President of both the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Experimental Theatre Club (the ETC), in addition to being theatre critic for the university magazine Isis.
In 1955, in his directing début, Richardson produced Jean Giraudoux's The Apollo of Bellac for Television with Denholm Elliott and Natasha Parry in the main roles.
Representative of the British "New Wave" of directors, he developed the ideas that led to the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osborne's seminal play Look Back in Anger at the Court, writing both the theatre and playwright into British theatrical history. In the same period he directed Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon. Then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osborne's The Entertainer, again at the Royal Court.
wn.com/Tony_Richardson -
Trevor Bayne
Trevor Bayne (born February 19, 1991) is an American NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and Nationwide Series race car driver. He drives the No. 21 Motorcraft/QuickLane Ford Fusion for Wood Brothers Racing in the Sprint Cup Series, and the No. 60 Ford Mustang for Roush Fenway Racing part-time in the Nationwide Series.
Bayne began his racing career racing go-karts at the age of five. After eight years, he moved to Allison Legacy Race Series, where he became the youngest top rookie. Two years later, he moved to the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series Southern Division. In 2008, he signed a contract with Dale Earnhardt, Inc. to race in the NASCAR Camping World East Series, where he recorded one win, six top-five, and seven top-10 finishes. One year later, he recorded Sunoco Rookie of the Race honors after participating in the Toyota All-Star Showdown at Irwindale Speedway. Also in 2009, he began racing in the Nationwide Series for Michael Waltrip Racing. After about two years with the team, he moved to Roush Fenway Racing, at the late end of the season, and began racing in the Sprint Cup Series for Wood Brothers Racing. In 2011, Bayne won the Daytona 500, becoming the youngest driver to win the race at an age of 20 years and 1 day.
wn.com/Trevor_Bayne -
Tyler Posey
Tyler Garcia Posey (born October 18, 1991) is an American actor and musician. Tyler is best known for his role as Scott McCall in MTV's show Teen Wolf.
Working steadily in film and television for the last decade, Posey is also the frontman of the band 'Lost In Kostko', in which he sings and plays guitar. One of his first, and one of his most unrecognized roles was Maid in Manhattan, in which he co-starred with Jennifer Lopez.
In his breakout role, Posey was cast as the lead in the MTV television series of Teen Wolf (a re-imagining of the 1985 film of the same name), as the soft-spoken Scott, a high school student bitten by a werewolf, who has to keep his secret from his loved ones and keep them safe from impending dangers. Because of this role, he has received many comparisons to Taylor Lautner of The Twilight Saga. Posey has known Lautner for a number of years, and actually finds the similarities laughable.[citation needed] He jokes about when a new kid moved into his town who had a similar name to him, and that Lautner later started dating a girl that Tyler liked. He, as a matter of fact, auditioned for, and was the runner up for the role of Jacob Black in Twilight, that later went to Lautner.[citation needed]
wn.com/Tyler_Posey -
Vadhir Derbez
Derbez Alejandro González Torres Vadhir Prince (born Mexico City, 18 February 1991), known as Vadhir Derbez, is a Mexican actor working for Televisa. He is the son of the comedian Eugenio Derbez. Starting his career at age 3, he has been seen in many television programs during his career.
Vadhir Derbez has been working as an actor since he was five years old and has appeared on all kinds of proyects; for example soap operas, commercials, comedy shows, sitcoms, etc. He is currently preparing to begin a career involving music as a singer.
wn.com/Vadhir_Derbez -
Vasco Pratolini
Vasco Pratolini (October 19, 1913 - January 12, 1991) was one of the most noted Italian writers of the twentieth century.
Born in Florence, Pratolini worked at various jobs before entering the literary world thanks to his acquaintance with Elio Vittorini. In 1938 he founded, together with Alfonso Gatto, the magazine Campo di Marte. His work is based on firm political principles and much of it is rooted in the ordinary life and sentiments of ordinary, modest working-class people in Florence.
During World War II he fought with the Italian partisans against the German occupation. After the war he also worked in the cinema, collaborating as screenwriter to films such as Luchino Visconti's Rocco e i suoi fratelli , Roberto Rossellini's Paisà and Nanni Loy's Le quattro giornate di Napoli. In 1954 and 1961 Valerio Zurlini turned two of his novels, Le ragazze di San Frediano and Cronaca familiare, into films.
His most important literary works are the novels Cronaca familiare (1947), Cronache di poveri amanti (1947) and Metello (1955).
wn.com/Vasco_Pratolini -
Vasily Zaytsev
Vasily Grigoryevich Zaytsev (Russian: Василий Григорьевич Зайцев; IPA: [vʌˈsʲilʲɪj ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjevʲɪtɕ ˈzajtsɨf]; March 23, 1915 – December 15, 1991) was a Soviet sniper during World War II, notable particularly for his activities between November 10 and December 17, 1942, during the Battle of Stalingrad. He killed 225 soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and other Axis armies, including 11 enemy snipers.
Prior to November 10, he had already killed 32 Axis soldiers with the standard-issue Mosin–Nagant rifle. Between October 1942 and January 1943, Zaytsev made 242 verified kills.
Zaytsev was born in Yeleninskoye and grew up in the Ural Mountains, where he learned marksmanship by hunting deer and wolf with his grandfather and younger brother. When he was 5 years old, he killed his first wolf. His surname is based on the Russian word zayats (заяц) meaning "hare". He was nicknamed 'Vasya' by his friends.
Zaytsev served in the Soviet Navy as a clerk in Vladivostok. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Zaytsev, like many of his comrades, volunteered to be transferred to the front line. At the time he had already reached the rank of Sergeant Major.
wn.com/Vasily_Zaytsev -
Vasko Popa
Vasko Popa (Serbian: Васко Попа, June 29, 1922, Grebenac - January 5, 1991) was a Serbian poet of Romanian descent.
Popa was born in the village of Grebenac (Romanian: Grebenaţ), Vojvodina, Serbia. After finishing high school, he enrolled as a student of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy. He continued his studies at the University of Bucharest and in Vienna. During World War II, he fought as a partisan and was imprisoned in a German concentration camp in Bečkerek (today Zrenjanin, Serbia).
After the war, in 1949, Popa graduated from the Romanic group of the Faculty of Philosophy at Belgrade University. He published his first poems in the magazines Književne novine (Literary Magazine) and the daily Borba (Struggle).
From 1954 until 1979 he was the editor of the publishing house Nolit. In 1953 he published his first major verse collection, Kora (Bark). His other important work included Nepočin-polje (No-Rest Field, 1956), Sporedno nebo (Secondary Heaven, 1968), Uspravna zemlja (Earth Erect, 1972), Vučja so (Wolf Salt, 1975), and Od zlata jabuka (Apple of Gold, 1978), an anthology of Serbian folk literature. His Collected Poems, 1943–1976, a compilation in English translation, appeared in 1978, with an introduction by the British poet Ted Hughes.
wn.com/Vasko_Popa -
Victoire Thivisol
Victoire Thivisol (born July 6, 1991 in France) is a film actress.
She first gained acclaim for her role as a child coping with her mother's death in the 1996 film, Ponette and became the youngest actress to win the Volpi Cup Best Actress Award at the Venice Film Festival. She later went on to star in Children of the Century and Chocolat (2000), both as the daughter of Juliette Binoche. In 2007 she was cast in Les grands s'allongent par terre (2008). The director, Emmanuel Saget, was so impressed with her that he subsequently rewrote the film around her character.
wn.com/Victoire_Thivisol -
Victor Chang
Victor Peter Chang, AC (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991), was a Chinese Australian cardiac surgeon and a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. Born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents, he grew up in Hong Kong before moving to Australia. After completing his medical studies at the University of Sydney and working in St Vincent's Hospital, he trained in England and the United States as a surgeon before returning to Australia. In St Vincent's Hospital, he helped establish the National Cardiac Transplant Unit, the country's leading centre for heart and lung transplants. Chang's team had a high success rate in performing heart transplantations and he pioneered the development of an artificial heart valve.
In 1986, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for his "service to international relations between Australia and China and to medical science". In 1991, Chang died after being shot in a failed extortion attempt against him. His legacy includes the creation of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, being voted Australian of the Century at the People's Choice Awards, and the establishment of the Victor Chang Lowy Packer Building in St Vincent's Hospital.
wn.com/Victor_Chang -
Vilma Bánky
Vilma Bánky (January 9, 1901 – March 18, 1991) was a Hungarian-born American silent film actress, although the early part of her acting career began in Budapest, spreading to France, Austria, and Germany. Banky was best known for her roles in The Eagle and The Son of the Sheik with Rudolph Valentino and several romantic teamings with Ronald Colman.
She was born Vilma Koncsics on January 9, 1901 to János Koncsics and Katalin Ulbert in Nagydorog, Austria-Hungary. Her father was a bureau chief under Franz Joseph's Austro-Hungarian Empire. Shortly after her birth, her father was transferred to Budapest, and the family relocated.
She had two siblings – an older brother, Gyula (who would later go on to work in Berlin as a writer and cinematographer), and a younger sister, Gisella. After graduation from secondary school, Bánky took courses to work as a stenographer, but was offered a role in a film. Acting had been her interest since she was a young girl.
Her first film appearance was in the now lost film, Im Letzten Augenblick, directed by Carl Boese in Germany in 1919. On a trip to Budapest in 1925, Hollywood film producer Samuel Goldwyn discovered and signed her to a contract. Both her mother and father were vehemently against Bánky's acting career as was her fiancé; nonetheless she left for the United States in March 1925, arriving to a great deal of fanfare.
wn.com/Vilma_Bánky -
Vincent Caso
Vincent "Vince" Caso (born December 24, 1991 in Weymouth, Massachusetts) is an American actor and entrepreneur best known for his co-starring role as Bladezz on the critically acclaimed web series The Guild.
Vincent Caso was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, but he was raised in Los Angeles, California where he attended a school for the Arts. At the age of thirteen, he decided to go into acting, and within a year, he landed a role in his first feature film, American Fork, a comedy produced by Jeremy Coon of Napoleon Dynamite. The film premiered at Slamdance in January 2007, garnering Vincent some good reviews and his first red carpet experience alongside fellow cast members Billy Baldwin, Kathleen Quinlan, and writer/star Hubbel Palmer. American Fork was released in a limited number of theaters in fall of 2009, under the new name Humble Pie. He has attended classes in drama, improvisation and Shakespearean performance since his early teens, as well as performing in a variety of stage productions such as Shakespeare's "The Tempest" and several improv shows.
wn.com/Vincent_Caso -
Viviane Romance
Viviane Romance (July 4, 1912 – September 25, 1991) was a French actress.
Born Pauline Ronacher Ortmanns in Roubaix, France, Romance began her career as a dancer at the Moulin Rouge in Paris and was elected Miss Paris of 1930 before she made her film debut in 1931 with a cameo role in La Chienne. Romance caused a small scandal winning Miss Paris because she had a child. She appeared in several films over the next few years before making a strong impression in La belle équipe (1936). From this time to the late 1950s she was regarded as one of France's leading cinematic actresses and played dozens of Femme fatales, fallen women (with hearts of gold) and vamps. Her acting roles after 1956 were few, and she retired in 1974.
Romance was offered, and rejected, a Hollywood film contract in the 1930s. She preferred to make films in her native France. However, she also resided for many years in Italy where she made several Italian language films.
She died in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France.
wn.com/Viviane_Romance -
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (1955–1991), more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The founding treaty was established under the initiative of the Soviet Union and signed on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was a Soviet military response to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955, per the Paris Pacts of 1954.
In the West, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance; abbreviated WAPA, Warpac, and WP. Elsewhere, in the former member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as:
The Warsaw Treaty’s organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the head of the Warsaw Treaty Combined Staff also was a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.
wn.com/Warsaw_Pact -
Wilfrid Hyde-White
Wilfrid Hyde-White (12 May 1903 — 6 May 1991) was an English character actor.
Wilfrid Hyde White was born at the rectory in Bourton-on-the-Water in Gloucestershire, the son of William Edward White, canon of Gloucester Cathedral, and his wife, Ethel Adelaide Drought. He was educated at Marlborough College, where he decided on an acting career — his uncle was the actor J. Fisher White. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and made his stage début as Maitland in the Evans-Valentine hit comedy Tons of Money (1922) at Ryde, Isle of Wight, and his London début as a juror in Beggar on Horseback (1925) at the Queen's.
He worked steadily on the stage, including a tour of South Africa in 1932 before making his film debut, in Josser on the Farm credited as "Hyde White" in 1934. He appeared in the George Formby comedy, Turned Out Nice Again (1941), and after a memorable supporting role in The Third Man, he became a fixture in British films of the 1950s. Two-Way Stretch displays the more roguish side to some of the characters he played in this period. His debonair charm was recognized by critics and audiences: "[his] unfailing imperturbability and unruffled acceptance of every eventuality made him an ideal choice for light comedy of the drawing room school." From 1962-65 he also starred in the BBC radio comedy The Men from the Ministry.
wn.com/Wilfrid_Hyde-White -
Wilhelm Kempff
Wilhelm Walter Friedrich Kempff (25 November 1895 – 23 May 1991) was a German pianist and composer. Although his repertory included Bach, Liszt, Chopin, Schumann, and Brahms, Kempff was particularly well known for his interpretations of the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, both of whose complete sonatas he also recorded. He is considered to have been one of the chief exponents of the Germanic tradition during the 20th century.
Kempff was born in Jüterbog, Brandenburg, in 1895. He grew up in nearby Potsdam where his father was a royal music director and organist at St. Nicolai Church. His grandfather was also an organist and his brother Georg became director of church music at the University of Erlangen. Kempff studied music at first at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik at the age of nine after receiving lessons from his father at a younger age. Whilst there he studied composition with Robert Kahn and piano with Karl Heinrich Barth (with whom Arthur Rubinstein also studied). In 1914 Kempff moved on to study at the Viktoria gymnasium in Potsdam before returning to Berlin to finish his training.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Kempff -
Willa Holland
Willa Joanna Chance Holland (born June 18, 1991) is an American actress and fashion model. She is best known for her role as Kaitlin Cooper, Marissa Cooper's devious younger sister, on the television series The O.C.. She also appeared as Agnes Andrews on The CW series Gossip Girl.
Holland was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of cinematographer Keith Holland and actress Darnell Gregorio-De Palma. She has two sisters, Brianna Holland (born 1988) and Piper De Palma (born 1996). Holland spent the earlier part of her childhood in Chelsea, London. It was during that period that she spent time on the set of the film Mission: Impossible which was directed by her stepfather Brian De Palma. She went to Kenter Canyon Elementary School and later Paul Revere Middle School. She also attended Palisades Charter High School for a brief time.
Holland spent the summer of 1999 in The Hamptons with her family. After a day playing at Steven Spielberg's home, the seed was planted that she should spend her life acting in film. Spielberg told her mother "You've got to put her in front of a camera!". Upon her return to Los Angeles that September, Holland signed with Ford Modeling Agency at age seven, and immediately booked a shoot for Burberry.
wn.com/Willa_Holland -
Wolfgang Van Halen
Wolfgang William Van Halen (born March 16, 1991), is an American musician. He is the bassist for Van Halen, having replaced Michael Anthony in 2006.
Named after the classical composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, he is the son of Van Halen guitarist Eddie Van Halen and actress Valerie Bertinelli, and the nephew of Van Halen drummer Alex Van Halen.
Following the completion of the 2007/2008 Van Halen tour, Wolfgang headed back to school, hoping to graduate in the summer of 2009. Wolfgang appears as the bassist for Van Halen on Guitar Hero: Van Halen.
Wolfgang had an indirect impact on his father's career from the very beginning of his life. The instrumental "316" was named in his honor, after Wolfgang's birthday. For a 13-year period ending in 2004, Eddie Van Halen collaborated with Peavey on a line of guitars, the Wolfgang series, named after his son. In 2008, his father named a custom guitar after him, the Fender EVH Wolfgang.
Wolfgang later began actively participating in the band. He also made guest appearances during some dates of Van Halen's 2004 tour, appearing during his father's extended guitar solo spot and playing "316" with him.
wn.com/Wolfgang_Van_Halen -
Yasushi Inoue
Yasushi Inoue (井上 靖 Inoue Yasushi, May 6, 1907 – January 29, 1991) was a Japanese writer whose range of genres included poetry, essays, short fiction, and novels. He was originally from Asahikawa, Hokkaido.
Inoue is famous for his serious historical fiction of ancient Japan and the Asian continent, including Wind and Waves, Tun-huang, and Confucius, but his work also included semi-autobiographical novels and short fiction of great humor, pathos, and wisdom like Shirobamba and Asunaro Monogatari, which depicted the setting of the author's own life—Japan of the early to mid twentieth century—in revealing perspective.
Inoue, who is one of Japan's most prolific writers today, started relatively late as a novelist. He was forty-two when he published in 1949 his first works, the two novelettes Ryoju and The Bullfight, which the following year won for him the top literary prize in Japan, the Akutagawa Prize. His longer The Roof Tile of Tempyo deals both with art and ancient China; Lou-Lan and The Flood are short historical novels of China. Whether he is writing full novels, novelettes, or short-stories, however, Inoue's penchant for detailed, exhaustive research and historical accuracy give his stories a flavor of authenticity. Even the characters in his stories can often be traced back to historical individuals. In the spring of 1964, Inoue went to the United States to start his research on what he personally believes will be his magnum opus, a multi-volume treatment of first, second, and third generation Japanese abroad, particularly in the United States.
wn.com/Yasushi_Inoue -
Yevgeny Dragunov
Yevgeny Fyodorovich Dragunov (Russian: Евге́ний Фёдорович Драгуно́в; February 20, 1920, Izhevsk – August 4, 1991) was a Russian weapons designer, best known for the semi-automatic rifle bearing his name, the Dragunov sniper rifle.
From a family of gunsmiths, Dragunov worked as a factory machinist before beginning military service in 1939. After 1941 he was a senior armourer, working on Soviet and also captured enemy weapons during wartime. After 1945 he returned to Izhevsk and joined the Arms Design Bureau, working as a project engineer on sporting and civilian target rifles through the 1950s. One of these, the Biathlon target rifle, went on to Olympic Gold. In 1959 Dragunov submitted his design for a military sniping rifle, the SVD, which was accepted into Soviet military service in 1963, and later became known as the Dragunov rifle.
wn.com/Yevgeny_Dragunov -
Ynna Asistio
Ynna Asistio (born Alynna Alexandra Asistio on September 27, 1991 in Caloocan City, Philippines) is a Filipina actress and a contract artist of GMA Network. She is known for her roles in the network's shows like the telefantasya Mga Mata ni Anghelita, Who's Your Daddy Now? and La Vendetta. She is the daughter of Nadia Montenegro and former Caloocan City Mayor, Macario "Boy" Asistio, Jr. and the niece of Hazel Ann Mendoza. Asistio is of Spanish descent on her mother's side.
wn.com/Ynna_Asistio -
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal (Mongolian: Юмжаагийн Цэдэнбал; September 17, 1916 - April 20, 1991) was one of the leaders of Mongolia from 1952 to 1984. During his political life, he served as prime minister and general secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
Tsedenbal was born to an ethnic Dörvöd poor nomadic family in Zorigt Khan hoshuun of the Unen Zorigt Khan aimag (present day Davst sum in Uvs aimag). He was the fifth of eleven children in his family (three of his siblings died in infancy). In 1925 Tsedenbal became among the first students in the newly organized public school in Ulaangom, graduating in 1929. The same year Tsedenbal went to Irkutsk to continue his education. He spent about nine years between Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude, and obtained a degree from the Siberian Finance and Economics Institute.
In 1939, having returned to Ulaanbaatar, Tsedenbal worked first as a deputy minister, and then as a minister of finance. In 1940, at the 10th Congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, he became the party's General Secretary at age 23.
wn.com/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal -
Yves Montand
Yves Montand (French pronunciation: [iv mɔ̃ˈtɑ̃]; 13 October 1921 – 9 November 1991) was an Italian-born French actor and singer.
Montand was born Ivo Livi in Monsummano Terme, Italy, the son of poor peasants Giuseppina (née Simoni) and Giovanni Livi, a broommaker. Montand's mother was a devout Catholic, while his father held strong Communist beliefs. Because of the Fascist regime in Italy, Montand's family left for France in 1923. He grew up in Marseilles, where, as a young man, he worked in his sister's barber shop, and later on the docks. He began a career in show business as a music-hall singer. In 1944, he was discovered by Édith Piaf in Paris and she made him part of her act, becoming his mentor and lover.
Montand went on to international recognition as a singer and actor, starring in numerous films. His recognizably crooner songs, especially those about Paris, became instant classics.
He was one of the most famous performers at Bruno Coquatrix's famous Paris Olympia music hall, and toured with musicians including Didi Duprat.
wn.com/Yves_Montand -
Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States (1849–1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. He was a planter and slaveholder based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a 40-year military career in the United States Army, serving in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and the Second Seminole War. He achieved fame leading American troops to victory in the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War.
As president, Taylor angered many Southerners by taking a moderate stance on the issue of slavery. He urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.
Taylor died July 9, 1850, 16 months after his inauguration; the third-shortest tenure of any President. He is thought to have died of gastroenteritis. President Taylor was succeeded by his Vice President, Millard Fillmore.
wn.com/Zachary_Taylor -
Zino Francescatti
René-Charles "Zino" Francescatti (August 9, 1902 - September 17, 1991) was a French virtuoso violinist.
Zino Francescatti was born in Marseilles, to a musical family. Both parents were violinists. His father, who also played the cello, had studied with Camillo Sivori. Zino studied violin from age three and was quickly recognized as a child prodigy. He began performing at the age of five and made his debut at age 10, playing Beethoven's Violin Concerto.[citation needed]
In 1927 he went to Paris to teach at the École Normale de Musique; he also conducted the Concerts Poulets. He made his first world tour in 1931 and his American debut with Sir John Barbirolli and the New York Philharmonic in 1939, playing Paganini's Violin Concerto No. 1. His recording of the concerto is still regarded as one of the best. For three decades after 1945 he had an exceptionally impressive international career.
A violinist of outstanding technical ability, Francescatti played all of the great concerti. His performances of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Saint-Saëns Violin Concerto No. 3, Bruch's Violin Concerto No. 1, and others, continue to be fondly remembered and highly regarded.
wn.com/Zino_Francescatti -
Zoe Weizenbaum
Zoë Weizenbaum (Chinese: 王秋麗; born September 21, 1991) is an American former actress.
Weizenbaum was born in Seattle, Washington to an American mother and a Chinese father. She grew up from the age of two in Amherst, Massachusetts. For years, African Dance was her primary love. She also enjoyed being part of Amherst's local musical theatre productions. She was called for an audition for Missing in America after someone saw her perform in a local production of Peter Pan. Since finishing this movie, she has also had principal roles in 12 and Holding, directed by Michael Cuesta, and in Memoirs of a Geisha, directed by Rob Marshall. Weizenbaum attended Amherst Regional High School for her freshman year before she decided to return to Pioneer Valley Performing Arts Charter Public School where she went to middle school and is currently a student. Zoe can speak Mandarin learning through the Rosetta Stone program, as well as enrolling in intensive Chinese courses at Mount Holyoke College and Middlebury College's Summer Intensive Language Program. As of fall of 2010, Zoe is attending Middlebury College and is currently studying Japanese.
wn.com/Zoe_Weizenbaum -
Zviad Gamsakhurdia
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (Georgian: ზვიად გამსახურდია, (March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who became the first democratically elected President of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era. Gamsakhurdia is the only Georgian President to have died whilst formally in office.
Zviad Gamsakhurdia was born in the Georgian capital Tbilisi in 1939, in a distinguished Georgian family; his father, Academician Konstantine Gamsakhurdia (1893–1975), was one of the most famous Georgian writers of the 20th century. Perhaps influenced by his father, Zviad received training in philology and began a professional career as a translator and literary critic.
Despite (or perhaps because of) the country's association with Joseph Stalin, Soviet rule in Georgia was particularly harsh during the 1950s and sought to restrict Georgian cultural expression. In 1955, Zviad Gamsakhurdia established a youth underground group which he called the Gorgasliani (a reference to the ancient line of Georgian kings) which sought to circulate reports of human rights abuses. In 1956, he was arrested during demonstrations in Tbilisi against the Soviet policy of de-stalinization and was arrested again in 1958 for distributing anti-communist literature and proclamations. He was confined for six months to a mental hospital in Tbilisi where he was diagnosed as suffering from "psychopathy with decompensation", thus perhaps becoming an early victim of what became a widespread policy of using psychiatry for political purposes.
wn.com/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia -
Édith Cresson
Édith Cresson (French pronunciation: [edit kʁɛsɔ̃]; born Édith Campion; 27 January 1934) is a French politician. She was the first and so far only woman to have held the office of Prime Minister of France.
Cresson was appointed to the prime ministerial post by President François Mitterrand on 15 May 1991. She soon became strongly unpopular among the electorate and had to leave office after less than one year, following the Socialists' poor showing in 1992's regional elections. She has so far spent the shortest time in office for any French Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic. Her strong criticism of Japanese trade practices, going so far as to compare the Japanese to "yellow ants trying to take over the world", has led some to consider her also to be a racist.
Cresson is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.
wn.com/Édith_Cresson -
Ötzi the Iceman
Ötzi the Iceman (pronounced [ˈœtsi] ( listen)), Similaun Man, and Man from Hauslabjoch are modern names for a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived about 3,300 BCE. The mummy was found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence Ötzi, near the Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy. He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic Europeans. His body and belongings are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.
On 19 September 1991, Ötzi was found by two German tourists from Nuremberg, Helmut and Erika Simon, at 3210 m on the east ridge of the Fineilspitze in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian-Italian border, while walking off the path between the mountain passes Hauslabjoch and Tisenjoch. They believed that the body was of a recently deceased mountaineer. The next day, a mountain gendarme and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice-axes, but had to give up due to bad weather. The next day, eight groups visited the site, amongst whom happened to be the famous mountaineers Hans Kammerlander and Reinhold Messner. The body was semi-officially extracted on the 22nd and officially salvaged on the 23rd. It was transported to the University of Innsbruck, where it was recognized to be primeval the same day.
wn.com/Ötzi_the_Iceman
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
1991 - Azealia Banks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
"1991" Director/DP: Justin Mitchell Editor: Jeffrey McHale Produced by: Dilated Pixels
http://wn.com/1991_Azealia_Banks
"1991" Director/DP: Justin Mitchell Editor: Jeffrey McHale Produced by: Dilated Pixels
Azealia Banks - 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Azealia Banks 1991 NEW
http://wn.com/Azealia_Banks_1991
Azealia Banks 1991 NEW
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- views: 188804
- author: Tammi Morgan
Nomad - Devotion - (1991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
House Classic from 1991.
http://wn.com/Nomad_Devotion_1991
House Classic from 1991.
- published: 30 Mar 2008
- views: 1369774
- author: SamplaDelic2305
Azealia Banks - 1991 [HQ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Follow me on Twitter: twitter.com [I do not own any rights on this song]
http://wn.com/Azealia_Banks_1991_HQ_
Follow me on Twitter: twitter.com [I do not own any rights on this song]
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 119576
- author: Albert De Castro
Nirvana - Territorial Pissings (Live At The Paramount/1991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Music video by Nirvana performing Territorial Pissings. (C) 2011 Geffen Records
http://wn.com/Nirvana_Territorial_Pissings_Live_At_The_Paramount_1991
Music video by Nirvana performing Territorial Pissings. (C) 2011 Geffen Records
- published: 21 Sep 2011
- views: 552566
- author: NirvanaVEVO
90s hits 1991 1992 and 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 215:08
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
top 40 hits playlist 1991 1992 and 1993 00:00 2 brothers on the fort floor - never alone 04:12 ace of base - happy nation 07:34 2 unlimeted - the workaholic 12:00 ace of base - al that she wants 15:30 def dames dope - aint noting to it 19:50 army of lovers - crusified 23:21 bleu boy - remember me 27:10 c&c; music factory - gona make you sweat 31:15 captain hollywood project - impossible 35:30 Chaka Demus & Pliers - Tease Me 39:35 collor me bad - i wanna sex you up 43:41 Culture Beat - No Deeper Meaning (51 West 52nd Street Mix) 50:38 Dance 2 Trance - Power Of American Natives 54:28 def dames dope - its oke its alright 58:16 dj bobo - some body dance whit me 01:01:48 En Rage - Run to You 01:05:28 felix don't you want me 01:08:37 2 unlimeted - get ready for this 01:12:18 culture beat - Got To Get It 01:17:40 haddaway - what is love 01:21:41 heavy d and the boys - now that we found love 01:26:00 la style - im ravin o si 01:28:58 vanilla ice - ice ice baby 01:33:25 right said fred - i'm to sexy 01:36:16 Inner Circle - Sweat (A La La La Long) 01:40:03 dr alban - its my life 01:44:05 Jackyl - The Lumberjack 01:47:41 la style - james brown is dead 01:50:47 the klf - last train to centrall 01:54:45 laila k - open sesame 01:58:35 haddaway - Life 02:02:52 2 unlimeted - maximum overdrive 02:06:56 2 Live Crew - me so horny 02:11:34 MELODIE MC - DUM DAM DUM - (newkids nitro) 02:15:37 culture beat - mr vain 02:19:55 prince - cream 02:24:01 the prodigy - out of space 02:28:58 Roots ...
http://wn.com/90s_hits_1991_1992_and_1993
top 40 hits playlist 1991 1992 and 1993 00:00 2 brothers on the fort floor - never alone 04:12 ace of base - happy nation 07:34 2 unlimeted - the workaholic 12:00 ace of base - al that she wants 15:30 def dames dope - aint noting to it 19:50 army of lovers - crusified 23:21 bleu boy - remember me 27:10 c&c; music factory - gona make you sweat 31:15 captain hollywood project - impossible 35:30 Chaka Demus & Pliers - Tease Me 39:35 collor me bad - i wanna sex you up 43:41 Culture Beat - No Deeper Meaning (51 West 52nd Street Mix) 50:38 Dance 2 Trance - Power Of American Natives 54:28 def dames dope - its oke its alright 58:16 dj bobo - some body dance whit me 01:01:48 En Rage - Run to You 01:05:28 felix don't you want me 01:08:37 2 unlimeted - get ready for this 01:12:18 culture beat - Got To Get It 01:17:40 haddaway - what is love 01:21:41 heavy d and the boys - now that we found love 01:26:00 la style - im ravin o si 01:28:58 vanilla ice - ice ice baby 01:33:25 right said fred - i'm to sexy 01:36:16 Inner Circle - Sweat (A La La La Long) 01:40:03 dr alban - its my life 01:44:05 Jackyl - The Lumberjack 01:47:41 la style - james brown is dead 01:50:47 the klf - last train to centrall 01:54:45 laila k - open sesame 01:58:35 haddaway - Life 02:02:52 2 unlimeted - maximum overdrive 02:06:56 2 Live Crew - me so horny 02:11:34 MELODIE MC - DUM DAM DUM - (newkids nitro) 02:15:37 culture beat - mr vain 02:19:55 prince - cream 02:24:01 the prodigy - out of space 02:28:58 Roots ...
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 296164
- author: mijnvrouwtje
1991 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
27 songs hit #1 in the US in 1991. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
http://wn.com/1991_1_songs
27 songs hit #1 in the US in 1991. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
- published: 21 Jan 2010
- views: 286191
- author: idolwatcher0
Nintendo Training 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
A Nintendo training video from 1991 teaching retail workers how to handle customers with defective Nintendo products.
http://wn.com/Nintendo_Training_1991
A Nintendo training video from 1991 teaching retail workers how to handle customers with defective Nintendo products.
- published: 03 Feb 2009
- views: 475765
- author: Randy Cornetta
Metallica enter sandman live 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Metallica play enter sandman live at the monsters of rock festival in russia 1991. This video captures metallica when they were at theyre best! visit my website at 9rockstar9.50webs.com
http://wn.com/Metallica_enter_sandman_live_1991
Metallica play enter sandman live at the monsters of rock festival in russia 1991. This video captures metallica when they were at theyre best! visit my website at 9rockstar9.50webs.com
- published: 20 Apr 2007
- views: 902053
- author: 9rockstar9
Urulu - 1991 | Exploited
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
I-Tunes: itunes.apple.com Beatport: www.beatport.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Web: exploitedghetto.de Video by Cru Joness. Starring Stephanie Angulo, Jessica Bernal & Taylor Freels. Label: Exploited Artist: Urulu Title: 1991 LC: 15799 'Los Angeles-based producer Urulu's video for "1991" is a dreamy and upbeat tune that recalls the diva-obsessed realm of early-'90s house music. Directed by Cru Joness and starring Stephanie Angulo and Taylor Freels, the beautifully shot piece tells the story of two friends who head off for a night on the town. As the two mingle in a club, it becomes apparent that one half of the pair is not feeling the scene that night. Taking the night into her own hands, she leaves the party to explore Los Angeles independently, dance through plazas, and skip among the lightposts of LACMA, all of which adds to the lighthearted nature of Joness' imagery. "1991" is taken from Urulu's recently released Sincerely 91 EP for German label Exploited.' (XLR8R) 'In case you didn't know, the nineties have become very en vogue in recent times with a plethora of releases leaning heavily on the era of mustard coloured jeans and round-rimmed sunshades. Of course, some of the music has been abysmal while other homages have managed to combine the nineties with the 21st Century perfectly. This new EP on one of the labels of the moment, Exploited, certainly comes under the latter description. Urulu hails from the USA, currently based in Los Angeles, and is a dab hand at ...
http://wn.com/Urulu_1991_|_Exploited
I-Tunes: itunes.apple.com Beatport: www.beatport.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Web: exploitedghetto.de Video by Cru Joness. Starring Stephanie Angulo, Jessica Bernal & Taylor Freels. Label: Exploited Artist: Urulu Title: 1991 LC: 15799 'Los Angeles-based producer Urulu's video for "1991" is a dreamy and upbeat tune that recalls the diva-obsessed realm of early-'90s house music. Directed by Cru Joness and starring Stephanie Angulo and Taylor Freels, the beautifully shot piece tells the story of two friends who head off for a night on the town. As the two mingle in a club, it becomes apparent that one half of the pair is not feeling the scene that night. Taking the night into her own hands, she leaves the party to explore Los Angeles independently, dance through plazas, and skip among the lightposts of LACMA, all of which adds to the lighthearted nature of Joness' imagery. "1991" is taken from Urulu's recently released Sincerely 91 EP for German label Exploited.' (XLR8R) 'In case you didn't know, the nineties have become very en vogue in recent times with a plethora of releases leaning heavily on the era of mustard coloured jeans and round-rimmed sunshades. Of course, some of the music has been abysmal while other homages have managed to combine the nineties with the 21st Century perfectly. This new EP on one of the labels of the moment, Exploited, certainly comes under the latter description. Urulu hails from the USA, currently based in Los Angeles, and is a dab hand at ...
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 23865
- author: Exploitedrec
Discovering Gwen Stefani 1991, before she was a star
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
www.theraw420.blogspot.com Before she was a huge star she was just a girl with brown hair, Produced and Directed by Richard White Raw420 March 3, 1991. Stay tuned as the new Gwen Stefani documentary is in pre production entitled; "Discovering Gwen Stefani" produced by Rihard A White.
http://wn.com/Discovering_Gwen_Stefani_1991,_before_she_was_a_star
www.theraw420.blogspot.com Before she was a huge star she was just a girl with brown hair, Produced and Directed by Richard White Raw420 March 3, 1991. Stay tuned as the new Gwen Stefani documentary is in pre production entitled; "Discovering Gwen Stefani" produced by Rihard A White.
- published: 20 Apr 2007
- views: 1104237
- author: raw420x
Whitney Houston singing the National Anthem in 1991 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
See Whitney's rendition in stunning HD!
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston_singing_the_National_Anthem_in_1991_HD
See Whitney's rendition in stunning HD!
- published: 28 Oct 2009
- views: 1529772
- author: petethegolfer
Macaulay Culkin Interview (1991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
All right, to all those people who ask: 1. yes, the video is black & white, I DON'T KNOW WHY, I downloaded it from a web long time ago and it was posted like this. 2. Please stop being judgmental and cut the offensive comments. This video is posted for those who like him. If you don't, just watch something else. Enjoy it, all the best.
http://wn.com/Macaulay_Culkin_Interview_1991
All right, to all those people who ask: 1. yes, the video is black & white, I DON'T KNOW WHY, I downloaded it from a web long time ago and it was posted like this. 2. Please stop being judgmental and cut the offensive comments. This video is posted for those who like him. If you don't, just watch something else. Enjoy it, all the best.
- published: 02 Sep 2006
- views: 653832
- author: joesisto
Enter Sandman - Metallica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
monstersofrockinmoscow.blogspot.com Performance of Metallica in Monsters of Rock in Moscow on september 28th of 1991. The song at the begging is "The Ecstasy of Gold" from the film: "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" directed by Sergio Leone in 1966. Thanks for all comments.
http://wn.com/Enter_Sandman_Metallica
monstersofrockinmoscow.blogspot.com Performance of Metallica in Monsters of Rock in Moscow on september 28th of 1991. The song at the begging is "The Ecstasy of Gold" from the film: "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" directed by Sergio Leone in 1966. Thanks for all comments.
- published: 31 May 2006
- views: 63196848
- author: Nicolás G. Batista
![Crystal Castles - 1991 [video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121201214344im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/i0qvxsWm_5c/default.jpg "Crystal Castles - 1991 [video]")
Crystal Castles - 1991 [video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Unofficial Video, Jò made this video! Artist: Crystal Castles Song: 1991 Album: Crystal Castles for more info: www.myspace.com www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Crystal_Castles_1991_video_
Unofficial Video, Jò made this video! Artist: Crystal Castles Song: 1991 Album: Crystal Castles for more info: www.myspace.com www.myspace.com
- published: 03 Jun 2008
- views: 261700
- author: kluytv
World Champions Boogie-Woogie 1991-2009 ( until 2010 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:07
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
This is the more actual clip version of the World Champions Boogie-Woogie 1991-2009 ! All Boogie-Woogie World Champions from 1991 - 2010 in a amusing Trailer. It is very interesting to see the changing of the Boogie Woogie Style in the last years. Don´t miss this clip !
http://wn.com/World_Champions_Boogie-Woogie_1991-2009_until_2010_
This is the more actual clip version of the World Champions Boogie-Woogie 1991-2009 ! All Boogie-Woogie World Champions from 1991 - 2010 in a amusing Trailer. It is very interesting to see the changing of the Boogie Woogie Style in the last years. Don´t miss this clip !
- published: 07 Dec 2010
- views: 1133483
- author: dietanzshow
Best of the 1991 Slam Dunk Competition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Take a look at the highlights from the 1991 Slam Dunk Competition. Boston Celtic Dee Brown would take the crown in a classic duel against Shawn Kemp.
http://wn.com/Best_of_the_1991_Slam_Dunk_Competition
Take a look at the highlights from the 1991 Slam Dunk Competition. Boston Celtic Dee Brown would take the crown in a classic duel against Shawn Kemp.
- published: 06 Sep 2011
- views: 53235
- author: NBA
Hot Shots - Ceo Film (DVDRIP) 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 84:43
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Parody of "Top Gun" in which a talented but unstable fighter pilot must overcome the ghosts of his father and save a mission sabotaged by greedy weapons manufacturers.
http://wn.com/Hot_Shots_Ceo_Film_DVDRIP_1991
Parody of "Top Gun" in which a talented but unstable fighter pilot must overcome the ghosts of his father and save a mission sabotaged by greedy weapons manufacturers.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 371783
- author: filmovihd
![Terminator 2: Judgment Day - Official Trailer [1991]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121201214344im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/eajuMYNYtuY/default.jpg "Terminator 2: Judgment Day - Official Trailer [1991]")
Terminator 2: Judgment Day - Official Trailer [1991]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Sequel to Terminator. Skynet, the 21st century computer waging a losing war on humans sends a second terminator back in time to destroy the leader of the human resistance while he is still a boy. His mother is the only one who knows of the existence of the Terminators, human-like robots that exist only to kill and are nearly indestructible, and Sarah, the boy's mother is currently in a state mental hospital because of her 'delusions'. A second protector is sent back to the past by the Human resistance to protect John Connor, their future leader, at all costs. Written by John Vogel [IMDB.COM] Release: 3 July 1991Running Time: 137 min Awards: Won 4 Oscars. Another 19 wins & 18 nominations AFI Recognition: 100 YEARS100 THRILLS #77 100 YEARS100 HEROES & VILLAINS #22 100 YEARS100 MOVIE QUOTES #76 Producer: James Cameron Executive Producers: Gale Anne Hurd, Mario Kassar Director: James Cameron Writer: James Cameron Cast: Arnold Schwarzenegger (The Terminator), Linda Hamilton (Sarah Connor), Robert Patrick (T-1000), Edward Furlong (John Connor), Earl Boen (Dr Silberman) Genre: Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller Domestic Total Gross: $205 million Worldwide Total Gross: $520 million [AFI.COM][IMDB.COM][BOXOFFICEMOJO.COM]
http://wn.com/Terminator_2_Judgment_Day_Official_Trailer_1991_
Sequel to Terminator. Skynet, the 21st century computer waging a losing war on humans sends a second terminator back in time to destroy the leader of the human resistance while he is still a boy. His mother is the only one who knows of the existence of the Terminators, human-like robots that exist only to kill and are nearly indestructible, and Sarah, the boy's mother is currently in a state mental hospital because of her 'delusions'. A second protector is sent back to the past by the Human resistance to protect John Connor, their future leader, at all costs. Written by John Vogel [IMDB.COM] Release: 3 July 1991Running Time: 137 min Awards: Won 4 Oscars. Another 19 wins & 18 nominations AFI Recognition: 100 YEARS100 THRILLS #77 100 YEARS100 HEROES & VILLAINS #22 100 YEARS100 MOVIE QUOTES #76 Producer: James Cameron Executive Producers: Gale Anne Hurd, Mario Kassar Director: James Cameron Writer: James Cameron Cast: Arnold Schwarzenegger (The Terminator), Linda Hamilton (Sarah Connor), Robert Patrick (T-1000), Edward Furlong (John Connor), Earl Boen (Dr Silberman) Genre: Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller Domestic Total Gross: $205 million Worldwide Total Gross: $520 million [AFI.COM][IMDB.COM][BOXOFFICEMOJO.COM]
- published: 16 Apr 2009
- views: 343392
- author: MoviesHistory
It's a mans world - James Brown 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Live june 1991 in Doby Digital, 1st concert after James brown was released from prison. It is not complete, look at the several video-responses i posted (right below the vid) Quote from www.cosmopolis.ch "In the summer of 1991, James Brown made his comeback on the scene of the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles. Together with a twelve-man band and a dynamic show, he enchanted a public which included Mick Jagger, Quincy Jones and MC Hammer." Fore more background-info of James Brown and (several links to) his discography, look here: en.wikipedia.org and for a quick discopgraphy overview look here: musicbrainz.org
http://wn.com/It's_a_mans_world_James_Brown_1991
Live june 1991 in Doby Digital, 1st concert after James brown was released from prison. It is not complete, look at the several video-responses i posted (right below the vid) Quote from www.cosmopolis.ch "In the summer of 1991, James Brown made his comeback on the scene of the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles. Together with a twelve-man band and a dynamic show, he enchanted a public which included Mick Jagger, Quincy Jones and MC Hammer." Fore more background-info of James Brown and (several links to) his discography, look here: en.wikipedia.org and for a quick discopgraphy overview look here: musicbrainz.org
- published: 26 Dec 2006
- views: 8374608
- author: Gman4MF
Bugsy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 136:27
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Warren Beatty and Annette Bening star in the incredible true story of Benjamin Bugsy Siegel, the playboy gangster who betrayed the Mob for love. A cold-blooded killer who dreamed of Hollywood stardom, a crazed patriot who plotted against Mussolini, and the brilliant visionary who carved Las Vegas out of the dry Nevada desert, Bugsy had it all. Until he fell for the one woman who wanted more. A critical masterpiece, BUGSY is a remarkable collaboration of Hollywood's best: director Barry Levinson, screenwriter James Toback, and an all-star supporting cast that includes Harvey Keitel, Oscar(r)-winner Ben Kingsley (Best Actor, Gandhi,1982), Joe Mantegna, and Elliott Gould. But at the center of itall is the white-hot romance between Bugsy and the insatiable starlet, Virginia Hill. MPAA Rating: NOTRATED © 1991 TriStar Pictures, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Bugsy
Warren Beatty and Annette Bening star in the incredible true story of Benjamin Bugsy Siegel, the playboy gangster who betrayed the Mob for love. A cold-blooded killer who dreamed of Hollywood stardom, a crazed patriot who plotted against Mussolini, and the brilliant visionary who carved Las Vegas out of the dry Nevada desert, Bugsy had it all. Until he fell for the one woman who wanted more. A critical masterpiece, BUGSY is a remarkable collaboration of Hollywood's best: director Barry Levinson, screenwriter James Toback, and an all-star supporting cast that includes Harvey Keitel, Oscar(r)-winner Ben Kingsley (Best Actor, Gandhi,1982), Joe Mantegna, and Elliott Gould. But at the center of itall is the white-hot romance between Bugsy and the insatiable starlet, Virginia Hill. MPAA Rating: NOTRATED © 1991 TriStar Pictures, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- published: 23 Sep 2011
- author: CrackleUK
History of - Duke Nukem (1991-2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:38
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Main Series: Duke Nukem (1991 MS-DOS) Duke Nukem II (1993 MS-DOS, Game Boy Color) Duke Nukem 3D (1996 MS-DOS, Game.com, Mac OS, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Microsoft Windows, Sega Mega Drive, Xbox Live Arcade) Duke Nukem Forever (2011 Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3) Spin-off series: Duke Nukem: Time to Kill (1998 PlayStation) Duke Nukem: Zero Hour (1999 Nintendo 64) Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes (2000 PlayStation) Duke Nukem Advance (2002 Game Boy Advance) Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project (2002 Microsoft Windows, Xbox Live Arcade) Duke Nukem Mobile (2004 Mobile phone) Duke Nukem: Critical Mass (2011 Nintendo DS) ------ 2011 All gameplay footage recorded by me. Lithuania
http://wn.com/History_of_Duke_Nukem_1991-2011
Main Series: Duke Nukem (1991 MS-DOS) Duke Nukem II (1993 MS-DOS, Game Boy Color) Duke Nukem 3D (1996 MS-DOS, Game.com, Mac OS, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Microsoft Windows, Sega Mega Drive, Xbox Live Arcade) Duke Nukem Forever (2011 Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3) Spin-off series: Duke Nukem: Time to Kill (1998 PlayStation) Duke Nukem: Zero Hour (1999 Nintendo 64) Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes (2000 PlayStation) Duke Nukem Advance (2002 Game Boy Advance) Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project (2002 Microsoft Windows, Xbox Live Arcade) Duke Nukem Mobile (2004 Mobile phone) Duke Nukem: Critical Mass (2011 Nintendo DS) ------ 2011 All gameplay footage recorded by me. Lithuania
- published: 19 Jun 2011
- views: 66224
- author: blablue123
Azealia Banks - Bambi/1991 (Hackney Weekend 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Azealia Banks performing 'Bambi' and '1991' (2:29) live at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend 2012. Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Azealia_Banks_Bambi_1991_Hackney_Weekend_2012
Azealia Banks performing 'Bambi' and '1991' (2:29) live at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend 2012. Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 24 Jun 2012
- views: 68449
- author: manormachine100
photo: AP / Lefteris Pitarakis
30 Nov 2012
- For historians, it represents a treasure trove of boundless rewards and an opportunity to revisit some of the most enduring myths about Britain's colonial past. But for some of those still living with the physical and psychological scars, the release of thousands of previously secret government-held documents offers fresh hope of finally gaining a measure of justice for their suffering under British rule ... 1096 Source.. Al Jazeera ... ;">....(size: 22.4Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
29 Nov 2012
Just before she leapt from her roof into the streets of Kabul, Farima thought of the wedding that would never happen and the man she would never marry. Her fiance would be pleased to see her die, she later recalled thinking. It would offer relief to them both. Farima, 17, had resisted her engagement to Zabiullah since it was ordained by her grandfather when she was 9 ... He ran outside. His daughter's torso was contorted ... Her skin was pallid....(size: 12.8Kb)
photo: US NARA
30 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Staring at the quote on the small granite monument which read. "They said to one another, behold here comes the dreamer...Let us slay him...And we shall see what will become of his dreams," I tried to understand that fateful moment when a shot shattered heaven and earth ... Martin Luther King, Jr. Straining my ears, I tried to hear Rev. Abernathy cry out, "Oh my God, Martin's been shot!" ... Dr....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: UN / David Manyua
01 Dec 2012
The conflict in Syria has now reached "new and appalling heights of brutality and violence", according to the UN secretary-general, while the world body's envoy to Syria has said the country is in danger of becoming "a failed state" ... The fighting has killed about 40,000 people, making it the bloodiest of Arab uprisings that have ousted entrenched leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen since early last year ... 957 Source.. Agencies ... ....(size: 21.8Kb)
photo: UN
30 Nov 2012
UNITED NATIONS -- The UN voted overwhelmingly Thursday to recognize a Palestinian state, a long-sought victory for the Palestinians and an embarrassing diplomatic defeat for the United States. The resolution upgrading the Palestinians' status to a nonmember observer state at the UN was approved in the 193-member world body by a vote of 138-9, with 41 abstentions ... The Palestinians still face enormous limitations ... U.S ... 0. Click to rate ... St ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
Louis Cardinals, 1978-1986 San Diego Chargers Roger Craig, RB - 1983-1990 San Francisco 49ers, 1991 Los Angeles Raiders, 1992-93 Minnesota Vikings Terrell Davis, RB - 1995-2001 Denver Broncos Edward DeBartolo, Jr., Owner - 1977-2000 San Francisco 49ers Kevin Greene, LB/DE - 1985-1992 Los Angeles Rams, 1993-95 Pittsburgh Steelers, 1996, ......(size: 5.9Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
Michael Strahan, Bill Parcells and George Young are being considered for the Pro Football Hall of Fame ... Parcells was the Giants' head coach from 1983-90 ... 8, 2001 ... • Roger Craig, RB - 1983-1990 San Francisco 49ers, 1991 Los Angeles Raiders, 1992-93 Minnesota Vikings ... • Charles Haley, DE/LB - 1986-1991, 1999 San Francisco 49ers, 1992-96 Dallas Cowboys ... • Aeneas Williams, CB/S - 1991-2000 Phoenix/Arizona Cardinals, 2001-04 St. Louis Rams....(size: 6.1Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
The Pro Football Hall of Fame has announced the 27 semifinalists for the Class of 2013, including four former Raiders. Former Raiders WR Tim Brown ... Don Coryell, Coach - 1973-77 St ... Roger Craig, RB - 1983-1990 San Francisco 49ers, 1991 Los Angeles Raiders, 1992-93 Minnesota Vikings ... Charles Haley, DE/LB - 1986-1991, 1999 San Francisco 49ers, 1992-96 Dallas Cowboys ... Aeneas Williams, CB/S - 1991-2000 Phoenix/Arizona Cardinals, 2001-04 St....(size: 7.6Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
Martin J. Gruenberg Designated as Chairman and Thomas M. Hoenig as Vice Chairman of FDIC. Press Release. Martin J. Gruenberg Designated as Chairman and Thomas M. Hoenig as Vice Chairman of FDIC ... Mr ... Hoenig was the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and a member of the Federal Reserve System's Federal Open Market Committee from 1991 to 2011 ... He became President of the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank on October 1, 1991....(size: 5.3Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
"GMA" nearly doubled the performance of "CBS This Morning" during the November sweep in both Total Viewers (+92%) and Adults 25-54 (+93%), leading the CBS program by its largest Total Viewer sweep advantage (2.541 million) in more than 21 years - since at least November 1991; Nielsen's electronic database started on September of 1991....(size: 9.4Kb)
Lower Hudson Online
01 Dec 2012
DNA India
01 Dec 2012
The Charlotte Observer
01 Dec 2012
The highlight of Saturday's celebration of President's Day, which marks the anniversary of Nazarbayev's first election in 1991, was a carefully choreographed pageant by some 30,000 ......(size: 0.9Kb)
Sacramento Bee
01 Dec 2012
The highlight of Saturday's celebration of President's Day, which marks the anniversary of Nazarbayev's first election in 1991, was a carefully choreographed pageant by some 30,000 ......(size: 0.9Kb)
Seattle Post
01 Dec 2012
The highlight of Saturday's celebration of President's Day, which marks the anniversary of Nazarbayev's first election in 1991, was a carefully choreographed pageant by some ......(size: 0.9Kb)
Newstrack India
01 Dec 2012
Tweet. Berlin, Dec 1 (IANS) Dusseldorf overcame Frankfurt for the first time since 1991 following their hammering 4-0 win to open the 15th round in Bundesliga. Dusseldorf increased their gap to the relegation zone owing to their historic win Friday over Frankfurt on home soil at the newly promoted encounter, reports Xinhua ... Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.7Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
Nov30. Staff. Emmy-Nominated Series Continues Wednesday, December 5 at 8.00 PM ET. "I just felt like I had run out of steam. I just felt like it was my time." - Barry Sanders. For 10 seasons, Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders electrified the NFL with unbelievable runs while putting up prolific rushing numbers ... Herman Moore - Lions wide receiver, 1991-2001 ... - Sanders on playing the Dallas Cowboys in the 1991 NFC Divisional Game ... (noodl....(size: 7.9Kb)
Jamaica Observer
01 Dec 2012
1950 Munro College. 1951 Munro College. 1952 Munro College. 1953 Cornwall College. 1954 No Competition (polio epidemic). 1955 Cornwall College. 1956 Cornwall College. 1957 Munro College. 1958 Cornwall College. 1959 Cornwall College. 1960 Abandoned because of attack on referee. 1961 Munro College ... 1991 Clarendon College ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
This article is about the year 1991. For the number (and other uses), see 1991 (number).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1960s 1970s 1980s – 1990s – 2000s 2010s 2020s |
| Years: | 1988 1989 1990 – 1991 – 1992 1993 1994 |
| 1991 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1991 MCMXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2744 |
| Armenian calendar | 1440 ԹՎ ՌՆԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6741 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 147–148 |
| Bengali calendar | 1398 |
| Berber calendar | 2941 |
| British Regnal year | 39 Eliz. 2 – 40 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2535 |
| Burmese calendar | 1353 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7499–7500 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年十一月十六日 (4627/4687-11-16) — to —
辛未年十一月廿六日(4628/4688-11-26) |
| Coptic calendar | 1707–1708 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1983–1984 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5751–5752 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2047–2048 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1913–1914 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5092–5093 |
| Holocene calendar | 11991 |
| Iranian calendar | 1369–1370 |
| Islamic calendar | 1411–1412 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 3 (平成3年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4324 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 80 民國80年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2534 |
| Unix time | 662688000–694223999 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1991 |
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar in the 20th century. It was the second year of the 1990s, and is usually considered the final year of the Cold War that had begun in the late 1940s. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed into fifteen sovereign republics. A U.N.-authorized coalition force from thirty-four nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War. The year 1991 was the 1991st year of Anno Domini, the 991st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 20th century and 2nd in the 1990s.
Contents |
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of the Palestinians.
- January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, opening the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War.
- January 12 – Gulf War: The Congress of the United States passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to liberate Kuwait.
- January 13
- Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence. January Events (Lithuania).
- A fight and stampede at a pre-season exhibition match between South African football teams Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates in the town of Orkney near Johannesburg, South Africa leaves 42 dead.
- January 15 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.
- January 16
- U.S. serial killer Aileen Wuornos confesses to the murders of six men.
- Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.
- January 17
- Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel.
- Harald V of Norway becomes king on the death of his father, Olav V.
- The volcano Hekla erupts on Iceland
- January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years, citing financial problems.
- January 19
- A SCUD attack on Tel Aviv injures 15 people.
- The Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola is founded in Luanda, Angola.
- January 22
- Three SCUDs and one Patriot missile hit Ramat Gan in Israel, injuring 96 people; 3 elderly people die of heart attacks.
- British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero is deployed in Iraq during the Gulf War. All but one of eight members are killed or captured.
- January 26 – Siad Barre is overthrown. Somalia enters civil war.
- January 27 - The New York Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills in the NFL's Super Bowl XXV by the score of 20 - 19.
- January 29 – Siad Barre is succeeded by Ali Mahdi Muhammad in Somalia.
February[link]
- February 1 – A USAir Boeing 737-300, Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner, Flight 5569 at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34.
- February 5 – A Michigan court bars Dr. Jack Kevorkian from assisting in suicides.
- February 7
- Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.
- The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.
- Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.
- February 9 – Voters in Lithuania support independence.
- February 11 – UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organization, forms in The Hague, Netherlands.
- February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. United States military intelligence claims it was a military facility but Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.
- February 15 – The Visegrad Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.
- February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station in London.
- February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Russian-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, but says that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
- February 23
- The One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kills 3 firefighters and destroys 8 floors of the building.
- In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.
- February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 and injuring 99 U.S. soldiers. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during that war.
- February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat.
March[link]
- March–April – Iraqi forces suppress rebellions in the southern and northern parts of the country, creating a humanitarian disaster on the borders of Turkey and Iran.
- March 1
- The ballistic missile submarine USS-ex-Sam Houston SSBN-609 is deactivated.
- Clayton Keith Yeutter ends his term as United States Secretary of Agriculture.
- March 3
- An amateur video captures the beating of motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles, California police officers.
- Estonia and Latvia vote for independence from the Soviet Union.
- United Airlines Flight 585 crashes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing all 25 people on board.
- March 9 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade; 2 people are killed and tanks are in the streets.
- March 10 – Gulf War – Operation Phase Echo: 540,000 American troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf.
- March 11 – A curfew is imposed on black townships in South Africa, after fighting between rival political gangs kills 49.
- March 13 – The United States Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
- March 14
- After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a public house in a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.
- Duke defeats Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball by the score of 72 - 65 to claim the NCAA Division I Basketball Championship.
- March 15
- Four Los Angeles, California police officers are indicted for the videotaped March 3 beating of Rodney King during an arrest.
- Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union) relinquish all remaining rights.
- March 26
- In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Touré arrest President Moussa Traoré and suspend the constitution.
- Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing South Common Market (Mercosur its acronym in Spanish)
- March 30 – Northern Michigan University wins the NCAA Division I title in hockey, 8–7 in the third overtime against Boston University.
- March 31
- Albania holds its first multi-party elections.
- Georgian independence referendum, 1991: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union.
April[link]
- April 1 – Comedy Central is launched in its current format.
- April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes the Cease Fire Agreement, Resolution 687. The Resolution calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons, all stocks of agents and components, and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities for ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km and production facilities; and for an end to its support for international terrorism. Iraq accepts the terms of the resolution on April 6.
- April 4
- Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.
- William Kennedy Smith, a nephew of U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy, is identified as a suspect in an alleged Palm Beach, Florida sexual assault.
- April 5 – Former Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia, United States.
- April 9 – The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- April 10
- A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola (the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites).
- The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy killing 140.
- April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Less than an hour later they are found in an abandoned car near the museum.
- April 15 – Inauguration of the EBRD.
- April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time ever, at 3,004.46.
- April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.
- April 22
- The Social Democratic Party of Albania is founded.
- A 7.6 earthquake kills 82 in Costa Rica and Panama.
- April 26 – 70 tornadoes break out in the central United States, killing 17. The most notable tornado of the day strikes Andover, Kansas.
- April 29 – A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.
May[link]
- May 4 – Sweden wins the 36th Eurovision Song Contest.
- May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female premier.
- May 18 – Somaliland withdraws from Somalia.
- May 21
- In Sriperumbudur, India, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated at a public meeting in Sriperumbudur, by suicide bomber Thenmozhi Rajaratnam; many others are killed in the explosion.
- Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.
- May 24 – Authorised by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences.
- May 26 – In Thailand, a Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, killing all 223 people on board.
June[link]
- June 3 – Mount Unzen erupts, killing 43 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.
- June 5 – STS 40: Space Shuttle Columbia carries the Spacelab into orbit.
- June 9 – A major collapse of ground at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 m below the surface. The men have access to a safe refuge chamber and are all rescued by a drill hole 30 hours after the rescue unit is first alerted.
- June 12 – Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia, the largest and most populous of the 15 Soviet republics.
- June 13 – A spectator is killed by lightning at the U.S. Open.
- June 15 – In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll tops 800.
- June 17
- Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which had required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.
- U.S. President Zachary Taylor is exhumed to discover whether or not his death was caused by arsenic poisoning, instead of acute gastrointestinal illness; no trace of arsenic is found.
- June 23
- Mesut Yılmaz, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (48th government)
- The first Sonic the Hedgehog game is published by Sega. First of the Sonic the Hedgehog series.
- June 23–June 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.
- June 25 – Collapse of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.
- June 28 – COMECON is dissolved.
July[link]
- July 1 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.
- July 7 – The Brioni Agreement ends the 10-day war in Slovenia.
- July 10 – Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected president of Russia.
- July 11 – A solar Eclipse of record totality occurs, seen first in Hawaii then enters Mexico with the path directly crosses Cabo San Lucas and Mexico City seen by 20 million inhabitants, and finally ends in Colombia in South America.
- July 22
- Boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington 3 days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana.
- Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of 11 men and boys are found in his Milwaukee, Wisconsin, apartment. Police soon find out that he is involved in 6 more murders.
- July 24 – The government of India announces its New Industrial Policy, marking the start of India's economic reforms.
- July 31
- Warsaw Treaty Organization officially dissolved in accordance with a protocol calling for a “transition to all-European structures."
- The United States and the Soviet Union sign the START I treaty limiting strategic nuclear weapons.
August[link]
- August 4 – The Cruise Liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa and all 571 passengers on board are safely evacuated.
- August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch" is created.
- August 7 – Shapour Bakhtiar, former prime minister of Iran, is assassinated.
- August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest construction ever built at the time, collapses.
- August 17 – Strathfield Massacre: In Sydney, Australia, taxi driver Wade Frankum shoots 7 people and injures 6 others before turning the gun on himself.
- August 19 – The Soviet Empire falls with the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in the Crimea during a coup. The attempted coup, led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and 7 hard-liners, collapses in less than 72 hours.
- August 20 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Estonia declares its independence from the Soviet Union, and more than 100,000 people rally outside the Soviet Union's parliament building protesting the coup that deposed President Mikhail Gorbachev.
- August 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Latvia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- August 23 – The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (or "Super Nintendo") is released in the United States.
- August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence from Soviet Union.
- August 25
- Student Linus Torvalds posts messages to Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix about the new operating system kernel he has been developing.
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Belarus declares independence from Soviet Union.
- August 27 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- August 29 – Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile.
- August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.
- August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare independence from the Soviet Union.
September[link]
- September 2 – The United States recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
- September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.
- September 5–September 7 – At the 35th Annual Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, 83 women and seven men are assaulted.
- September 5 – The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union
- September 6
- The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of the Baltic states.
- The name Saint Petersburg is restored to Russia's second-largest city, which had been renamed Leningrad in 1924.
- September 8 – The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.
- September 9 – Tajikistan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia join the United Nations.
- September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.
- September 20–September 21 – In Sandy, Utah, several patients are held hostage and a nurse is killed in the Alta View Hospital hostage incident.
- September 21
- Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- The Order of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence of German tongue (Orden der Schwestern der Perpetuellen Indulgenz deutscher Zunge, "O.S.P.I.") is founded in Heidelberg by Erzmutter (Archmother) Johanna Indulgentia Tara Maria Benedicta O.S.P.I.
- AFL Grand Final: Hawthorn Hawks defeat West Coast Eagles by 53 points at Waverley Park, the final score 20.19.139 – 13.8.86.
- September 21–September 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials confiscate documents from UN weapons inspectors, refusing to allow them to leave the site without turning over other documents. A 4-day standoff ensues. Iraq permits the team to leave with the documents after the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions.
- September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.
- September 30
- Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide is removed from power.
- A tornado destroys parts of Itu, a city in southeastern Brazil, killing 16 and leaving 176 injured.
October[link]
- October 3 – Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton announces he will seek the 1992 Democratic nomination for President of the United States.
- October 8 – The Croatian Parliament cuts all remaining ties with Yugoslavia.
- October 11
- In Russia, the KGB is replaced by the SVR.[citation needed]
- Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 715, which demands that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission". Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful."
- October 11–October 13 – The U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee interviews both Supreme Court candidate Clarence Thomas and former aide Anita Hill, who alleges that Thomas sexually harassed her while she worked for him.
- October 12 – Askar Akayev, previously chosen President of Kyrgyzstan by its Supreme Soviet, is confirmed president in an uncontested poll.
- October 14
- Aung San Suu Kyi, a Burmese opposition politician, won the Nobel Peace prize.
- The Bulgarian right wing opposition celebrates the end of the rule of the Bulgarian Communist Party.
- October 15 – United States Senate votes 52–48 to confirm Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- October 16 – George Hennard guns down 24 people in Killeen, Texas before killing himself.
- October 20
- The Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3,469 homes and apartments.
- The Harare Declaration lays down the membership criteria for the Commonwealth of Nations.
- October 27
- The first free parliamentary elections are held in Poland.
- Turkmenistan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- The Minnesota Twins win the World Series against the Atlanta Braves.
- October 28–November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, causing over $200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.
- October 29 – The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
- October 31–November 3 – The Halloween Blizzard hits the Upper Midwest of the United States, causing around $100 million of damage and killing 22.
November[link]
- November 5 – The body of publishing tycoon Robert Maxwell is found floating in the Atlantic Ocean.
- November 6
- The KGB officially stops operations.
- CPSU, and its republic-level division, Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, banned in the Russian SFSR by Presidential decree N 169.
- November 7
- Los Angeles Lakers point guard Magic Johnson announces he has HIV, effectively ending his NBA career.
- The last oil well fire in Kuwait is extinguished.
- The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in the journal Nature.
- November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.
- November 14
- American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials, in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.
- Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.
- Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.
- November 18 – Serb troops take Vukovar after an 87-day siege, and commit the worst massacre in Croatian history.
- November 20
- An Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter carrying 19 peacekeeping mission team with officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district of Azerbaijan.
- Süleyman Demirel of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (49th government, coalition partner CHP).
- November 24
- Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies from pneumonia induced by AIDS.
- KISS drummer Eric Carr dies from complications of heart cancer.
- November 26 – National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan and renames several cities according to their Azeri names.
- November 27 – The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.
December[link]
- December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.
- December 4
- Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after 7 years' captivity as a hostage in Beirut (the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon).
- Pan American World Airways ends operations.
- John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California. In the ensuing years, Orr is convicted in both Federal and state court.
- December 8
- Leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine meet and sign an agreement ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus.
- A referendum on the constitution of Romania is accepted as valid.
- December 12 – Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced Union Treaty of 1922 and ratified Belavezha Accords instead.
- December 15 – The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450.
- December 16 – Kazakhstan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- December 19 – Paul Keating replaces Bob Hawke as the new prime minister of Australia.
- December 20 – A Missouri court passes the death sentence on Palestinian militant Zein Isa and his wife Maria, for the honor killing of their daughter Palestina.
- December 21
- The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time, the day on which the Soviet Union ceases to exist.source
- Charilaos Florakis is elected honorary president of the Communist Party of Greece. source
- December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.
- December 24 – Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, stating that Russia should be a successor to collapsing Soviet Union within the United Nations Organization.
- December 25
- Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolution of the 73-year-old state.
- Russian SFSR officially changes its name to the Russian Federation.
- December 26 – The Cold War ends when the Supreme Soviet meets and formally dissolves the Soviet Union.
Date unknown[link]
- The University of South Australia is founded.
- Impostor James Hogue is exposed at Princeton University.
- Sea Defences at Mappleton were built in order to protect the village from intense sea erosion that had threatened it.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Hamse Abdouh, Palestinian swimmer
- January 2
- Danny Miller (actor), English actor
- Davide Santon, Italian footballer
- Steele Sidebottom, Australian Rules footballer
- January 4
- Pascal Bodmer, German ski jumper
- Olivia Tennet, New Zealand actress and dancer
- January 6 – Anabel Barnston, English actress
- January 8 – Hinoi Asuka, Japanese singer
- January 12 – Pixie Lott, British singer
- January 13 – Goo Ha-ra, South Korean singer and actress
- January 14
- Jeanine Mason, American dancer
- Diva Montelaba, Filipina actress
- January 15 – Rubab Raza, Pakistani swimmer
- January 16 – Julie Dubela, American singer
- January 18 – Matthew Kane, British actor
- January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress
- January 21 – Brittany Tiplady, Canadian actress
- January 25 – Craig Roberts, Welsh actor
- January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician
- January 31 – Amy Jackson, English beauty pageant titleholder, model and actress
February[link]
- February 2 – Allison Bertolino, American television and film actress
- February 3 – Glenn McCuen, American actor, model and gymnast
- February 5 – Alba Riquelme, Paraguayan model
- February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress
- February 11
- Christofer Drew, American singer
- Georgia May Foote, British actress
- Shanina Shaik, Australian model
- February 12 – Casey Abrams, American singer
- February 14 – Charlie G. Hawkins, English actor
- February 16
- Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg
- Sergio Canales, Spanish football player
- February 17
- Ed Sheeran, British singer
- Bonnie Wright, British actress
- February 18
- Vadhir Derbez, Mexican actor
- Malese Jow, American actress, singer and songwriter
- Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009)
- February 19
- Trevor Bayne, American race car driver
- Ariel Alexandria Davis, American actress
- February 24 – Emily DiDonato, American model
- February 25 – Tony Oller, American actor and musician
- February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress
March[link]
- March 4
- Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor
- Diandra Newlin, American actress, singer, and fashion model
- March 6 – Tyler the Creator, American rapper, record producer, music video director, actor, graphic artist and fashion designer
- March 8
- Greyson Fletcher, American skateboarder and actor
- Devon Werkheiser, American actor and musician
- March 10 – Bang Mir, Korean pop rapper, member of MBLAQ
- March 11
- Qian Lin, Chinese singer
- Drew Osborne, American actor
- March 14
- Jake Ball, English cricketer
- Rhiannon Fish, Australian actress
- March 15 – Kie Kitano, Japanese actress
- March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician
- March 18 – Ryan Belhsen, Moroccan pop singer
- March 22 – Colton Harris-Moore, American criminal and former fugitive known as the "Barefoot Bandit"
- March 25 – Seychelle Gabriel, American film and television actress
- March 26
- Jack Watts, Australian rules footballer
- Brittney Wilson, Canadian actress
- March 27 – Chloe Marshall, English model
- March 28 – Rin Asuka, Japanese actress
- March 30 – Mia Carruthers, American singer and songwriter
April[link]
- April 1 – Anna Gurji, Georgian actress
- April 3 – Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress
- April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress
- April 7 – Michelle Monkhouse, Canadian fashion model (d. 2011)
- April 8 – Minami Takahashi, Japanese singer (AKB48)
- April 10 – Amanda Michalka, American singer and actress
- April 14 – Morgane Slemp, French Model and Actress
- April 15 – Daiki Arioka, Japanese singer (Hey! Say! JUMP)
- April 17 – Tessa James, Australian actress
- April 20 – Ondřej Kraják, Czech footballer
- April 24 – Drake Kemper, American actor
- April 27 – Rebecca Ryan, English actress
- April 28 – Patricia Ashley, American actress
- April 30 – Taylor Firth, American figure skater
May[link]
- May 1 – Creagen Dow, American actor
- May 3 – Bela Padilla, Filipino actress
- May 12 – Jennifer Damiano, American actress and singer
- May 15
- Mollee Gray, American dancer, actress and singer
- Jennifer Hof, German fashion model
- May 17 – Daniel Curtis Lee, American actor and rapper
- May 19 – Jordan Pruitt, American recording artist
- May 21 – Sarah Ramos, American actress
- May 22
- Sophia Abrahao, Brazilian actress
- Suho, South Korean singer
- May 23
- Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer
- Nadine Ames, Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder
- May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer
- May 25 – Derrick Williams, American basketball player
- May 26
- Takumi Abe, Japanese football player
- Julianna Rose Mauriello, American stage actress
June[link]
- June 3 – Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer
- June 4 – Jordan Hinson, American actress
- June 5 – Sahara Garey, American film and television actress
- June 6 – Son Dong-woon, Korean pop singer, member of BEAST
- June 10 – Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer
- June 12 – Emmalee Thompson, American actress
- June 15 – Rina Takeda, Japanese actress and black belt
- June 16 – Joe McElderry, British singer & model
- June 17 – Francesca Isherwood, British actress
- June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress
- June 19 – Pontus Ekhem, Swedish hockey player
- June 20 – Alexis Neiers, American television personality, model, and convicted felon
- June 22 – Katie Jarvis, English actress
- June 25 – Christa Theret, French actress
- June 27 – Madylin Sweeten, American actress
- June 28
- Kang Min-Hyuk, South Korean drummer, actor and singer (CN Blue)
- Seohyun, South Korean singer (Girls' Generation)
- June 29
- Soren Fulton, American actor
- Addison Timlin, American actress
- June 30 – Kaho, Japanese actress
July[link]
- July 3 – Grant Rosenmeyer, American film and television actor
- July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor
- July 6 – Victoire Thivisol, French actress
- July 7 – Eve Hewson, Irish actress
- July 9
- Gioia Barbieri, Italian tennis player
- Mitchel Musso, American actor, singer
- July 10
- Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer and actress
- Danielle Horvat, Australian actress
- July 11 – Natalie Evans, American actress
- July 12
- Christian Fortune, American actor
- Erik Per Sullivan, American actor
- July 15 – Erik J. Berg, Canadian actor
- July 18 – Karina Pasian, American singer and pianist
- July 20
- Alec Burks, American basketball player
- William Tomlin, British actor
- July 23 – Bibi Jones, American pornographic actress
- July 27 – Aive, Japanese idol
- July 28 – Rina Aizawa, Japanese actress and gravure idol
- July 29
- Maestro Harrell, American actor
- Miki Ishikawa, American actress and singer
- July 30 – Diana Vickers, English singer-songwriter, stage actress and fashion designer
August[link]
- August 2
- Skyler Day, American actress and singer
- Zuleyka Silver, American fashion model and actress
- August 5 – Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress
- August 6
- Irina Kulikova, Russian fashion model
- Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer
- August 9
- Hansika Motwani, Indian actress
- María Candela Vetrano, Argentine actress, singer and model
- August 12 – Jesinta Campbell, Australian beauty pageant titleholder
- August 16 – Evanna Lynch, Irish actress
- August 17
- Austin Butler, American actor, singer, and model
- Qory Sandioriva, Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder
- August 19 – Nathan Lopez. Filipino film actor
- August 20 – Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player
- August 21 – Tess Gaerthé, Dutch singer and actress
- August 22 – Brayden Schenn, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 23 – Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver
- August 25 – Gershon Koffie, Ghanaian soccer player
- August 26
- Tommy Bastow, English actor and musician
- Dylan O'Brien, American actor
- August 28 – Kyle Massey, American actor
September[link]
- September 4 – Carter Jenkins, American actor
- September 5 – Skandar Keynes, British actor
- September 6 – Ashli Amari Adams, American actress
- September 7 – Montana Fishburne, American pornographic actress
- September 9 – Kelsey Chow, American actress
- September 10– Hannah Hodson, American actress
- September 13 – Taylor Gildersleeve, American actress
- September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model
- September 17
- An Byeong-hun, Korean golfer
- Ryo Ishikawa, Japanese golfer
- Jordan McCoy, American singer and guitarist
- September 18 – Scharllette Allen Moses, Nicaraguan beauty pageant titleholder
- September 20 – Spencer Locke, American actress
- September 21 – Zoe Weizenbaum, American former actress
- September 22 – Chelsea Tavares, American actress and singer
- September 23 – Melanie Oudin, American tennis player
- September 23 – Key (singer), South Korean idol singer, rapper, dancer, actor, and promotional model.
- September 25 – Emmy Clarke, American actress
- September 27
- Ynna Asistio, Filipina actress
- Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player
October[link]
- October 2 – Emma Maree Urquhart, Scottish novelist and artist
- October 4
- Cole Hawkins, American actor
- Nicolai Kielstrup, Danish singer
- Brett Murphy, American actor
- October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor and musician
- October 7
- Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer
- Lay, Chinese singer
- October 10
- Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer-songwriter
- Mariana Espósito, Argentine actress, singer, dancer and model
- October 16 – Miori Takimoto, Japanese actress
- October 17
- Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer
- Madison Burge, American actress
- October 18 – Tyler Posey, American actor and musician
- October 16 – Jedward, Irish hip hop duo
- October 19 – Christopher Gerse, American actor
- October 20 – Kirsten Olson, American figure skater and actress
- October 22 – Arianna Afsar, American pageant titleholder and singer
- October 23 – Sophie Oda, Japanese American actress
- October 24 – Torstein Andersen Aase, Norwegian football striker
- October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress
- October 30
- Aliza Vellani, Canadian television actress
- Paulina Olszynski, American actress
- October 31 – Jordan-Claire Green, American actress musician and singer
November[link]
- November 4 – Bee Vang, American actor
- November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model
- November 10 – Genevieve Buechner, Canadian actress
- November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete
- November 13
- Matt Bennett, American actor, singer and screenwriter
- Devon Bostick, Canadian actor
- November 14 – Graham Patrick Martin, American film and television actor
- November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress
- November 21 – Dmitriy Martynov, Russian actor
- November 22
- Diana Danielle, American actress
- Saki Shimizu, Japanese singer
- November 24 – Lacey Baker, American skateboader
- November 25 – Jamie Grace, American musician, singer, rapper, songwriter and actress
- November 28 – Ian Beharry, Canadian pair skater
December[link]
- December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer
- December 3
- Dominique Jackson, British actress
- Masahiro Usui, Japanese actor
- December 9
- Prince Joachim, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince
- Choi Minho, South Korean rapper and TV host
- December 12
- Daniel Magder, Canadian actor
- Dyllan Christopher, American actor
- December 13 – Jay Greenberg, American music composer
- December 14 – Muhammad Ahmed, Pakistani footballer
- December 15 – Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress
- December 17 – Daniel Tay, American actor and voice actor
- December 19 – Declan Galbraith, English singer
- December 20 – Hunter Gomez, American actor
- December 24 – Vincent Caso, American actor and entrepreneur
- December 26 – Eden Sher, American actress
- December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress
- December 28 – Belime, Lebanon singer-songwriter, pop musician and music producer
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1927)
- January 3 – Luke Appling, American baseball player (b. 1907)
- January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
- January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960)
- January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- January 12
- Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904)
- Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913)
- Mary Francis Shura, American writer (b. 1923)
- January 14 – Salah Khalaf (aka Abu Iyad), Palestinian officer (b. 1933)
- January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
- January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942)
- January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (b. 1903)
- January 29
- Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907)
- John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)
- January 30
- John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- Clifton C. Edom, American photojournalism educator (b. 1907)
February[link]
- February 1 – Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901)
- February 2 – Pete Axthelm, sportswriter (b. 1943)
- February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921)
- February 5
- Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903)
- Pedro Arrupe, Spanish Catholic priest, Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1907)
- February 6
- María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904)
- Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1912)
- Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1912)
- February 7 – Amos Yarkoni, legendary Israeli soldier (b. 1920)
- February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900)
- February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902)
- February 16 – Enrique Bermúdez, Nicaraguan Contras leader (b. 1932)
- February 21
- John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901)
- Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919)
- February 24
- John Charles Daly, South African-born journalist and game show host (b. 1914)
- Héctor Rial, Argentinian footballer (b. 1928)
- George Gobel, American comedian (b. 1919)
- Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916)
March[link]
- March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909)
- March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928)
- March 3
- Arthur Murray, American dancer and dance instructor (b. 1895)
- William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909)
- March 7 – Cool Papa Bell, American baseball player (b. 1903)
- March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
- March 14
- Howard Ashman, American lyricist (b. 1950)
- Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925)
- March 15 – George Sherman, American film director (b. 1908)
- March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1898)
- March 20 – Conor Clapton, Son of Guitarist Eric Clapton (b. 1986)
- March 21 – Leo Fender, American instrument maker (b. 1909)
- March 24 – Maudie Edwards, English actress (b. 1906)
- March 25 – Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, Roman Catholic bishop who fought for Catholic Tradition (b. 1905)
- March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Lee Atwater, American Presidential advisor (b. 1951)
April[link]
- April 1
- Paulo Muwanga, Ugandan military officer and statesman, former head of State and Prime Minister (b. 1924)
- Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
- Jaime Guzmán, Chilean right-wing politician (b. 1946)
- April 3
- Charles Goren, American bridge player, writer, and columnist (b. 1901)
- Graham Greene, English writer (b. 1904)
- April 4
- Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911)
- H. John Heinz III, American politician (b. 1938)
- Louis Guglielmi, French composer (b. 1916)
- Forrest Towns, American runner (b. 1914)
- Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (b. 1920)
- April 5
- Sonny Carter, American astronaut (b. 1947) (plane crash)
- John Tower, American politician (b. 1929)
- April 8 – Per Yngve Ohlin, Swedish singer (b. 1969)
- April 10
- Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
- Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
- April 16 – David Lean, British film director (b. 1908)
- April 19 – Stanley Hawes, British-born Australian film producer, director and administrator (b. 1905)
- April 20
- Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Mongolian Communist leader, former Party General Secretary, Prime Minister and Head of State (b. 1916)
- Steve Marriott, English musician (b. 1947)
- Don Siegel, American film director (b. 1912)
- April 23 – Johnny Thunders, American musician (b. 1952)
- April 26 – Carmine Coppola, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
- April 27 – Robert Velter, French cartoonist (b. 1909)
- April 28 – Johnny Eck, American sideshow performer (b. 1911)
- April 29
- Gonzaguinha, Brazilian singer and composer (b. 1945)
- Claude Gallimard, French editor
May[link]
- May 1
- Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician (b. 1898)
- Richard Thorpe, American film director (b. 1896)
- May 3
- Jerzy Kosinski, Polish-American writer (b. 1933)
- Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer and composer (b. 1907)
- May 6 – Wilfrid Hyde-White, British actor (b. 1903)
- May 7 – Dennis Crosby, American singer (b. 1934)
- May 8
- Jean Langlais, French composer and organist (b. 1907)
- Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
- May 14 – Jiang Qing, Chinese radical revolutionary, widow of Mao Zedong (b. 1914)
- May 15
- Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (b. 1924)
- Andreas Floer, German mathematician (b. 1956)
- May 18
- Betty Alberge, English actress (b. 1922)
- Edwina Booth, American actress (b. 1904)
- May 21
- Lino Brocka, Filipino film director (b. 1939)
- Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (b. 1944)
- May 22 – Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (b. 1905)
- May 23
- Jean Van Houtte, Belgian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1907)
- Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (b. 1895)
- May 27 – Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (b. 1904)
- May 29 – Coral Browne, Australian actress (b. 1913)
- May 30 – Manolo Gómez Bur, Spanish actor (b. 1917)
June[link]
- June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
- June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, former Prime Minister
- June 3
- Katia and Maurice Krafft, French volcanologists (b. 1946 and 1942 respectively)
- Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899)
- June 5
- Larry Kert, American actor (b. 1930)
- Sylvia Porter, American economist and journalist (b. 1913)
- June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927)
- June 9 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
- June 11 – Cromwell Everson, South African composer (b. 1925)
- June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907)
- June 15 – Arthur Lewis, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- June 16 – Leslie Mahaffy Canadian murder victim (b. 1976)
- June 17 – Pierre Jamet, French harpist (b. 1893)
- June 18
- Ronald Allen, English actor (b. 1930)
- Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922)
- June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900)
- June 27 – Molly Geertsema, Dutch liberal politician, former leader of the VVD party (b. 1918)
- June 28 – Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910)
- June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)
July[link]
- July 1 – Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
- July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
- July 4 – Victor Chang, Australian physician (b. 1936)
- July 5
- Camarón de la Isla, Flamenco singer (b. 1950)
- Mildred Dunnock, American actress (b. 1901)
- Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
- July 6 – Anton Yugov, Bulgarian Communist politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1904)
- July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
- July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
- July 18 – André Cools, Belgian Socialist politician (b. 1927)
- July 24 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- July 25 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893)
- July 27 – John Friedrich, German-Australian engineer and conman (b. 1950)
- July 29 – Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)
August[link]
- August 1 – Chris Short, American baseball pitcher (b. 1937)
- August 3 – Ali Sabri, Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
- August 4 – Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920)
- August 5
- Paul Brown, American football coach (b. 1908)
- Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and industrialist (b. 1917)
- August 6
- Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1915)
- Arthur Pentelow, English actor (b. 1924)
- Harry Reasoner, American journalist and newscaster (b. 1923)
- August 7 – Billy T. James New Zealand comedian (b. 1948)
- August 8 – James Irwin, American astronaut (b. 1930)
- August 11 – J. D. McDuffie, American race car driver (b. 1938)
- August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman and politician (b. 1907)
- August 14 – Richard A. Snelling, Governor of Vermont (b. 1927)
- August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian film-maker (b. 1905)
- August 17 – Terence Kilmartin, Irish journalist and translator (b. 1922)
- August 22
- Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-born actress (b. 1924)
- Boris Pugo, Latvian communist politician, Soviet minister of the Interior (b. 1937)
- August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Russian marshall, former Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923)
- August 25 – Niven Busch, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1903)
- August 30
- Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
- Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
September[link]
- September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
- September 3 – Frank Capra, Italian-born film director (b. 1897)
- September 4
- Charles Barnet, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1913)
- Tom Tryon, American actor (b. 1926)
- Dottie West, American singer (b. 1932)
- September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- September 8
- Brad Davis, American actor (b. 1949)
- Alex North, American film composer (b. 1910)
- September 10
- Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908)
- Jan Józef Lipski, Polish critic, historian and politician (b. 1926)
- September 12 – Bruce Matthews, Canadian Army officer and businessman (b. 1909)
- September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1901)
- September 14– Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer, author (b. 1910)
- September 15 – John Hoyt, American actor (b. 1905)
- September 17
- Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902)
- Frank H. Netter, American artist, physician, and medical illustrator (b. 1906)
- September 22 – Tino Casal, Spanish pop singer (b. 1950)
- September 24 – Dr. Seuss, American author (b. 1904)
- September 25
- Klaus Barbie, German Gestapo leader in Lyon (b. 1913)
- Viviane Romance, French actress (b. 1912)
- September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1926)
October[link]
- October 2, – Demetrios I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1914)
- October 5 – Martin Ennals, British human rights activist. (b. 1927)
- October 6 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer, poet and composer (b. 1956)
- October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
- October 12
- Aline MacMahon, American actress (b. 1899)
- Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898)
- October 13
- Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, Spanish politician, former Defense Minister and mayor of Madrid (b. 1932)
- Daniel Oduber Quirós, Costa Rican politician, former president of the Republic (b. 1921)
- October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919)
- October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921)
- October 25 – John Stratton, English actor (b. 1925)
- October 28 – Sylvia Fine, American lyricist (b. 1913)
- October 29 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, former Prime Minister and president of the European Parliament (b. 1901)
- October 31 – Joseph Papp, American theater producer (b. 1921)
November[link]
- November 2 – Irwin Allen, American film and television producer (b. 1916)
- November 5
- Fred MacMurray, American actor (b. 1908)
- Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (b. 1923)
- November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
- November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921)
- November 14 – Tony Richardson, English film and theater director (b. 1928)
- November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovak politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1913)
- November 21 – Daniel Mann, American film director (b. 1912)
- November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
- November 24
- Eric Carr, American drummer (b. 1950)
- Anton Furst, American art director (b. 1944)
- Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (Queen) (b. 1946)
- November 25 – Nimeño II, French bullfighter (b. 1954)
- November 26
- Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (b. 1908)
- Bob Johnson, American ice hockey coach (b. 1931)
- November 29
- Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904)
- Frank Yerby, American novelist (b. 1916)
December[link]
- December 1 – George Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- December 6 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898)
- December 10
- Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician. (b. 1927)
- Greta Kempton, American artist (b. 1901)
- December 11
- Robert Q. Lewis, American radio and television personality (b. 1920)
- Artur Lundkvist, Swedish author (b. 1906)
- December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898)
- December 15
- Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915)
- Aad Mansveld, Dutch footballer (b. 1944)
- December 18 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (b. 1913)
- December 19 – Paul Maxwell, Canadian actor (b. 1921)
- December 22 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (b. 1900)
- December 27 – Hervé Guibert, French writer and photographer (b. 1955)
- December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1941)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
- Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst
- Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
- Literature – Nadine Gordimer
- Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Ronald Coase
References[link]
http://wn.com/1991
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/1991
http://es.wn.com/1991
http://ru.wn.com/1991 год
http://cs.wn.com/1991
http://pt.wn.com/1991
http://pl.wn.com/1991
http://hi.wn.com/१९९१
http://it.wn.com/1991
http://id.wn.com/1991
http://nl.wn.com/1991
http://fr.wn.com/1991
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the person. For her 1985 eponymous album, see Whitney Houston (album).
| Whitney Houston | |
|---|---|
 Whitney Houston performing at Good Morning America in Central Park on September 1, 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Whitney Elizabeth Houston |
| Born | (1963-08-09)August 9, 1963 Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | February 11, 2012(2012-02-11) (aged 48) Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, soul, pop, dance, gospel |
| Occupations | Singer, actress, model, film producer, record producer, songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1977–2012 |
| Labels | Arista, RCA |
| Associated acts | Cissy Houston, Dionne Warwick, Dee Dee Warwick, Aretha Franklin, Jermaine Jackson, Mariah Carey, Enrique Iglesias, Bobby Brown |
| Website |
 Whitney Houston's autograph |
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American recording artist, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all-time.[1] Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide.[2][3] She released seven studio albums and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts, as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for "How Will I Know",[4] influenced several African American female artists to follow in her footsteps.[5][6]
Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits.[7] She is the second artist behind Elton John and the only female artist to have two number-one Billboard 200 Album awards (formerly "Top Pop Album") on the Billboard magazine year-end charts.[8] Houston's 1985 debut album Whitney Houston became the best-selling debut album by a female act at the time of its release. The album was named Rolling Stone's best album of 1986, and was ranked at number 254 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[9] Her second studio album Whitney (1987) became the first album by a female artist to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[9]
Houston's first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard (1992). The film's original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Its lead single "I Will Always Love You", became the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. With the album, Houston became the first act (solo or group, male or female) to sell more than a million copies of an album within a single week period under Nielsen SoundScan system.[9] The album makes her the top female act in the top 10 list of the best-selling albums of all time, at number four. Houston continued to star in movies and contribute to their soundtracks, including the films Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher's Wife (1996). The Preacher's Wife soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album in history.[10]
Life and career[link]
1963–1976: Early life[link]
Whitney Houston was born in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey, the second child of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. (September 13, 1920 – February 2, 2003), and gospel singer Cissy Houston (née Emily Drinkard).[11] She was of African American, Native American and Dutch descent.[12] Her mother, along with cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, godmother Darlene Love[13] and honorary aunt Aretha Franklin[14] were all notable figures in the gospel, rhythm and blues, pop, and soul genres.[15] She met her honorary aunt at age 8, or 9, when her mother took her to a recording studio.[16] Houston was raised a Baptist, but was also exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots, the family moved to a middle-class area in East Orange, New Jersey, when she was four.[17]
At the age of 11, Houston began to follow in her mother's footsteps and started performing as a soloist in the junior gospel choir at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, where she also learned to play the piano.[18] Her first solo performance in the church was "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".[19] When Houston was a teenager, she attended Mount Saint Dominic Academy, a Catholic girls' high school in Caldwell, New Jersey, where she met her best friend Robyn Crawford, whom she described as the "sister she never had".[20] While Houston was still in school, her mother continued to teach her how to sing.[5] In addition to her mother, Franklin, and Warwick, Houston was also exposed to the music of Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, and Roberta Flack, most of whom would have an impact on her as a singer and performer.[21]
1977–1984: Early career[link]
Houston spent some of her teenage years touring nightclubs where her mother Cissy was performing, and she would occasionally get on stage and perform with her. In 1977, at age 14, she became a backup singer on the Michael Zager Band's single "Life's a Party".[22] In 1978, at age 15, Houston sang background vocals on Chaka Khan's hit single "I'm Every Woman", a song she would later turn into a larger hit for herself on her monster-selling The Bodyguard soundtrack album.[23][24] She also sang back-up on albums by Lou Rawls and Jermaine Jackson.[23]
In the early 1980s, Houston started working as a fashion model after a photographer saw her at Carnegie Hall singing with her mother. She appeared in Seventeen[25] and became one of the first women of color to grace the cover of the magazine.[26] She was also featured in layouts in the pages of Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Young Miss, and appeared in a Canada Dry soft drink TV commercial.[27] Her striking looks and girl-next-door charm made her one of the most sought after teen models of that time.[27] While modeling, she continued her burgeoning recording career by working with producers Michael Beinhorn, Bill Laswell and Martin Bisi on an album they were spearheading called One Down, which was credited to the group Material. For that project, Houston contributed the ballad "Memories", a cover of a song by Hugh Hopper of Soft Machine. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called her contribution "one of the most gorgeous ballads you've ever heard".[28] She also appeared as a lead vocalist on one track on a Paul Jabara album, entitled Paul Jabara and Friends, released by Columbia Records in 1983.[29]
Houston had previously been offered several recording agencies (Michael Zager in 1980, and Elektra Records in 1981), however her mother declined the offers stating her daughter must first complete high school.[22][30] In 1983, Gerry Griffith, an A&R representative from Arista Records, saw her performing with her mother in a New York City nightclub and was impressed. He convinced Arista's head Clive Davis to make time to see Houston perform. Davis too was impressed and offered a worldwide recording contract which Houston signed. Later that year, she made her national televised debut alongside Davis on The Merv Griffin Show.[31]
Houston signed with Arista in 1983, but did not begin work on her album immediately.[1] The label wanted to make sure no other label signed the singer away. Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for Houston's debut album. Some producers had to pass on the project due to prior commitments.[32] Houston first recorded a duet with Teddy Pendergrass entitled "Hold Me" which appeared on his album, Love Language.[33] The single was released in 1984 and gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a Top 5 R&B hit.[34] It would also appear on her debut album in 1985.
1985–1986: Rise to international prominence[link]
With production from Michael Masser, Kashif, Jermaine Jackson, and Narada Michael Walden, Houston's debut album Whitney Houston was released in February 1985. Rolling Stone magazine praised Houston, calling her "one of the most exciting new voices in years" while The New York Times called the album "an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent".[35][36] Arista Records promoted Houston's album with three different singles from the album in the US, UK and other European countries. In the UK, the dance-funk "Someone for Me", which failed to chart in the country, was the first single while "All at Once" was in such European countries as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the song reached the top 5 on the singles charts, respectively.[37]
In the US, the soulful ballad "You Give Good Love" was chosen as the lead single from Houston's debut to establish her in the black marketplace first.[38] Outside the US, the song failed to get enough attention to become a hit, but in the US, it gave the album its first major hit as it peaked at No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No. 1 on the Hot R&B chart.[32] As a result, the album began to sell strongly, and Houston continued promotion by touring nightclubs in the US. She also began performing on late-night television talk shows, which were not usually accessible to unestablished black acts. The jazzy ballad "Saving All My Love for You" was released next and it would become Houston's first No. 1 single in both the US and the UK. She was then an opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne on his nationwide tour. "Thinking About You" was released as the promo single only to R&B-oriented radio stations, which peaked at number ten on the US R&B Chart. At the time, MTV had received harsh criticism for not playing enough videos by black, Latino, and other racial minorities while favoring white acts.[39] The third US single, "How Will I Know", peaked at No. 1 and introduced Houston to the MTV audience thanks to its video. Houston's subsequent singles from this, and future albums, would make her the first African-American female artist to receive consistent heavy rotation on MTV.[26]
By 1986, a year after its initial release, Whitney Houston topped the Billboard 200 albums chart and stayed there for 14 non-consecutive weeks.[40] The final single, "Greatest Love of All", became Houston's biggest hit at the time after peaking No. 1 and remaining there for three weeks on the Hot 100 chart, which made her debut the first album by a female artist to yield three No. 1 hits. Houston was No. 1 artist of the year and Whitney Houston was the No. 1 album of the year on the 1986 Billboard year-end charts, making her the first female artist to earn that distinction.[40] At the time, Houston released the best-selling debut album by a solo artist.[41] Houston then embarked on her world tour, Greatest Love Tour. The album had become an international success, and was certified 13× platinum (diamond) in the United States alone, and has sold a total of 25 million copies worldwide.[42]
At the 1986 Grammy Awards, Houston was nominated for three awards including Album of the Year.[43] She was not eligible for the Best New Artist category due to her previous hit R&B duet recording with Teddy Pendergrass in 1984.[44] She won her first Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female for "Saving All My Love for You".[45] Houston's performance of the song during the Grammy telecast later earned her an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[46]
Houston won seven American Music Awards in total in 1986 and 1987, and an MTV Video Music Award.[47][48] The album's popularity would also carry over to the 1987 Grammy Awards when "Greatest Love of All" would receive a Record of the Year nomination. Houston's debut album is listed as one of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[49][50] Houston's grand entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today.[51] Following Houston's breakthrough, doors were opened for other African-American female artists such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker to find notable success in popular music and on MTV.[52][53]
[edit] 1987–1991: Whitney, I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star Spangled Banner"
With many expectations, Houston's second album, Whitney, was released in June 1987. The album again featured production from Masser, Kashif and Walden as well as Jellybean Benitez. Many critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, "the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating".[54] Still, the album enjoyed commercial success. Houston became the first female artist in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hitting number one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world. The album's first single, "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)", was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and topping the singles chart in many countries such as Australia, Germany and the UK. The next three singles, "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional", and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" all peaked at number one on the US Hot 100 chart, which gave her a total of seven consecutive number one hits, breaking the record of six previously shared by The Beatles and The Bee Gees.[55][56] Houston became the first female artist to generate four number-one singles from one album. Whitney has been certified 9× Platinum in the US for shipments of over 9 million copies, and has sold a total of 20 million copies worldwide.[57]
At the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of the Year, winning her second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)".[58][59] Houston also won two American Music Awards in 1988 and 1989, respectively, and a Soul Train Music Award.[60][61][62] Following the release of the album, Houston embarked on the Moment of Truth World Tour, which was one of the ten highest grossing concert tours of 1987.[63] The success of the tours during 1986–87 and her two studio albums ranked Houston No. 8 for the highest earning entertainers list according to Forbes magazine.[64] She was the highest earning African-American woman overall and the third highest entertainer after Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.[64]
Houston was a supporter of Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement. During her modeling days, the singer refused to work with any agencies who did business with the then-apartheid South Africa.[65][66] On June 11, 1988, during the European leg of her tour, Houston joined other musicians to perform a set at Wembley Stadium in London to celebrate a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday.[65] Over 72,000 people attended Wembley Stadium, and over a billion people tuned in worldwide as the rock concert raised over $1 million for charities while bringing awareness to apartheid.[67] Houston then flew back to the US for a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City in August. The show was a benefit concert that raised a quarter of a million dollars for the United Negro College Fund.[68] In the same year, she recorded a song for NBC's coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, "One Moment in Time", which became a Top 5 hit in the US, while reaching number one in the UK and Germany.[69][70][71] With her world tour continuing overseas, Houston was still one of the top 20 highest earning entertainers for 1987–88 according to Forbes magazine.[72][73]
In 1989, Houston formed The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, a non-profit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS, and other issues of self-empowerment.[74] With the success of her first two albums, Houston was undoubtedly an international crossover superstar, the most prominent since Michael Jackson, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was "selling out".[6] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.[25]
At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston's name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.[75][76] Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, "If you're gonna have a long career, there's a certain way to do it, and I did it that way. I'm not ashamed of it".[25] Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. She produced and chose producers for this album and as a result, it featured production and collaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Luther Vandross, and Stevie Wonder. The album showed Houston's versatility on a new batch of tough rhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance tracks. Reviews were mixed. Rolling Stone felt it was her "best and most integrated album".[77] while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston's shift towards an urban direction was "superficial".[78]
The album contained several hits: the first two singles, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "All the Man That I Need" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; "Miracle" peaked at number nine; "My Name Is Not Susan" peaked in the top twenty; "I Belong to You" reached the top ten of the US R&B chart and garnered Houston a Grammy nomination; and the sixth single, the Stevie Wonder duet "We Didn't Know", reached the R&B top twenty. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and went on to be certified 4× platinum in the US while selling twelve million total worldwide.
File:W. Houston & G. Bush at White house.jpg
Houston met with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office in 1990, while in Washington, D.C., to participate in the Youth Leadership Forum
In 1990, Houston was the spokesperson for a youth leadership conference hosted in Washington, D.C. She had a private audience with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office to discuss the associated challenges.
With America entangled in the Persian Gulf War, Houston performed "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV at Tampa Stadium on January 27, 1991.[79] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, it was released as a commercial single and video of her performance, and reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude (Jose Feliciano's version reached No. 50 in November 1968).[80][81] Houston donated all her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund. As a result, the singer was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.[79][82][83]
Her rendition was considered the benchmark for singers and critically acclaimed.[84] Rolling Stone commented that "her singing stirs such strong patriotism. Unforgettable", and the performance ranked No. 1 on the 25 most memorable music moments in NFL history list. VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.[85][86] Following the attacks on 9/11, it was released again by Arista Records, all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. This time it peaked at No. 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[87]
Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.[88] Houston's concert gave HBO its highest ratings ever.[89] She then embarked on the I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour.
[edit] 1992–1994: Marriage to Bobby Brown and The Bodyguard
Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to American football star Randall Cunningham and actor Eddie Murphy, whom she dated.[90] She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.[91] On March 4, 1993, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina Houston Brown, her only child, and his fourth. Brown would go on to have several run-ins with the law, including some jail time.[91]
With the commercial success of her albums, movie offers poured in, including offers to work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones, and Spike Lee; but Houston felt the time wasn't right.[90] Houston's first film role was in The Bodyguard, released in 1992 and co-starring Kevin Costner. Houston played Rachel Marron, a star who is stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard to protect her. USA Today listed it as one of the 25 most memorable movie moments of the last 25 years in 2007.[92] Houston's mainstream appeal allowed people to look at the movie color-blind.[93]
Still, controversy arose as some felt the film's advertising intentionally hid Houston's face to hide the film's interracial relationship. In an interview with Rolling Stone in 1993, the singer commented that "people know who Whitney Houston is – I'm black. You can't hide that fact."[21] Houston received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. The Washington Post said Houston is "doing nothing more than playing Houston, comes out largely unscathed if that is possible in so cockamamie an undertaking",[94] and The New York Times commented that she lacked passion with her co-star.[95] Despite the film's mixed reviews, it was hugely successful at the box office, grossing more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 grossing films in film history at its time of release, though it is no longer in the top 100 due to rising ticket prices since the time the film was released.[96]
The film's soundtrack also enjoyed big success. Houston executive produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's adjoining soundtrack album. Rolling Stone said it is "nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane".[97] The soundtrack's lead single was "I Will Always Love You", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her "signature song" or "iconic performance". Rolling Stone and USA Today called her rendition "the tour-de-force".[98][99] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a then-record-breaking 14 weeks, number one on the R&B chart for a then-record-breaking 11 weeks, and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts for five weeks, thus becoming the first single to top those three charts simultaneously for five weeks.[100]
The single was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in the RIAA history and becoming the best-selling single by a female artist in the US.[101][102][103] The song also became a global success, hitting number-one in almost all countries, and one of the best-selling singles of all time with 12 million copies sold.[104] The soundtrack topped the Billboard 200 chart and remained there for 20 non-consecutive weeks, the longest tenure by any album on the chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era, and became one of the fastest selling albums ever.[105] During Christmas week of 1992, the soundtrack sold over a million copies within a week, becoming the first album to achieve that feat under Nielsen SoundScan system.[106][107] With the follow-up singles "I'm Every Woman", a Chaka Khan cover, and "I Have Nothing" both reaching the top five, Houston became the first female artist to ever have three singles in the Top 11 simultaneously.[108][109][110] The album was certified 17× platinum in the US alone,[111] with worldwide sales of 44 million,[112] making The Bodyguard the biggest-selling album by a female act on the list of the world's Top 10 best-selling albums, topping Shania Twain's 40 million sold for Come On Over.[113]
Houston won three Grammys for the album in 1994, including two of the Academy's highest honors, Album of the Year and Record of the Year. In addition, she won a record 8 American Music Awards at that year's ceremony including the Award of Merit,[114] 11 Billboard Music Awards, 3 Soul Train Music Awards in 1993–94 including Sammy Davis, Jr. Award as Entertainer of the Year,[115] 5 NAACP Image Awards including Entertainer of the Year,[116][117][118] a record 5 World Music Awards,[119] and a BRIT award.[120] Following the success of the project, Houston embarked on another expansive global tour, The Bodyguard World Tour, in 1993–94. Her concerts, movie, and recording grosses made her the third highest earning female entertainer of 1993–94, just behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbra Streisand according to Forbes magazine.[121] Houston placed in the top five of Entertainment Weekly's annual "Entertainer of the Year" ranking[122] and was labeled by Premiere magazine as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood.[123]
In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newly elected South African president Nelson Mandela.[124][125] At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to over 200,000 people. This would make the singer the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela's winning election.[126] The concert was broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation's "biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela".[127]
[edit] 1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher's Wife, and Cinderella
In 1995, Houston starred alongside Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine, and Lela Rochon in her second film Waiting to Exhale, a motion picture about four African-American women struggling with relationships. Houston played the lead character Savannah Jackson, a TV producer in love with a married man. She chose the role because she saw the film as "a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers".[128] After opening at number one and grossing $67 million in the US at the box office and $81 million worldwide,[129] it proved that a movie primarily targeting a black audience can cross over to success, while paving the way for other all-black movies such as How Stella Got Her Groove Back and the Tyler Perry movies that have become popular in the 2000s.[130][131][132] The film is also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens as opposed to stereotypes.[133] The reviews were mainly positive for the ensemble cast. The New York Times said "Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in 'The Bodyguard' seem so distant."[134] Houston was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture", but lost to her co-star Bassett.
The film's accompanying soundtrack, Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album, was produced by Houston and Babyface. Though Babyface originally wanted Houston to record the entire album, she declined. Instead, she "wanted it to be an album of women with vocal distinction", and thus gathered several African-American female artists for the soundtrack, to go along with the film's strong women message.[128] As a result, the album featured a range of contemporary R&B female recording artists along with Houston, such as Mary J Blige, Aretha Franklin, Toni Braxton, Patti Labelle, and Brandy. Houston's "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" peaked at No. 1, and then spent a record eleven weeks at the No. 2 spot and eight weeks on top of the R&B Charts. "Count On Me", a duet with CeCe Winans, hit the US Top 10; and Houston's third contribution, "Why Does It Hurt So Bad", made the Top 30. The album debuted at No. 1, and was certified 7× Platinum in the United States, denoting shipments of seven million copies.[57] The soundtrack received strong reviews as Entertainment Weekly said "the album goes down easy, just as you'd expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks.... the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense"[135] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.[136] Later that year, Houston's children's charity organization was awarded a VH1 Honor for all the charitable work.[137]
In 1996, Houston starred in the holiday comedy The Preacher's Wife, with Denzel Washington. She plays a gospel-singing wife of a pastor (Courtney B. Vance). It was largely an updated remake of the 1948 film "The Bishop's Wife" which starred Loretta Young, David Niven and Cary Grant. Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood at the time and the highest earning African American actress in Hollywood.[138] The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning approximately $50 million at the U.S. box offices.[139] The movie gave Houston her strongest reviews so far. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston "is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time" and that she "exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice".[140] Houston was again nominated for an NAACP Image Award and won for Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture.
Houston recorded and co-produced, with Mervyn Warren, the film's accompanying gospel soundtrack. The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album included six gospel songs with Georgia Mass Choir that were recorded at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Houston also duetted with gospel legend Shirley Caesar. The album sold six million copies worldwide and scored hit singles with "I Believe in You and Me" and "Step by Step", becoming the largest selling gospel album of all time. The album received mainly positive reviews. Some critics, such as that of USA Today, noted the presence of her emotional depth,[141] while The Times said "To hear Houston going at full throttle with the 35 piece Georgia Mass Choir struggling to keep up is to realise what her phenomenal voice was made for".[142]
In 1997, Houston's production company changed its name to BrownHouse Productions and was joined by Debra Martin Chase. Their goal was "to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before" while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.[143] Their first project was a made-for-television remake of Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the movie as the Fairy Godmother along with Brandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg, and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.[144] The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and nonstereotypical message.[145] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.[146] The movie received seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.[147]
Houston and Chase then obtained the rights to the story of Dorothy Dandridge. Houston was to play Dandridge, who was the first African American actress to be nominated for an Oscar. She wanted the story told with dignity and honor.[143] However, Halle Berry also had rights to the project and she got her version going first.[148] Later that year, Houston paid tribute to her idols such as Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, and Dionne Warwick by performing their hits during the three-night HBO Concert Classic Whitney, live from Washington, D.C. The special raised over $300,000 for the Children's Defense Fund.[149] Houston received The Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements in the field of entertainment at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.[150][151]
[edit] 1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits
After spending much of the early and mid 1990s working on motion pictures and their soundtrack albums, Houston's first studio album in eight years, the critically acclaimed My Love Is Your Love, was released in November 1998. Though originally slated to be a greatest hits album with a handful of new songs, recording sessions were so fruitful that a new full-length studio album was released. Recorded and mixed in only six weeks, it featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott. The album debuted at number thirteen, its peak position, on the Billboard 200 chart.[152] It had a funkier and edgier sound than past releases and saw Houston handling urban dance, hip hop, mid-tempo R&B, reggae, torch songs, and ballads all with great dexterity.[153]
From late 1998 to early 2000, the album spawned several hit singles: "When You Believe" (US No. 15, UK No. 4), a duet with Mariah Carey for 1998's The Prince of Egypt soundtrack, which also became an international hit as it peaked in the Top 10 in several countries and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song;[154] "Heartbreak Hotel" (US No. 2, UK No. 25) featured Faith Evans and Kelly Price, received a 1999 MTV VMA nomination for Best R&B Video,[155] and number one on the US R&B chart for seven weeks; "It's Not Right But It's Okay" (US No. 4, UK No. 3) won Houston her sixth Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance;[156] "My Love Is Your Love" (US No. 4, UK No. 2) with 3 million copies sold worldwide;[157] and "I Learned from the Best" (US No. 27, UK No. 19).[158][159] These singles became international hits as well, and all the singles, except "When You Believe", became number one hits on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The album sold four million copies in America, making it certified 4× platinum, and a total of eleven million copies worldwide.[42]
The album gave Houston some of her strongest reviews ever. Rolling Stone said Houston was singing "with a bite in her voice"[160] and The Village Voice called it "Whitney's sharpest and most satisfying so far".[161] In 1999, Houston participated in VH-1's Divas Live '99, alongside Brandy, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner, and Cher. The same year, Houston hit the road with her 70 date My Love Is Your Love World Tour. The European leg of the tour was Europe's highest grossing arena tour of the year.[162] In November 1999, Houston was named Top-selling R&B Female Artist of the Century with certified US sales of 51 million copies at the time and The Bodyguard Soundtrack was named the Top-selling Soundtrack Album of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[163] She also won The Artist of the Decade, Female award for extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s at the 14th Soul Train Music Awards, and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B.[164][165][166][167][168]
In May 2000, Whitney: The Greatest Hits was released worldwide. The double disc set peaked at number five in the United States, reaching number one in the United Kingdom.[159][169] In addition, the album reached the Top 10 in many other countries.[170] While ballad songs were left unchanged, the album features house/club remixes of many of Houston's up-tempo hits. Included on the album were four new songs: "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" (a duet with Enrique Iglesias), "Same Script, Different Cast" (a duet with Deborah Cox), "If I Told You That" (a duet with George Michael), and "Fine", and three hits that had never appeared on a Houston album: "One Moment in Time", "The Star Spangled Banner", and "If You Say My Eyes Are Beautiful", a duet with Jermaine Jackson from his 1986 Precious Moments album.[171] Along with the album, an accompanying VHS and DVD was released featuring the music videos to Houston's greatest hits, as well as several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 debut on The Merv Griffin Show, and interviews.[172] The greatest hits album was certified 3× platinum in the US, with worldwide sales of 10 million.[173][174]
[edit] 2000–2005: Just Whitney, and personal struggles
Though Houston was seen as a "good girl" with a perfect image in the 1980s and early 1990s, by the late 1990s, her behavior changed. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, and canceling concerts and talk-show appearances.[175][176] With the missed performances and weight loss, rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband circulated. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them,[177] but rumors of drug usage between the couple would continue to surface. Two months later, Clive Davis was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Houston had been scheduled to perform at the event, but failed to show up.[178]
Shortly thereafter, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards but was fired from the event by musical director and longtime friend Burt Bacharach. Her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that "Houston's voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, and her attitude was casual, almost defiant", and that while Houston was to sing "Over the Rainbow", she would start singing a different song.[179] Houston later admitted to having been fired.[180] Later that year, Houston's long-time executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston's management company.[178]
In August 2001, Houston signed the biggest record deal in music history with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to deliver six new albums, on which she would also earn royalties.[181][182][183] She later made an appearance on Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. Her extremely thin frame further spurred rumors of drug use. Houston's publicist said, "Whitney has been under stress due to family matters, and when she is under stress she doesn't eat."[184] The singer was scheduled for a second performance the following night but canceled.[185] Within weeks, Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" would be re-released after the September 11 attacks, with the proceeds donated to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police.[186] The song peaked at No. 6 this time on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.[158]
In 2002, Houston became involved in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise. Although the company was started by her father to manage her career, it was actually run by company president Kevin Skinner. Skinner filed a breach-of-contract lawsuit and sued for $100 million (but lost), stating that Houston owed the company previously unpaid compensation for helping to negotiate her $100 million contract with Arista Records and for sorting out legal matters.[187] Houston stated that her 81-year-old father had nothing to do with the lawsuit. Although Skinner tried to claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court.[188] Houston's father later died in February 2003.[189] The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinner was awarded nothing.[190]
Also in 2002, Houston did an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then-upcoming album. The interview was the highest-rated television interview in history.[citation needed] During the prime-time special, Houston spoke on topics including rumored drug use and marriage. She was asked about the ongoing drug rumors and replied, "First of all, let's get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I make too much money to ever smoke crack. Let's get that straight. Okay? We don't do crack. We don't do that. Crack is wack."[180] The line was from Keith Haring's mural which was painted in 1986 on the handball court at 128th Street and 2nd Avenue.[191] Houston did, however, admit to using other substances at times, including cocaine.[180]
In December 2002, Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney.... The album included productions from then-husband Bobby Brown, as well as Missy Elliott and Babyface, and marked the first time that Houston did not produce with Clive Davis as Davis had been released by top management at BMG. Upon its release, Just Whitney... received mixed reviews.[192] The album debuted at number 9 on the Billboard 200 chart and it had the highest first week sales of any album Houston had ever released.[193] The four singles released from the album, didn't fare well on the Billboard Hot 100, but became Hot Dance Club Play hits. Just Whitney... was certified platinum in the United States, and sold approximately three million worldwide.[194]
On a June 2003 trip to Israel, Houston said of her visit, "I've never felt like this in any other country. I feel at home, I feel wonderful."[195]
In late 2003, Houston released her first Christmas album One Wish: The Holiday Album, with a collection of traditional holiday songs. Houston produced the album with Mervyn Warren and Gordon Chambers. A single titled "One Wish (for Christmas)" reached the Top 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and the album was certified gold in the US. Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004 touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia. In September 2004, she gave a surprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long time friend Clive Davis. After the show, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into studio to work on her new album.[196]
In early 2004, husband Bobby Brown starred in his own reality TV program, Being Bobby Brown (on the Bravo network), which provided a view into the domestic goings-on in the Brown household. Though it was Brown's vehicle, Houston was a prominent figure throughout the show, receiving as much screen time as Brown. The series aired in 2005 and featured Houston in, what some would say, not her most flattering moments. The Hollywood Reporter said it was "undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television."[197] Despite the perceived train-wreck nature of the show, the series gave Bravo its highest ratings in its time slot and continued Houston's successful forays into film and television.[198] The show was not renewed for a second season after Houston stated that she would no longer appear in it, and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season.[199]
[edit] 2006–2012: Return to music, I Look to You, tour and film comeback
After years of controversy and turmoil, Houston separated from Bobby Brown in September 2006, filing for divorce the following month.[200] On February 1, 2007, Houston asked the court to fast track their divorce.[201] The divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with Houston granted custody of the couple's daughter.[202] On May 4, Houston sold the suburban Atlanta home featured in Being Bobby Brown for $1.19 million.[203] A few days later, Brown sued Houston in Orange County, California court in an attempt to change the terms of their custody agreement. Brown also sought child and spousal support from Houston. In the lawsuit, Brown claimed that financial and emotional problems prevented him from properly responding to Houston's divorce petition.[204] Brown lost at his court hearing as the judge dismissed his appeal to overrule the custody terms, leaving Houston with full custody and Brown with no spousal support.[205] In March 2007, Clive Davis of Arista Records announced that Houston would begin recording a new album.[206] In October 2007, Arista released another compilation The Ultimate Collection outside the United States.[207]
Houston gave her first interview in seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as "the most anticipated music interview of the decade".[208] Whitney admitted on the show to using drugs with former husband Bobby Brown, who "laced marijuana with rock cocaine".[209] By 1996, she told Oprah, "[doing drugs] was an everyday thing... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing myself."[210]
Houston released her new album, I Look to You, in August 2009.[211] The album's first two singles are "I Look to You" and "Million Dollar Bill". The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, with Houston's best opening-week sales of 305,000 copies, marking Houston's first number one album since The Bodyguard, and Houston's first studio album to reach number one since 1987's Whitney. Houston also appeared on European television programs to promote the album. She performed the song "I Look to You" on the German television show Wetten, dass..?. Three days later, she performed the worldwide first single from I Look To You, Million Dollar Bill, on the French television show Le Grand Journal. Houston appeared as guest mentor on The X Factor in the United Kingdom. She performed "Million Dollar Bill" on the following day's results show, completing the song even as a strap in the back of her dress popped open two minutes into the performance. She later commented that she "sang [herself] out of [her] clothes".
The performance was poorly received by the British media, and was variously described as "weird" and "ungracious",[212] "shambolic"[213] and a "flop". Despite this reception, "Million Dollar Bill" jumped to its peak from 14 to number 5 (her first UK top 5 for over a decade), and three weeks after release "I Look to You" went gold. Houston appeared on the Italian version of The X Factor, performing the same song "Million Dollar Bill" to excellent reviews.[214] She was awarded the Gold Certificate for achieving over 50,000 CD sales of "I Look To You" in Italy.[215] In November, Houston performed "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" at the 2009 American Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. Two days later, Houston performed both songs on the Dancing With The Stars season 9 finale. As of December 2009, "I Look to You" has been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of more than one million copies in the United States.[216] On January 26, 2010, her debut album was re-released in a special edition entitled Whitney Houston – The Deluxe Anniversary Edition.[217]
Houston later embarked on a world tour, entitled the Nothing but Love World Tour. It was her first world tour in over ten years and was announced as a triumphant comeback. However, some poor reviews and rescheduled concerts brought some negative media attention.[218][219] Houston canceled some concerts due to illness and received widespread negative reviews from fans who were disappointed in the quality of her voice and performance. Some fans reportedly walked out of her concerts.[220]
In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Music Video. She won the award for Best Music Video for her single "I Look to You". On January 16, she received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer citing her lifetime achievements spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors award was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Jennifer Hudson and Kim Burrell performed in honor of her, garnering positive reviews. Houston also received a nomination from the Echo Awards, Germany's version of the Grammys, for Best International Artist. In April 2010, the UK newspaper The Mirror reported that Houston was thinking about recording her eighth studio album and wanted to collaborate with will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), her first choice for a collaboration.[221]
Houston also performed the song "I Look to You" on the 2011 BET Celebration of Gospel, with gospel–jazz singer Kim Burrell, held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles. The performance aired on January 30, 2011. Early in 2011, she gave an uneven performance in tribute to cousin Dionne Warwick at music mogul Clive Davis' annual pre-Grammy gala. In May 2011, Houston enrolled in a rehabilitation center again, as an out-patient, citing drug and alcohol problems. A representative for Houston said that it was a part of Houston's "longstanding recovery process".[222]
In September 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Houston would produce and star alongside Jordin Sparks and Mike Epps in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle. In the film, Houston portrays Sparks' "not-so encouraging mother". Houston would have executive producer credits on top of acting credits according to Debra Martin Chase, producer of Sparkle. She stated that Houston deserved the title considering she had been there from the beginning in 2001, when Houston obtained Sparkle production rights. R&B singer Aaliyah – originally tapped to star as Sparkle – died in a 2001 plane crash. Her death derailed production, which would have begun in 2002.[223][224][225] Houston's remake of Sparkle was filmed in the fall of 2011,[226] and is set for release by TriStar Pictures in August 2012.[227]
Death[link]
 |
Wikinews has related news: American pop star Whitney Houston dies at 48 |
On February 9, 2012, Houston visited singers Brandy and Monica, together with Clive Davis, at their rehearsals for Davis' pre-Grammy Awards party at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills.[228][229] That same day, she made her last public performance, when she joined Kelly Price on stage in Hollywood, California, and sang "Jesus Loves Me".[230][231]
On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead in suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, submerged in the bathtub.[232][233] The cause of death was not immediately known.[234][235] It was later ruled by the coroner to have been an "accidental drowning".[236] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived at approximately 3:30 p.m. and found the singer unresponsive and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 p.m. PST.[234][237] Local police said there were "no obvious signs of criminal intent."[238] On March 22, 2012, the Los Angeles County coroner's office reported the cause of Houston's death was drowning and the "effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use".[239] The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death.[240] Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: Benadryl, Xanax, marijuana and Flexiril.[241] The manner of death was listed as an "accident".[242]
Houston had an invitation-only memorial on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted for four hours.[243] Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten version of "Ribbon in the Sky," and "Love's in Need of Love Today"), CeCe Winans ("Don't Cry" and "Jesus Loves Me"), Alicia Keys ("Send Me an Angel"), Kim Burrell (rewritten version of "A Change Is Gonna Come") and R. Kelly ("I Look to You"), interspersed with hymns by the church choir and remarks by Clive Davis, Houston’s record producer; Kevin Costner; Ricky Minor her music director; her cousin Dionne Warwick and Ray Watson, her security guard for the past 11 years. Aretha Franklin was listed on the program and was expected to sing, but was unable to attend the service.[244][245] Bobby Brown, Houston's ex-husband, was also invited to the funeral but he left before the service began.[246] Houston was buried on Sunday, February 19, 2012, in Fairview Cemetery, in Westfield, New Jersey next to her father, John Russell Houston, who died in 2003.[247]
Reaction[link]
The Clive Davis' pre-Grammy party that Houston was expected to attend, and that featured many of the biggest names in music and movies, went on as scheduled although it was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston. Davis spoke about Houston's death at the evening's start: "By now you have all learned of the unspeakably tragic news of our beloved Whitney's passing. I don't have to mask my emotion in front of a room full of so many dear friends. I am personally devastated by the loss of someone who has meant so much to me for so many years. Whitney was so full of life. She was so looking forward to tonight even though she wasn't scheduled to perform. Whitney was a beautiful person and a talent beyond compare. She graced this stage with her regal presence and gave so many memorable performances here over the years. Simply put, Whitney would have wanted the music to go on and her family asked that we carry on."[248]
Tony Bennett spoke of Houston's death before performing at Davis' party. He said, "First, it was Michael Jackson, then Amy Winehouse, now, the magnificent Whitney Houston". Bennett sang "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" and said of Houston, "When I first heard her, I called Clive Davis and said, 'You finally found the greatest singer I've ever heard in my life.'"[249]
Some celebrities opposed Davis' decision to continue on the party while a police investigation was being conducted in Houston's hotel room and her body was still in the building. Chaka Khan, in an interview with CNN's Piers Morgan on February 13, 2012, shared that she felt the party should have been canceled, saying "I thought that was complete insanity. And knowing Whitney I don't believe that she would have said 'the show must go on.' She's the kind of woman that would've said 'Stop everything! Un-unh. I'm not going to be there.' [...] I don't know what could motivate a person to have a party in a building where the person whose life he had influenced so enormously and whose life had been affected by hers. They were like... I don't understand how that party went on."[250] Sharon Osbourne condemned the Davis party, declaring "I think it was disgraceful that the party went on. I don't want to be in a hotel room when there's someone you admire who's tragically lost their life four floors up. I'm not interested in being in that environment and I think when you grieve someone, you do it privately, you do it with people who understand you. I thought it was so wrong."[251]
Several other celebrities released statements responding to Houston's death. Dolly Parton, whose song "I Will Always Love You" was covered by Houston, said, "I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed'." Aretha Franklin said, "It's so stunning and unbelievable. I couldn't believe what I was reading coming across the TV screen."[252] Mariah Carey said, "Heartbroken and in tears over the shocking death of my friend ... She will never be forgotten as one of the greatest voices to ever grace the earth."[253] Oprah Winfrey, who did an in-depth interview with Houston in 2009, wrote on Twitter "To me Whitney was THE VOICE. We got to hear a part of God every time she sang. Heart is heavy, spirit grateful for the GIFT of her."[254] Quincy Jones said, "I am absolutely heartbroken at the news of Whitney’s passing. Ashford & Simpson first made me aware of Whitney when she was just sixteen, and I always regretted not having had the opportunity to work with her. She was a true original and a talent beyond compare. I will miss her terribly."[253]
Moments after news of her death emerged, CNN, MSNBC and Fox News all broke from their regularly scheduled programming to dedicate time to non-stop coverage of Houston's death. All three featured live interviews with people who knew Houston including those that have worked with her, interviewed her along with some of her peers in the music industry. Saturday Night Live displayed a photo of a smiling Houston, alongside Molly Shannon, from her 1996 appearance.[255][256] MTV and VH-1 interrupted their regularly scheduled programming on Sunday February 12 to air many of Houston's classic videos with MTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities.
Houston's former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be "in and out of crying fits" since receiving the news. He did not cancel a scheduled performance and within hours of his ex-wife's sudden death, an audience in Mississippi observed as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: "I love you, Whitney".[257]
Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards, announced that Jennifer Hudson would perform a tribute to Houston at the February 12, 2012, awards. He said "event organizers believed Hudson – an Academy Award-winning actress and Grammy Award-winning artist – could perform a respectful musical tribute to Houston". Ehrlich went on to say: "It's too fresh in everyone's memory to do more at this time, but we would be remiss if we didn't recognize Whitney's remarkable contribution to music fans in general, and in particular her close ties with the Grammy telecast and her Grammy wins and nominations over the years".[258] At the start of the awards ceremony, a footage of Houston performing "I Will Always Love You" from 1994 Grammys was shown following a prayer read by host, LL Cool J. Later in the program following a montage of photos of musicians who died in 2011 with Houston singing "Saving All My Love for You" at the 1986 Grammys, Hudson paid tribute to Houston and the other artists by performing "I Will Always Love You".[259][260]
Houston was honored in the form of various tributes at the 43rd NAACP Image Awards, held on February 17. A image montage of Houston and important black figures who died in 2011 was followed by video footage from the 1994 ceremony, which depicted her accepting two Image Awards for outstanding female artist and entertainer of the year. Following the video tribute, Yolanda Adams delivered a rendition of "I Love the Lord" from The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack. In the finale of the ceremony, Kirk Franklin and The Family started their performance with "Greatest Love of All."[261] The 2012 BRIT Awards, which took place at London's O2 Arena on February 21, also paid tribute to Houston by playing a 30-second-video montage of her music videos with a snippet of "One Moment in Time" as the background music in the ceremony's first segment.[262] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said that all New Jersey state flags would be flown at half-staff on Tuesday, February 21 to honor Houston.[263] Accompanied by Esperanza Spalding belting out "What a Wonderful World" along with the Southern California Children's Choir, Houston was featured in the In Memoriam montage alongside other cinema greats at the 84th Academy Awards, held at the Hollywood and Highland Center on February 26, 2012.[264][265]
Artistry and legacy[link]
Voice[link]
 |
One of Houston's best selling singles worldwide and recognized songs, "I Will Always Love You" prominently uses melismas.
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Houston was a mezzo-soprano,[266][267] and was commonly referred to as "The Voice" in reference to her exceptional vocal talent.[268] Her vocal range extended from G below middle C (G3) to high B-flat (B♭5); she could belt out to treble F (F5).[269] She was third in MTV's list of 22 Greatest Voices,[270] and sixth on Online Magazine COVE's list of the 100 Best Pop Vocalists with a score of 48.5/50.[271] In 2008, Rolling Stone listed Houston as the thirty-fourth of the 100 greatest singers of all time, stating, "Her voice is a mammoth, coruscating cry: Few vocalists could get away with opening a song with 45 unaccompanied seconds of singing, but Houston's powerhouse version of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You' is a tour de force."[98] Matthew Perpetua from Rolling Stone also eulogized Houston's vocal, enumerating ten performances, including "How Will I Know" from the 1986 MTV VMAs and "The Star Spangled Banner" at the 1991 Super Bowl. "Whitney Houston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly made her a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion with incredible precision," he stated. "She was a brilliant performer, and her live shows often eclipsed her studio recordings."[272]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented, "Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit, well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [...] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement, and it made for any number of stunning, time-stopping vocal performances."[273] Mariah Carey stated, "She [Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have. She sounds really good, really strong."[274] While in her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times writes, "[Houston's voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators", adding "When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano".[267]
Lauren Everitt from BBC News Magazine commented on melisma used in Houston's recording and its influence. "An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable," stated Everitt. "The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and 'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma, and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may have used it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song that pushed the technique into the mainstream in the 90s. [...] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation." Everitt said that "[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with 'oversinging', it's easy to appreciate Houston's ability to save melisma for just the right moment".[275]
Houston's vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. She has been called the "Queen of Pop" for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.[276] Stephen Holden from The New York Times, in his review of Houston's Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer, writing, "Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer's bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing." With regard to her singing style, he added: "Her [Houston's] stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning."[277]
Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack praised Houston's vocal ability highly, commenting, "She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone, and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama."[278]
Influence[link]
During the 1980s, MTV was coming into its own and received criticism for not playing enough videos by black artists. With Michael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black male artists, Houston did the same for black female artists. She became the first black female artist to receive heavy rotation on the network following the success of the "How Will I Know" video.[279] Following Houston's breakthrough, other African-American female artists, such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker, were successful in popular music.[52][53] Baker commented that "Because of what Whitney and Sade did, there was an opening for me... For radio stations, black women singers aren't taboo anymore."[280]
Allmusic noted her contribution to the success of black artists on the pop scene, commenting, "Houston was able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance-pop, and slick urban contemporary soul with equal dexterity" and that "the result was an across-the-board appeal that was matched by scant few artists of her era, and helped her become one of the first black artists to find success on MTV in Michael Jackson's wake".[281] The New York Times stated that "Houston was a major catalyst for a movement within black music that recognized the continuity of soul, pop, jazz and gospel vocal traditions".[282] Richard Corliss of Time magazine commented on her initial success breaking various barriers:
Of her first album's ten cuts, six were ballads. This chanteuse [Houston] had to fight for air play with hard rockers. The young lady had to stand uncowed in the locker room of macho rock. The soul strutter had to seduce a music audience that anointed few black artists with superstardom. [...] She was a phenomenon waiting to happen, a canny tapping of the listener's yen for a return to the musical middle. And because every new star creates her own genre, her success has helped other blacks, other women, other smooth singers find an avid reception in the pop marketplace.[283]
Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that Houston "revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing".[284] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to the singer as a "national treasure".[267] Jon Caramanica, other music critic of The New York Times, called Houston "R&B's great modernizer," adding "slowly but surely reconciling the ambition and praise of the church with the movements and needs of the body and the glow of the mainstream".[273] He also drew comparisons between Houston's influence and other big names' on 1980s pop:
She was, alongside Michael Jackson and Madonna, one of the crucial figures to hybridize pop in the 1980s, though her strategy was far less radical than that of her peers. Jackson and Madonna were by turns lascivious and brutish and, crucially, willing to let their production speak more loudly than their voices, an option Ms. Houston never went for. Also, she was less prolific than either of them, achieving most of her renown on the strength of her first three solo albums and one soundtrack, released from 1985 to 1992. If she was less influential than they were in the years since, it was only because her gift was so rare, so impossible to mimic. Jackson and Madonna built worldviews around their voices; Ms. Houston’s voice was the worldview. She was someone more to be admired, like a museum piece, than to be emulated.[273]
The Independent's music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston's influence on modern R&B and singing competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson's. "Because Whitney, more than any other single artist ― Michael Jackson included ― effectively mapped out the course of modern R&B, setting the bar for standards of soul vocalese, and creating the original template for what we now routinely refer to as the 'soul diva'," stated Gill. "Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered (probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations. Whitney, on the other hand, just sang, and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the pop landscape." Gill said that there "are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today's TV talent shows, but every other contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination of vocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo-soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering that carried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning".[285]
Houston was considered by many to be a "singer's singer", who had an influence on countless other vocalists, both female and male.[98][286] Similarly, Steve Huey from Allmusic wrote that the shadow of Houston's prodigious technique still looms large over nearly every pop diva and smooth urban soul singer – male or female – in her wake, and spawned a legion of imitators.[281] Rolling Stone, on her biography, stated that Houston "redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey to Rihanna".[287] Essence ranked Houston the fifth on their list of 50 Most Influential R&B Stars of all time, calling her "the diva to end all divas".[288]
A number of artists have acknowledged Houston as an influence, including Celine Dion,[289] Mariah Carey,[98] Toni Braxton,[290] Christina Aguilera,[291] LeAnn Rimes,[292] Jessica Simpson,[293] Nelly Furtado,[294][295] Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears,[296] Ciara,[297] P!nk,[296] Ashanti,[298] Robin Thicke,[299] Jennifer Hudson, Stacie Orrico, Amerie,[300] and Destiny's Child.[296][301] Mariah Carey, who was often compared to Houston, said, "She [Houston] has been a big influence on me."[302] She later told USA Today that "none of us would sound the same if Aretha Franklin hadn't ever put out a record, or Whitney Houston hadn't."[303] Celine Dion who was the third member of the troika that dominated female pop singing in the 1990s, did a telephone interview with Good Morning America on February 13, 2012, telling "Whitney's been an amazing inspiration for me. I've been singing with her my whole career, actually. I wanted to have a career like hers, sing like her, look beautiful like her."[304] Beyoncé told the Globe and Mail that Houston "inspired [her] to get up there and do what [she] did".[305] She also wrote on her website on the day after Houston's death, "I, like every singer, always wanted to be just like [Houston]. Her voice was perfect. Strong but soothing. Soulful and classic. Her vibrato, her cadence, her control. So many of my life's memories are attached to a Whitney Houston song. She is our queen and she opened doors and provided a blueprint for all of us."[306]
Mary J. Blige said that Houston inviting her onstage during VH1's Divas Live show in 1999 "opened doors for [her] all over the world".[307] Brandy stated, "The first Whitney Houston CD was genius. That CD introduced the world to her angelic yet powerful voice. Without Whitney, half of this generation of singers wouldn't be singing."[308] Kelly Rowland, in an Ebony's feature article celebrating black music in June 2006, recalled that "[I] wanted to be a singer after I saw Whitney Houston on TV singing 'Greatest Love of All'. I wanted to sing like Whitney Houston in that red dress." She added that "And I have never, ever forgotten that song [Greatest Love of All]. I learned it backward, forward, sideways. The video still brings chills to me. When you wish and pray for something as a kid, you never know what blessings God will give you."[309]
Alicia Keys said "Whitney is an artist who inspired me from [the time I was] a little girl".[310] Oscar winner Jennifer Hudson cites Houston as her biggest musical influence. She told Newsday that she learned from Houston the "difference between being able to sing and knowing how to sing".[311] Leona Lewis, who has been called "the new Whitney Houston", also cites her as an influence. Lewis stated that she idolized her as a little girl.[312][313]
Awards and achievements[link]
Further information: List of awards and nominations received by Whitney Houston and Whitney Houston chart records and achievements
Houston was the most awarded female artist of all time, according to Guinness World Records,[1] with two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. She held the all-time record for the most American Music Awards of any female solo artist and shared the record with Michael Jackson for the most AMAs ever won in a single year with eight wins in 1994.[314] Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its fourth ceremony in 1993.[315] She also had the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five awards at the 6th World Music Awards in 1994.[316]
In May 2003, Houston placed at number three on VH1's list of "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era", behind Madonna and Janet Jackson.[317] She was also ranked at number 116 on their list of the "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time".[318] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.[319][320] Similarly, she was ranked as one of the "Top 100 Greatest Artists of All Time" by VH1 in September 2010.[321] In November 2010, Billboard released its "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" list and ranked Houston at number three whom not only went on to earn eight number one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[322]
Houston's debut album is listed as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine[49] and is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[50] In 2004, Billboard picked the success of her first release on the charts as one of 110 Musical Milestones in its history.[323] Houston's entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey's chart-topping vocal gymnastics.[51] In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey was renamed to The Whitney E. Houston Academy School of Creative and Performing Arts. In 2001, Houston was the first artist to be given a BET Lifetime Achievement Award.[324]
Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 200 million albums and singles worldwide.[2][3] She was ranked as the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 55 million certified albums sold in the US.[216][325]
She held an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Grambling State University, Louisiana.[326]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Whitney Houston discography and Whitney Houston videography
- Studio Albums
- 1985: Whitney Houston
- 1987: Whitney
- 1990: I'm Your Baby Tonight
- 1998: My Love Is Your Love
- 2002: Just Whitney
- 2009: I Look to You
- Holiday Albums
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | The Bodyguard | Rachel Marron | Feature film
|
| 1995 | Waiting to Exhale | Savannah Jackson | Feature film
|
| 1996 | The Preacher's Wife | Julia Biggs | Feature film
|
| 1997 | Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella | Fairy Godmother | Made-for-television film, part of a revival of the Wonderful World of Disney.[335]
|
| 2012 | Sparkle | Emma | Posthumous release |
| Year | Title | Network | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Gimme a Break! | NBC | Rita | "Katie's College" (Season 3, Episode 20, air date: March 15, 1984)[338] |
| As the World Turns | CBS | Herself | Houston appeared on the soap on August 1–2, 1984, with Jermaine Jackson singing two duets off a new album he was releasing at the time: "Take Good Care of My Heart" and "Nobody Loves Me Like You Do." They taped their appearance on July 25 at CBS Studios in New York City. | |
| 1985 | Silver Spoons | NBC | Herself | "Head Over Heels" (Season 4, Episode 1, air date: September 15, 1985)[338] She performed the edited version of "Saving All My Love for You", changing some of the words. |
| 2002 | Boston Public | Fox | Herself | She performed "Try It On My Own" from the 2002 studio album Just Whitney. |
| Year | Company | Promoting | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | Dr Pepper/Seven Up | Canada Dry (soft drink beverage) |
United States |
|
| 1986 | Coca-Cola | Diet Coke (soft drink beverage) |
United States | |
| 1988 | Coca-Cola | Diet Coke (soft drink beverage) |
United States |
|
| 1989 | Sanyo | Electronics (the stereo, TV) |
Japan |
|
| 1994/ 1995 |
AT&T | Telephone services | United States | |
| 1999 | Nissin | Consumer credit business | Japan |
|
| Year | Title | Director | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella | Robert Iscove | Executive producer[350]
|
| 2001 | The Princess Diaries | Garry Marshall | Producer[351]
|
| 2003 | The Cheetah Girls | Oz Scott | Producer[356] |
| 2004 | The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement | Garry Marshall | Producer[357] |
| 2006 | The Cheetah Girls 2: When in Spain | Kenny Ortega | Co-executive producer[358] |
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Whitney Houston tours and concerts
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://es.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://ru.wn.com/Хьюстон, Уитни
http://cs.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://pt.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://pl.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://hi.wn.com/व्हिटनी ह्यूस्टन
http://it.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://id.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://nl.wn.com/Whitney Houston
http://fr.wn.com/Whitney Houston
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Macaulay Culkin | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Culkin at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2010 |
|
| Born | Macaulay Carson Culkin (1980-08-26) August 26, 1980 (age 31) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1985–1994, 2000, 2003–present |
| Spouse | Rachel Miner (1998–2002) |
| Partner | Mila Kunis (2002–2010) |
Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. He became widely known for his portrayal of Kevin McCallister in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. He is also known for his roles in Richie Rich, Uncle Buck, My Girl, The Pagemaster, and Party Monster, as well as Michael Jackson's music video Black or White. At the height of his fame, he was regarded as the most successful child actor since Shirley Temple.[1]
Culkin was ranked No. 2 in VH1 and E!'s respective lists, the "100 Greatest Kid-Stars" and "50 Greatest Child Stars".[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Culkin was born in Manhattan, New York City,[3] and raised in Yorkville. He is the son of Patricia Brentrup and Kit Culkin, a former stage actor known for his productions on Broadway.[4] Culkin was raised Roman Catholic;[5] he attended a Catholic school (St. Joseph's School of Yorkville) for 5 years[6] before moving on to Professional Children's School. Culkin also studied ballet at the School of American Ballet.[7] Culkin was the third of seven children, five boys and two girls: Shane (born 1976), Dakota (1978–2008),[8] Kieran (born 1982), Quinn (born 1984), Christian (born 1987), and Rory (born 1989). Culkin is the nephew of actress Bonnie Bedelia, his father's sister. During Culkin's early childhood, the family lived in a small apartment; his mother was a telephone operator and his father worked as a sacristan at a local Catholic church.[9]
Career[link]
Culkin began acting at the age of four. Early roles saw him appearing in a stage production of Bach Babies at the New York Philharmonic. He continued appearing in roles on stage, television, and in films throughout the 1980s. Notable parts in this period included an episode of the popular action series The Equalizer in which he played the victim of a kidnapping, and also in the TV movie The Midnight Hour. In 1989, he starred in Uncle Buck with John Candy.[10]
Culkin rose to international fame with his lead role as Kevin McCallister in the blockbuster film Home Alone (1990), where he was reunited with Uncle Buck writer and director John Hughes and Uncle Buck co-star John Candy.[11] He reprised the role of Kevin in the 1992 sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.
Culkin also starred in a Saturday morning cartoon entitled Wish Kid, and hosted Saturday Night Live in late 1991.
By then, Culkin was in high demand and was paid a reported $750,000 by the World Wrestling Federation to serve as the ring bearer in Macho Man Randy Savage's wedding to Miss Elizabeth at SummerSlam in 1991.
Despite the huge success of Uncle Buck, Home Alone, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and My Girl, other films Culkin acted in, such as The Good Son, only did reasonably well (although he was nominated for MTV Movie Award in the category for Best Villain for his performance in the film). Getting Even with Dad, Richie Rich, and The Pagemaster, all released in 1994, were only mildly successful at the box office. He also appeared in a filmed version of The Nutcracker as the title role in 1993, which was staged by Peter Martins from the 1954 George Balanchine New York City Ballet version of the ballet. He appeared in the 1998 music video for the song "Sunday" by the rock band Sonic Youth.
After several years of inactivity, Culkin returned to acting in 2000 with a role in the play Madame Melville, which was staged in London's West End.[12] In the spring of 2003, he made a guest appearance on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace.[13] His role as Karen Walker's deceptively immature divorce lawyer won him favorable reviews. Culkin headed back into motion pictures in 2003 with Party Monster, in which he played a role very different from those he was known for, that of party promoter Michael Alig, a drug user and murderer. He quickly followed that with a supporting part in Saved!, as a cynical wheelchair-bound, non-Christian student in a conservative Christian high school. Though Saved! only had modest success at the box office, Culkin received positive reviews for his role in the film and its implications for a career as an adult actor.[14][15][16]
Culkin began doing voice-over work, with his appearances on Seth Green's Robot Chicken. In 2006, he published an experimental, semi-autobiographical novel, Junior, which featured details into Culkin's stardom and his shaky relationship with his father. Culkin starred in Sex and Breakfast, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman.[17] Alexis Dziena, Kuno Becker and Eliza Dushku also star in this story of a couple whose therapist recommends group sex to them. Shooting for the film, Culkin's first since Saved!, took place in September 2006. The film opened in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and was released on DVD on January 22, 2008 by First Look Pictures. Culkin's next project was a role in the thirteen-episode NBC television series Kings as Andrew Cross.[18]
In 2009, Culkin appeared in a UK-based commercial for Aviva Insurance (formerly Norwich Union) to help promote their company's rebranding. Culkin stared into the camera citing the phrase "Remember me."
On August 17, 2009, Culkin made a brief cameo appearance on WWE Raw at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri, following a "falls count anywhere" match between Hornswoggle and Chavo Guerrero, in which Guerrero was defeated by the classic Home Alone gag of rigging a swinging paint can to hit him upon opening a door. Culkin appeared in the doorway and said, "That's not funny."
In February 2010 Culkin appeared in an episode of Poppy de Villeneuve's online series for the New York Times The Park.
On March 7 of the same year, he appeared alongside actors Matthew Broderick, Molly Ringwald, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, Anthony Michael Hall and Jon Cryer in a tribute to the late John Hughes.
In April 2011, Culkin featured in musician Adam Green's experimental film The Wrong Ferrari which was entirely shot on an iPhone. In the same month he also appeared in the music video for Stamp Your Name On It performed by Green's former bandmate Jack Dishel/Only Son.
Personal life[link]
Culkin stated in a May 27, 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he tends to refrain from disclosing aspects of his personal life, though he discussed his life as a child actor, the conflict in his family life (including his estrangement from his father), and how he retired from acting at 14.[19] Culkin married actress Rachel Miner in 1998,[20] but the couple separated in 2000[21] and divorced in 2002.[22] Culkin began dating actress Mila Kunis in May 2002.[22] By 2006, Culkin was residing in New York, and Kunis was in Los Angeles.[23] On January 3, 2011, Kunis's publicist confirmed reports that Culkin and Kunis had ended their relationship several months previously, saying "The split was amicable, and they remain close friends."[24]
On September 17, 2004, Culkin was arrested in Oklahoma City for the possession of 17.3 grams (0.61 oz) of marijuana and two controlled substances, 16.5 milligrams (0.25 grains) of Alprazolam and 32 milligrams (0.5 gr) of Clonazepam,[25] for which Culkin was briefly jailed but soon released on a $4,000 bond.[26][27] After being arraigned in court for misdemeanor drug offenses, he pleaded not guilty at the trial (October 15, 2004 to June 9, 2005), then later reversed the plea to guilty. His lawyers reached a plea bargain with the state of Oklahoma and Culkin received three one-year suspended prison terms, forced enrollment into a probationary drug treatment program and a $540 fine. Culkin currently resides in Queens, New York.
Around the time of the first Home Alone movie, Culkin became close friends with pop singer Michael Jackson, making an appearance in Jackson's "Black or White" music video.
At Jackson's trial, Culkin reported he had slept in Jackson's bedroom on countless occasions, but stated that Jackson's bedroom was two stories, and that Jackson never sexually molested him or touched him in improper ways, and referred to the allegations as "absolutely ridiculous."[28] Culkin attended Jackson's burial on September 3, 2009.[29]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | The Midnight Hour | Halloween Kid | |
| 1988 | The Equalizer | Paul Gephardt | (1 episode) |
| 1988 | Rocket Gibraltar | Cy Blue Black | |
| 1989 | See You in the Morning | Billy Livingstone | |
| 1989 | Uncle Buck | Miles Russell | |
| 1990 | Jacob's Ladder | Gabe Singer | Uncredited |
| 1990 | Home Alone | Kevin McCallister | American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Emerging Actor Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Starring in a Motion Picture Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1991 | Wish Kid | Nicholas McClary | (Voice) |
| 1991 | Only the Lonely | Billy Muldoon | |
| 1991 | My Girl | Thomas J. Sennett | MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss shared with Anna Chlumsky Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo shared with Anna Chlumsky |
| 1992 | Home Alone 2: Lost in New York | Kevin McCallister | |
| 1993 | Dangerous - The Short Films | Himself | |
| 1993 | The Good Son | Henry Evans | Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Villain |
| 1993 | The Nutcracker | The Nutcracker Prince | |
| 1994 | Getting Even with Dad | Timmy Gleason | Nominated - Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor |
| 1994 | The Pagemaster | Richard Tyler | |
| 1994 | Richie Rich | Richie Rich | |
| 1994 | Frasier | Elliot | (Voice) (1 episode) |
| 2000 | Madame Melville | Carl | Play |
| 2003 | Party Monster | Michael Alig | |
| 2003 | Will & Grace | Jason "J.T." Towne aka Soupy | 1 episode |
| 2004 | Foster Hall | Clark Hall | |
| 2004 | Saved! | Roland | |
| 2004 | Jerusalemski Sindrom | Unknown | |
| 2005–2010 | Robot Chicken | Bastian Bux (voice)/ Kevin McCallister / Billy / Kid (voice) | 5 episodes |
| 2007 | Sex and Breakfast | James Fitz | |
| 2009 | Kings | Andrew Cross | TV series |
| 2010 | The Park | A celebration of Central Park made for the New York Times. | |
| 2011 | The Wrong Ferarri, A Screwball Tragedy - A Film by Adam Green | Various | Filmed entirely with an iPhone |
References[link]
- ^ Gliatto, Tom (December 17, 1990). "Running Away with the Box Office by Staying Home Alone, Macaulay Culkin Is Hollywood's Newest Little Big Man". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20113961,00.html. Retrieved 2010-2-22.
- ^ "The Greatest : 100 Greatest Kid Stars (100 - 81) | VSPOT Video Clips, Photos, Episodes and Real Online Message Boards from the Reality TV Show | VH1.com". VH1.com<!. http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/92319/episode.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Neal, Rome (June 4, 2004). "Macaulay Culkin's 'Saved!'". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/03/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main621018.shtml. Retrieved 2010-2-23.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin Biography (1978?-)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/69/Macaulay-Culkin.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. 2004-05-27. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0405/27/lkl.00.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Rebecca, John. "Macaulay Culkin Talks About "Saved!"". About.com. http://movies.about.com/cs/saved/a/savedmc051704_3.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ "Culkin biography at". Fandango.com. 1980-08-26. http://www.fandango.com/macaulayculkin/biographies/p16081. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay's Sister Dies - TMZ.com". TMZ.com<!. 2008-12-11. http://www.tmz.com/2008/12/11/macaulays-sister-dies/. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "FILM / 'I thought nothing could possibly go wrong. Huh': Ian McEwan was happy with his first Hollywood film. It was small, but classy. Then along came Macaulay Culkin's dad . . . Sabine Durrant reports"]. London: The Independent. 1993-08-19. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film--i-thought-nothing-could-possibly-go-wrong-huh-ian-mcewan-was-happy-with-his-first-hollywood-film-it-was-small-but-classy-then-along-came-macaulay-culkins-dad----sabine-durrant-reports-1461990.html. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
- ^ "Uncle Buck: John Candy, Macaulay Culkin, Jean Louisa Kelly, Gaby Hoffmann, Amy Madigan, Elaine Bromka, Garrett M. Brown, Laurie Metcalf, Jay Underwood, Brian Taran...". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0783227388. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Home Alone (1990)
- ^ "ENTERTAINMENT | Culkin happy away from home". BBC News. 2000-10-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/978449.stm. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin - Yahoo! TV". Tv.yahoo.com. 1980-08-26. http://tv.yahoo.com/macaulay-culkin/contributor/34747. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Burr, Ty (2004-06-11). "Saved! Movie Review - Saved! Movie Trailer - The Boston Globe". Boston.com. http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=5965. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Guidelive.com[dead link]
- ^ Denby, David (2009-01-07). "Outsiders: The New Yorker". The New Yorker<!. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531crci_cinema. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Movies - News - Macaulay Culkin has 'Sex and Breakfast' - Digital Spy". Digital Spy<!. 2006-08-03. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a35507/macaulay-culkin-has-sex-and-breakfast.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "NBC's Kings snags Macaulay Culkin - TV Squad". TV Squad<!. 2008-07-22. http://www.tvsquad.com/2008/10/24/nbcs-kings-snags-macaulay-culkin/. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Larry King Live. CNN. May 27, 2004. (Video on YouTube)
- ^ "He's not home alone now. (teen actors Rachel Miner and Macaulay Culkin, both 17, announce their marriage intentions)(Brief Article) | Article from Newsweek | HighBeam Research". Highbeam.com. 1998-04-13. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20473177.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Tyrangiel, Josh (August 14, 2000). "People: Aug. 14, 2000". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997713,00.html. Retrieved 2010-2-21.
- ^ a b Friedman, Roger (August 20, 2002). "Macaulay Culkin's Happy 'Ending'". Fox News.com. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,60843,00.html. Retrieved 2010-2-21.
- ^ "Culkin and Kunis Plan a Wedding". Hollywood.com. http://www.hollywood.com/news/detail/id/3476357.
- ^ Jessica Derschowitz (January 3, 2011). "Mila Kunis and Macaulay Culkin Split". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20026954-10391698.html. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ "Actor Macaulay Culkin arrested for drug possession". Usatoday.com. 2004-09-17. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-09-17-culkin-arrest_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin Drug Bust - September 17, 2004". Thesmokinggun.com. 2004-09-17. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0917042_culkin_1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin Arrested On Drug Charges". http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/news/daily-gossip/2004/040920-macaulay-culkin-in-jail-alone.aspx.
- ^ "CNN.com". 2005-05-11. http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/05/11/jackson.trial/index.html.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2009-09-04). "Michael Jackson's Kids Lay Golden Crown On His Casket At Funeral". MTV.com. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1620834/20090904/jackson_michael.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Macaulay Culkin |
- Macaulay Culkin at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC News report on drug charges
- Oklahoma Court case file report
- Oklahoma police report file at thesmokinggun.com
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Culkin, Macaulay |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | August 26, 1980 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Macaulay_Culkin
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://cs.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://id.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://es.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://ru.wn.com/Калкин, Маколей
http://nl.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://pt.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://pl.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://fr.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
http://de.wn.com/Macaulay Culkin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer. For other people named James Brown, see James Brown (disambiguation).
| James Brown | |
|---|---|
 James Brown performing on June 27, 2005 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | James Joseph Brown, Jr.[1] |
| Also known as | "The Godfather of Soul"[2][3][4] |
| Born | (1933-05-03)May 3, 1933 Barnwell, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Origin | Augusta, Georgia, United States |
| Died | December 25, 2006(2006-12-25) (aged 73) Atlanta, Georgia[5][6] |
| Genres | R&B, funk, soul, rock and roll |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, dancer, bandleader, record producer, actor |
| Instruments | Vocal, guitar, harmonica, bass guitar, keyboards, drums, percussion |
| Years active | 1956–2006 |
| Labels | Federal, King, Try Me, Smash, People, Polydor, Scotti Bros., Dade |
| Associated acts | The Famous Flames, The J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, The Soul Generals, Lyn Collins |
James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and recording artist. He is the originator of funk music and is a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance.
In a career that spanned decades, Brown profoundly influenced the development of many different musical genres.[7] Brown moved on a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a profoundly "Africanized" approach to music making.[8] Brown performed in concerts, first making his rounds across the Chitlin' Circuit, and then across the country and later around the world, along with appearing in shows on television and in movies. Although he contributed much to the music world through his hitmaking, Brown holds the record as the artist who charted the most singles on the Billboard Hot 100 without ever hitting number one on that chart.[9][10]
For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist.[11] The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during ballads.[12] Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters.[13][14] In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 1990 into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Brown died on Christmas Day 2006 from heart failure after becoming ill on December 23 and being hospitalized for hours. James Brown is buried in Beech Island, South Carolina.
Contents |
Early life[link]
James Brown was born in Barnwell, South Carolina on May 3, 1933 to Susie Brown and Joseph ("Joe") Gardner (who changed his surname to Brown after Mattie Brown who raised him). Although Brown was to be named after his father Joseph, his first and middle names were mistakenly reversed on his birth certificate. He therefore became James Joseph Brown, Jr.[1] As a young child, Brown was called Junior. When he later lived with his aunt and cousin, he was called Little Junior since his cousin's nickname was also Junior.[1] He was of African American and Native American (Apache) descent through his father, and had Asian ancestry.[15][16]
As a young child, Brown and his family lived in extreme poverty[9] in nearby Elko, South Carolina, which at the time was an impoverished town in Barnwell County. When Brown was two years old, his parents separated after his mother left his father for another man.[17] After his mother abandoned the family, Brown continued to live with his father and his father's live-in girlfriends until he was six years old.
His father sent him to live with an aunt, who ran a house of prostitution.[18] Even though Brown lived with relatives, he spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out on the streets and hustling to get by.[9] Brown managed to stay in school until he dropped out in the seventh grade.[19]
During his childhood, Brown earned money shining shoes, sweeping out stores, selling and trading in old stamps, washing cars and dishes and singing in talent contests.[9] Brown also performed buck dances for change to entertain troops from Camp Gordon at the start of World War II as their convoys traveled over a canal bridge near his aunt's home.[17][18] Between earning money from these adventures, Brown taught himself to play a harmonica given to him by his father.[17] He learned to play some guitar from Tampa Red, in addition to learning to play piano and drums from others he met during this time.[17] Brown was inspired to become an entertainer after watching Louis Jordan, a popular jazz and R&B performer during the 1940s, and Jordan's Tympany Five performing "Caldonia" in a short film.[20]
As an adult, Brown legally changed his name to remove the "Jr." designation.[21] In his spare time, Brown spent time practicing his various skills in Augusta-area stalls and committing petty crimes. At the age of sixteen, he was convicted of armed robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center upstate in Toccoa in 1949.[8]
In 1952, while Brown was still in reform school, he met future R&B legend Bobby Byrd, who was there playing baseball against the reform school team. Byrd saw Brown perform there and admired his singing and performing talent.[17] As a result of this friendship, Byrd's family helped Brown secure an early release after serving three years of his sentence. The authorities agreed to release Brown on the condition that he would get a job and not return to Augusta or Richmond County. After stints as a boxer[22] and baseball pitcher in semi-professional baseball (a career move ended by a leg injury), Brown turned his energy toward music.[23]
Career[link]
1955: The Formation of The Famous Flames[link]
In 1955, Brown and Bobby Byrd's sister Sarah performed in a group called The Gospel Starlighters. Eventually, Brown joined Bobby Byrd's vocal group, the Avons, and Byrd turned the group's sound towards secular rhythm and blues. After the group's name was changed to The Flames, Brown and Byrd's group toured the Southern chitlin' circuit. The group eventually signed a deal with the Cincinnati, Ohio-based label Federal Records, a sister label of King Records. Brown's early recordings were fairly straightforward gospel-inspired R&B compositions, heavily influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Ray Charles, Little Willie John, Clyde McPhatter and Little Richard.
Little Richard's relations with Brown were particularly significant in Brown's development as a musician and showman. Brown once called Richard his idol,[24] and credited Richard's saxophone-studded mid-1950s road band, The Upsetters, with being the first to put the funk in the rock and roll beat.[25] Etta James recalled her first meeting with James Brown, in Macon, Georgia, where Brown had befriended Little Richard. She said Brown "used to carry around an old tattered napkin with him, because Little Richard had written the words, 'please, please, please' on it and James was determined to make a song out of it...".[26] The resulting track "Please, Please, Please" ended up becoming The Flames first R&B hit in 1956,[27] selling over a million copies. However, nine subsequent singles released by The Flames failed to live up to the success of their debut, and the group was in danger of being dropped by Federal Records. When Little Richard left pop music in October 1957 to become a preacher, Brown filled out Little Richard's remaining tour dates in his place. Further, several former members of Little Richard's backup band joined Brown's group after Richard's exit from the pop music scene. Brown's group returned to the charts, hitting #1 R&B in February 1959 with "Try Me".[28] This hit record was the best-selling R&B single of the year, becoming the first of 17 chart-topping R&B singles by Brown over the next two decades.[29] By the time "Try Me" was released on record, the group's billing was changed to James Brown and The Famous Flames. "The Famous Flames" was a vocal group, not a backing band.In the original group, the members were Brown, Byrd, Brown's old cellmate Johnny Terry, Sylvester Keels, Nash Knox, and NaFloyd Scott.
In 1959, Brown and The Famous Flames moved from the Federal Records subsidiary to King Records, the parent label. Brown began to have recurring conflicts with King Records president Syd Nathan over repertoire and other matters. In one notable instance, Brown recorded the 1960 Top Ten R&B hit "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" on Dade Records, owned by Henry Stone, under the pseudonym "Nat Kendrick & The Swans" because Nathan refused to allow him to record it for King.[30]
Early and mid-1960s[link]
Brown scored on the charts in the early 1960s with recordings such as his 1962 cover of "Night Train". While Brown's early singles were major hits across the southern United States and then regular R&B Top Ten hits, he and the Famous Flames were not successful nationally until his self-financed live show was captured on the 1963 LP Live at the Apollo. Brown financed the recording of the album himself, and it was released on King Records over the objections of label owner Syd Nathan, who saw no commercial potential in a live album containing no new songs. Defying Nathan's expectations, the album stayed on the pop charts for fourteen months, peaking at #2.[31] In addition, Brown recorded a hit version of the ballad "Prisoner of Love", (his first Top 20 pop hit), in 1963 and founded (under King auspices) the fledgling Try Me Records, Brown's first attempt at running a record label.
In 1962, singer Tammi Terrell came to Brown's attention, and the seventeen-year-old found herself in Brown's popular Revue, becoming one of his first female headliners. In 1963 Terrell recorded for Try Me Records, releasing the ballad, "I Cried", which gave her some chart success. Terrell and Brown also had a personal relationship, which was hampered by Brown's physical abuse towards her. After a horrific incident backstage after a show, Terrell asked singer Gene Chandler (the "Duke of Earl"), who witnessed the incident first hand, to take her to the bus station so she could go home. He later called her mother to come pick her up. This ended Terrell's two-year relationship with Brown.[citation needed]
File:James Brown and Flames.jpg
Brown (middle) & The Famous Flames (far left to right, Bobby Bennett, Lloyd Stallworth, and Bobby Byrd), performing live at the Apollo Theater in New York City, 1964.
Brown followed the success of Live at the Apollo with a string of singles that, along with the work of Allen Toussaint in New Orleans, essentially defined the foundation of Funk music. Driven by the success of Live at the Apollo and the failure of King Records to expand record promotion beyond the "black" market, James Brown and fellow Famous Flame Bobby Byrd formed a production company, Fair Deal, to promote sales of Brown's record releases to white audiences. In this arrangement, Smash Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, was used as a vehicle to distribute Brown's music. Smash released his 1964 hit "Out of Sight", which reached #24 on the pop charts and pointed the way to his later funk hits.[32] Its release also triggered a legal battle between Smash and King that resulted in a one year ban on the release of Brown's vocal recordings.[33]
Two of Brown's signature tunes, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"[34] (which won the 1966 Grammy for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording (an award last given in 1968)) and "I Got You (I Feel Good)", both from 1965, were his first Top 10 pop hits as well as major #1 R&B hits, with each remaining the top-selling singles in black venues for over a month. Brown's national profile was boosted further that year by appearances in the movie Ski Party and the concert film The T.A.M.I. Show, in which he and The Famous Flames (Bobby Byrd, Bobby Bennett and "Baby Lloyd" Stallworth) upstaged The Rolling Stones. In his concert repertoire and on record, Brown mingled his innovative rhythmic essays with Broadway show tunes and ballads, such as his hit "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (1966).[34]
Late 1960s[link]
In November 1967, James Brown purchased radio station WGYW in Knoxville, Tennessee for a reported $75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 Record World magazine. The call letters were changed to WJBE reflecting his initials. WJBE began on January 15, 1968 and broadcast a Rhythm & Blues format. The station slogan was "WJBE 1430 Raw Soul". At the time it was mentioned "Brown has also branched out into real estate and music publishing in recent months".
Brown continued to refine the new funk idiom. His 1967 #1 R&B hit, "Cold Sweat", sometimes cited as the first true funk song, was the first of his recordings to contain a drum break and the first that featured a harmony that was reduced to a single chord.[35][36] The instrumental arrangements on tracks such as "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" and "Licking Stick-Licking Stick" (both recorded in 1968) and "Funky Drummer" (recorded in 1969) featured a more developed version of Brown's mid-1960s style, with the horn section, guitars, bass and drums meshed together in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking riffs.
Changes in Brown's style that started with "Cold Sweat" also established the musical foundation for Brown's later hits, such as "I Got the Feelin'" (1968) and "Mother Popcorn" (1969). By this time Brown's vocals frequently took the form of a kind of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not quite spoken, that only intermittently featured traces of pitch or melody. This would become a major influence on the techniques of rapping, which would come to maturity along with hip hop music in the coming decades.
Brown's style of funk was based on interlocking syncopated parts: funky bass lines, drum patterns, and iconic guitar riffs.[37] The main guitar ostinatos for "Aint" it Funky" (c. late 1960s), and "Give it Up or Turn it Lose" (1969), are examples of Brown's refinement of New Orleans funk— irresistibly danceable riffs, stripped down to their rhythmic essence. On "Aint" it Funky" (c. late 1960s), and "Give it Up or Turn it Lose" (1969), the tonal structure is bare bones. The pattern of attack-points is the emphasis, not the pattern of pitches. It's as if the guitar is an African drum, or idiophone. Alexander Stewart states that this popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s."[38]
"Bring it Up" has an Afro-Cuban guajeo-like structure. If fact, on a 1976 version, Cuban bongos are used. All three of these guitar riff are based on an onbeat/offbeat structure. Stewart states: "This model, it should be noted, is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."[39]
Brown's recordings influenced musicians across the industry, most notably Sly and his Family Stone, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s and soul shouters like King Curtis, Edwin Starr, Temptations David Ruffin, and Dennis Edwards. A then-prepubescent Michael Jackson took Brown's shouts and dancing into the pop mainstream as the lead singer of Motown's The Jackson 5. Those same tracks were later resurrected by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onward. As a result, James Brown remains to this day the world's most sampled recording artist,[40] with "Funky Drummer" itself becoming the most sampled individual piece of music.[41]
Brown's band during this period employed musicians and arrangers who had come up through the jazz tradition. He was noted for his ability as a bandleader and songwriter to blend the simplicity and drive of R&B with the rhythmic complexity and precision of jazz. Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis (the successor to previous bandleader Nat Jones) led the band. Guitarist Jimmy Nolen provided percussive, deceptively simple riffs for each song, and Maceo Parker's prominent saxophone solos provided a focal point for many performances. Other members of Brown's band included stalwart singer and sideman Bobby Byrd, drummers John "Jabo" Starks, Clyde Stubblefield and Melvin Parker (Maceo's brother), saxophonist St. Clair Pinckney, trombonist Fred Wesley, guitarist Alphonso "Country" Kellum and bassist Bernard Odum.
During this period, Brown's music empire also expanded along with his influence on the music scene. As Brown's music empire grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence grew as well. Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including radio station WRDW in Augusta, Georgia where he shined shoes as a boy.[34] Brown also branched out to make several recordings with musicians outside his own band. He recorded Gettin' Down To It (1969) and Soul on Top (1970), two albums consisting mostly of romantic ballads and jazz standards, with the Dee Felice Trio and the Louie Bellson Orchestra respectively. He recorded a number of tracks with the Dapps, a white Cincinnati bar band, including the hit "I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)". He also released three albums of Christmas music with his own band.
1970s and the J.B.'s[link]
By 1970, most members of James Brown's classic 1960s band had quit his act for other opportunities, and The Famous Flames singing group had disbanded, with original member Bobby Byrd the only one remaining with Brown. Brown and Byrd employed a new band that included future funk greats, such as bassist Bootsy Collins, Collins' guitarist brother Phelps "Catfish" Collins and trombonist and musical director Fred Wesley. This new backing band was dubbed "The J.B.'s", and the band made its debut on Brown's 1970 single "Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine". Although The J.B.'s went through several lineup changes, with the first change occurring in 1971, the band remained Brown's most familiar backing band.
In 1971, Brown began recording for Polydor Records which also took over distribution of Brown's King Records catalog. Many of his sidemen and supporting players, such as Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins, Vicki Anderson and Hank Ballard, released records on the People label, an imprint founded by Brown that was purchased by Polydor as part of Brown's new contract. The recordings on the People label, almost all of which were produced by Brown himself, exemplified his "house style". Songs such as "I Know You Got Soul" by Bobby Byrd, "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins and "Doing It to Death" by Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s are considered as much a part of Brown's recorded legacy as the recordings released under his own name.
In 1972, James Brown, when asked, openly proclaimed his support of Richard Nixon against the Democrat, George McGovern,[42] and a nationwide boycott called by Black Democratic leaders damaged his status as the most successful Black entrepreneur in the country. Still, his popularity buoyed up his financial fortunes after a brief downturn, and he went on with his career, undaunted.
In 1973, Brown provided the score for the blaxploitation film Black Caesar. In 1974, he toured Africa and performed in Zaire as part of the buildup to The Rumble in the Jungle fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. Admirers of Brown's music, including Miles Davis and other jazz musicians, began to cite Brown as a major influence on their own styles. However, Brown, like others who were influenced by his music, also "borrowed" from other musicians. His 1976 single "Hot (I Need To Be Loved, Loved, Loved, Loved)" (R&B #31) used the main riff from "Fame" by David Bowie, not the other way around as was often believed. The riff was provided to "Fame" co-writers John Lennon and Bowie by guitarist Carlos Alomar, who had briefly been a member of Brown's band in the late 1960s.[43]
Brown's Polydor recordings during the 1970s exemplified his innovations from the previous 20 years. Compositions such as "The Payback" (1973), "Papa Don't Take No Mess", "Stoned to the Bone", and "Funky President (People It's Bad)" (1974), and "Get Up Offa That Thing" (1976) were among his most noted recordings during this time.
Late 1970s and 1980s[link]
By the mid-1970s, Brown's star-status was on the wane, and key musicians in his band such as Fred Wesley and Bootsy left to join Parliament-Funkadelic, the collective conducted by George Clinton. The onslaught of the slickly commercial style of disco caught Brown off guard, as it superseded his raw style of funk music on the dance floor. His 1976 albums Get Up Offa That Thing and Bodyheat were Brown's first flirtations with disco rhythms and its slicker production techniques. While the albums Mutha's Nature (1977) and Jam 1980s (1978) did not generate chart hits, Brown's 1979 LP The Original Disco Man was a notable late addition to his oeuvre. This album featured the song "It's Too Funky in Here", which was his last top R&B hit of the decade. Like the rest of the songs on The Original Disco Man, "It's Too Funky in Here" was not produced by Brown himself, but produced instead by Brad Shapiro.
Brown's contract with Polydor expired in 1981, and his recording and touring schedule was somewhat reduced. Despite these events, Brown experienced something of a resurgence during the 1980s, effectively crossing over to a broader, more mainstream audience. He appeared in the feature films The Blues Brothers, Doctor Detroit and Rocky IV, as well as guest starring in the Miami Vice episode "Missing Hours" (1988). He also recorded Gravity, a modestly popular crossover album released on his new host label Scotti Bros., and the 1986 top 10 hit single "Living in America" (written by Dan Hartman), which was featured prominently in the Rocky IV film and soundtrack. Brown performed the song in the film at Apollo Creed's final fight, shot in the Ziegfeld Room at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and was credited as "The Godfather of Soul." In 1987, Brown won the Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Living in America." Acknowledging his influence on modern hip-hop and R&B music, Brown collaborated with hip-hop artist Afrika Bambaataa on the single "Unity."
In 1988, Brown worked with the production team Full Force on the hip-hop influenced album I'm Real, which spawned a #5 R&B hit single, "Static". Meanwhile, the drum break from the second version of the original 1969 hit "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" (the recording included on the compilation album In the Jungle Groove) became so popular at hip hop dance parties (especially for breakdance) during the late 1970s and early 1980s that hip hop founding father Kurtis Blow called the song "the national anthem of hip hop".[44]
1990s to the 2000s[link]
After a stint in prison during the late 1980s, Brown released the album Love Overdue, with the new single "Move On". Brown also released the 1991 four-CD box set Star Time, which included music spanning his four-decade career at that time. Nearly all of his earlier LPs were re-released on CD, often with additional tracks and commentary by experts on Brown's music. In 1991, Brown appeared in MC Hammer's video "Too Legit to Quit" (or "2 Legit 2 Quit"), someone Hammer idolized. In 1993, James Brown released the album Universal James, which spawned the singles "Can't Get Any Harder", "How Long" and "Georgia-Lina". In 1995, the live album Live at the Apollo 1995 was released, featuring the new studio track "Respect Me", which was released as a single that same year. Brown followed up this single with the megamix "Hooked on Brown" that was released as a single in 1996. Brown's later LP releases during this time included the 1998 studio album I'm Back that featured the single "Funk on ah Roll", and the 2002 album The Next Step that featured the single "Killing is Out, School is In", both produced and co-written by Derrick Monk. Brown participated in the PBS American Masters television documentary James Brown: Soul Survivor, which was directed by Jeremy Marre.
Although Brown had various run-ins with the law, he continued to perform and record regularly, and he also made appearances in television shows and films, such as Blues Brothers 2000, and sporting events, such as his 2000 appearance at the World Championship Wrestling pay-per-view event SuperBrawl X. In Brown's appearance at the SuperBrawl X event, he danced alongside wrestler Ernest "The Cat" Miller, whose character was based on Brown, during his in ring skit with The Maestro. Brown was featured in Tony Scott's 2001 short film, Beat the Devil, alongside Clive Owen, Gary Oldman, Danny Trejo and Marilyn Manson.[45] Brown also made a cameo appearance in the 2002 Jackie Chan film The Tuxedo, in which Chan was required to finish Brown's act after Brown was accidentally knocked out by Chan.[46] In 2002, Brown appeared in Undercover Brother, playing the role as himself.
Brown appeared at Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push, the final Live 8 concert on July 6, 2005, where he performed a duet with British pop star Will Young on "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". He also performed a duet with another British pop star, Joss Stone, a week earlier on the United Kingdom chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. Before his death, Brown was scheduled to perform a duet with singer Annie Lennox on the song "Vengeance" for her new album Venus, scheduled for release in early 2007. In 2006, Brown continued his "Seven Decades Of Funk World Tour", his last concert tour where he performed all over the world. His final U.S. performance was in San Francisco on August 20, 2006, as headliner at the Festival of the Golden Gate (Foggfest) on the Great Meadow at Fort Mason. His last shows were greeted with positive reviews, and one of his final concert appearances at the Irish Oxegen festival in Punchestown in 2006 was performed for a record crowd of 80,000 people. Brown's last televised appearance was at his induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2006, before his death the following month.
James Brown Revue[link]
Concert introduction[link]
Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs. The introduction by Fats Gonder, captured on Brown's 1962 album Live at the Apollo album, is a representative example:
| So now ladies and gentlemen it is star time, are you ready for star time? Thank you and thank you very kindly. It is indeed a great pleasure to present to you at this particular time, national and international[ly] known as the hardest working man in show business, the man that sings "I'll Go Crazy" ... "Try Me" ... "You've Got the Power" ... "Think" ... "If You Want Me" ... "I Don't Mind" ... "Bewildered" ...the million dollar seller, "Lost Someone" ... the very latest release, "Night Train" ... let's everybody "Shout and Shimmy" ... Mr. Dynamite, the amazing Mr. Please Please himself, the star of the show, James Brown and The Famous Flames!![47] |
Among the MCs who worked with Brown and his revue through the years, Brown's most famous MC was Danny Ray, who appeared on stage with him for over 30 years.
Concert repertoire and format[link]
File:281271011 c6024a64c1 m.jpg
Brown and MC Danny Ray during cape routine, BBC Electric Proms '06 concert
James Brown's performances were famous for their intensity and length. His own stated goal was to "give people more than what they came for — make them tired, 'cause that's what they came for.'"[48] Brown's concert repertoire consisted mostly of his own hits and recent songs, with a few R&B covers mixed in. Brown danced vigorously as he sang, working popular dance steps such as the Mashed Potato into his routine along with dramatic leaps, splits and slides. In addition, his horn players and backup singers (The Famous Flames) typically performed choreographed dance routines, and later incarnations of the Revue included backup dancers. Male performers in the Revue were required to wear tuxedoes and cummerbunds long after more casual concert wear became the norm among the younger musical acts. Brown's own extravagant outfits and his elaborate processed hairdo completed the visual impression.
A James Brown concert typically included a performance by a featured vocalist, such as Vicki Anderson or Marva Whitney, and an instrumental feature for the band, which sometimes served as the opening act for the show. Although Brown released many live albums, Say It Live & Loud: Live in Dallas August 26, 1968, released by Polydor in 1998, was one of only a few audio recordings that captured a performance of the James Brown Revue from beginning to end.
Cape routine[link]
A trademark feature of Brown's stage shows, usually during the song "Please, Please, Please", involved Brown dropping to his knees while clutching the microphone stand in his hands, prompting the show's longtime MC, Danny Ray, to come out, drape a cape over Brown's shoulders and escort him off the stage after he had worked himself to exhaustion during his performance. As Brown was escorted off the stage by the MC, Brown's vocal group, The Famous Flames, continued singing the background vocals "Please, please don't go-oh-oh".[49] Brown would then shake off the cape and stagger back to the microphone to perform an encore. Brown's routine was inspired by a similar one used by the professional wrestler Gorgeous George.[47][50]
Brown performs a version of the cape routine over the closing credits of the film Blues Brothers 2000.
The best place to view the "cape routine" is in Brown's performance during the "T.A.M.I. Show" available on DVD.
As band leader[link]
Brown demanded extreme discipline, perfection and precision from his musicians and dancers — right down to when performers in his Revue showed up for rehearsals all the way to whether members wore the right "uniform" or "costume" for concert performances.[51] During an interview conducted by Terri Gross during the NPR segment "Fresh Air" with Maceo Parker, a former saxophonist in Brown's band for most of the 1960s and part of the 1970s and 1980s, Parker offered his experience with the discipline that Brown demanded of the band:
You gotta be on time. You gotta have your uniform. Your stuff's got to be intact. You gotta have the bow tie. You got to have it. You can't come up without the bow tie. You cannot come up without a cummerbund ... [The] patent leather shoes we were wearing at the time gotta be greased. You just gotta have this stuff. This is what [Brown expected] ... [Brown] bought the costumes. He bought the shoes. And if for some reason [the band member decided] to leave the group, [Brown told the person to] please leave my uniforms ....—Maceo Parker[52]
Brown also had a practice of directing, correcting and assessing fines on members of his band who broke his rules, such as wearing unshined shoes, dancing out of sync or showing up late on stage.[23] During some of his concert performances, Brown danced in front of his band with his back to the audience as he slid across the floor, flashing hand signals and splaying his pulsating fingers to the beat of the music. Although audiences thought Brown's dance routine was part of his act, this practice was actually his way of pointing to the offending member of his troupe who played or sang the wrong note or committed some other infraction. Brown used his splayed fingers and hand signals to alert the offending person of the fine that person must pay to him for breaking his rules.[53]
Social activism[link]
Civil unrest and self-empowerment[link]
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, James Brown was renowned for his social activism. In 1966, he released the single "Don't Be a Drop-Out" as a lesson to young students who had thoughts of dropping out. He later made public speeches in front of dozens of children and advocated the importance of education in school. In 1967, he issued a patriotic single, "America is My Home", which was a "rap" about how he felt people, particularly in the African-American community, were neglecting the country that he said "could give (them) opportunities" explaining how at one time he was shining shoes and the next, he was greeting the President of the United States as he did when President Lyndon B. Johnson thanked him for donating money to school drop-out prevention programs.
In 1968 after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Brown released "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"[34] following pressure from fans to take a stance on the civil rights movement, an issue he had avoided up until this point. It became an anthem of the civil rights movement. Brown later said of it in his 1986 autobiography “The song is obsolete now... But it was necessary to teach pride then, and I think the song did a lot of good for a lot of people... People called "Black and Proud" militant and angry – maybe because of the line about dying on your feet instead of living on your knees. But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song. That's why I had children in it, so children who heard it could grow up feeling pride... The song cost me a lot of my crossover audience. The racial makeup at my concerts was mostly black after that. I don't regret it, though, even if it was misunderstood.”
He performed in front of a televised audience in Boston the day after Dr. King's death.[34] Brown is often given credit for preventing rioting with the performance.[54] Mayor Kevin White strongly restrained the Boston Police from cracking down on minor violence and protests after the assassination,[54] and Boston religious and community leaders worked to keep tempers from flaring.[54] Also, White arranged to have the Brown performance broadcast multiple times on Boston's public television station, WGBH, thus keeping many potential rioters off the streets, watching the concert for free. Brown demanded $60,000 for "gate" fees (money he thought would be lost from ticket sales on account of the concert being broadcast for free), and then threatened to go public about the secret arrangement when the city balked at paying up after the concert, news of which would have been a political death-blow to White, and possibly sparked riots on its own.[54] White successfully lobbied the behind-the-scenes power-brokering group known as "The Vault" to come up with money for Brown's gate fee and other social programs; The Vault contributed $100,000 to such programs, and Brown received $15,000 from them via the city. White persuaded management at the Boston Garden to give up their share of receipts to make up the difference.[54] The story is documented in the PBS film "The Night James Brown Saved Boston".
Afterwards, President Johnson urged Brown to visit Washington, D.C. to greet inner-city residents there performing at a benefit concert there and expressed the notion that violence "wasn't the way to go". Many in the black community felt that Brown was speaking out to them more than some major leaders in the country, a sentiment that was strengthened with the release of his groundbreaking landmark single, "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud".
Brown continued performing benefit concerts for various civil rights organizations including Jesse Jackson's PUSH and The Black Panther Party's Breakfast program throughout the early-1970s. Brown also continued to release socially conscious singles such as "I Don't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)" (1969), "Get Up, Get Into It, Get Involved" (1971), "Talking Loud and Saying Nothing" (1972), "King Heroin" (1972), "Funky President (People It's Bad)" (1974) and "Reality" (1975). The week before his death, Brown took time to give Christmas presents to an orphanage in Atlanta.
Personal life[link]
At the end of his life, James Brown lived in a riverfront home in Beech Island, South Carolina, directly across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia. James Brown was diagnosed with diabetes at a very early stage of his life.[citation needed] In 2004 Brown was successufully treated for prostate cancer.[55] Regardless of his health, Brown maintained his reputation as the "hardest working man in show business" by keeping up with his grueling performance schedule.
Marriages and children[link]
Brown was married three times — Velma Warren (1953–1969, divorced), Deidre "Deedee" Jenkins (October 22, 1970 – January 10, 1981, divorced) and Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (born March 9, 1950) (1984–1996, wife's death). He also had a relationship with Tomi Rae Hynie (2001–2004). From these and other relationships, James Brown had five sons — Teddy Brown (1954–1973), Terry Brown, and Larry Brown, Daryl Brown (a member of Brown's backing band) and James Joseph Brown II, in addition to four daughters — Lisa Brown, Dr. Yamma Noyola Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown.[5][56][57] Brown also had eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.[5][56] Brown's eldest son, Teddy, died in a car crash on June 14, 1973.[58] According to a August 22, 2007 article published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, DNA tests indicate that Brown also fathered at least three illegitimate children. The only one of them who has been identified is LaRhonda Pettit (born 1962), a retired air stewardess and teacher who lives in Houston.[59]
Brown-Hynie marriage controversy[link]
Much controversy surrounds Tomi Rae Hynie's marriage to James Brown on December 23, 2002, officiated by Rev. Larry Fryer.[60] Brown's longtime attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, reported that the marriage between Brown and Hynie was not valid because Hynie was married at that time to Javed Ahmed, a Bangladeshi whom Hynie claimed married her for a Green Card in an immigration fraud. Although Hynie stated that her marriage to Javed Ahmed was later annulled, this annulment did not occur until April 2004.[60][61] In an interview on CNN with Larry King, Hynie produced a 2001 marriage certificate as proof of her marriage to James Brown, but she did not provide King with court records pointing to an annulment of her marriage to him or to Ahmed.[62]
According to Dallas, Brown was angry and hurt that Hynie concealed her prior marriage from him, and that Brown moved to file for annulment from Hynie.[63] Dallas added that, although Hynie's marriage to Javed Ahmed was annulled after she married James Brown, the Brown-Hynie marriage was not valid under South Carolina law because Brown and Hynie did not remarry after the annulment.[62][64] In August 2003, Brown took out a full-page public notice in Variety Magazine featuring Hynie, James II and himself on vacation at Disney World to announce that he and Hynie were going their separate ways.[65][66]
Paternity of James Brown II[link]
In a separate CNN interview, Debra Opri, another Brown family attorney, revealed to Larry King that Brown wanted a DNA test performed after his death to confirm the paternity of James Brown II — not for Brown's sake, but for the sake of the other family members.[67] In April 2007, Hynie selected a guardian ad litem whom she wants appointed by the court to represent her son, James Brown II, in the paternity proceedings.[68]
Legal issues[link]
Brown's personal life was marred by several brushes with the law. At the age of 16, he was arrested for theft and served 3 years in prison. In 1988, Brown was arrested following an alleged high-speed car chase on Interstate 20 near the Georgia-South Carolina state border. He was convicted of carrying an unlicensed pistol and assaulting a police officer, along with various drug-related and driving offenses. Although he was sentenced to six years in prison, he was eventually released in 1991 after serving only three years of his sentence. Brown's FBI file, released to The Washington Post in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act,[69] related Brown's claim that the high-speed chase did not occur as claimed by the police, and that local police shot at his car several times during an incident of police harassment and assaulted him after his arrest.[70] Local authorities found no merit to Brown's accusations.
In another incident, the police were summoned to Brown's residence on July 3, 2000 after he was accused of charging at an electric company repairman with a steak knife when the repairman visited Brown's house to investigate a complaint about having no lights at the residence.[71] In 2003, Brown was pardoned by the South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services for past crimes that he was convicted of committing in South Carolina.[72]
During the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Brown was repeatedly arrested for domestic violence. Adrienne Rodriguez, his third wife, had him arrested four times between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s on charges of assault. In January 2004, Brown was arrested in South Carolina on a domestic violence charge after Tomi Rae Hynie accused him of pushing her to the floor during an argument at their home, where she suffered scratches and bruises to her right arm and hip. Later that year in June 2004, Brown pleaded no contest to the domestic violence incident, but served no jail time. Instead, Brown was required to forfeit a US$1,087 bond as punishment.[73]
In January 2005, a woman named Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 forcible rape. When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the limitations period for filing the suit had expired. Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to contract Graves' Disease, a thyroid condition. Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist. Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun. In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result, but the evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense. Hollander later attempted to bring her case before the Supreme Court but nothing became of her complaint.[74]
Death and aftermath[link]
Death[link]
On December 23, 2006, James Brown became ill and showed up at his dentist's office in Atlanta, Georgia several hours later than his appointment for dental implant work. During that visit, Brown's dentist observed that Brown looked "very bad ... weak and dazed." Instead of performing the dental work, the dentist advised Brown to see a doctor right away about his medical condition.[18]
Brown checked in at the Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital the next day for a medical evaluation of his condition, and he was admitted to the hospital for observation and treatment.[75] According to Charles Bobbit, Brown's longtime personal manager and friend, Brown had been sick and suffering with a noisy cough since he returned from a November trip to Europe.[18] Bobbit also added that it was characteristic of Brown to never complain about being sick, and that he frequently performed during illness.[18] Although Brown had to cancel upcoming shows in Waterbury, Connecticut and Englewood, New Jersey, Brown was confident that the doctor would discharge him from the hospital in time to perform the New Year's Eve shows. For the New Year's celebrations, Brown was scheduled to perform at the Count Basie Theatre in New Jersey and at the B. B. King Blues Club in New York, in addition to performing a song live on CNN for the Anderson Cooper New Year's Eve special.[75] However, Brown remained hospitalized, and his medical condition worsened throughout that day.
On Christmas Day, Brown died at approximately 1:45 AM EST (06:45 UTC) from congestive heart failure resulting from complications of pneumonia, with his agent Frank Copsidas and his friend Paul Sargent at his bedside.[76] According to Sargent, Brown stuttered "I'm going away tonight", and then Brown took three long, quiet breaths and fell asleep before dying.[6]
Memorial services[link]
After Brown's death on Christmas Day, Brown's relatives and friends, a host of celebrities and thousands of fans attended public memorial services at the Apollo Theater in New York on December 28, 2006 and at the James Brown Arena on December 30, 2006 in Augusta, Georgia.[56] A separate, private memorial service was also held in North Augusta, South Carolina on December 29, 2006,[5] which was attended by Brown's family and close friends. Celebrities who attended Brown's public and/or private memorial services included Michael Jackson, Jimmy Cliff, Joe Frazier, Buddy Guy, Ice Cube, Ludacris, Dr. Dre, Little Richard, Dick Gregory, MC Hammer, Prince, Jesse Jackson, Ice-T, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bootsy Collins, LL Cool J, Lil Wayne, Lenny Kravitz, 50 Cent, Stevie Wonder, and Don King, among others.[77][78][79][80] All of the public and private memorial services were officiated by Rev. Al Sharpton.[81][82]
Brown's public and private memorial ceremonies were elaborate, complete with costume changes for Brown and videos featuring him in concert performances. Brown's body, which was placed in a Promethean casket, which is bronze polished to a golden shine, was driven through the streets of New York to the Apollo Theater in a white, glass-encased horse-drawn carriage.[83][84] In Augusta, Georgia, the procession for Brown's public memorial visited Brown's statue as the procession made its way to the James Brown Arena. During the public memorial at the James Brown Arena, nachos and pretzels were served to mourners, as a video showed Brown's last performance in Augusta, Georgia and the Ray Charles version of "Georgia On My Mind" played soulfully in the background.[85][86][87] Brown's last backup band, The Soul Generals, also played the music of Brown's hits during the memorial service at the James Brown Arena. The group was joined by Bootsy Collins on bass, with MC Hammer performing a dance in James Brown style.[88] Former Temptations lead singer Ali-Ollie Woodson performed "Walk Around Heaven All Day" at the memorial services.[89]
Last will and testament[link]
James Brown signed his last will and testament on August 1, 2000, before Strom Thurmond, Jr., an attorney for Brown's estate.[90] The irrevocable trust, separate and apart from Brown's will, was created on Brown's behalf in 2000 by his attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, who was named as one of three personal representatives of Brown's estate. Brown's will covered the disposition of his personal assets, such as clothing, cars and jewelry, while Brown's irrevocable trust covered the disposition of music rights, business assets of James Brown Enterprises and Brown's Beech Island estate in South Carolina.[91]
During the reading of Brown's will on January 11, 2007, Thurmond revealed that Brown's six adult living children (Terry Brown, Larry Brown, Daryl Brown, Yamma Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown) were named in the will. Hynie and James II were not mentioned in the will as parties who could inherit Brown's property.[90][92] Brown's will was signed ten months before James II was born and more than a year before Brown's marriage to Tomi Rae Hynie. Like Brown's will, his irrevocable trust also did not mention Hynie and James II as recipients of Brown's property. The irrevocable trust was established before, and had not been amended since, the birth of James II.[93]
On January 24, 2007, Brown's children filed a lawsuit against the personal representatives of Brown's estate. In their petition, Brown's children asked the court to remove the personal representatives of Brown's estate (including Brown's attorney and estate's trustee, Albert "Buddy" Dallas) and appoint a special administrator because of perceived impropriety and alleged mismanagement of Brown's assets.[94][95] To challenge the validity of the will and irrevocable trust, Hynie also filed a lawsuit against Brown's estate on January 31, 2007. In her lawsuit against Brown's estate, Hynie asked the court to recognize her as Brown's widow, and she also asked the court to appoint a special administrator for the estate.[96]
Burial at temporary site[link]
After the public and private memorial services in late December 2006, James Brown's body remained in his casket for a time in a temperature-controlled room at his estate. Brown's casket was later moved to an undisclosed location, while his children and Tomi Rae Hynie became embroiled in disputes about Brown's final resting place and matters related to probating his will.[97] More than ten weeks after Brown's death and the public and private memorial services, Brown's children and Hynie decided on a temporary burial site for James Brown. Brown was buried on March 10, 2007 in a crypt at the home of Deanna Brown Thomas, one of Brown's daughters who also held a private ceremony for the temporary burial.[98] The private ceremony for the temporary burial, officiated by Al Sharpton, was attended by Brown's family and a host of friends.
According to Brown's family, Brown's body will remain buried at the temporary site while a public mausoleum is built for him and a decision has been made for Brown's final resting place.[98][99] To turn Brown's estate into a visitor attraction, Brown's family plans to consult with the family of Elvis Presley for guidance about converting the estate into an attraction similar to Graceland.[98][100]
Dallas, Brown's long time attorney and one of the trustees for Brown's estate, did not attend the private service for the temporary burial. He expressed his disapproval and disappointment with the temporary burial arrangement with the comment "Mr. Brown's not deserving of anyone's backyard." According to Dallas, the trustees for Brown's estate "had made arrangements for Brown to be laid to rest at no cost at a 'very prominent memorial garden in Augusta.'"[101]
Honors, awards and dedications[link]
James Brown received a variety of awards and honors throughout his lifetime and after his death. At one city, fans voted to honor Brown by naming a bridge after the entertainer. In 1993, the City Council of Steamboat Springs, Colorado conducted a poll of its residents to choose a new name for the bridge that crossed the Yampa River on Shield Drive. The winning name with 7,717 votes was "James Brown SoulCenter of the Universe Bridge". The bridge was officially dedicated in September 1993, and James Brown appeared at the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the event.[102] Although a petition was started by a local group of ranchers to return the name of the bridge to "Stockbridge" for historical reasons, the ranchers backed off after citizens defeated their efforts because of the popularity of Brown's name. Brown returned to Steamboat Springs, Colorado on July 4, 2002 for an outdoor music festival, performing with other bands such as The String Cheese Incident.[103]
During his long career, James Brown received several prestigious music industry awards and honors. In 1983, Brown was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In addition, Brown was named as one of the first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at its inaugural induction dinner in New York on January 23, 1986. However, the members of his original vocal group, The Famous Flames, Bobby Byrd, Johnny Terry, Bobby Bennett, and Lloyd Stallworth, were not inducted.[104] However, on April 14th, 2012 The Famous Flames were automatically and retroactively inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame alongside James Brown,without the need for nomination and voting, under the premise that they should have been inducted with him back in 1986.[105][106] On February 25, 1992, Brown was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 34th annual Grammy Awards. Exactly a year later, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th annual Rhythm & Blues Foundation Pioneer Awards.[107] A ceremony was held for Brown on January 10, 1997 to honor him with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[107]
On June 15, 2000, Brown was honored as an inductee for the New York Songwriters Hall of Fame. On August 6, 2002, James Brown was honored as the first BMI Urban Icon at the BMI Urban Awards. His BMI accolades include an impressive ten R&B Awards and six Pop Awards.[108] On November 14, 2006, Brown was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and he was one of several inductees who performed at the ceremony.[109] In recognition of his accomplishments as an entertainer, Brown was a recipient of Kennedy Center Honors on December 7, 2003.[107] In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked James Brown as #7 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[110] In an article for Rolling Stone, critic Robert Christgau cited Brown as "the greatest musician of the rock era".[111]
Brown was also honored in his hometown of Augusta, Georgia for his philanthropy and civic activities. On November 20, 1993, Mayor Charles DeVaney of Augusta held a ceremony to dedicate a section of 9th Street between Broad and Twiggs Streets, renamed "James Brown Boulevard", in the entertainer's honor.[107] On May 6, 2005, as a 72nd birthday present for Brown, the city of Augusta unveiled a life-sized bronze James Brown statue on Broad Street.[107] The statue was to have been dedicated a year earlier, but the ceremony was put on hold because of a domestic abuse charge that Brown faced at the time.[112] In 2005, Charles "Champ" Walker and the We Feel Good Committee went before the County commission and received approval to change Augusta's slogan to "We Feel Good". Afterwards, Official renamed the city's civic center the James Brown Arena, and James Brown attended a ceremony for the unveiling of the namesake center on October 15, 2006.[107]
On December 30, 2006, during the public memorial service at the James Brown Arena, Dr. Shirley A.R. Lewis, president of Paine College, a historically black college in Augusta, Georgia, bestowed posthumously upon Brown an honorary doctorate in recognition and honor of his many contributions to the school in its times of need. Brown was scheduled originally to receive the honorary doctorate from Paine College during its May 2007 commencement.[113][114]
During the 49th Annual Grammy Awards presentation held on February 11, 2007, James Brown's famous cape was draped over a microphone at the end of a montage by Danny Ray (his M.C. for over 30 years), in honor of notable persons in the music industry, including Brown, who died during the previous year. Earlier that evening, Christina Aguilera delivered an impassioned performance of one of Brown's hits, "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" followed by a standing ovation, while Chris Brown performed a dance routine in honor of James Brown.[115]
Tributes[link]
As a tribute to James Brown, the Rolling Stones covered the song, "I'll Go Crazy" from Brown's Live at the Apollo album, during its 2007 European tour. On September 12, 2007, barely nine months after James Brown's death, Bobby Byrd, the original leader and founder of The Famous Flames vocal group along with Brown, died of cancer at 73 years old.[116] Jimmy Page has remarked, "He [James Brown] was almost a musical genre in his own right and he changed and moved forward the whole time so people were able to learn from him."[117]
On December 22, 2007, the first annual "Tribute Fit For the King of King Records" in honor of James Brown was held at the Madison Theater in Covington, Kentucky. The tribute, organized by Bootsy Collins, featured appearances by Afrika Bambaataa, Chuck D of Public Enemy, The Soul Generals, Buckethead, Freekbass, Triage and many of Brown's surviving family members. Comedian Michael Coyer was the MC for the event. During the show, the mayor of Cincinnati proclaimed December 22 as James Brown Day.[118] It has been said[by whom?] that a biographical film is in the works about Brown; Spike Lee has signed on to direct, with Brian Grazer producing and Jez and John-Henry Butterworth writing the script. Usher and Fergie are interested in being in the project.[citation needed]
Discography[link]
For an extended list of albums, compilations and charting singles, see James Brown discography.
Notable albums[link]
Four of James Brown's albums appeared on the Rolling Stone Magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time:[119]
- Live at the Apollo (1963) (#24)
- In the Jungle Groove (1986) (#330)
- Star Time (1991) (#79)
- 20 All-Time Greatest Hits! (1991) (#414)
In addition, Brown's 1970 double album Sex Machine was ranked 96th in a 2005 survey held by British television station Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time.[120] Other notable albums, originally released as double LP records, feature extensive playing by The J.B.'s and served as prolific sources of samples for later musical artists, including:
- Get On the Good Foot (1972)
- The Payback (1974)
- Hell (1974)
The 1968 Live at the Apollo, Vol. II double LP album was notably influential on musicians at the time of its release. This classic album remains an example of Brown's energetic live performances and audience interaction, as well as providing a means of documenting the metamorphosis of his music from the R&B and soul styles into hard funk.
Notable singles[link]
Until the early 1970s, Brown was famous mostly for his road show and singles, rather than his albums (with his live LPs as a major exception). Six of his hit singles appeared on the Rolling Stone Magazine's 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time:[121]
- "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (1965) (#72)
- "I Got You (I Feel Good)" (1965) (#78)
- "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (1966) (#123)
- "Please, Please, Please" (1956) (#142)
- "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1968) (#305)
- "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (1970) (#326)
Complete singles reissue[link]
In 2006, Hip-O Select Records began a multi-volume reissue of James Brown's complete singles (both A-sides and B-sides) on CD. Eleven volumes have been released, covering the periods 1956–1960, 1960–1963, 1964–1965, 1966–1967, 1967–1969, 1969–1970, 1970–1972, 1972–1973, 1973–1975, 1975–1979, and 1979–1981.
Filmography[link]
- The T.A.M.I. Show (1964) (documentary)
- Ski Party (1965)
- The Phynx (1970)
- Black Caesar (1973) (soundtrack only)
- Slaughter's Big Ripoff (1974) (soundtrack only)
- The Blues Brothers (1980)
- Doctor Detroit (1983)
- Rocky IV (1985)
- When We Were Kings (1996) (documentary)
- Soulmates (1997)
- Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
- portrayed by Carlton Smith in Liberty Heights (1999)
- Holy Man (1998)
- Undercover Brother (2002)
- The Tuxedo (2002)
- The Hire: Beat The Devil (2002) (short film)
- Paper Chasers (2003) (documentary)
- Sid Bernstein Presents... (2005) (documentary)
- Glastonbury (2006) (documentary)
- Life on the Road with Mr. and Mrs. Brown (2007) (documentary; release pending)
- I Got The Feelin': James Brown in the '60s (three-DVD set featuring the film The Night James Brown Saved Boston, Live at the Boston Garden 1968 and Live at the Apollo '68
- Soul Power (2009) (documentary)
In other media[link]
Games[link]
- In the video game World of Warcraft, the first boss character of the Forge of Souls level is Brohnjahm, "the Godfather of Souls". His quotes during the fight are musical references, and he has a chance of dropping an item called "Papa's Brand New Bag".[122]
- In The Godfather 2 video game, Brown's "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" plays behind the end credits.
- A different version of "I Got You (I Feel Good)", recorded in 1974, is playable in the rhythm video game Rock Band 3. In addition, "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine (Pt. 1)" is available for download across the series, while "Super Bad (Pts. 1 & 2)" was released later, only for the third game.
- In the Worms Armaggedon and Worms World Party video games, many of James Brown's song titles are used in the "Soul Man" custom voice setting like "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" or "Like a Sex Machine", clear references to James Brown.
References[link]
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c James Brown. (1998). Notable Black American Men. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale (Document no. K1622000047). Retrieved January 12, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.
- ^ Popkin, Helen A.S. (December 30, 2006). "Remembering the Godfather of Soul". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16353627/. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ Lynn, Loretta. "James Brown: The Godfather of Soul (9781560253884): James Brown, Al Sharpton, Bruce Tucker: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1560253886. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Hardworking Godfather of Soul". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/25/AR2006122500049.html.
- ^ a b c d May the works I have done speak for me ... James Brown.[dead link] (December 29, 2006). Carpentersville Baptist Church, North Augusta, SC (obituary program for the Brown family's private memorial service). Retrieved January 10, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).
- ^ a b James Brown, the "Godfather of Soul," dies at 73. (2006, December 25). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
- ^ Wiegand, D. (December 26, 2006). James Brown: 1928–2006 – Godfather of soul changed music at frenetic pace. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Collins, W. (January 29, 2002). James Brown. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Hirshey, G. Funk's founding father. (2007, January 10). Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- ^ Whitburn, J. (2000). Top Pop Singles: 1955–1999, 900. Menonite Falls, WI: Record Research. ISBN 0-89820-140-3.
- ^ James Brown band to resume touring soon. (2006, December 29). MSNBC. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ White, C. & Weinger, H. Are You Ready for Star Time? Star Time, J. Brown. (1991) Liner notes, 31. Polydor.
- ^ George, N. (1988). The Death of Rhythm and Blues, 101. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-452-26697-1.
- ^ Guralnick, P. (1986). Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, 240. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-452-26697-1.
- ^ Jonathan Lethem (December 24, 2010). "Being James Brown: Rolling Stone's 2006 Story". Rolling Stone Magazine. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/being-james-brown-rolling-stones-2006-cover-story-20101224. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ Contact Music (2004). "James Brown — James Brown's Indian Heritage". Contact Music. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/james%20brown.s%20indian%20heritage. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Gourevitch, Philip (July 29, 2002). "Mr. Brown: On the road with his bad self". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/07/29/020729fa_fact_gourevitch. Retrieved January 12, 2007. "He met his biological father once, who gave Brown a harmonica. His biological father worked on the railroad in Ridgeland, Kansas." (Subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e Smith, W. (December 26, 2006). James Brown, the undeniable Godfather of Soul" dead at 73. The New York Beacon. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Page, C. (December 27, 2006). His adopted son, Jon White, of Memphis, Tennessee, says his Dad has come a long way since those dark days of his youth. "I asked my Dad how he felt after his 11th rehab visit, and J.B. stated.... "Whoa, I feel good, I knew that I would now...I feel nice, like sugar and spice.... so good, so good, I got you!"... I suggested he make it a song." Godfather of soul, and of our goal. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Kowalski, E. (2006, December 25). "Godfather of soul, James Brown, dead at 73", Voice of America. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ Brown, J. & Eliot, M. (introduction). (2005). I Feel Good: A Memoir of a Life Soul. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-21393-9.
- ^ Obituary: James Brown. (2006, December 25). BBC News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ a b Burnett, B. (2006, December 21). James Brown: Audience with the Godfather (interview). The Hour. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ White, Charles. (2003). The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography. Omnibus Press. P. 231.
- ^ 1986 Inductees: Little Richard, performer. (2005). The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
- ^ Merlis, Bob; Seay, Davin; James, Etta (1997), p. foreword. Heart and Soul – A Celebration of Black Music Style inAmerica 1930–1975. Stewart Tabori & Chang.
- ^ White, Cliff (1991). Discography. In Star Time (p. 55) [CD liner notes]. London: Polydor Records.
- ^ List of number-one rhythm and blues hits (United States)#1948
- ^ 1986 Inductees: James Brown, performer. (2005). The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Nat Kendrick & The Swans. Henry Stone Music, Inc. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Guralnick, P. (1986). Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, 235. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-452-26697-1.
- ^ James Brown. The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The Golden Decade 1954–1963. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
- ^ James Brown: Biography. (2006). All Media Guide. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e James Brown interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
- ^ George, N. (1988). The Death of Rhythm & Blues, 101. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-55238-5.
- ^ Vincent, R. & Clinton, G. (1996). Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One, 123. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-13499-1.
- ^ Slutsky, Allan, Chuck Silverman (1997). The Funkmasters-the Great James Brown Rhythm Sections. ISBN-10: 1576234436
- ^ Stewart, Alexander (2000: 306). "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music." Popular Music, v. 19, n. 3. Oct., 2000), p. 293-318.
- ^ Stewart (2000: 306).
- ^ "James Brown's Sample-Based Music and Cover Songs". WhoSampled. http://www.whosampled.com/artist/James%20Brown/. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- ^ Most sampled songs and Most sampled artists. The-Breaks.com. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ "James Brown – Soul Survivor | American Masters". PBS. October 29, 2003. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/james-brown/soul-survivor/532/. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ The Whole Note: Under the Radar in '06. (2006). All Media Guide. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Liner notes – Kurtis Blow presents: The History of Rap, Vol. 1. Rhino Records. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Beat the Devil. (2002). Internet Movie Database Inc. (IMDb). Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Full cast and crew for The Tuxedo. (2002). Internet Movie Database Inc. (IMDb). Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ a b Gross, T. (2005, February 22). James Brown (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview). National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ Guralnick, 231.
- ^ Page, C. (January 2, 2007). Godfather's soul transcended racial, musical barriers. The Record. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
- ^ Loverro, T. (December 28, 2006). Soul Brother had sports roots. The Washington Times. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ Tangari, J. (2007, January 3). James Brown, 1928–2006. Pitchforkmedia, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
- ^ Gross, T. (1989). Musician Maceo Parker (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview). National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ Gottschild, B.D. (2000, August). James Brown: Godfather of dance. Dance Magazine, 74(8), p. 54 (Document no. A63735725). Retrieved January 11, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.
- ^ a b c d e The Night James Brown Saved Boston. VH1 rockDocs.
- ^ "Singer James Brown prostate cancer surgery successful". (December 16, 2004). Medical News Today. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c A Home coming celebration for Augusta's own native son: James Brown. (2006, December 30). The James Arena, Augusta, Georgia (obituary program for the public memorial service of James Brown). Retrieved January 12, 2007 (Microsoft PowerPoint viewer/program required for viewing)
- ^ Goodman, Brenda (November 8, 2007). ""Keeping Track of James Brown and The Big Payback" Brenda Goodman, Nov. 8, 2007". Thelede.blogs.nytimes.com. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/keeping-track-of-james-brown-and-the-big-payback/. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
- ^ Stritof, S. & Stritof, B. (2006). The marriages of James Brown. About.com: Marriage. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Elsworth, C. (August 22, 2007) James Brown's secret children emerge. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Martin, J. (January 4, 2007). Tomi Rae defends her relationship with James Brown. WRDW-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Gardner,L. (December 26, 2006). Tomi Rae Hynie: "It's a blatant lie". WRDW-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ a b Anderson, V. (January 5, 2007). Probate hearing may determine whether Hynie is James Brown's widow. The Atlanta-Journal Constitution. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Singer James Brown files for annulment. Jet Magazine, 105(8), p. 18. Retrieved January 11, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.
- ^ Brown widow: I've been locked out. (2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Public announcement of annulment in Variety Magazine. (July 22, 2003). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Stritof, S. & Stritof, B. (2007). James Brown and Tomi Rae Hynie timeline: The puzzle of a complicated marriage relationship. About.com: Marriage. Retrieved January 14, 2002.
- ^ "Brown wanted paternity test". The Herald Sun (Australia). January 8, 2007. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21026466-5006024,00.html. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ "James Brown's partner selects guardian". The Washington Post. April 4, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040400490.html. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ In the Matter of James Joseph Brown, File No. SV-44B-3846. (1989). Criminal Investigative Division, Civil Rights Unit. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on June 3, 2007 (Abobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).
- ^ Stephens, J. (April 3, 2007). FBI file recounts James Brown's side Of '88 police chase. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ Aiken County Sheriff's Office Incident Report, Case No. 0000030719. (July 3, 2000). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ South Carolina pardons James Brown for past crimes. (June 9, 2003). Jet Magazine, 36. Retrieved January 14, 2007 from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.
- ^ James Brown pleads to domestic violence. (2004). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ "James Brown rape case dismissed.". BBC News. April 3, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6520959.stm. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ a b James Brown hospitalized with pneumonia. (December 24, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Soul "godfather" James Brown dies. (December 25, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Old friend and original Famous Flames founder Bobby Byrd was also present. Mourners pay respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater public viewing. (December 28, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown. (December 29, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Michael Jackson attends James Brown funeral. (2006, December 30). Access Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Anderson, V. (2006, December 30). Michael Jackson, McCartney had private viewing. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ James Brown eulogized for impact on word: Family and friends attend a private South Carolina ceremony for the "Godfather of Soul". (2006, December 29). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ NYC & Ga. farewell for Godfather of Soul: Funeral procession and wake in Harlem; funeral in Georgia. (2006, December 28). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ Christensen, J. (2006, December 28). Picture of horse drawn carriage carrying James Brown's body in gold casket to the Apollo Theater in Harlem. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Altaffer, M. (2006, December 28). Picture of pallbearers carrying James Brown's casket to Apollo Theater memorial service. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Mourners pay respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater public viewing. (2006, December 28). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown. (2006, December 29). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Farewell tour to James Brown ends with hometown memorial. (2006, December 30). Fox News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Barnett, R. (2006, December 30). Farewell tour to James Brown ends. USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Wynn, M. & Edwards, J. (December 31, 2006). [1] Article "Hardest Work Is Done, Publication: Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ a b James Brown Jr. not included in will. WRDW-TV News (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ James Brown's road to wealth was rocky: Financial turmoil part of "Godfather" legend. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ James Brown's widow "not in will". BBC News (UK). Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ Finn, N. (2007, January 18). James Brown's estate wills more drama. E!News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ James Brown's children request trustees be removed. (2007, January 26). Star Pulse. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Emergency petition for termination of appointment and removal of personal representatives and for emergency order restraining all personal representatives. In the matter of James Brown, a/k/a James Joseph Brown. Case/Estate No. 2007-ES02-0056 (S.C. Probate Ct., filed January 24, 2007). Retrieved January 28, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).
- ^ Emergency petition for appointment of special administrator. In re estate of James Brown a/k/a James Joseph Brown, deceased, Case No. 2007-CP-02-0122 (S.C. Cir. Ct., filed January 31, 2007). FindLaw. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Deal reached on James Brown's burial place: Judge appoints administrator to oversee "Godfather of Soul's" property and trust. (2007, February 20). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c Grossberg, J. (2007, March 13). Brown laid to rest (finally). E! Online. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
- ^ James Brown laid to rest in temporary tomb. (2007, March 10). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ Godfather of Soul's body moved from home. CBC (Iraq). Retrieved January 21, 2007.
- ^ Goggins, K.A. (2007, March 11). James Brown placed in daughter's crypt, for now. The Washington Post, p. D03. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
- ^ Crowl, D. (2002, June 29). The godfather's bridge: James Brown snatched a piece of steamboat history nine years ago. Steamboat Pilot & Today. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ The String Cheese Independence Incident returns to Steamboat: Earl Scruggs and Family and Friends, Yonder Mountain String Band, James Brown & Corey Harris round out music acts. (2002, June 26). Steamboat Ski Two, U.S.A. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
- ^ "The Famous Flames". Future Rock Legends. http://www.futurerocklegends.com/artist.php?artist_id=The_Famous_Flames. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "The Famous Flames Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Rockhall.com. http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-famous-flames/bio/. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Redferns. "The Famous Flames: James Brown was their leader, but they were R&B legends, too (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2012)". cleveland.com. http://www.cleveland.com/rockhall/index.ssf/2012/04/the_famous_flames_james_brown.html. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ a b c d e f The James Brown review. (2006, December 30). The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ "BMI Celebrates Urban Music at 2002 Awards Ceremony". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233151. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ UK Music Hall of Fame 2006. (2006, March 11). Endemol UK Plc. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ Rubin, R. (2004, April 15). The Immortals: The first fifty – 7) James Brown. Rolling Stone Magazine (issue 946). Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Christgau, Robert. The Genius: James Brown. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on June 17, 2010.
- ^ James Brown's legal troubles delay statue unveiling. (2004, May 1). The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved January 14, 2007 from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.
- ^ Remembering James Brown: Augusta memorial memorable. WKBF-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ James Brown receives posthumous degree. (2007, January 2). Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Hasty, J. (2007, February 12). Grammy performances look forward and back. Billboard Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
- ^ Rolling Stones show they are still greatest rock band. (2007, August 22). The Arizona Republic. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ Ross Bennett. Jimmy Page: "The Records That Changed My Life!" #10. Mojo. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ Tunis, W. (2007, December 21). Feel good again: Show to pay tribute to the Godfather of Soul, a year after his death. Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved December 23, 2005.
- ^ The RS 500 greatest albums of all time. (2003, November). Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- ^ The 100 greatest albums: Results. Channel 4 (UK). Retrieved January 30, 2007.
- ^ The RS 500 greatest songs of all time. (2004, November). Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- ^ "Bronjahm – NPC – World of Warcraft". Wowhead.com. http://www.wowhead.com/npc=36497/bronjahm. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- Other references
- Sussman, M. (producer). (2006, December 25). Arts: Soul classics by James Brown (multimedia presentation). The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- Slide show: James Brown through the years. (2006, December 25). The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- Lethem, J. (2006, June 12). Being James Brown. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- Rolling Stone Magazine audio interview with Jonathan Lethem about James Brown and his music. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- Sullivan, James (2008). The Hardest Working Man: How James Brown Saved the Soul of America. New York: Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-390-5. http://www.amazon.com/Hardest-Working-Man-James-America/dp/1592403905/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1224096080&sr=1-2.
External links[link]
 |
Book: James Brown |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: James Brown |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Brown |
- James Brown at Find-a-Grave
- Celebrities share memories of James Brown
- Profile of James Brown at Soul Evolution
- The Times Obituary for James Brown
- James Brown at the Internet Movie Database
- James Brown discography at MusicBrainz
- James Brown at Allmusic
- James Brown at the Open Directory Project
- James Brown, 1928–2006. News and multimedia archive from The Augusta Chronicle
- James Brown's Musicians Reflect On His Legacy – article from Down Beat Magazine
- Biography: James Brown and the Black Arts movement of the 1960s and 1970s (biography at Funky-Stuff.com).
- James Brown biography and concert review in cosmopolis.ch
- RBMA Radio On Demand – Across 135th Street – Volume 7 – Tribute to James Brown – Chairman Mao (RBMA, Egotrip)
- 1980 Interview with James Brown and the Rev. Al Sharpton by Jon Alpert on Democracy Now!
- James Brown concert and interviews on NPR Music
- James Brown radiostream
- James Brown funeral program Digital Library of Georgia
- The James Brown SuperFan Club
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brown, James Joseph, Jr. |
| Alternative names | Godfather of Soul |
| Short description | Singer, songwriter, record producer, dope dealer |
| Date of birth | May 3, 1928 |
| Place of birth | Barnwell, South Carolina, United States |
| Date of death | December 25, 2006 |
| Place of death | Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
http://wn.com/James_Brown
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/James Brown
http://cs.wn.com/James Brown
http://id.wn.com/James Brown
http://es.wn.com/James Brown
http://ru.wn.com/Браун, Джеймс
http://nl.wn.com/James Brown
http://pl.wn.com/James Brown
http://fr.wn.com/James Brown
http://de.wn.com/James Brown
http://pt.wn.com/James Brown
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
