Coordinates: 51°29′31″N 0°36′29″W / 51.49187°N 0.60792°W / 51.49187; -0.60792
Eton College, usually referred to as Eton, is a British independent boarding school for boys aged 13 to 18. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as "The King's College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor".[1]
It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, and is one of the nine English independent schools, common referred to as "public schools", regulated by the Public Schools Act 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils board at the school, and is one of four remaining single-sex public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School and Radley College) to continue this practice.
Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the nineteenth British Prime Minister to have attended Eton.[2][3]
Eton has traditionally been referred to as "the chief nurse of England's statesmen",[4] and has been described as the most famous public school in the world.[5] Early in the 20th century, a historian of Eton wrote, "No other school can claim to have sent forth such a cohort of distinguished figures to make their mark on the world."[6]
The Good Schools Guide called the school "the number one boys' public school," adding, "The teaching and facilities are second to none."[7] The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group.
The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows (Board of Governors), who appoint the Head Master. It contains 25 boys' houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, who number some 160.[citation needed] Almost all the school's pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge.[8]
The present headmaster, Anthony Little MA, is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom.
Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys. In the late 18th century, there were about 300, while in the modern era, the total has risen to over 1,300.[9]
School Yard, Eton College
Eton College was founded by Henry VI as a charity school to provide free education to seventy poor boys who would then go on to King's College, Cambridge, founded by the same King in 1441. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster and some of the Scholars to start his new school.
When Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land, a plan for formidable buildings (Henry intended the nave of the College Chapel to be the longest in Europe) and several religious relics, supposedly including a part of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England: the right to grant Indulgences to penitents on the Feast of the Assumption. The school also came into possession of one of England's Apocalypse manuscripts.
However, when Henry was deposed by Edward IV in 1461, the new king annulled all grants to the school and removed most of its assets and treasures to St George's Chapel, Windsor, on the other side of the River Thames. Legend has it that Edward's mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the school's behalf. She was able to save a good part of the school,[10] although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced.
Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long,[11] with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College,[12] built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.[13]
As the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors. Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost, around 1517. His name is borne by the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard, perhaps the most famous image of the school. This range includes the important interiors of the Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber, where most of the 18th century "leaving portraits" are kept.
"After Lupton's time nothing important was built until about 1670, when Provost Allestree gave a range to close the west side of School Yard between Lower School and Chapel".[14] This was remodelled later and completed 1694 by Matthew Bankes, Master Carpenter of the Royal Works. The last important addition to the central college buildings was the College Library, in the south range of the cloister, 1725-9, by Thomas Rowland. It has a very important collection of books and manuscripts.
In the 19th century, the architect John Shaw Jr (1803–1870) became surveyor to Eton. He designed New Buildings (1844-6)[15], Provost Francis Hodgson's addition to provide better accommodation for Collegers, who until then had mostly lived in Long Chamber, a long first floor room where conditions were inhumane.
The Duke of Wellington is often quoted as saying that "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton".[16] Wellington was at Eton from 1781 to 1784 and was to send his sons there. According to Nevill (citing the historian Sir Edward Creasy), what Wellington said, while passing an Eton cricket match many decades later, was, "There grows the stuff that won Waterloo",[17] a remark Nevill construes as a reference to "the manly character induced by games and sport" amongst English youth generally, not a comment about Eton specifically.
The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library (by L K. Hall) were erected 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War. Many tablets in the cloisters and chapel commemorate the large number of the dead Etonians of the Great War. A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel. The college commissioned superb replacements by Evie Hone (1949-52) and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens (1959 onwards).
Among notable Headmasters of the 20th century Cyril Alington and Robert Birley stand out, as does M. R. James among provosts.
In 1959, the college constructed a nuclear bunker to house the College's Provost and Fellows. The facility is now used for storage.[18]
In 2005, the school was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools found to have breached the Competition Act (see below under "Controversy").
In 2011, plans to attack Eton were found on the body of a senior al-Qaeda leader shot dead in Somalia.[19]
In the past, people at Eton have occasionally been guilty of antisemitism. For a time, new admissions were called 'Jews' by their fellow Collegers.[20] In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth. The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford's Wykeham Professor of Logic, A. J. Ayer, himself Jewish and an Old Etonian, who "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism".[21]
There are three academic terms[22] (known as halves)[23] in the year,
- The Michaelmas Half, from early September to mid December. New boys are now admitted only at the start of the Michaelmas Half, unless in exceptional circumstances.
- The Lent Half, from mid-January to late March.
- The Summer Half, from late April to late June or early July.
They are called halves because the school year was once split into two halves, between which the boys went home.
Main article:
King's ScholarOne boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; they pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name "King's Scholars" derives from the fact that the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440 and was, therefore, granted royal favour. The original school consisted of only seventy scholars, half of whom had previously been educated at Winchester College, and all of these boys were educated at the king's expense.The only foreign student that received the King's Scholarship is from Turkey and spent a short time in Eton before going back to his homeland.
King's Scholars are entitled to use the letters "KS" after their name and they can be identified by a black gown worn over the top of their tailcoats, giving them the nickname tugs (Latin: togati, wearers of gowns); and occasionally by a surplice in Chapel. The house is looked after by the Master in College.
As the school grew, more students were allowed to attend provided that they paid their own fees and lived in the town, outside the college's original buildings. These students became known as Oppidans, from the Latin word oppidum, meaning town.[24] The Houses developed over time as a means of providing residence for the Oppidans in a more congenial manner, and during the 18th and 19th centuries were mostly run by women known as "dames". They typically contain about fifty boys. Although classes are organised on a school basis, most boys spend a large proportion of their time in their House. Each House has a formal name, mainly used for post and people outside the Eton community. It is generally known by the boys by the initials or surname of the House Master, the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it.
Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars.[25] Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in school and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.
The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House, Jourdelay's, (both built as such c. 1720)[26], Hawtrey House, Durnford House, (the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows, 1845[27], when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control), The Hopgarden, South Lawn, Waynflete, Evans', Keate House, Warre House, Villiers House, Common Lane House, Penn House, Walpole House, Cotton Hall, Wotton House, Holland House, Mustians,Angelo's, Manor House, Farrer House, Baldwin's Bec, The Timbralls, and Westbury.
In addition to the housemaster, each house has a House Captain and a House Captain of Games. Some Houses choose to elect more than one. House prefects were once elected from the oldest year, but this no longer happens. The old term, Library, survives in the name of the room set aside for the oldest year's use, where boys have their own kitchen. The situation is similar with the boys in their penultimate year, who have a similar room known as Debate.
There are entire house gatherings every evening, usually around 8:05-8:30 p.m. These are known as Prayers, due to their original nature. The housemaster and boys have an opportunity to make announcements, and sometimes the boys provide light entertainment. Many inter-house competitions occur, mostly in the field of sport.
For much of Eton's history, junior boys had to act as "fags", or servants, to older boys. Their duties included cleaning, cooking, and running errands. A Library member was entitled to yell at any time and without notice, "Boy, Up!" or "Boy, Queue!", and all first-year boys had to come running. The last boy to arrive was given the task. These practices, known as fagging, were partially phased out of most houses in 1970s. Captains of House and Games still give tasks to first-year boys, such as collecting the mail.[citation needed]
The school is known for its traditions, including a uniform of black tailcoat (or morning coat) and waistcoat, false-collar and pinstriped trousers. Most pupils wear a white tie that is effectively a strip of cloth folded over into a starched, detachable collar, but some senior boys are entitled to wear a white bow tie and winged collar ("Stick-Ups"). There are some variations in the school dress worn by boys in authority, see School Prefects and King's scholars sections.
The long-standing claim that the present uniform was first worn as mourning for the death of George III[28] is unfounded. "Eton dress" has undergone significant changes since its standardisation in the 19th century. Originally (along with a top-hat and walking-cane), Etonian dress was reserved for formal occasions, but boys wear it today for classes, which are referred to as "schools". As stated above, King's Scholars wear a black gown over the top of their tailcoats, and occasionally a surplice in Chapel. Members of the teaching staff (known as Beaks) are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching.
From 1820[29] until 1967, boys under the height of 5'4" were required to wear the 'Eton suit', which replaced the tailcoat with the cropped 'Eton jacket' (known colloquially as a "bum-freezer") and included an 'Eton collar', a large, stiff-starched, white collar. The Eton suit was copied by other schools and has remained in use in some, particularly choir schools.[30]
The pupil to teacher ratio is 8:1,[31] which is low by general school standards. Class sizes start at around twenty to twenty-five in the first year and are often below ten by the final year.
The original curriculum concentrated on prayers, Latin and devotion, and "as late as 1530 no Greek was taught".[32]
Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened[33]: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese (non-curriculum course).[34] In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used rolls of paper with punch-holes to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.[35]
The primary responsibility for a boy's studies lies with his House Master, but he is often assisted by an additional director of studies, known as a tutor.[36] Classes, colloquially known as "divs" (divisions), are organised on a school basis; the classrooms are separate from the houses. New school buildings have appeared for teaching purposes every decade or so since New Schools, designed by Henry Woodyer and built 1861-3 [37]. Despite the introduction of modern technology, the external appearance and locations of many of the classrooms have remained unchanged for a long time.
Every evening, about an hour and a quarter, known as Quiet Hour, is set aside during which boys are expected to study or prepare work for their teachers if not otherwise engaged.[38] Some houses, on the discretion of the House Master, may observe a second Quiet Hour after prayers in the evening. This is less formal, with boys being allowed to visit each others' rooms to socialise if neither boy has outstanding work.
The Independent Schools Inspectorate's latest report says, "Eton College provides an exceptionally good quality of education for all its pupils. They achieve high academic standards as a result of stimulating teaching, challenging expectations and first-class resources."[8]
At Eton, there are dozens of organisations known as 'societies', in many of which pupils come together to discuss a particular topic, presided over by a master, and often including a guest speaker.[39] Some societies are dedicated solely to music, some to religion, some to languages, and so on. Among past guest speakers are Andrew Lloyd Webber, J. K. Rowling, Vivienne Westwood, Ian McKellen, Kevin Warwick, Boris Johnson, Rowan Atkinson, Ralph Fiennes, Terry Wogan, King Constantine II of Greece, Katie Price, Zoe Wanamaker, and Kit Hesketh-Harvey.[40][41][42][43][44]
Eton has a well-established system for encouraging boys to produce a high standard of work. An excellent piece of work may be rewarded with a "Show Up", to be shown to the boy's tutors as evidence of progress.[45] If, in any particular term, a pupil makes a particularly good effort in any subject, he may be "Commended for Good Effort" to the Head Master (or Lower Master).
If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work, it may be "Sent Up For Good",[45] storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity. This award has been around since the 18th century. As Sending Up For Good is fairly infrequent, the process is rather mysterious to many of Eton's boys. First, the master wishing to Send Up For Good must gain the permission of the relevant Head of Department. Upon receiving his or her approval, the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master, tutor and division master.
The opposite of a Show Up is a "Rip".[46] This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a "White Ticket", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an "info", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor.
Internal examinations are held at the end of the Michaelmas term for all pupils, and in the Summer term for those in the first year and those in the second year. These internal examinations are called "Trials".[47]
A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign "Tardy Book", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days).[48] Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the "Bill".[49] The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). The term derives from the Latin word 'rus', countryside, to indicate that a boy has been sent back to his family in the country, and is also traditionally used at Oxford and Cambridge. Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a "run" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.
A traditional form of punishment took the form of being made to copy, by hand, Latin hexameters. Miscreants were frequently set 100 hexameters by library members, or, for more serious offences, Georgics (more than 500 hexameters) by their House Masters or the Head Master.[50] The giving of a Georgic is now extremely rare, but still occasionally occurs.
Eton used to be renowned for its use of corporal punishment, generally known as "beating". In the 16th century, Friday was set aside as "flogging day".[51]
Beating was phased out in the 1980s, the last recorded caning being administered by then Lower Master Jack Anderson to Sebastian Doggart, in January 1984.[52] Until 1964, offending boys could be summoned to the Head Master or the Lower Master, as appropriate, to receive a birching on the bare posterior, in a semi-public ceremony held in the Library, where there was a special wooden birching block over which the offender was held. John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, headmaster from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office.[53] Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys. Previously, House Captains were permitted to cane miscreants over the seat of the trousers. This was a routine occurrence, carried out privately with the boy bending over with his head under the edge of a table. Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop (see Eton Society below) in the form of a "Pop-Tanning", in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members. The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers, as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds and leave the boy's buttocks bleeding. This was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton.[54]
Chenevix-Trench's successor from 1970, Michael McCrum, retained private corporal punishment by masters, but ended the practice of requiring boys to take their trousers and underwear down when bending over to be caned by the Head Master. By the mid-1970s, the only people allowed to administer caning were the Head Master and the Lower Master.[55]
In addition to the masters, the following three categories of senior boys are entitled to exercise school discipline. Boys who belong to any of these categories, in addition to a limited number of other boy office holders, are entitled to wear winged collars with bow ties.
- Eton Society:, commonly known as Pop.[56] Over the years its power and privileges have grown. Pop is the oldest self-electing society at Eton. The rules were altered in 1987 and again in 2005 so that the new intake are not elected solely by the existing year and a committee of masters. Members of Pop are entitled to wear checked spongebag trousers, and a waistcoat designed as they wish. Historically, only members of Pop were entitled to furl their umbrellas[57] or sit the wall on the Long Walk, in front of the main building. However, this tradition has died out. They perform roles at many of the routine events of the school year, including School Plays, parents' evenings and other official events. Notable ex-members of Pop include Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Boris Johnson.
- Sixth Form Select: an academically selected prefectorial group consisting, by custom, of the 10 senior King's Scholars and the 10 senior Oppidan Scholars.[58] Members of Sixth Form Select are entitled to wear silver buttons on their waistcoats. They also act as Praepostors: they enter classrooms and ask, "Is (family name) in this division?" followed by "He's to see the Head Master at (time)" (the Bill, see above).[49] Members of Sixth Form Select maintain dress codes, and perform "Speeches", a formal event held five times a year.
- House Captains: The captains of each of the 25 boys' houses (see above) have disciplinary powers at school level.[59] House Captains are entitled to wear a mottled-grey waistcoat.
In the era of Elizabeth I, there were two praepostors in every form, who noted down the names of absentees. Until the late 19th century, there was a praepostor for every division of the school.[51]
Sport is a major feature of Eton. There is an extensive network of playing fields. Their names include Agar's Plough, Dutchman's, Upper Club, Lower Club, Sixpenny/The Field, and Mesopotamia (situated between two streams and often shortened to "Mespots").
- During the Michaelmas Half, the sport curriculum is dominated by football (called Association) and rugby union, with some rowing for the more dedicated boys.
- During the Lent Half it is dominated by the Field Game a code of football, but this is unique to Eton and cannot be played against other schools. Aided by AstroTurf facilities on Masters' field, Field Hockey has become a major Lent Half sport. Elite rowing also exists.
- During the Summer Half, there is a division between wet bobs, who row on the River Thames, and dry bobs, who play cricket, tennis or athletics.
Dorney Lake, in Buckinghamshire, is owned by the college and will host the rowing events at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the World Junior Rowing Championships.[60]
The annual cricket match against Harrow at Lord's Cricket Ground is the oldest fixture of the cricketing calendar, having been played there since 1805. A staple of the London society calendar since the 1800s,[61] in 1914, its importance was such that over 38,000 people attended the two days' play, and in 1910 the match made national headlines.[62][63] But interest has since declined considerably, and the match is now a one-day limited overs contest.
There is a running track at the Thames Valley Athletics Centre and an annual steeplechase.
The Eton wall game is still played, and was given national publicity when it was taken up by Prince Harry. Notable among the many other sports played at Eton is Eton Fives.
In 1815, Eton College documented its football rules, the first football code to be written down anywhere in the world.[64]
The current "Precentor" (Head of Music) is Tim Johnson, and the school boasts eight organs and an entire building for music (performance spaces include the School Hall, the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music, the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall). Many instruments are taught, including obscure ones such as the didgeridoo. The school participates in many national competitions; many pupils are part of the National Youth Orchestra, and the school gives scholarships for dedicated and talented musicians. A former Precentor of the college, Ralph Allwood set up and organised Eton Choral Courses, which run at the school every summer.
In 2009, the school's musical protégés came to wider notice when featured in a TV documentary A Boy Called Alex. The film followed an Etonian, Alex Stobbs, a musician with cystic fibrosis, as he worked toward conducting the difficult Magnificat by Johann Sebastian Bach.[65][66]
Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College; there is one main theatre, called the Farrer (Seating 400) and 2 Studio theatres, called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space (Seating 90 and 80 respectively). There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year, around 3 or 4 "Independent" plays (not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians) and three School Plays, one specifically for boys in the first two years, and two open to all years. The School Plays have such good reputations that it is normally fully booked every night. Productions also take place in varying locations around the school, varying from the sports fields to more historic buildings such as Upper School and College Chapel.
In recent years, the school has put on a musical version of The Bacchae (October 2009) as well as a production of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (May 2010) and The Cherry Orchard (February 2011)and most recently, a production of Joseph K (October 2011) and is due to put on a performance of Cyrano de Bergerac in May 2012, and a performance of Macbeth in October 2012. Often girls from surrounding schools, such as St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School, come in to play female roles. Boys from the school are also responsible for the Lighting, Sound and Stage Management of all the productions, under the guidance of several professional full-time theatre staff.
Every year, Eton employs a 'Director-in-Residence', an external professional director on a one-year contract who normally directs one house play and the Lower Boy play (a school play open solely to the first two year groups), as well as teaching Drama and Theatre Studies to most year groups.
The drama department is headed by Hailz-Emily Osborne, Simon Dormandy and several other teachers. The school offers GCSE drama as well as A-level "English with Theatre Studies."
Their website offers details of upcoming productions as well as pictures of past plays.
Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called "Fourth of June", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron.[67] This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the "Fourth of June" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]
The Junior Chronicle and The Chronicle are the official school magazines, the latter having been founded in 1863.[68] Both are edited by boys at the school. Although liable to censorship, the latter has a tradition of satirising and attacking school policies, as well as documenting recent events. The Oppidan, founded in 1828,[68] was published once a Half; it covered all sport in Eton and some professional events as well, but no longer exists.
Other school magazines, including The Spectrum and The Arts Review, have been published, as well as publications produced by individual departments such as The Cave (Philosophy), Etonomics (Economics), Scientific Etonian (Science), and most recently The Lexicon (Modern Languages).
Until 18 December 2010, Eton College was an exempt charity under English law (Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2). Under the provisions of the Charities Act 2006, it is now an excepted charity, and fully registered with the Charities Commission,[69] and is now one of the 100 largest charities in the UK.[70] As a charity, it benefits from substantial tax breaks. It was calculated by David Jewell, master of Haileybury, that in 1992 such tax breaks saved the school about £1,945 per pupil per year, although he has no direct connection with the school. This subsidy has declined since the 2001 abolition by the Labour Government of state-funded scholarships (formerly known as "assisted places") to independent schools. However, no child attended Eton on this scheme, meaning that the actual level of state assistance to the school has always been lower. Eton's headmaster, Tony Little, has claimed that the benefits that Eton provides to the local community free of charge (use of its facilities, etc.) have a higher value than the tax breaks it receives as a result of its charitable status. The fee for the academic year 2010-2011 is £29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100 as of March 2011),[71] although the sum is considerably lower for those pupils on bursaries and scholarships.
Eton runs a number of courses for pupils from the maintained sector (state schools), most of them in the summer holidays (July and August). Started in 1982, the Universities Summer School is an intensive residential course open to boys and girls throughout the UK who attend maintained schools, are at the end of their first year in the Sixth Form, and are about to begin their final year of schooling. The Brent-Eton Summer School, started in 1994, offers 40-50 young people from the London Borough of Brent a one-week programme, free of charge, designed to bridge the gap between GCSE and A-level.[72] The school also runs a number of choral courses during the summer months.
In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a £4.6m sports complex, to add to Eton's existing facilities of two swimming pools, 30 cricket squares, 24 football, rugby and hockey pitches and a gym.[73] The College paid £200,000 and contributed 4.5 hectares of land in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only.[73] The UK Sports Council defended the deal on the grounds that the whole community would benefit, while the bursar claimed that Windsor, Slough and Eton Athletic Club was "deprived" because local people (who were not pupils at the College) did not have a world-class running track and facilities to train with.[73] Steve Osborn, director of the Safe Neighbourhoods Unit, described the decision as "staggering" given the background of a substantial reduction in youth services by councils across the country, a matter over which, however, neither the College nor the UK Sports Council, had any control.[73] The facility, which became the Thames Valley Athletics Centre, opened in April 1999.[74]
In October 2004, Sarah Forsyth claimed that she had been dismissed unfairly by Eton College and had been bullied by senior staff. She also claimed she was instructed to do some of Prince Harry's coursework to enable him to pass AS Art.[75] As evidence, Forsyth provided secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her head of department Ian Burke. An employment tribunal in July 2005 found that she had been unfairly dismissed and criticised Burke for bullying her and for repeatedly changing his story.[75] It also criticised the school for failing to produce its capability procedures[76] and criticised the headmaster for not reviewing the case independently.[75]
It criticised Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher-student confidentiality and said "it was not convinced events had occurred exactly as ... described".[75] In response to the tribunal's ruling concerning the allegations about Prince Harry, the school issued a statement, saying Forsyth's claims "were dismissed for what they always have been - unfounded and irrelevant."[77] A spokesperson from Clarence House said, "We are delighted that Harry has been totally cleared of cheating."
In 2005, the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools, including Eton, to have breached the Competition Act by "regularly and systematically" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School.[78] Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around £70,000, totalling around £3.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another £3m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Eton should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked.[79] However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."[80]
A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received £2,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy. Asked to explain under what grounds it was eligible to receive farming subsidies, Eton admitted that it was 'a bit of a mystery'.[81] The TaxPayers' Alliance also stated that Eton had received a total of £5,300 in CAP subsidies between 2002 and 2007.[82] Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for 'environmental improvements', in effect 'being paid without having to do any farming at all'.[83]
In March 2008, four Etonians aged 13–14 were suspended by the school after allegedly assaulting and robbing a girl aged 13 on the school playing fields. The girl allegedly suffered from at least one broken rib, and allegedly had her handbag stolen by the boys, who were suspected of having consumed drugs and alcohol shortly before the attack.[84] She also claimed that one of the four boys had dropped his trousers and threatened to perform a sex act.[85]
Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton alone were accepted by Oxford.[86] According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals.[87] In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College. [88]
Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as Mayo College in the state of Rajasthan and Welham Boys School in Uttarakhand.[89] Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including South Africa's Diocesan College, the United States's Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions,[90] while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship,[90] an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house.
Former pupils of Eton College are known as Old Etonians.
Eton has also produced nineteen British Prime Ministers, including Sir Robert Walpole, William Pitt the Elder, the first Duke of Wellington, William Ewart Gladstone, Arthur Balfour, Harold Macmillan, and the current Prime Minister, David Cameron.
Notable Old Etonians who have been writers include Henry Fielding, Thomas Gray, Horace Walpole, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Bridges, George Orwell and Ian Fleming. The mediaevalist and ghost story writer M. R. James was provost of Eton from 1918 until his death in 1936.
Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle, John Maynard Smith, and J. B. S. Haldane, the dandy Beau Brummell, economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard, Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates, politician Alan Clark, cricket commentator Henry Blofeld, explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes, adventurer Bear Grylls, composers Thomas Arne, Hubert Parry, and Peter Warlock, and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton. Notable Old Etonian actors include Eddie Redmayne, Damian Lewis, Dominic West, Jeremy Brett, Hugh Laurie, Tom Hiddleston and Patrick Macnee.
In recent years,[when?] the school has become popular with the British Royal Family; Princes William and Harry are Old Etonians.
A rising number of pupils come to Eton from overseas, including members of royal families from Africa and Asia, some of whom have been sending their sons to Eton for generations. One of them, King Prajadhipok or Rama VII (1893–1941) of Siam, donated a garden to Eton.[91]
Actor Dominic West has been unenthusiastic about the career benefits of being an Old Etonian, saying it "is a stigma that is slightly above 'paedophile' in the media in a gallery of infamy".[92]
Many fictional characters have been described as Old Etonians. These include:
Here follows a list of films partially filmed at Eton.[96]
- A 1962 novel The Fourth of June by David Benedictus[97] (who attended Eton) was controversial, as it was considered an attack on cruelty and snobbery at the school in the 1950s.[98]
- British punk/new wave group The Jam have a song entitled "The Eton Rifles".[99]
- In Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, the main characters visit a school named Eton.[100] Huxley was an old Etonian who taught there.
- The tag "where ignorance is bliss, ’Tis folly to be wise" is a quotation from Thomas Gray's Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College.[101]
- In the U.S. TV show The West Wing, the Interim Deputy Director of Communications Will Bailey notes that he was an Eton valedictorian: "I'll take my hazing like the Eton valedictorian that I am." [102]
- Captain Hook from the novel Peter Pan went to Eton before turning to piracy.[103]
- Card, Tim, Eton Established: A History From 1440 to 1860 (London, John Murray, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7195-6052-1)
- Fraser, Nick, The Importance of Being Eton (London, Short Books, June 2006) ISBN 978-1-904977-53-7
- Lavaque-Manty, Mika. The Playing Fields of Eton: Equality and Excellence in Modern Meritocracy (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2009).
- McConnell, J. D. R., Eton - How It Works (London, Faber and Faber, 1967)
- Osborne, Richard, 'Music and Musicians of Eton: 1440 to the present' (London, Cygnet Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-907435-19-8)
- Parker, Eric, Playing Fields: School Days at Eton (London, Philip Allan, 1922) OCLC 2528782
- ^ Nevill, p.3 ff.
- ^ Moss, Paul (12 May 2010). "Why has Eton produced so many prime ministers?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8622933.stm. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
- ^ MacDonald, Alistair (14 May 2010). "After Labour, Posh is Back in Britain". The Wall Street Journal (New York). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703950804575242431958967118.html.
- ^ "Eton—the establishment's choice". BBC News. 2 September 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/162402.stm. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Doward, Jamie (26 June 2005). "Eton waits for verdict in Harry 'cheating' case". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jun/26/monarchy.publicschools.
- ^ Nevill, p.1.
- ^ "Eton College | Windsor | LEA:Windsor & Maidenhead | Berkshire". The Good Schools Guide. http://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/school/eton-college.html. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ a b "What is it like at Eton College?". BBC News. 4 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4634031.stm. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Nevill, p.15, p.23.
- ^ Nevill. p.5.
- ^ Nevill, p.5.
- ^ Nevill, p.4.
- ^ Nikolaus Pevsner, Buildings of England - Buckinghamshire
- ^ Nikolaus Pevsner, op. cit. p. 119
- ^ Nikolaus Pevsner, op. cit.
- ^ "Ploughing Fields of Eton". Time (New York). 27 November 1939. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762878,00.html.
- ^ Nevill, p.125.
- ^ "Eton College Site Visit Report". Subbrit.org.uk. 28 October 2000. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/e/eton_college/index.html. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Farmer, Ben (16 Jun 2011). "Eton and The Ritz on al-Qaeda hit list". Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8578710/Eton-and-The-Ritz-on-al-Qaeda-hit-list.html. Retrieved 18 Jun 2011.
- ^ Lyte, H. C. Maxwell (1889). A History of Eton College, 1440–1910 (third ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 463.
- ^ Rogers, Ben (2000) [1999]. A.J. Ayer: A Life (new ed.). London: Vintage. pp. 270–1.
- ^ "The Michaelmas Half". Eton College. 2008. http://www.etoncollege.com/Michaelmas.aspx.
- ^ McConnell, p.30
- ^ McConnell, pp.19-20
- ^ McConnell, p.177
- ^ Pevsner op. cit
- ^ Pevsner op. cit
- ^ Nevill, p.33.
- ^ Nevill, p.34.
- ^ The Eton Suit at British Schoolboy Uniforms.
- ^ "Facilities". Eton College. 2011. http://www.etoncollege.com/Facilities.aspx.
- ^ Nevill, p.6.
- ^ See e.g B. J. W. Hill, A Portrait of Eton, 1958, and Tim Card, Eton Renewed: A History of Eton College from 1860 to the Present Day, 1994
- ^ "Departments and Available Qualifications". Eton College. 2008. http://www.etoncollege.com/departmentsqualifications.aspx#.
- ^ McAllister, J.F.O. (18 June 2006). "A New Kind of Elite". Time (New York). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901060626-1205329-1,00.html.
- ^ McConnell, pp.70-76
- ^ The Buildings of England - Buckinghamshire, Nikolaus Pevsner, 1960
- ^ "work". Eton College. 2008. http://www.etoncollege.com/Work.aspx.
- ^ "Societies". Eton College. 2008. http://www.etoncollege.com/Societies.aspx.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Keith Stern/CompuWeb (29 February 2008). "Ian McKellen's Website - Notes on the Eton visit". Mckellen.com. http://www.mckellen.com/writings/stage/080229londontheatre.htm. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Professor Kevin Warwick's page". Kevinwarwick.com. 15 September 2009. http://www.kevinwarwick.com/events.asp?Date=15%2F9%2F2009. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Eton College Society Timetable". Etoncollege.com. http://www.etoncollege.com/Eton_News_Events.aspx. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Eton College Society roundup" (PDF). http://www.etoncollege.com/files/SocS08Wk6-10.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ a b McConnell, p.84
- ^ McConnell, pp82-83
- ^ McConnell, pp.85-9
- ^ McConnell, p.42
- ^ a b McConnell, pp.83-84
- ^ "Cameron defiant over drug claims". BBC News. 11 February 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6351331.stm. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ a b Nevill, p.9.
- ^ Doggart, Hubert (2002). Reflections in a family mirror: an anthology by the descendants of Arthur and Mary Doggart, in affectionate remembrance. Chichester: Red House. ISBN 978-0-9543533-0-8
- ^ Onyeama, Dilibe (1972). @#!*% at Eton. London: Leslie Frewin. ISBN 978-0-85632-003-3
- ^ Cheetham, Anthony; Parfit, Derek (1964). Eton Microcosm. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. OCLC 7396426
- ^ Dixon, Mark (1985). An Eton schoolboy's album. London: Debrett's. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-905649-78-8.
- ^ McConnell, pp.57-8
- ^ Nevill, p.35.
- ^ McConnell, pp.57,129-137
- ^ McConnell, pp.59-62
- ^ "Welcome to Dorney Lake". Dorneylake.com. http://www.dorneylake.com/. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Boston, MA: Silver, Burdett. p. 41. OCLC 4352850.
- ^ "Fowler's match, 1910". Content-www.cricinfo.com. http://content-www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/143944.html. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Eton & Harrow match scorecard 1910". Cricinfo.com. http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1910S/1910/ENG_LOCAL/OTHER/ETON_HARROW_08-09JUL1910.html. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Cox, Richard W.; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. London: Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7146-5249-8.
- ^ "Cutting Edge" A Boy Called Alex (2008)
- ^ "''Cutting Edge''". Channel4.com. 26 May 2009. http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/C/cutting_edge/alex/. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "Beside Windsor". Time (New York). 9 January 2008. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741919-4,00.html.
- ^ a b Nevill, p.25.
- ^ Eton College Registration with Charity Commission. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
- ^ Ranked by total annual income averaged over three years. "Charity 100 Index". Charity Finance. April 2008. ISSN 0963-0295.
- ^ "School Fees 2010/2011". Eton College. 2010. http://www.etoncollege.com/CurrentFees.aspx.
- ^ "Brent-Eton Summer School". Eton College. 2008. http://www.etoncollege.com/BrentEton.aspx.
- ^ a b c d Penman, Danny (10 August 1995). "£3m lottery cash for Eton sports centre: Top school gets exclusive deal". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-3m-lottery-cash-for-eton-sports-centre-1595502.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Eton: Thames Valley Athletics Centre". http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=eton. Retrieved 2 August 20h10.
- ^ a b c d "Harry teacher wins Eton tribunal". BBC News. 4 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4648473.stm. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Capability procedures for teachers". Department for Education and Employment. July 2000. http://publications.education.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/Capability-guidance.pdf.
- ^ "Eton response to sacked teacher ruling". BBC News. 4 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4648769.stm. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Clare, John (10 November 2005). "Private schools found 'guilty' over fee cartel". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1502603/Private-schools-found-guilty-over-fee-cartel.html. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
- ^ Smithers, Rebecca (27 January 2006). "Slap on wrist for private schools in fees cartel". The Guardian (London): p. 11. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/feb/27/schools.publicschools. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
- ^ "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry". The Daily Telegraph (London). 1 March 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private-schools-send-papers-to-fee-fixing-inquiry.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ Lawrence, Felicity (8 December 2005). "Multinationals, not farmers, reap biggest rewards in Britain's share of CAP payouts". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/dec/08/freedomofinformation.foodanddrink. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Rotherham, Lee (No date). "Food for Thought". London: The TaxPayers' Alliance. pp. 17. http://www.taxpayersalliance.com/cap.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Magee, Stephen (5 March 2012). "The Money Farmers". Panorama. BBC One. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01d94rm.
- ^ Brown, David (14 March 2008). "Four pupils suspended over assault on playing fields of Eton". The Times (London).
- ^ "Eton students suspended for 'sex attack' on girl, 13". Daily Mail (London). 14 March 2008.
- ^ Collins, Nick; Ratcliffe, Becky; Rowley, Tom (28 October 2010). "Pupils from elite schools secure one in ten Oxford places". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8090117/Pupils-from-elite-schools-secure-one-in-ten-Oxford-places.html.
- ^ "Private schools in the recession: Staying on board". The Economist (London). 2 July 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/13941252.
- ^ Chapman, James; Harris, Sarah (13 April 2011). "After PM's race row, Clegg wades into Oxbridge admissions row as he accuses them of being biased against poor students". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1376208/Nick-Clegg-accuses-Oxford-biased-poor-students.html?ito=feeds-newsxml.
- ^ Lawson, Alastair (9 March 2005). "Eton, the Raj and modern India". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4309213.stm. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Jarvis Fund Lecture Welcomes Sir Eric Anderson". The Roxbury Latin School. http://www.roxburylatin.org/news/detail.aspx?pageaction=ViewSinglePublic&LinkID=6199&ModuleID=20. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ^ "Harry at Eton photos". Cbsnews.com. http://www.cbsnews.com/elements/2003/06/09/world/photoessay557692_1_8_photo.shtml. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Gray, Louise (9 March 2012). "Going to Eton is a stigma 'slightly above paedophile' says Dominic West". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/9134598/Going-to-Eton-is-a-stigma-slightly-above-paedophile-says-Dominic-West.html. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
- ^ J. M. Barrie, Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904): Hook's dying words are "Floreat Etona". Barrie later gave a talk at the school entitled "Captain Hook at Eton".
- ^ J. K. Stanford, The Twelfth and After (1964), p. 113
- ^ Richard Mason, 'Foreword to the Tenth Anniversary Edition' in The Drowning People (London: Hachette, 2011 edition)
- ^ Titles with locations including Eton College, Eton, Berkshire, England
- ^ Benedictus, David (1977). The Fourth of June. London: Anthony Blond. London: Sphere. ISBN 978-0-7221-1588-6
- ^ "Eton Choler". Time (New York). 16 November 1962. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829452,00.html.
- ^ "Classic Tracks: The Jam 'The Eton Rifles'". Sound On Sound. http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar07/articles/classictracks_0307.htm. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
- ^ Pearce, David (2008). "Who's Who in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932)". Huxley.net. http://www.huxley.net/whoswho.htm#. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ "''Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College''". Poetsgraves.co.uk. http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/Classic%20Poems/Gray/ode_on_a_distant_prospect_of_eton_college.htm. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ The West Wing, Season four, episode twelve "Guns not Butter", written by Eli Attie, Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin
- ^ McGinnis, Rachel. "The Real Life and Fictional Characters Who Inspired J.M. Barrie's Captain Hook". Literarytraveler.com. http://www.literarytraveler.com/authors/captain_hook.aspx#. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Walker, Matt (5 August 2011). "Polar bear kills British boy in Arctic". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14415592. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- Nevill, Ralph (1911). Floreat Etona: Anecdotes and Memories of Eton College. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1347225
- McConnell, J.D.R. (1967). Eton - How It Works. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 251359076
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