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Adriatic
The Adriatic Sea (
/ˌeɪdriˈætɨk/) is a body of water separating the Apennine Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. Its coasts are part of (in decreasing order of coastline length without islands) Croatia, Italy, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia and Bosnia–Herzegovina. The Adriatic contains over 1300 islands, mostly located along its eastern coast. It is divided into three basins—the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, a decrease in depth, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the former collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the latter, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 24 °C (75 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.
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Adriatic sea
The Adriatic Sea ( /ˌeɪdriˈætɨk/) is a body of water separating the Apennine Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. Its coasts are part of (in decreasing order of coastline length without islands) Croatia, Italy, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia and Bosnia–Herzegovina. The Adriatic contains over 1300 islands, mostly located along its eastern coast. It is divided into three basins—the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, a decrease in depth, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the former collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the latter, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 24 °C (75 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.
wn.com/Adriatic_sea -
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea ( /ˌeɪdriˈætɨk/) is a body of water separating the Apennine Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. Its coasts are part of (in decreasing order of coastline length without islands) Croatia, Italy, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia and Bosnia–Herzegovina. The Adriatic contains over 1300 islands, mostly located along its eastern coast. It is divided into three basins—the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, a decrease in depth, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the former collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the latter, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 24 °C (75 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.
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Albania
Albania (
i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (German: Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a modern era successor empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria-Hungary, whose proclamation was a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
The term "Austrian Empire" is also used for the Habsburg possessions before 1804, which had no official collective name, although Austria is more frequent; the term of Austria-Hungary has also been used.[citation needed]
The Austrian Empire was founded by the Habsburg monarch Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (who became Emperor Francis I of Austria), as a state comprising his personal lands within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
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Banovina (region)
Banovina (formerly known as Banska krajina, Banija) is a geographical region in central Croatia, between the rivers Sava, Una, and Kupa. Main towns in the region include Petrinja, Glina, Kostajnica, and Dvor. The area is almost entirely located in the Sisak-Moslavina county. The area suffered during the Croatian War of Independence in the 1990s, with much of the population fleeing from the war and the economy in distress.
Coordinates: 45°20′36″N 16°13′07″E / 45.34333°N 16.21861°E / 45.34333; 16.21861
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Bar, Montenegro
Bar (Montenegrin/Serbian: Bar or Бар, pronounced [bâr]) is a coastal town in Montenegro. It has a population of 17,727 (2011 census). Bar is the centre of municipality and a major seaport of Montenegro.
In Montenegrin and Serbian, the town is known as Bar (Бар); in Italian as Antivari or Antibari; in Albanian as Tivari; in Greek as Antivarion (Αντιβάριον) or Thivárion (Θηβάριον); and in Latin as Antibarium. The name of this city is connected to Bari, Italy as those cities are located on opposite sides of the Adriatic sea.
Like most Montenegrin towns, throughout its history Bar has belonged to various civilizations and cultures. What makes it stand out among Montenegrin towns today is that it is representative of several of the cultures that it belongs to, and in some cases had belonged to for centuries. Here, the heritage of one epoch would become the ground for development of the next. In the new heritage one could always clearly recognize the achievements of its predecessor.
As a city of olives, the sea gate of Montenegro, long-lasting melting-pot of different confessions and nations, Bar represents a mix of modernity, tradition and beauty. It is an important and dynamic economic centre within Montenegro, but is also a town of rich cultural and historical tradition. Some of the highest achievements of Montenegro’s civilization originated in Bar. The oldest written documents and the most important work of medieval Montenegrin literature and history can be found here. The town also served as the seat of the oldest religious institution of Montenegro (the Bar archbishopric). One of the world’s oldest olive trees grows here, the Old Olive of Mirovica, which is more than 2000 years old.
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Bay of Kotor
The Bay of Kotor (Serbo-Croatian: Boka Kotorska, Cyrillic script: Бока Которска, pronounced [bɔ̂ka kɔ̂tɔrskaː]) in south-western Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic Sea. The bay, sometimes called Europe's southernmost fjord, is in fact a ria of the disintegrated Bokelj River which used to run from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen. It is an important tourist attraction in Montenegro.
The Verige strait represent the narrowest section of the bay and is located between Cape St. Nedjelja and Cape Opatovo; it separates the inner bay east of the strait from the remainder and belongs to the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, A World Heritage Site. Montenegro is planning to build a bridge that would span the strait, the so called Verige bridge.
The bay has been inhabited since antiquity and has some well preserved medieval towns. The picturesque towns of Kotor, Risan, Tivat, Perast, Prčanj, Herceg Novi and Budva along with their natural surroundings, are major tourist attractions.
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Biograd na Moru
Biograd na Moru (Croatian pronunciation: [bîoɡraːd na môːru] or [biǒɡrad]) is a city and municipality in northern Dalmatia, Croatia and is significant for being the former capital of the medieval Croatian Kingdom. Its population is 6,059 (2005). Biograd is administratively part of the Zadar County. It is located on the Adriatic Sea coast, overlooking the island of Pašman, on the road from Zadar and Sukošan towards Vodice and Šibenik.
The city of Biograd is a noted tourist resort with a long tradition. Its first tourists started arriving in the 1920s from Czechoslovakia and its first hotel was built in 1935.
Biograd na Moru is located 28 km south from county center Zadar. It is located on small peninsula surrounded by two little bays - Soline on south and Bošana on north, and in front islands Planac and Sveta Katarina. Average temperature in January is 7 °C and 24 °C in July. Biograd is the only settlement in the municipality.[citation needed]
The town's native Croat name fully translates as "the white town on the sea". The name Biograd is a compound literally meaning "white city", and etymologically corresponding to several other toponyms spread throughout the Slavdom: Beograd, Belgorod, Białogard etc. The name was first mentioned in the 10th century as a town founded by the Croats. It was one of the most important cities, being the capital of most Croatian regnants such as Stephen Držislav and Peter Krešimir IV and as well as an important religious place. It was the city where Coloman of Hungary was crowned in 1102, marking Croatia's joining the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1202, when the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade occupied the city of Jadra (Zadar), many of its citizens took refuge in Biograd, then noted as Jadra Nova ("New Zadar"). Two years later, the most of them left back to Zadar, after which the city was also referred to as Jadera Vetula ("Old Zadar") or Zara vecchia in Italian translation.
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Bol, Croatia
Bol is a town on the south of the island of Brač in the Split-Dalmatia County of Croatia, population 1,661 (2005).
Bol (its name derive from the Latin word "vallum") is renowned for its most popular beach, the Zlatni rat ("Golden cape"). It is a promontory composed mostly of pebble rock that visibly shifts with the tidal movement, a unique sight. The sea at Zlatni rat and, indeed, the entire area is quite crystalline (and somewhat colder than usual), due to the strong current of the strait it is situated in. On a still day the stones on the sea-floor that are 30 feet down look only an arm's length away, and there are spectacular pine trees that grow down the middle of Zlatni rat (there is a beach on either side of the horn). Bol itself is a very popular tourist destination and has a number of harbourside bars and restaurants. Bol is a popular place in the Adriatic sea, known for good wind surfing conditions.
The Dominican church in Bol contains a number of paintings by Tripo Kokolja.
Bol is twinned with:
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Cavtat
Cavtat (Italian: Ragusavecchia, Greek: Επίδαυρος (Epidauros), pronounced [t͡sǎʋtat]) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. It is on the Adriatic seacoast 15 km south of Dubrovnik and is the centre of the Konavle municipality.
Cavtat is a Croatian city with a long history. The original city was founded by the Greeks in the 6th century BC under the name of Epidaurus (or Epidauros). Its original name is similar to the city in Peloponnese which had the god Asclepius as its protector. The surrounding area was inhabited by the Illyrians, who called the city Zaptal.
The town changed its name to Epidaurum when it came under Roman rule in 228 BC. Justinian I the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire sent his fleet to Cavtat during the Gothic War (535–554) and occupied the town.
The city was sacked and destroyed by the Avars and Slavs in the 7th century. Refugees from Epidaurum fled to the nearby island, Laus (Ragusa) which over time evolved into the city of Dubrovnik.
The town was re-established in the Middle Ages (Ragusa-Vecchia). After a short while it came under the control of its powerful neighbor, the Republic of Ragusa.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations and United Nations.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Croatian Littoral
Croatian Littoral (Croatian: Hrvatsko primorje) is a geographical region of Croatia comprising area between Dalmatia to its south, Mountainous Croatia to the north and east and Istria and the Kvarner Gulf of the Adriatic Sea to the west. The term Croatian Littoral developed relatively recently, since the 18th and the 19th centuries, reflecting complex development of Croatia in historical and geographical terms. The term Croatian Littoral is also applied to entire Adriatic coast of modern Croatia in general terms, which is then divided into the Southern Croatian Littoral comprising Dalmatia, and the Northern Croatian Littoral comprising Istria and Croatian Littoral in the strict meaning of the term. Croatian Littoral covers 2,830 square kilometres (1,090 square miles), has population of 228,725. More than a half of region's population lives in the city of Rijeka—by far the largest urban centre in the area. All other settlements in the region are relatively small.
Foothills of mountains forming the northeast boundary of the region, as well as islands in the Kvarner Gulf, are a part of the Dinaric Alps, making karst topography especially prominent in the Croatian Littoral. Cres – Lošinj and Krk – Rab island chains divide the Kvarner Gulf into four distinct areas—Rijeka Bay, Kvarner (sensu stricto), Kvarnerić and Vinodol Channel. The Cres – Lošinj group also includes inhabited islands of Ilovik, Susak, Unije, Vele Srakane, Male Srakane, as well as a larger number of small, uninhabited islands. Zadar Archipelago extends to the southeast of the island group. Water significantly contributed to geomorphology of the area, especially in the Bay of Bakar, a ria located between Rijeka and Kraljevica. The most significant inland bodies of water in the region are 17.5 kilometres (10.9 miles) long Rječina River, and Lake Vrana on the island of Cres.
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Croatian pronunciation: [dǎlmaːt͡sija]; see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia, as does the dalmatic, a Roman Catholic liturgical vestment worn by deacons and bishops.
The name Dalmatia derives from the name of the tribe of the Dalmatae, which is connected with the Illyrian word delme, dele in modern Albanian, meaning "sheep" in English.
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia County of Croatia, stretching from Istria in the north to historical Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.
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Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (pronounced [dǔbroːʋnik], note that the stress is on the first syllable) is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641 (census 2011). In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade. In the Middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, also known as a Maritime Republic (together with Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Venice and other Italian cities), it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a high level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The beginning of tourism in Dubrovnik is often associated with the construction of the late 19th-century luxury hotels in Croatia, such as Grand Hotel (1890) in Opatija and the Hotel Imperial (1897) in Dubrovnik. According to CNNGo, Dubrovnik is among the 10 best medieval walled cities in the world and among the 10 best places in the world for a fairytale proposal of the Valentine's Day. Although Dubrovnik was demilitarised in the 1970s to protect it from war, in 1991, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was besieged by Serb-Montenegrin forces for 7 months and received significant shelling damage.
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Gorski kotar
Gorski kotar (pronounced [ɡǒrskiː kôtaːr]; English: Mountain District) is the mountainous region in Croatia between Karlovac and Rijeka. Together with Lika and the Ogulin-Plaški valley it forms Mountainous Croatia. Because 63% of its surface is forested it is popularly called the green lungs of Croatia or Croatian Switzerland. Through the region passes the European route E65, which connects Budapest and Zagreb with the Adriatic Port of Rijeka.
The region is divided between Primorje-Gorski Kotar county and Karlovac county. The majority of the region lies in Primorje-Gorski kotar county including the cities of Delnice, Čabar, Vrbovsko; and the municipalities of Mrkopalj, Ravna Gora, Skrad, Brod na Kupi, Fužine and Lokve. The part of the region that is in Karlovac county contains the Municipality of Bosiljevo and part of the City of Ogulin. With a population of 4454, Delnice is the largest city of the region and its center. Other centers with populations of more than 1,000 are Vrbovsko (1,900) and Ravna Gora (1,900). Begovo Razdolje, the highest town in Croatia, is located in Gorski kotar at an altitude of 1076 m.
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Gulf of Kotor
The Bay of Kotor (Serbo-Croatian: Boka Kotorska, Cyrillic script: Бока Которска, pronounced [bɔ̂ka kɔ̂tɔrskaː]) in south-western Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic Sea. The bay, sometimes called Europe's southernmost fjord, is in fact a ria of the disintegrated Bokelj River which used to run from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen. It is an important tourist attraction in Montenegro.
The Verige strait represent the narrowest section of the bay and is located between Cape St. Nedjelja and Cape Opatovo; it separates the inner bay east of the strait from the remainder and belongs to the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, A World Heritage Site. Montenegro is planning to build a bridge that would span the strait, the so called Verige bridge.
The bay has been inhabited since antiquity and has some well preserved medieval towns. The picturesque towns of Kotor, Risan, Tivat, Perast, Prčanj, Herceg Novi and Budva along with their natural surroundings, are major tourist attractions.
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Hrvatsko Zagorje
Hrvatsko Zagorje (pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskɔː zǎːɡɔːrjɛ]) is a region north of Zagreb, Croatia. It comprises the whole area north of Medvednica mountain up to Slovenia in the north and west, and up to the regions of Međimurje and Podravina in the north and east. The population of Zagorje is not recorded as such, as it is administratively divided among Krapina-Zagorje County (total population 142,432), western and central part of Varaždin County (total population 183,730) and northwestern part of Zagreb County (total population 309,696), so the population of Zagorje can be reasonably estimated to exceed 200,000 people.
Croatian people usually refer to this region as "Zagorje", a word which means "upland", "hinterland" or literally "beyond the mountain" (Medvednica). However, due to a nearby Zagorje ob Savi municipality in Slovenia which bears the same name, the Croatian part is disambiguated by being called Hrvatsko zagorje, meaning "Croatian Zagorje".
The town of Krapina is often referred to as the cultural capital of Kajkavian dialect, the north-western dialect of the Croatian language. Every year, the Festival of Kajkavian Song (Festival kajkavske popevke) takes place in Krapina.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] (
listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Imotski
Imotski (pronounced [ǐmɔtskiː]; Latin: Emona, later Imota) is a small town situated on the northern side of Biokovo massif, Dalmatian hinterland, Croatia. The town population is 4,347 while the total municipal population is 10,213 (2001). Imotski has a very mild and pleasant climate with many sunny days.
The town is located close to the border with Bosnia-Herzegovina, by the town of Posušje. The nearest coastal town is Makarska.
Imotski is known for its medieval fortress on the rocks of Blue Lake. Another phenomenon is the Red Lake which looks like the eye in the scenery. Both lakes are said to be connected with underground channels to the Adriatic Sea.
The town was first mentioned as Imotski for the first time in the 10th century. It was held by the Turks from the fall of Bosnia in 1492 until 1717 when it was captured by the Venetians.
Unlike other towns in the area, Imotski had an educational system which consisted of primary and secondary schools from as early as the beginning of the 20th century. The secondary school was founded in 1912 when Imotski was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra, Čakavian: Istrija, Jistra, Croatian pronunciation: [îstra]; Italian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; German: Istrien; Hungarian: Isztria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.
The geographical features of Istria include the Učka mountain ridge, which is the highest portion of the Ćićarija mountain range; the rivers Dragonja, Mirna, Pazinčica, and Raša; and the Lim bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula, Poreč, Rovinj, Pazin, Labin, Umag, Motovun, Buzet, and Buje. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum.
The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as Slovenian Istria, and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran, Izola and Koper, and the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina. Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Kaštela
Kaštela (pronounced [kǎʃtɛla]) is a series of seven towns in central Dalmatia, located northwest of Split, west of Solin and east of Trogir, in Croatia. They are part of the Split-Dalmatia county and are treated as a single city with a population of 38,474 (2011), although they are individually between 3,000 and 7,000 residents each.
The Kaštela (which is plural of Kaštel) include:
The Kastela Riviera is a fertile area, about 20 kilometres in length, featuring the first Roman floating docks and 50 places on the long, verdant area, northwest of Split. It is divided into Gornja (upper) and Donja Kastela (lower), and it consists of seven old and two relatively new settlements. The Kastela region with its Mediterranean tone, picturesque landscape and unique composition of natural environment attracted people since prehistoric times. From ancient Greek sailors, Roman patricians, Croatian kings, rulers, Venetian royals to the present sun and sea lovers, as well as mysterious legacies from the past[citation needed].
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Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples, comprising the southern part of the Italian peninsula, was the remainder of the old Kingdom of Sicily after secession of the island of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282. Known to contemporaries as the Kingdom of Sicily, it is dubbed Kingdom of Naples to distinguish it from the island-based polity. During much of its existence, the realm was contested between French and Aragonese (Spanish) dynasties. In 1816, it again merged with island-based Kingdom of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Following the rebellion, King Charles I of Sicily (Charles of Anjou) was forced to leave the island of Sicily by Peter III of Aragon's troops. Charles, however, maintained his possessions on the mainland, customarily known as the "Kingdom of Naples", after its capital city. Charles and his Angevin successors maintained a claim to Sicily, warring against the Aragonese until 1373, when Queen Joan I of Naples formally renounced the claim. Joan's reign was contested by Louis the Great, the Angevin King of Hungary, who captured the kingdom several times (1348–1352).
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Klis
Klis (Croatian: Klis, Italian: Clissa, Turkish: Kilis) is a village located around a mountain fortress bearing the same name. It is located in central Dalmatia, Croatia, located just northeast of Solin and Split near the eponymous mountain pass. It has a population of 2,621, totalling 4,421 together with the eight other villages in its municipality (census 2001).
The Klis mountain pass separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak at the altitude of 360m. It has had a major strategic value throughout history, because any inland force passing through Klis would have been able to easily reach the entire region of Split and Kaštela. During the Ottoman wars in Europe, an already existing Roman fortress on a nearby hill was expanded into Klis Fortress. It was sanjak centre in Province of Bosnia during Ottoman rule. Klis was also ruled by Kingdom of Bosnia, Venetian Republic and Austria-Hungary. Due to its geographical position, Klis is also susceptible to a rather strong bura wind.
Coordinates: 43°34′N 16°31′E / 43.567°N 16.517°E / 43.567; 16.517
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Knin
Knin (pronounced [knîːn]; Latin and medieval Hungarian: Tinin, Italian: Tenin, Serbian Cyrillic: Книн) is a historical town in the Šibenik-Knin county of Croatia, located near the source of the river Krka at 44°02′18″N 16°11′59″E / 44.03833°N 16.19972°E / 44.03833; 16.19972, in the Dalmatian hinterland, on the railroad Zagreb – Split. Knin rose to prominence twice in history, as a one-time capital of both the Kingdom of Croatia and briefly of the Republic of Serbian Krajina. The city is of extreme importance for infrastructural reasons, as the railroads from the rest of Dalmatia and its cities of Zadar, Split and Šibenik pass through Knin, going north to the capital city of Croatia, Zagreb.
In the vicinity of today's Knin was once a town called Burnum, which served as an Illyrian and Roman military camp in the 1st century BC.
Knin is mentioned for the first time in the 10th century in the history of Constantine Porphyrogenitus as the centre of a parish. A Croatian diocese of Knin was founded 1040 and its jurisdiction extended to the Drava river, with the "Croatian bishop" at its head.
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Kordun
The Kordun region is a part of central Croatia from the bottom of the Petrova Gora (Peter's mountain) mountain range, which extends along the rivers Korana and Slunjčica, and forms part of the border region to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The southern border of Kordun touches the Lika region. Most of Kordun with its centre Slunj belongs to Karlovac County (Slunj, Cetingrad, Krnjak, Rakovica and Vojnić). Gvozd belongs to Sisak-Moslavina County. In former times, this region belonged to the Habsburg Military Frontier towards the Ottoman Empire.
The area has rich wood resources. During the Croatian War of Independence in the 1990s, the region suffered massive war damage and much of the Croatian population fled or was driven out by Serbian paramilitary units. The region, along with other parts of Croatia was occupied by the Croatian Serb army from 1991 until the Croatian Army recaptured it in 1995. Today, the economic situation is slowly improving, but there is still a large tendency of emigration from the region to larger cities.
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Korčula (town)
Korčula (Italian: Curzola) is a historic fortified town on the protected east coast of the island of Korčula in the Adriatic. It is geographically located at 42°57′N, 17°07′E.
The City of Korčula has a total population of 5,634, in the following individual settlements:
The old city is surrounded by walls, and the streets are arranged in a herringbone pattern allowing free circulation of air but protecting against strong winds. Korčula is tightly built on a promontory that guards the narrow sound between the island and the mainland. Building outside the walls was forbidden until the 18th century, and the wooden drawbridge was only replaced in 1863. All of Korčula's narrow streets are stepped with the notable exception of the street running alongside the southeastern wall. The street is called the Street of Thoughts as one did not have to worry about the steps.
The town's historic sites include the central Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of St Mark (built from 1301 to 1806), the 15th-century Franciscan monastery with a beautiful Venetian Gothic cloister, the civic council chambers, the palace of the former Venetian governors, grand 15th and 16th century palaces of the local merchant nobles, and the massive city fortifications.
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Kotor
Kotor (Montenegrin: Котор / Kotor, pronounced [kɔ̌tɔr]) is a coastal city in Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Gulf of Kotor. The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative center of the municipality.
The old Mediterranean port of Kotor is surrounded by an impressive city wall built by the Republic of Venice and Venetian influence remains predominant in the city's architecture. The Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotorska; Bocche di Cattaro), one of the most indented parts of the Adriatic Sea, is sometimes called the southern-most fjord in Europe (though it is actually a submerged river canyon). Together with the nearly overhanging limestone cliffs of Orjen and Lovćen, Kotor and its surrounding area form an impressive and picturesque Mediterranean landscape.
In recent years, Kotor has seen a steady increase in tourists, many of them coming by cruise ship. Visitors are attracted both by the natural beauty of the Gulf of Kotor and by the old town of Kotor itself.
Kotor is part of the World Heritage Site dubbed the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor.
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Krbava
Krbava (pronounced [kř̩bav̞a]; Latin: Corbavia) is a region of Mountainous Croatia. It can be considered either located east of Lika, or indeed as the eastern part of Lika. The town of Udbina is the central settlement of the Krbava karst field.
The most important historical event in Krbava was the Battle of Krbava field. There was Croatian nobility who were titled of Krbava.
Coordinates: 44°36′N 15°42′E / 44.6°N 15.7°E / 44.6; 15.7
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Krka (Croatia)
Krka is a river in Croatia's Dalmatia region, noted for its numerous waterfalls. It is 73 km (45 mi) long and its basin covers an area of 2,088 km2 (806 sq mi).
Possibly the river called Catarbates (literally "steeply falling") by the ancient Greeks, it was known to the ancient Romans as Titius, Corcoras, or Korkoras.
The river has its source near the border of Croatia with Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the foot of the Dinara mountain. It flows past Knin in Inner Dalmatia towards the south and enters the Prokljansko jezero near Skradin.
The best known sites on the river path are the Visovac Monastery (Roman Catholic) and the Monastery Krka (Serbian Orthodox).
Before its outflow the river forms beautiful and well known waterfalls called Skradinski buk, part of Krka National Park. This area is also the location of the first hydroelectric power station using alternate current in Croatia, the Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant. This plant started supplying power to the nearby city of Šibenik in 1895.
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Krka National Park
Krka National Park (Croatian: Nacionalni park Krka) is one of the Croatian national parks, named after the river Krka that it encloses. It is located along the middle-lower course of the Krka River in central Dalmatia, in Šibenik-Knin county, downstream Miljevci area, and just a few kilometers northeast of the city of Šibenik. It was formed to protect the Krka River and is intended primarily for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, and tourism activities. It is the seventh national park in Croatia and was proclaimed a national park in 1985.
The Krka National Park is located entirely within the territory of Šibenik-Knin County and encompasses an area of 109 square kilometers along the Krka River: two kilometers downriver from Knin to Skradin and the lower part of the river Čikola. The Krka National Park is a spacious, largely unchanged region of exceptional and multifaceted natural value, and includes one or more preserved or insignificantly altered ecosystems.
The Krka National Park belongs to the Southern European (Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean) region. Due to its special position and the mosaic distribution of various types of habitats, it is characterized by exceptionally rich and varied flora and fauna.
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Kvarner
The Kvarner Gulf (Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev, Italian: Golfo del Quarnaro or Carnaro), sometimes also Kvarner Bay, is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian Littoral mainland. The bay is a part of Croatia's internal waters.
The largest islands within the Kvarner are Cres, Krk, Pag, Rab and Lošinj. A portion of the Kvarner Bay, located between Cres, Krk, Rab and Pag is also called Kvarnerić (literally "little Kvarner") or Italian: Golfo del Quarnerolo or Carnerolo, and the portion east of Krk and Rab is called Senj Channel.
The bay is notable for its depth, which allows for the city of Rijeka at its northernmost point to have a sea port that can accommodate Capesize ships.
Coordinates: 44°54′N 14°36′E / 44.9°N 14.6°E / 44.9; 14.6
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Lika
Lika (pronounced [lǐːka]) is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the Plješevica mountain from the northeast. On the north-west end Lika is bounded by Ogulin-Plaški basin, and on the south-east by the Malovan pass. Today most of the territory of Lika (Gospić, Otočac, Brinje, Donji Lapac, Lovinac, Perušić, Plitvička Jezera, Udbina and Vrhovine) is part of Lika-Senj County. Josipdol, Plaški and Saborsko are part of Karlovac County and Gračac is part of Zadar County.
Major towns include Gospić, Otočac, and Gračac, most of which are located in the karst fields of the rivers of Lika, Gacka and others. The Plitvice Lakes National Park is also in Lika.
Byelohravati (or White Croats) originally migrated from White Croatia to Lika in the first half of the 7th century. After the settlement of Croats (according to migrations theories), Lika became part of the Duchy of Littoral Croatia. Lika then became a part of the Kingdom of Croatia in 925, when Duke Tomislav of the Croats received the crown and became King of Croatia.
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Livno
Livno pronunciation (help·info) IPA: [lǐːʋnɔ] is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.
Livno is 127 km from Mostar, 212 km from Sarajevo, 167 km from Banja Luka and 96 km from Split.
Municipality of Livno - total: 42,118
Municipality of Livno - total:40,438
The city of Livno itself - total 9.002
Municipality of Livno - total: 40,600
The city of Livno itself - total 10,080
The territory of the municipality is 994 km2 (384 sq mi). Livno is both the cultural and industrial center of the canton. It is the biggest city in the canton and situated 730 meters above sea level. The Bistrica river flows through the city and is itself is 3 km (1.9 mi) long, which means that it is a very small river. Livno is also situated in the Livanjsko field which is the largest field in the entire country. The field is situated between the mountains Dinara and Kamešnica in the south, Tušnica in the east, Cincar in the north and Šator in the west. Livanjsko field is 405 km2 (156 sq mi), making it almost half of the Livno municipality.
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Makarska
Makarska (Italian: Macarsca; German: Macharscha; Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [mâkarskaː]) is a small town on the Adriatic coastline of Croatia, about 60 km (37 mi) southeast of Split and 140 km (87 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik. It has a population of 13,716 residents. Administratively Makarska has the status of a town and it is part of the Split-Dalmatia County.
It is a tourist centre, located on a horseshoe shaped bay between the Biokovo mountains and the Adriatic Sea. The city is noted for its palm-fringed promenade, where fashionable cafes, bars and boutiques overlook the pretty harbour where many pleasure craft are moored. Adjacent to the beach are several large capacity hotels as well as a camping ground.
The center of Makarska is an old town with narrow stone-paved streets, a main church square where there is a flower and fruit market, and a Franciscan monastery that houses a sea shell collection featuring a giant clam shell.
Makarska is the center of the Makarska Riviera, a popular tourist destination under the Biokovo mountain. It stretches for 60 km (37 mi) between the towns of Brela and Gradac. In the summertime tens of thousands of tourists flock to the area from Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Sweden, Slovenia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as other countries.
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Međimurje
Međimurje County (pronounced [mɛdʑǐmuːrjɛ ]; Croatian: Međimurska županija) is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia, roughly corresponding to the historical and geographical region of Međimurje. Despite being the smallest Croatian county by size, it is the most densely populated one (not including the City of Zagreb). The county seat is Čakovec, which is also the largest city of the county.
The county borders Slovenia in the north-west and Hungary in the east, with about 30 kilometers of Slovenian territory separating it from Austria. The south-eastern corner of the county is near the town of Legrad and the confluence of the Mura into the Drava. The closest cities include Varaždin, Koprivnica and Bjelovar in Croatia, Murska Sobota and Maribor in Slovenia, as well as Nagykanizsa in Hungary and Graz in Austria. The Croatian capital of Zagreb is about 90 kilometers south-west of Čakovec.
There are slopes of the Alpine foothills in the north-western part of the county, the Upper Međimurje, making it suitable for vineyards. The south-eastern part of the county, the Lower Međimurje, touches the flat Pannonian Plain. The flat parts of the region are also largely used for agriculture, which mostly includes fields of cereals, maize and potato, as well as orchards, which are mostly planted with apple trees. There are two major hydroelectric power plants along the southern border of the county, on the Drava River.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (i/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/; or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/; Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra] ( listen), meaning "Black Mountain") is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
In the 10th century, there existed three Slavic principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his son Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm, which at the time was part of the Serbian Grand Principality of the Nemanjić dynasty.
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Mosor
Mosor is a mountain range in Croatia located near the town of Split on the Adriatic coast. It belongs to Dinaric Alps, and it stretches from the pass of Klis in the northwest to the Cetina River in the southeast.
The highest peak is the eponymous Mosor peak at 1,339 m.a.s.l. There are no inhabited areas on the mountain above 600 metres. Mosor is mainly composed of karst — limestone rocks.
It attracts mountaineers from Croatia. There are two alpine huts and many mountaineering paths on Mosor.
In April, 2009 speleologists discovered human remains in pits on the mountain, originally thought to be victims of the Yugoslav Partisans from World War II. The victims were later revealed to have been from the post-war period and a police investigation was launched.
Coordinates: 43°31′37.80″N 16°38′14.40″E / 43.527167°N 16.637333°E / 43.527167; 16.637333
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Neretva
Neretva (Bosnian: Neretva, Italian: Narenta, in Cyrillic: Неретва, pronounced [nɛ̌rɛtʋa]) is the largest river of the eastern part of the Adriatic basin. It has been harnessed and controlled to a large extent by four HE power-plants with large dams (higher than 15 meters) and their storage lakes, but it is still recognized for its natural beauty and diversity of its landscape.
Freshwater ecosystems have suffered a lot from an increasing population and the associated development pressures. One of the most valuable natural resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia is its freshwater richness contained by an abundant wellspring and clear rivers, indeed, a natural treasure of great importance yet to be evaluated, acknowledge and appreciated. Situated between the major regional rivers (Drina river on the east, Una river on the west and the Sava river) the Neretva basin contains the most significant portion of fresh drinking water.
In that dense water system network the Neretva river also holds a significant position among rivers of the Dinaric Alps region, especially regarding its diverse ecosystems and habitats, flora and fauna, cultural and historic heritage, but also as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
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Omiš
Coordinates: 43°26′N 16°41′E / 43.433°N 16.683°E / 43.433; 16.683
Omiš (pronounced [ɔ̌miːʃ]) is a town and port in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and is a municipality in the Split-Dalmatia County. The town is situated approximately 25 km (16 mi) south-east of Croatia's second largest city, Split. Its location is where the emerald-green Cetina River meets the Adriatic Sea (Croatian: Jadransko More). Omiš has a population of 15,800 and its area is 266 km² (103 m²).
It is supposed that name of this city, Omiš, developed from Slavic Holm, Hum as translation from Illyrian - Greek word Onaion, Oneon, in meaning "hill" or "place on the hill", but there is also possibility that name of the settlement Onaeum was derived from the name of river which was called Nestos by the Greek colonists in its lower flow, during Antiquity.
Latin names during Ancient Rome were Onaeum, Oeneum, Alminium, and Almissum, during Medieval name was recorded as Olmissium, Almiyssium and from the end of the 15th century, when the city fell to authority of Venetian Republic it was Italian: Almissa.
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Pelješac
Coordinates: 42°55′N 17°28′E / 42.91°N 17.46°E / 42.91; 17.46
Pelješac (Croatian pronunciation: [pɛ̌ʎɛʃats]) (local Chakavian dialect: Pelišac; Italian: Sabbioncello) is a peninsula in southern Dalmatia in Croatia. The peninsula is part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County and is the second largest peninsula in Croatia. From the isthmus that begins at Ston, to the top of Cape Lovišta, it is 65 km long.
The name Pelješac is most likely derived from the name of a hill above town of Orebić, which is Pelisac. This is a relatively new name for the peninsula. Throughout history other names have been used such as Stonski Rat, Puncta Stagni, Ponta di Stagno and Sabioncello.
The Bay of Mali Ston separates the peninsula from the Klek peninsula of Bosnia and Herzegovina and from the Croatian "mainland". The Strait of Pelješac is located at its far western end, and it divides the peninsula from the island of Korčula.
Administratively the peninsula is divided into the municipalities of:
The earliest known historic records of Peljesac are from ancient Greece.The area became part of the Roman province of Dalmatia after the Illyrian Wars (220 BC to 219 BC.). Roman migration soon followed. In the 6th century Peljesac came under Byzantine rule.
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Ploče
Ploče (pronounced [plɔ̂tʃɛ]; Italian: Porto Tòlero) is a town and a notable seaport in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia.
Ploče is located on the Adriatic coast in Dalmatia just north of the Neretva Delta and is as such the natural seaside endpoint of most north-south routes through the central Dinaric Alps. This makes it the primary seaport used by Bosnia and Herzegovina and the endpoint of the Pan-European corridor 5C.
Čeveljuša is a toponym in Ploče, located to the east of the town, on the intersection of the D8 highway and the D425.
Ploče was named Kardeljevo after the Yugoslav politician Edvard Kardelj between 1950 and 1954 and again between 1980 and 1990.
The locals call their city Ploča.
The total population of Ploče is 10,102 (2011), in the following settlements:
In the 2001 census, the majority of its citizens were Croats at 95.12%.
The Port of Ploče was first mentioned on 6 November 1387, but the building of a larger port was done in recent modern times. Work on the present day harbour first began in 1939 but was destroyed during World War II. It was rebuilt in 1945 and the village of Ploče grew up to 480 inhabitants in 1948. After the Adriatic road and Neretva railway lines were built to the port in the mid-1960s, the town experienced a steady growth.
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Rijeka
Rijeka (Croatian: Rijeka, Croatian pronunciation: [rijɛ̌ːka]; Italian: Fiume) is the principal seaport and the third largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,735 inhabitants (2011). The conurbation, which includes adjacent towns and municipalities of Opatija, Lovran, Mošćenička Draga, Matulji, Kastav, Viškovo, Klana, Kostrena, Čavle, Jelenje, Bakar, and Kraljevica has a population of 213,842 (2011).
Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water Port of Rijeka, the city was fiercely contested, especially between Italy, Hungary, and Croatia, changing hands and demographics many times over centuries. According to the 2001 census data, the overwhelming majority of its citizens (80.39%) are Croats, with Serbs coming in second (6.21%). The Croatian, Slovene and Italian version of the city's name mean river in each of the languages.
Rijeka is the center of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding (shipyards "3. Maj" and "Viktor Lenac") and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre "Ivan pl. Zajc", first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632.
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SFR Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Serbia, in addition, included two autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija.
Initially siding with the Eastern bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War, Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948, and became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the death of Tito in 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics, followed by collapse of inter-republic talks on transformation of the country and recognition of their independence by some European states in 1991. This led to the country collapsing on ethnic lines, followed by wars fraught with ethnic discrimination and human rights violations.
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Skradin
Skradin (Latin: Scardona) is a small town in the Šibenik-Knin county of Croatia, with a population about 3,986 (2001 census). It is located near the Krka river and at the entrance to the Krka National Park, 17 km (11 mi) from Šibenik and 100 km (62 mi) from Split. The main attraction of the park, Slapovi Krke, is a series of waterfalls, the biggest of which Skradinski buk was named after Skradin.
It was an Illyrian settlement (Scardona) on the boundary between the Delmati and the Liburnian tribes. It was the capital of the Liburnians. It was better known as a Roman town, as the administrative and military centre of the region. During the migration of the nations it was destroyed, but in the 9th century Croatians moved here. It has had its present name since the 10th century. It was one of the seats of the Bribir Šubič family. Between 1522 and 1684 it was ruled by the Ottoman Turks, then again up to 1794 by Republic of Venice. Later, it was occupied by Napoleon as part of the French Empire, then Austria-Hungary. In time it lost its importance as the centre of the region, which shifted to Šibenik, and so it stagnated (the bishopric was abandoned in 1828).
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Slavonia
Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. Slavonia consists of five counties—Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia, although the territory of the counties includes Baranja, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The five counties comprise territory of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) and a population of 806,192. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Požega. Slavonia has undergone considerable demographic changes, reflecting the course of its political history and conquests. It is located in the Pannonian Basin, largely bordered by the Danube, Drava and Sava rivers. The western part of the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys, and the mountains and hills surrounding the Požega valley; the highest among them is 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj. The eastern part of the region largely consists of plains. Slavonia enjoys a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, with relatively low precipitation.
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Solin, Croatia
Solin (Latin: Salona) is a town in Dalmatia, Croatia. It is situated 8 km (5 mi) northeast of Split, on the Adriatic Sea and the river Jadro.
Solin developed on the location of ancient town of Salona which was the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia and the birthplace of Emperor Diocletian. After the arrival of Avars and Slavs in the 7th century town was destroyed, and its refugees moved to settlement in and around Diocletian's palace, "Spalatum" (Split), turning it into a fortified town. In the Early Middle Ages Solin was part of the Croatian territory and played an important role in Medieval Croatian state, being one of capital cities.
In the 20th century intensive industrialisation process of the Split basin made Solin no more than a suburb of Split. Today, with its independent municipal status, Solin is part of the Split conurbation, well connected with other towns. Besides industry, a tourism is being developed lately based on numerous archaeological sites and Solin's distinctive image that comes from many urban parks along the Jadro.
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Spalatum
Split (Croatian pronunciation: [splît]) is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, centred around the ancient Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian and its bay and port. With a population of 178,192 citizens, and a metropolitan area numbering up to 467,899, Split is by far the largest Dalmatian city and the second-largest city of Croatia. Spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings, Split's greater area includes the surrounding seaside towns as well. An intraregional transport hub, the city is a link to numerous Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula, as well as a popular tourist destination.
Split is also one of the oldest cities in the area. While it is traditionally considered just over 1,700 years old counting from the construction of Diocletian's Palace in AD 305, archaeological research relating to the original founding of the city as the Greek colony of Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) in the 6th century BC, establishes the urban tradition of the area as being several centuries older.
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Split (city)
Split (Croatian pronunciation: [splît]) is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, centred around the ancient Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian and its bay and port. With a population of 178,192 citizens, and a metropolitan area numbering up to 467,899, Split is by far the largest Dalmatian city and the second-largest city of Croatia. Spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings, Split's greater area includes the surrounding seaside towns as well. An intraregional transport hub, the city is a link to numerous Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula, as well as a popular tourist destination.
Split is also one of the oldest cities in the area. While it is traditionally considered just over 1,700 years old counting from the construction of Diocletian's Palace in AD 305, archaeological research relating to the original founding of the city as the Greek colony of Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) in the 6th century BC, establishes the urban tradition of the area as being several centuries older.
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Split, Croatia
Split (Croatian pronunciation: [splît]) is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, centred around the ancient Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian and its bay and port. With a population of 178,192 citizens, and a metropolitan area numbering up to 467,899, Split is by far the largest Dalmatian city and the second-largest city of Croatia. Spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings, Split's greater area includes the surrounding seaside towns as well. An intraregional transport hub, the city is a link to numerous Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula, as well as a popular tourist destination.
Split is also one of the oldest cities in the area. While it is traditionally considered just over 1,700 years old counting from the construction of Diocletian's Palace in AD 305, archaeological research relating to the original founding of the city as the Greek colony of Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) in the 6th century BC, establishes the urban tradition of the area as being several centuries older.
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Ston
Ston (pronounced [stɔ̂n]; Italian: Stagno) is a village and municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia, located at the south of isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula. The town of Ston is the center of the Ston municipality.
In the 2011 census, the total population of the municipality of Ston was 2,445, in the following settlements:
In the 2001 census, Croats made up an absolute majority with 98.66% of the population.
Ston was a major fort of the Ragusan Republic whose defensive walls were regarded as a notable feat of medieval architecture. The town's inner wall measures 890 metres in length, while the Great Wall outside the town has a circumference of 5 km. The walls extend to Mali Ston ("Little Ston"), a smaller town on the northern side of the Pelješac isthmus and the end of the Bay of Mali Ston, notable for its mariculture.
Ston is also known for its saltworks which were run by the Republic of Ragusa and the Ottoman Empire.
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Syrmia
Syrmia (Serbian: Срем, Srem; Croatian: Srijem) is a fertile region of the Pannonian Plain in Europe, between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia in the east and Croatia in the west.
Most of Syrmia is located in the Srem and South Bačka districts of Serbia's Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Smaller part of the region around Novi Beograd, Zemun, and Surčin belongs to the City of Belgrade. The westernmost part lies in eastern Croatia, in Vukovar-Srijem County.
Today, the name Srem/Срем is used in Serbian to designate the region, whereas the name Srijem is used in Croatian.
Other names for the region include:
Syrmia has been a part of the Roman Empire, the Hun Empire, the Ostrogothic Kingdom, the Gepid Kingdom, the Lombard state, the Byzantine Empire, the Avar Khaganate, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, Pannonian Croatia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which, upon advice from the Ðilas Commission, assigned the eastern part of the region to the Federated Republic of Serbia and the western part to the Federated Republic of Croatia in 1945. After the recognition of Croatian independence in January 1992 and the creation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in April 1992, the division became an international border. In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was transformed into the state union of Serbia and Montenegro, which was abolished in 2006, making the eastern part of Syrmia part of an independent Republic of Serbia.
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Tomislavgrad
Tomislavgrad is a town and municipality in southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is in the Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Herzegovina region.
The city name means literally "Tomislav town". The name was changed from Duvno in 1925 by king Aleksandar Karađorđević in tribute to king Tomislav - who was crowned in this area in 925 as the king of Croatia. The name was restored to Duvno after World War II Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the 1990s it was once again changed to Tomislavgrad. Still, among inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the local residents are often referred as "Duvnjaci" (Duvniaks-inhabitants) and the town is often called Duvno. Also, the town is sometimes referred to simply as "Tomislav". The Roman Catholic diocese in that area is still called Mostar-Duvno. The name Duvno (earlier version Dumno) comes from the Illyric word d´lmno and dalma (dëlma), sheep. During the Roman Empire the city was called Delminium and during the Kingdom of Croatia, Županjac. Under the Ottoman Empire, it was called Županj-potok and in Austria-Hungary, Županjac.
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Trogir
Trogir (Latin: Tragurium ; Greek: Τραγύριον or Τραγούριον,Trogkir; Italian: Traù; Hungarian: Trau) is a historic town and harbour on the Adriatic coast in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, with a population of 12,995 (2001) and a total municipality population of 13,322 (2001). The historic city of Trogir is situated on a small island between the Croatian mainland and the island of Čiovo. It lies 27 kilometres west of the city of Split.
Since 1997, the historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
In the 3rd century BC, Tragurion was founded by Greek colonists from the island of Vis, and it developed into a major port until the Roman period. The name comes from the Greek "tragos" (male goat). Similarly, the name of the neighbouring island of Bua comes from the Greek "voua" (herd of cattle). The sudden prosperity of Salona deprived Trogir of its importance. During the migration of Slavs the citizens of the destroyed Salona escaped to Trogir. From the 9th century on, Trogir paid tribute to Croatian rulers. The diocese of Trogir was established in the 11th century (abolished in 1828; it is now part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska) and in 1107 it was chartered by the Hungarian-Croatian king Coloman, gaining thus its autonomy as a town.
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Ugljan
Ugljan (pronounced [ûɡʎan]; Italian: Ugliano) is a Croatian island and the first in the Zadar Archipelago. It is located northwest of the island of Pašman and southeast of the islands of Rivanj and Sestrunj. Separated from the mainland by the Zadar Channel, it is connected with the island of Pašman by a bridge spanning over the Ždrelac Strait. Area 50.21 km²; population 7,583 (length 22 km, width up to 3.8 km).
The island was first mentioned under its present name in 1325. The continuity of population dates back to the Neolithic. Densely populated during the Roman period, in particular its north-western parts, where ample ruins of ancient buildings have been found. The present settlements date back to the Middle Ages. It is also home to Califfi Castle.
The limestone part of the island is covered predominantly with macchia, while the dolomite area is occupied by farmland. Larger coves are Muline in the northwest, Lamjana Vela and Lamjana Mala in the southeast. The eastern coast descends mildly to the sea, characterized by many indents.
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Vinodol, Croatia
Vinodol (pronounced [ʋînɔdɔːl]; Croatian: Vinodolska općina) is a municipality in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia. There are 3,530 inhabitants, with 94% Croats.
The settlements are:
The Law codex of Vinodol, a medieval Croatian codex, was made in and named after this region.
The Vinodol Hydroelectric Power Plant is located in the region.
Coordinates: 45°09′39.96″N 14°45′52.92″E / 45.1611°N 14.7647°E / 45.1611; 14.7647
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Zadar
Zadar (see historical names) is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Zadar is a historical center of Dalmatia as well as the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zadar.
In antiquity, Iadera and Iader, the much older roots of the settlement's names were hidden, the names being most probably related to a hydrographical term. It was coined by an ancient Mediterranean people and their Pre-Indo-European language. They transmitted it to later settlers, the Liburnians. The name of the Liburnian settlement was first mentioned by a Greek inscription from Pharos (Stari grad) on the island of Hvar in 384 BC, where the citizens of Zadar were noted as Ίαδασινοί (Iadasinoi). According to the Greek source Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax the city was Ίδασσα (Idassa), probably a vulgar Greek form of the original Liburnian name.
During Antiquity the name was often recorded in sources in Latin in two forms: Iader in the inscriptions and in the writings of classic writers, Iadera predominantly among the late Antiquity writers, while usual ethnonyms were Iadestines and Iadertines. The accent was on the first syllable in both Iader and Iadera forms, which influenced the early-Medieval Dalmatian language forms Jadra, Jadera and Jadertina, where the accent kept its original place.
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Zadar County
Zadar County (Croatian: Zadarska županija) is a county in Croatia, it encompasses northern Dalmatia and southeastern Lika. Its center is the city of Zadar.
According to the 2001 census, Zadar County has population of 162,045. Croats make up the majority with 93.30% of the population, while Serbs, Bosniaks, Albanians and Italians form the remainder.
Among the largest towns in the county of Zadar are: Zadar, Benkovac, Bibinje, Biograd, Nin, Obrovac and Pag.
The county of Zadar includes the islands of Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman and most of Pag, as well as a number of other, smaller islands. It also features the Paklenica national park.
The county's area is 7,854 km2, 3,642 km2 is land, which accounts for 6.4 % of the territory of Croatia. The sea area of the County is 3,632 km2 (around 12% of the territorial waters) and the insular area is 580 km2, with more than 300 smaller and larger islands (Zadar archipelago). The length of its coastline (including the islands) is 1,300 km.
The county's population is 200,936 (accounting for 4.5 % of the total Croatia's population), of which 129,000 people live in the coastal area, 21,000 on islands and 50,000 in the County's inland.
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Zrmanja
Zrmanja (pronounced [zř̩maɲa]) is a river in southern Lika and northern Dalmatia, Croatia. It is 69 km (43 mi) long and its basin covers an area of 907 km2 (350 sq mi).
It was known to the ancient Romans as Tedanius. The spring of Zrmanja is located in southern part of Lika under Postak - the southern peak of Pljesevica mountain, and close to south end of Velebit mountain. It is characteristic for its spring located on the bottom of very steep, almost 200m high funnel shape rock called Misije. It flows southward through the narrow and long arable valley which encircles the southern end of Velebit through a 200-metre-deep canyon, and then turns westwards, reaches Obrovac, and after a few kilometers flows into the Adriatic sea in the bay named Novigradsko more.
In the late 80s the Riverfree Club and Huck Finn Adventure Company pioneered commercial canoe, kayak and raft trips - one-day excursions and multi-day tours with camping. They proved that Zrmanja with its tributary Krupa is one of the most beautiful rivers of Europe. In the 90s the Velebit area is declared a nature park. Rafting trips on Zrmanja take place in spring and autumn, while kayaks and canoes are used during low water level period of July and August.
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Šibenik
Šibenik (Croatian pronunciation: [ʃîbe̞niːk]) is a historic town in Croatia, located in central Dalmatia where the river Krka flows into the Adriatic Sea. Šibenik is a political, educational, transport, industrial and tourist center of Šibenik-Knin county.
In Croatian, the town is known as Šibenik, in Latin as Sebenicum, in Italian as Sebenico, in Hungarian as Sibenik, in Albanian as Shibeniku, and in German as Sibennig.
Unlike other cities along the Adriatic coast, which were established by Greeks, Illyrians and Romans, Šibenik was founded by Croats. Excavations of the castle of Saint Michael, have since proven that the place was inhabited long before the actual arrival of the Croats. It was mentioned for the first time under its present name in 1066 in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV and, for a period of time, it was a seat of this Croatian King. For that reason, Šibenik is also called "Krešimirov grad" (Krešimir's city). It is the oldest native Croatian town on the eastern shores of the Adriatic.
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Šibenik-Knin County
Šibenik-Knin County (Croatian: Šibensko-kninska županija) is a county in Croatia, located in north-central Dalmatia. Its center is Šibenik; other notable towns are Knin, Drniš and Skradin.
The county covers 3000 km² and has over 110 000 inhabitants. It also includes 242 islands and national parks Krka and Kornati.
According to the 2001 census, Šibenik-Knin County has a population of 112,891. Croats make up an absolute majority with 88.44% of the population.[1]
In 1991, the Croats were in majority, with a Serb minority of 10.66%.
Šibenik-Knin county is divided in:
Islands:
Current leadership:
The county assembly is composed of 41 representatives, presided by Josip Odak (HDZ) and composed as follows:
Based on election results in 2005.
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 16°03′43″E / 43.929°N 16.062°E / 43.929; 16.062
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Auguste Marmont
Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, 1st Duke of Ragusa (20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French General, nobleman and Marshal of France.
Marmont was born at Châtillon-sur-Seine, the son of an ex-officer in the army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution. His love of soldiering soon showed itself, and his father took him to Dijon to learn mathematics prior to entering the artillery, and there he made the acquaintance of Napoleon Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his commission when he served in Toulon.
The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; Marmont became General Bonaparte's aide-de-camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to Italy and Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of brigade. In 1799 he returned to Europe with his chief; he was present at the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire, and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with great effect at Marengo. For this he was at once made general of division. In 1801 he became inspector-general of artillery, and in 1804 grand officer of the Legion of Honour, but was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the list of officers who were made marshals.
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Béla IV of Hungary
Béla IV (English: /ˈbɛlə/; 1206–1270), King of Hungary (1235–70) and of Croatia (1235–70), duke of Styria 1254–58. One of the most famous kings of Hungary, he distinguished himself through his policy of strengthening of the royal power following the example of his grandfather Bela III, and by the rebuilding Hungary after the catastrophe of the Mongolian invasion in 1241. For this reason he is called by the Hungarians "the second founder of our country".
Béla was the eldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary and his first wife, Gertrude of Merania. Upon Pope Innocent III's request, the ecclesiastic and temporal dignitaries of the Kingdom of Hungary took an oath before his birth that they would accept him as his father's successor.
The infant Béla was probably present when a group of conspirators murdered his mother on 28 September 1213. Following the murder, his father ordered only the execution of the conspirators' leader and forgave the other members of the group, which resulted in Béla's emerging antipathy against his father.
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Dalmatae
The Dalmatae or Delmatae were an ancient people who inhabited the core of what would then become known as Dalmatia after the Roman conquest - now the eastern Adriatic coast in Croatia, between the rivers Krka and Neretva. The Delmatae are mostly classed as an Illyrian tribe, although for most of their history they were independent of the Illyrian kingdom which bordered to the southeast of them.
The name Dalmatae is connected with the Illyrian word delmë, dele in modern Albanian, which means sheep in English. The Illyrian town of Delminium has the same etymology.
Archaeology and onomastic shows that the Delmatae were akin to eastern Illyrians and northern Pannonii. Delmatae were a younger nomadic[citation needed] tribe in ancient Illyria (West Balkans); they emerged there since 4th century BC, partly repulsing[citation needed] from their area the earlier peoples of Liburni westwards, Daorsi and Ardiaei (Vardaei) eastwards. They were formed as a tribal alliance[citation needed] of culturally similar communities in 4th-3rd century BC, like the Tariotes and the others. The tribe was subject to Celtic influences..One of the Dalmatian tribes was called Baridustae that later was settled in Roman Dacia.
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Enrico Millo
Enrico Millo (February 12, 1865 - June 14, 1930) was an Italian admiral and politician. As a military commander, he led the raid against the Turkish navy in the Dardanelles.
Born in Chiavari, Province of Genoa, in 1884 he was named guardiamarina in 1884. He participated as navy officer in the campaigns of Italy in the Horn of Africa and with the rank of Capitano di Vascello he led the raid of 5 Italians torpedo boats against the Turkish fleet on 18 July 1912 during Italo-Turkish War. After the expedition, Millo was named senator by king Victor Emanuel III senator; later he was minister for the navy in the fourth government cabinet headed by Giolitti and in the first headed by Antonio Salandra.
During World War I he held some command post in the Italian navy. After the World War I he was named governor of the Dalmatia. From 1923 to 1925 he held managerial position in the company that owned the harbour of Napoli.
He died in Rome in 1930.
A submarine in the Cagni class was entitled to him during World War II.
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Eurasian Avars
The Eurasian Avars or Ancient Avars ( /ˈævɑrz/) were a Turkic people from the steppes of Central Asia, and later they became a confederation of Eurasian tribes of mixed origin. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit entourage of nomad warriors. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid-sixth century AD, when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Their state was the Avar Khaganate. The rule of their country over much of the Pannonian Plain persisted until the early 9th century.
The origin of the Eurasian Avars is unclear. Information about origins is derived primarily from the works of Byzantine historians Menander Protector and Theophylact Simocatta. John of Ephesus used the term "those, who are called "Avars," because of their long hair." The confusion is compounded by the fact that many clans carried a particular name because they believed it to be prestigious, or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin or reputation.[citation needed] Such a case has been seen repeatedly for many nomadic confederacies.
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Gabriele d'Annunzio
Gabriele D'Annunzio or d'Annunzio (ennobled by the King of Italy in 1924 as Principe di Montenevoso; Italian pronunciation: [ɡabriˈɛːle danˈnuntsjo]; 12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938) was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist, dramatist, and soldier during World War I. He was a prominent Italian nationalist figure. His role in politics is controversial due to his influence on the Italian Fascist movement and his status as the alleged forerunner of Benito Mussolini.
D'Annunzio was of Dalmatian extraction. He was born in Pescara, Abruzzo, the son of a wealthy landowner and mayor of the town whose name was originally Francesco Rapagnetta, to which both father and son legally added D'Annunzio. The son was baptized Gaetano and gained the name of Gabriele as a nickname in childhood, from his angelic looks. His precocious talent was recognised early in life, and he was sent to school at the Liceo Cicognini in Prato, Tuscany. He published his first poetry while still at school at the age of sixteen with a small volume of verses called Primo Vere (1879), influenced by Giosuè Carducci's Odi barbare, in which, side by side with some almost brutal imitations of Lorenzo Stecchetti, the fashionable poet of Postuma, were some translations from the Latin, distinguished by such agile grace that Giuseppe Chiarini on reading them brought the unknown youth before the public in an enthusiastic article. In 1881 D'Annunzio entered the University of Rome La Sapienza, where he became a member of various literary groups, including Cronaca Bizantina and wrote articles and criticism for local newspapers. In those university years he started to promote Italian irredentism.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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House of Luxembourg
The House of Luxembourg was a late medieval German dynasty, which between 1308 and 1437 ruled the Holy Roman Empire, twice interrupted by the rivaling House of Wittelsbach.
It initially was a cadet branch of the ducal House of Limburg, when in 1247 Henry, younger son of Duke Waleran III inherited the County of Luxembourg upon the death of his mother Countess Ermesinde, a scion of the House of Namur. Her father, Count Henry IV of Luxembourg, was related on his mother's side with the Ardennes-Verdun dynasty (also called the Elder House of Luxembourg), which had ruled the county since the late 10th century.
Count Henry V's grandson Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg upon the death of his father Henry VI at the 1288 Battle of Worringen, was elected Rex Romanorum in 1308. The election was necessary after the Habsburg king Albert I of Germany had been murdered, and Henry, backed by his brother Archbishop-Elector Baldwin of Trier, prevailed against Count Charles of Valois. Henry arranged the marriage of his son John with the Přemyslid heiress Elisabeth of Bohemia in 1310, whereupon the House of Luxembourg gained the vast Kingdom of Bohemia as a significant power basis to compete with the Habsburg and Wittelsbach dynasties. One year after being crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, Henry VII, still on campaign in Italy, died in 1313.
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (English pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪəriəns/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The territory the Illyrians covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding to parts of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, between the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Vjosë river in the south. The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from Periplus or Coastal Passage, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.
These tribes, or at least a number of tribes considered "Illyrians proper", are assumed to have been united by a common Illyrian language, of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify it as a branch of Indo-European, while it was extinct by the 5th century AD. However, the name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous. In fact, an Illyric origin was and still is attributed also to a few ancient peoples in Italy, in particular the Iapyges, Dauni and Messapi, as it is thought that, most likely, they had shored to the Peninsula, coming from the geographic "Illyria". The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. However, the name Illyrians seems to be the name of a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra, Čakavian: Istrija, Jistra, Croatian pronunciation: [îstra]; Italian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; German: Istrien; Hungarian: Isztria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.
The geographical features of Istria include the Učka mountain ridge, which is the highest portion of the Ćićarija mountain range; the rivers Dragonja, Mirna, Pazinčica, and Raša; and the Lim bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula, Poreč, Rovinj, Pazin, Labin, Umag, Motovun, Buzet, and Buje. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum.
The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as Slovenian Istria, and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran, Izola and Koper, and the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina. Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
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Italian diaspora
The term Italian diaspora refers to the large-scale migration of Italians away from Italy in the period roughly beginning with the unification of Italy in 1861 and ending with the Italian economic miracle in the 1960s. The Italian diaspora concerned more than 25 million Italians and it is considered the biggest mass migration of contemporary times.
Poverty was the main reason for the diaspora. Italy was until the 1950s a partially rural society where land management practices, especially in the South and North-East, did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and work the soil.
Another characteristic was related to the overpopulation of southern Italy after the improvements of the socio-economic conditions, following the unification process. Indeed southern Italian families after 1861 started to have access (for the first time) to hospitals, improved hygienic conditions and normal food supply.
This created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate in mass at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, mostly to the Americas. The emigration was minimal only when Fascism moved to the Italian colonies the excessive Italian population in order to colonize Libya and the horn of Africa. After World War II the process started again in huge numbers, because of the destruction during the war of Italy and its economy.
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Justinian I
Justinian I ( /dʒʌˈstɪniən/) (Latin: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus, Ancient Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός) (c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.
One of the most important figures of Late Antiquity and the last Roman Emperor to speak Latin as a first language, Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general Belisarius swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the Empire after more than half a century of barbarian control.
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Ladislaus of Naples
Ladislaus the Magnanimous (Italian: Ladislao il Magnanimo di Napoli; Hungarian: Nápolyi László; 15 February 1377 – 6 August 1414) was King of Naples and titular King of Jerusalem and Sicily, titular Count of Provence and Forcalquier (1386 – 1414), and titular King of Hungary and Dalmatia (1390 – 1414). He was the last male of the senior Angevin line.
He was named in honor to the King Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary, who was highly venerated by the Angevin Kings Charles I of Hungary and Louis I of Hungary, considered the model of the perfect King, Knight, and Christian man in Central Europe during that time. Ladislaus of Naples became a skilled political and military leader, protector and controller of the Papacy of Innocent VII, however he earned a bad reputation concerning his personal life. He profited from disorder throughout Italy to greatly expand his kingdom and his power, appropriating much of the Papal States to his own use, also he murdered many of his enemies.
He was born in Naples, the son of Charles III and Margaret of Durazzo. He spent his early life with his family in the royal court of Naples, and in 1381 he was created Duke of Calabria and heir by Charles III.
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Louis I of Hungary
Louis the Great (Hungarian: I. (Nagy) Lajos, Croatian: Ludovik I, Polish: Ludwik Węgierski, Ukrainian: Людвік I Великий, Slovak: Ľudovít Veľký, Italian: Luigi I d'Ungheria, German: Ludwig der Große, Bulgarian: Лудвиг I, Serbian: Лајош I Анжујски, Czech: Ludvík I. Veliký, Lithuanian: Liudvikas I Vengras (5 March 1326, Visegrád – 10 September 1382, Nagyszombat/Trnava) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370 until his death.(See Titles section)
Louis was the head of the senior branch of the Angevin dynasty. He was one of the most active and accomplished monarchs of the Late Middle Ages, extending territorial control to the Adriatic and securing Dalmatia, with part of Bosnia and Bulgaria, within the Holy Crown of Hungary. During his reign Hungary reached the peak of its political influence.
He spent much of his reign in wars with the Republic of Venice. He was in competition for the throne of Naples, with huge military success and the latter with little lasting political results. Louis is the first European monarch who came into collision with the Ottoman Turks.
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Migration Period
The Migration Period, also known as the Barbarian Invasions (German: Völkerwanderung "migration of peoples"), was a period of intensified human migration in Europe from about 400 to 800 AD. This period marked the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Migrations were catalyzed by profound changes within the Roman Empire and on its "barbarian frontier". The migrants who came first were Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Lombards, Suebi, Frisii and Franks; they were later pushed westwards by the Huns, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars and Alans. Later migrations (such as the Arab conquest and Viking, Magyar, Moorish, Turkic, and Mongol invasions) also had significant effects (especially in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe); however, they are outside the scope of the Migration Period.
Germanic peoples moved out of southern Scandinavia, Denmark and adjacent lands between the Elbe and Oder rivers after 1000 BC. The first wave moved westward and southward (pushing the resident Celts west to the Rhine River by about 200 BC) and moving into southern Germany up to the Roman province of Gaul by 100 BC, where they were stopped by Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar. It is this western group who was described by the Roman historian Tacitus (56 – 117 AD) and Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC). A later wave of German tribes migrated eastward and southward from Scandinavia between 600 and 300 BC to the opposite coast of the Baltic Sea, moving up the Vistula near the Carpathians. During Tacitus' era they included lesser-known tribes such as the Tencteri, Cherusci, Hermunduri and Chatti; however, a period of federation and intermarriage resulted in the familiar groups known as the Alamanni, Franks, Saxons, Frisians and Thuringians.
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Mongols
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
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Nicolas Soult
Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult,1st Duke of Dalmatia (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃dədjø sult]; 29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851), the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804. He was one of only six officers in French history to receive the distinction of Marshal General of France. He also served as Prime Minister of France three times.
Soult was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now Saint-Amans-Soult near Castres in the Tarn département), the son of a country notary Jean Soult (1726–1779) and wife Brigitte de Grenier, paternal grandson of Jean Soult (1698–1772) and wife Jeanne de Calvet and maternal grandson of Pierre François de Grenier de Lapierre and wife Marie de Robert.
He was well-educated, and intended to become a lawyer, but his father's death when he was still a boy made it necessary for him to seek his fortune, and he enlisted as a private in the French infantry in 1785.
His superior education ensured his promotion to the rank of sergeant after six years' service, and in July 1791 he became instructor to the first battalion of volunteers of the Bas-Rhin. He served with his battalion in 1792. By 1794 he was adjutant-general (with the rank of chef de brigade). After the Battle of Fleurus (1794), in which he greatly distinguished himself for coolness, he was promoted to general of brigade by the representatives on mission. He married Jeanne Louise Elisabeth Berg on 26 April 1796.
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Odoacer
Flavius Odoacer (433–493), also known as Flavius Odovacer, was a barbarian soldier, who after 476 became the first barbarian King of Italy. His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Though the real power in Italy was in his hands, he represented himself as the client of Julius Nepos and, after Nepos' death in 480, of the Emperor in Constantinople. Odoacer generally used the Roman honorific patrician, granted by the Emperor Zeno, but is referred to as a king (Latin rex) in many documents and he himself used it at least once and on another occasion it was used by the consul Basilius. Odoacer introduced few important changes into the administrative system of Italy. He had the support of the Senate at Rome and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in 477–478, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an Arian Christian, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the Orthodox Church.[citation needed]
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
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Pedro Tafur
Pedro Tafur (or Pero Tafur) (ca. 1410 – ca. 1484) was a Spanish traveler and writer. Born in Córdoba, to a branch of the noble house of Guzmán, Tafur traveled across three continents during the years 1436 to 1439. During the voyage, he participated in various battles, visited shrines, and rendered diplomatic services for Juan II of Castile. He visited the Moroccan coast, southern France, the Holy Land, Egypt, Rhodes, Cyprus, Tenedos, Trebizond, and Constantinople. He also visited the Sinai Peninsula, where he met Niccolò Da Conti, who shared with Tafur information about southeastern Asia. Before returning to Spain, Tafur crossed central Europe and Italy.
Between 1453 and 1454, to judge from interior evidence in the single surviving manuscript, he wrote a book called Andanças e viajes de Pero Tafur por diversas partes del mundo avidos (unpublished until 1874, when it was published by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada). It is one of the few books written by a Spanish traveler during the medieval period (that of Ruy González de Clavijo is another example). Tafur dedicated his book to a member of the Guzmán family, the same family to which Saint Dominic belonged. He thus provides biographical information regarding this saint.
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Petar Preradović
Petar Preradović (19 March 1818 – 18 August 1872) was a Croatian poet, writer, and military general in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was a part of the Illyrian movement which influenced much of his politics and work.
Preradović was born in the village of Grabrovnica (near Pitomača), which was part of the Austrian Military Frontier, in Serbian Orthodox family of Jovan (Ivan) Preradović and Pelagija Preradović. He spent childhood in Grubišno Polje, were his father was born. Like many from the area, he chose to become a professional soldier. He was educated at the military academy at Wiener Neustadt where he converted to Catholicism and later excelled as one of the best students. There he began to write his first poems in German.
After graduation he was stationed in Milan, where he met Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, who inspired him to start writing in Croatian. Preradović was later stationed in Zadar where he began to write for the local Croatian newspaper Zora dalmatinska in 1846. He then went to Zagreb where he met the leading figures of the Illyrian movement. The champions of Illyrism, instrumental in securing the triumph of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Ljudevit Gaj, were Njegoš, Branko Radičević, Bogoboj Atanacković, Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša, Vraz, Mažuranić, and Preradović.
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Robert Adam
Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSA(Scot) FSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), the country's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.
In 1754 he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James. Here he developed the "Adam Style", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the Kings Works from 1761 to 1769.
Robert Adam was leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America. Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses.
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Theodore Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist, and writer generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, and was also a prominent German politician, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. His works on Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the German civil code (BGB).
Mommsen was born in Garding in Schleswig in 1817, and grew up in Bad Oldesloe, where his father was a Lutheran minister. He studied mostly at home, though he attended the gymnasium Christianeum in Altona for four years. He studied Greek and Latin and received his diploma in 1837. As he could not afford to study at Göttingen, he enrolled at the University of Kiel in Holstein.
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Theodoric the Great
Theoderic the Great (Gothic: Þiudareiks; Latin: Flāvius Theodericus; Greek: Θευδέριχος, Theuderikhos; Old English: Þēodrīc; Old Norse: Þjōðrēkr, Þīðrēkr; 454 – August 30, 526) was king of the Ostrogoths (471–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire. His Gothic name Þiudareiks translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".
A son of King Theodemir, an Amali nobleman, Theoderic was born in Pannonia, after his people had defeated the Huns at the Battle of Nedao. Growing up as a hostage in Constantinople, Theoderic received a privileged education, and succeeded his father as leader of the Pannonian Ostrogoths in 471 AD. Settling his people in lower Moesia, Theoderic came in conflict with Thracian Ostrogoths led by Theoderic Strabo, whom he eventually supplanted, uniting the peoples in 484.
Subsequently, Byzantine Emperor Zeno gave him the title of Patrician and the office of Magister militum (master of the soldiers), and even appointed him as Roman Consul. Trying to achieve further aims, Theoderic frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theoderic to overthrow the German usurper Odoacer, who had established himself as King of Italy. After a victorious three-year long war, Theoderic killed Odoacer with his own hands, settled his 100,000 to 200,000 people in Italy, and founded a Kingdom based in Ravenna. Although promoting separation between the Arian Ostrogoths and the Roman population, Theoderic stressed the importance of racial harmony. Seeking to restore the glory of Ancient Rome, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since Valentinian, until his death in 526. Memories of his reign made him a hero of Germanic legend as Dietrich von Bern.
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Tomislav
King Tomislav (died 928) was a ruler of Croatia in the Middle Ages. He reigned from 910 until 928, first as Duke (dux Croatorum) of Dalmatian Croatia in 910–925, and then became first King (rex Croatorum) of the Croatian Kingdom in 925–928.
He was probably the son of Muncimir, Duke of Dalmatian Croatia. Tomislav was one of the most prominent members of the House of Trpimirović. He united the Croats of Dalmatia and the Slavs of Pannonia into a single Kingdom in 925. He ruled over the territory of today's Croatia and Bosnia, rounding off his state from the Adriatic Sea to the Drava River, and from the Raša River in Istria to the Drina River.
Tomislav defeated the Magyar mounted invasions of the Arpads in battle and forced them across the Drava River. Tomislav annexed a part of Pannonian Croatia to his Croatian Dalmatia. This included the area between the rivers Drava, Sava and Kupa, so his Duchy bordered with Bulgaria for a period of time. This was the first time that the two Croatian Realms were united, and all Croats were in one state.
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Tvrtko I of Bosnia
Stjepan (Stephen) Tvrtko I (5 August 1338 – 10 March 1391) was a ruler of medieval Bosnia and a member of the House of Kotromanić. He was ban during 1353-1377, king of Rascia and Bosnia during 1377-1391, and king of Croatia and Dalmatia after 1390. He was a "politically adept and religiously tolerant ruler" and under his command Bosnia reached its peak and became the strongest power in the Balkans. He centralized the state and conquered parts of the Croatia, Dalmatia, Hum, Kotor, Zeta, and the territory of present-day Sandžak.
Tvrtko was the firstborn child of Vladislav Kotromanić and Jelena Šubić, who were married at the Šubić's Klis Fortress in Croatia during summer-long festivities open to the whole population. Tvrtko's father, Vladislav of Kotroman was the son of Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia, and Elizabeth of Serbia. Tvrtko's mother, countess Jelena Šubić was daughter of Croatian count George II Šubić from the noble Šubić family, and his wife. Tvrtko was a scion of the two most prominent families. Tvrtko was the first cousin of Elizabeth of Bosnia, the daughter of Vladislav's brother, ban Stephen II Kotromanić, and his third wife the Polish princess Elizabeth of Kuyavia.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Dalmatia, Croatia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Parts of the Adriatic coast of Dalmatia, Croatia.
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Split, Croatia: Ancient Dalmatian City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Teeming with a quarter million people, the Dalmatian coastal town of Split feels fresh and modern, but its history goes way back — today's city began within the protective walls of what was a palace built by Emperor Diocletian in about 300 ad Split may have Roman roots, but the vibrant city is all about today. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit www.ricksteves.com.
http://wn.com/Split,_Croatia_Ancient_Dalmatian_City
Dalmatian Peka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Traditional Croatian dish - how it is made in Dalmatia by local people
http://wn.com/Dalmatian_Peka
SPLIT Dalmatia (Croatia) by Cehulić family
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 01 May 2012
Split is the largest Dalmatian city, the second-largest urban centre in Croatia, and the seat of Split-Dalmatia County. The city is located on the shores of the Mediterranean, more specifically on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, spreading over a central peninsula and its surroundings, with its metropolitan area including the many surrounding seaside towns as well. An intraregional transport hub, the city is a link to the numerous surrounding Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula, as well as a popular tourist destination. 0:26 Split is one of the oldest cities in the area because its origins are the ancient Greek colony of Aspálathos (6th century BC). 0:46 As an intraregional transport hub, the city is a link to the numerous surrounding Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula. 1:06 The massive Diocletian palace was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD in preparation for his retirement. 1:35 Sportsmen are traditionally held in high regard in Split. From THIS town area Wimbledon champion Goran Ivanišević and football club Hajduk 1:44 Remarkable statue of Gregory of Nin (Grgur Ninski) One of the most visited sights in Split is made by sculptor Ivan Mestrovic. 1:54 The Marjan hill is covered in a dense Mediterranean pine forest and completely surrounded by the city and the sea, making it a unique sight. 2:28 Prokurative is main square in the old city, just outside of Diocletian palace. 3:14 Peristyle, the main open space ...
http://wn.com/SPLIT_Dalmatia_Croatia_by_Cehulić_family
Skradin & Bribirska glavica - Dalmatia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
Skradin is situated on river Krka, only 18 km from Šibenik (Central Dalmatia), and today is town with only 500 inhabitants but with its sourrandig it has probably the richest cultural and arheological importance in Dalmatia. Just 15 km from town on one hill, called Bribirska glavica, are situated ruins of city which existed from 1st century and nearby have been found remainings from period od Neolith. When you find in this area you should also not miss to visit one of the natural wonders of Croatia - National park "Krka" with its seven travertine waterfalls and a total drop of 242 meters, the Krka River is a natural and karstic phenomenon.
http://wn.com/Skradin_Bribirska_glavica_Dalmatia
Dalmatien/ Dalmatia (Croatia)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
ein kurzer film über die schönheit dalmatiens !
http://wn.com/Dalmatien_Dalmatia_Croatia
BIOGRAD - Dalmatia - CROATIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
www.ilirijabiograd.com created by:gmk // ~ Biograd na Moru, once a coronation-town of Croatian kings ... ~
http://wn.com/BIOGRAD_Dalmatia_CROATIA
Dalmatia, Istra and Dubrovnik
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Short movie which features various parts of Croatia. Also, visit www.nycroats.com
http://wn.com/Dalmatia,_Istra_and_Dubrovnik
THE CROATIAN COAST Dalmatia Croatia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:00
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
A picturesque country, which is blessed by an unfathomable natural richness. Its charm, beside the coast full of bays, the warm watered fjords and reefs, high cliffs and the green hills is made up also by its artistic and historical values. On the Dalmatian Coast, the romantic cities of Zadar and Trogir and the Saint Jacob cathedral of Sibenik make us remember the past. In Split, one can take a look at emperor Diocletian's unique palace. The natural beauties of the crystal clear waters, waterfalls, caves and rapids of the Krka National Park are spectacular. Crikvenica embodies the mood of a spa, while the area is crowned by the Queen of the Adriatic, Dubrovnik. Blue sky, glimmering sea, lovely islands, and a wonderful landscape. They say the heart of Odysseus was stolen not only by Nausicaa.
http://wn.com/THE_CROATIAN_COAST_Dalmatia_Croatia
Dalmatian Dub - Šijavica (Tomec & Grabber)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Šijavica (it. morra) - is an old folks game with its roots in Dalmatian hinterland. People still play it on the coast, the islands and in the west Herzegovina. In the most popular version, all players throw out a single hand, each showing zero to five fingers, and call out loud their guess at what the sum of all fingers shown will be. If one player guesses the sum, that player earns one point. Name Šijavica is a croatized word, coming from italian numerals sei, sette , "ŠIJE, ŠETE" (six, seven) , the most common sum of fingers in the game, so logically they gave it the name ŠIJAVICA.
http://wn.com/Dalmatian_Dub_Šijavica_Tomec_Grabber
Dalmatian Christmas Carol Medley
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
To. Dalmate , Dalmatian Christmas Carol Medley Daniel, Jeesu, Youngwon
http://wn.com/Dalmatian_Christmas_Carol_Medley
DMTN - Dalmatian Interview with K-Colors of Korea [English, German, Spanish, French Subs]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:35
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
--- All rights to K-Colors of Korea and ISEntertainment. K-Colors of Korea will take legal actions against anyone who re-uploads the video on their channel. You can post links to this channel on your websites of course --- Dalmatian debuted in 2010 with "Round 1" after some changes and a long hiatus they made their comeback in May 2012 with "ER" The boys truly do love their foreign fans and to show that they took the time to talk to K-Colors of Korea. The las few minutes are a special for their fans from Germany because the guys had to guess their song titles in German. Read more: www.k-magazin.com Like us on facebook: www.facebook.com Visit the official Youtube Channel of DMTN: www.youtube.com Translation to German: Park Yeeun Translation to Spanish: Bea @DalmatianSpain Correction: Noa @DalmatianSpain Facebook : www.facebook.com Translation to French: Valisoa @DalmatianFrance
http://wn.com/DMTN_Dalmatian_Interview_with_K-Colors_of_Korea_English,_German,_Spanish,_French_Subs_
Island of Murter - Dalmatia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
Yesterday tour on island of Murter, during which we have visited beautiful old town, peacefull beach Podvrške on southern parts of island and ruins of the antic Colentum from 1st century as well. Murter is island in Šibenik Archipelago, but it´s connected by a bridge (25 km northwest from Šibenik) with a coast.
http://wn.com/Island_of_Murter_Dalmatia
Hidden beaches of Croatia/Dalmatia - Lokva Rogoznica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
This short video was made in April 2011 near Lokva Rogoznica - Ivašnjak. It is a small place near the city of Omiš (Dalmatia) in Croatia. Briefly, if you a passing by, stop for a few minutes. If you need accommodation, feel free to visit our web page: www.meetcroatia.net
http://wn.com/Hidden_beaches_of_Croatia_Dalmatia_Lokva_Rogoznica
HVAR city, island Hvar, Dalmatia, Croatia by Cehulić family
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
★★★★★ www.europeroadtrip.net ★★★★★ Hvar (For, Pharos, Pharina, Lesina) is a city and port on the island of Hvar, part of Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia. It is situated on a bay in the south coast of the island. There are regular catamaran ferry services from the port between Hvar and Split, Brač, Korčula, Lastovo, and Vis. 0 Hvar, also called "the island of lavander" is an inexhaustible treasury of the scenery, atmosphere and adventure. 0:34 Hvar Island boasts 2718 hours of sunshine a year, making it Croatia's sunniest island. 0:44 Once an important port within the Venetian empire, City of hvar is today centre of island's tourism and one of the favorite destinations in Dalmatia. 0:54 Spanjol Fortress is perched high on a hill overlooking Hvar Town and affords amazing views of the town, harbor and sea with pearl of small islands below. 1:04 There is a large, well protected yacht marina at Palmižana on Sv Klement, the largest island of Paklinski otoci. 1:24 The port of Hvar, set in a picturesque natural bay, with the Pakleni Otoci island chain protecting it to the south, is a safe haven for boats year round. 1:34 At the heart of the town lies the Pjaca (Piazza), leading from the waterfront to the The Cathedral of Sv. Stjepan (St. Stephen) and the Bishop's Palace 1:44 Hvar Theatre was built on the first floor of the Arsenal with entry from the Belvedere terrace above Fontik. 1:54 The late Renaissance building of town Loggia (Loža) and the Clock Tower (Leroj) are ...
http://wn.com/HVAR_city,_island_Hvar,_Dalmatia,_Croatia_by_Cehulić_family
CAMPING GALEB OMIŠ (Dalmatia, Croatia)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:33
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
www.kamp.galeb.hr This past June I decided to spend a week in Omiš, a town in mid-Dalmatia region in Croatia. Omiš is simply beautiful. It's located on the Cetina river mouth to the Adriatic sea. Omiš is also quite specific and very interesting, due to the fact that it lies right between the mountain Dinara and the Adriatic sea. When you arrive to Omiš, you will see for yourself that it indeed offers a unique experience and a breathtaking sight. During my time in Omiš, I stayed in camp Galeb, which is located a mere 5 minute drive from the town centre. The camp is very nice, perfect for family vacation! Camp Galeb offers accommodation on pitches (for tents, campers and caravans), as well as in mobile homes. Being a new camping enthusiast, I opted for a mobile home, which offers comfort of a hotel room (A TV, toilet, fridge, beds...) but located in beautiful nature surroundings, and just 50 meters from crystal clear sea. The restaurant is located in the middle of the camp, right by the beach, and around the camp is everything you need for a relaxed vacation (supermarket, pharmacy...) Camp Galeb has a sandy beach, which is a total blast for children! I embarked on several tours in and around Omiš, and in this clip, you will see some footage from my boat ride up the Cetina river, taking me to Radmanove Mlinice, an old watermill, recently turned into a nice restaurant. I apologize for periodical shaky pic: this is not pro video footage -- I filmed this material with my ...
http://wn.com/CAMPING_GALEB_OMIŠ_Dalmatia,_Croatia
How to Make a Polymer Clay Dalmatian
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Great art project for Fire Prevention or Fire Safety week. Tutorial for building a clay dalmatian dog sculpture. We used white Fimo or Sculpty clay. I used this to teach a sculpture class to 2nd and 3rd graders. www.etsy.com is where Clay Dalmatians can be purchased. ArtSpigotStudio.com .
http://wn.com/How_to_Make_a_Polymer_Clay_Dalmatian
Here To Stay - New Zealand / Dalmatia / Croatia PART 5/5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
"Former All Black and Kiwi league star Frano Botica takes a journey into the heart of his Croatian roots in NZ" 5/5 A documentary on Croatian/Yugoslavian settlers in New Zealand. Aired 7th May 2007. Here it is for those who missed it ... uživati!
http://wn.com/Here_To_Stay_New_Zealand_Dalmatia_Croatia_PART_5_5
Croatia-Dalmatia-Blace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
Blace tilt shift 2011, Blace Hrvatska
http://wn.com/Croatia-Dalmatia-Blace
101 and 102 Dalmatian Plushies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
I just made this because I havn't made a video in a while. No they are not for trade and you can't buy them from me. I don't give away my stuff.
http://wn.com/101_and_102_Dalmatian_Plushies
Ducigno ULQINI ulcinj Dulcino Adriatic Dalmatia!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
James Bond Albania Montenegro Kossova in united europe..
http://wn.com/Ducigno_ULQINI_ulcinj_Dulcino_Adriatic_Dalmatia!!!
Blue & Red lake - Imotski, Dalmatia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
This Sunday we have visited town of Imotski, near border with Bosnia & Herzegovinia. But the main goal of our trip is to see two dalmatian jewels - Blue & Red lake. Names are given according to the colours of water and cliffs above each one of them. There is also possiblility to swim in Blue lake and we didn´t miss that opportunity. Amazing experience!
http://wn.com/Blue_Red_lake_Imotski,_Dalmatia
Croatia - Dalmatien/Dalmatia (Split, Makarska und Omis)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Split, Makarska Riviera, Brela, Krka Wasserfälle, Sveti Rok , und Omis (Croatia, Kroatien, Hrvatska, Chorvatsko, Dalmatia, Dalmatien, Dalmacija) Winde: Bura, Jugo, Tramontana, Maestral. Zusammenschnitt von Videosequenzen über die Schönheit von Kroatien
http://wn.com/Croatia_Dalmatien_Dalmatia_Split,_Makarska_und_Omis
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012
Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
25 Nov 2012
Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial...(size: 20.0Kb)
MSNBC
23 Nov 2012
Thanksgiving Turkey, Vegetable and Potato Pie Prep time: 10 minutes Cook time: 20 to 25 minutes Ingredients: 2 1/2 cups leftover turkey gravy 2 cups cubed leftover turkey Advertise | AdChoices Advertise | AdChoices Advertise | AdChoices 2 cups diced leftover vegetables (such as green beans, corn and carrots) 1 tsp. dried thyme 2 cups leftover...(size: 2.9Kb)
Jakarta Post
16 Nov 2012
Paper Edition | Page: 22 Magic voice: Members of Croatia’s Klapa Tragos music group and Indonesian singer Moza Simanjuntak (far right) sing Indonesia’s popular song “Selendang Sutra” during a concert at Usmar Ismail Hall in South Jakarta on Wednesday night. (JP/Veeramalla Anjaiah) Jakarta’s music lovers enjoyed a rich slice of Croatian culture in...(size: 4.1Kb)
Denver Post
05 Nov 2012
1. Hausa, Tiv and Edo are ethnic groups that live in a country that borders the Gulf of Guinea and Lake Chad. Name this country. 2. What theory, proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century, states that Earth's landmasses have...(size: 1.5Kb)
photo: AP / Zveki
31 Oct 2012
A Balkan region could one day play the role of uniting the region through common interests. Empires come and go. The Ottoman-Muslim empire was among the better, and the Iberian-Catholic and European-Protestant among the worst. In the Ottoman empire, religions of the kitab (âthe bookâ: Judaism, Christianity, Islam) were respected; Turkish was...(size: 5.2Kb)
Seattle Post
09 Oct 2012
Maris Freighter and Specialty Cruises introduces additional roundtrip and one way voyages in the Cruise Croatia program for 2013. Champlain, NY (PRWEB) October 09, 2012 Maris Freighter and Specialty Cruises introduces additional roundtrip and one way voyages in the Cruise Croatia...(size: 1.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
09 Oct 2012
Maris Freighter and Specialty Cruises introduces additional roundtrip and one way voyages in the Cruise Croatia program for 2013. Champlain, NY (PRWEB) October 09, 2012 Maris Freighter and Specialty Cruises introduces additional roundtrip and one way voyages in the Cruise Croatia program for 2013. Croatia has long been a favorite destination...(size: 7.9Kb)
NZ Herald
01 Oct 2012
A1990s Australian government survey revealed their highest-income nationality group, including Australians, were New Zealanders. That confirmed the assertion that we're losing our best and brightest, although whether it's still true is questionable. Much of our current outflow there comprises the labouring classes, pursuing high wages in arduous...(size: 5.4Kb)
noodls
26 Sep 2012
Defence Minister Ante Kotromanović and Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Drago Lovrić with the closest associates held today, 25 September 2012, in the Zemunik Air Base, a meeting with members of the Croatian Air Force and Air Defence who participated in this year's fire-fighting season. The Director of the National Protection and...(size: 4.6Kb)
Independent online (SA)
14 Sep 2012
Venezuelan researchers studying human mating patterns took photographs of individuals in established relationships, mixed them together, and asked strangers to pair them up. Weirdly, the strangers paired them up correctly more times than can be explained by chance. Biologists call it “assortative mating”, but then they would...(size: 4.8Kb)
Canberra Times
09 Sep 2012
There comes a tragic moment at the end of every binge meal in the Mediterranean when the waiter produces the bill, and as you reach for your wallet you can be permitted an occasional pang of distress. Yes, it is forgivable to emit a low, inaudible moan; and so I moaned the other day, in the course of a lightning family holiday. And why did I sigh?...(size: 4.6Kb)
Canberra Times
04 Sep 2012
There comes a tragic moment at the end of every binge meal in the Mediterranean when the waiter produces the bill, and as you reach for your wallet you can be permitted an occasional pang of distress. Yes, it is forgivable to emit a low moan, inaudible to everyone else; and so I moaned the other day, in the course of a lightning family holiday. I...(size: 5.8Kb)
NZ Herald
26 Aug 2012
In the year of their 50th jubilee, it is perhaps appropriate that several slices of history are on the line for Central United in the Chatham Cup final today. Should the Auckland club overcome Lower Hutt City this afternoon it will be their fifth Cup victory, after wins in 1997, 1998, 2005 and 2007 across eight finals. Stacked with current...(size: 2.2Kb)
Independent online (SA)
24 Aug 2012
Belgrade/Sarajevo - A bishop called on Serbs to repent and pray for rain as the Balkans sizzled in soaring temperatures and poorly-resourced emergency services struggled to douse hundreds of wildfires set off after an exceptionally dry summer. The European Union's peacekeeping force in Bosnia (EUFOR) deployed helicopters to battle fires in the...(size: 3.3Kb)
For the eponymous Roman province, and the eponymous Austrian crown land, see Dalmatia (Roman province) and Kingdom of Dalmatia.
| Dalmatia Dalmacija |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Geographic region of Croatiaa — | |||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Country |  Croatia |
||
| Largest city | Split | ||
| Areab | |||
| • Total | 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi) | ||
| Population c | |||
| • Total | 890,373 | ||
| • Density | 68/km2 (180/sq mi) | ||
| a Dalmatia is not designated as an official region, it is a geographic region only. This is the modern meaning, historic boundaries of Dalmatia varied over centuries.
b The figure is an approximation based on the territorial span of the four southernmost Croatian counties (Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia, Dubrovnik-Neretva). c The figure is an approximation based on the population of the four southernmost Croatian counties (Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia, Dubrovnik-Neretva). |
|||
Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Croatian pronunciation: [dǎlmaːt͡sija]; see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia, as does the dalmatic, a Roman Catholic liturgical vestment worn by deacons and bishops.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Dalmatia derives from the name of the tribe of the Dalmatae, which is connected with the Illyrian word delme, dele in modern Albanian, meaning "sheep" in English.[1]
Definitions[link]
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia County of Croatia, stretching from Istria in the north to historical Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.
Among other things, the ecclesiastical primatical territory today continues to be larger because of the history: it includes part of modern Montenegro, notably around Bar, the (honorary) Roman Catholic primas of Dalmatia, but an exempt archbishopric without suffragans while the archbishoprics of Split (also a historical primas of Dalmatia) have provincial authority over all Croatian dioceses except the exempt archbishopric of Zadar.
The southernmost transitional part of historical Dalmatia, the Gulf of Kotor, is not part of present-day Croatian Dalmatia, but part of Montenegro.
Geography and climate[link]
Most of the area is covered by Dinaric Alps mountain ranges running from north-west to south-east. On the coasts the climate is Mediterranean, while further inland it is moderate continental. In the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. To the south winters are milder. Over the centuries many forest have been cut down and replaced with bush and brush. There is evergreen vegetation on the coast. The soils are generally poor, except on the plains where areas with natural grass, fertile soils and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers and poor soils, although olives and grapes flourish. The rocky karst that borders coastal areas has been producing wine grapes of high quality, especially in new vineyards being planted in the Dingač region.[2] Energy resources are scarce. Electricity is mainly produced by hydropower stations. There is a considerable amount of bauxite.
The largest Dalmatian mountains are Dinara, Mosor, Svilaja, Biokovo, Moseć, Veliki Kozjak and Mali Kozjak. The regional geographical unit of historical Dalmatia, the coastal region between Istria and the Gulf of Kotor, includes the Orjen mountain with the highest peak in Montenegro, 1894 m. In present-day Dalmatia, the highest peak is Dinara (1913 m), which is not a coastal mountain, while the highest coastal Dinaric mountains are on Biokovo (Sv. Jure 1762 m) and Velebit (Vaganjski vrh 1758 m).
The largest Dalmatian islands are Brač, Cres, Dugi Otok, Hvar, Korčula, Krk, Lastovo, Mljet, Pag, Pašman, Ugljan, and Vis. The major rivers are Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina and Neretva.
The Adriatic Sea's high water quality,[3] along with the immense number of coves, islands and channels, makes Dalmatia an attractive place for nautical races, nautical tourism, and tourism in general. Dalmatia also includes several national parks that are tourist attractions: Paklenica karst river, Kornati archipelago, Krka river rapids and Mljet island.
Administrative division[link]
The vast majority of Dalmatia is in Croatia, roughly corresponding to its four southernmost counties, listed here north to south:
| County | County seat | Area (km²) | Population (2011 census) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zadar County | Zadar | 3,642 | 170,398 |
| Šibenik-Knin County | Šibenik | 2,939 | 109,320 |
| Split-Dalmatia County | Split | 4,534 | 455,242 |
| Dubrovnik-Neretva County | Dubrovnik | 1,783 | 122,783 |
| Dalmatia total | N/A | 12,898 | 857,743 |
Other large cities in Croatian Dalmatia include Biograd, Kaštela, Sinj, Solin, Omiš, Knin, Metković, Makarska, Trogir, Ploče, and Imotski.
History[link]
| History of Dalmatia | |
|---|---|
.svg) This article is part of a series |
|
| Antiquity | |
| Illyria | |
| Dalmatae | |
| Roman Province | |
| Middle Ages | |
| Dalmatian principalities | |
| Early modern period | |
| Republic of Ragusa | |
| Republic of Poljica | |
| Hvar Rebellion | |
| Republic of Venice | |
| 19th century | |
| Illyrian Provinces | |
| Kingdom of Dalmatia | |
| 20th century | |
| Littoral Banovina | |
| Governorate of Dalmatia | |
| Croatian War of Independence | |
| In northern Dalmatia | |
| In central Dalmatia | |
| In southern Dalmatia | |
|
|
Main article: History of Dalmatia
Antiquity[link]
Main article: Dalmatia (Roman province)
Dalmatia's name is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae who lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 1st millennium BC. It was part of the Illyrian Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the Illyrian Wars (220, 168 BC) when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva. The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of the 2nd century BC and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the Krka and Neretva rivers.[4] It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of Illyricum was formally established around 32-27 BC. In 9 AD the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts[5] together with the Pannonians, but it was finally crushed, and in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast.[6]
The historian Theodore Mommsen wrote in his book, The Provinces of the Roman Empire, that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the 4th century AD. However, analysis of archaeological material from that period has shown that the process of romanization was rather selective. While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of acculturation, they continued to speak their native language, worship their own gods and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities.[7]
The collapse of the Western Roman Empire, with the beginning of the Migration Period, left the region subject to Gothic rulers, Odoacer and Theodoric the Great. They ruled Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD, when it was restored to the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire by Justinian I.
Middle Ages[link]
See also: Dalmatia (theme), Kingdom of Croatia (Medieval), Medieval Dalmatian principalities, and Dalmatian language
The Middle Ages in Dalmatia were a period of intense rivalry between the involved factions. The waning Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (later in a personal union with Hungary), the Bosnian Kingdom and the Venetian Republic. Dalmatia at the time consisted of the coastal cities functioning much like city-states, with extensive autonomy, but in mutual conflict and without control of the rural hinterland (the Zagora). Ethnically, Dalmatia started out as a Roman region, with a romance culture that began to develop independently forming the now-extinct Dalmatian language.
In the Early Medieval period, Byzantine Dalmatia was ravaged by an Avar invasion that destroyed its capital, Salona, in 639 AD, an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum (Split) by Salonitans, greatly increasing the importance of the city. The Avars were followed by the great South Slavic migrations. The Slavs, loosely allied with the Avars, permanently settled the region in the first half of the 7th century AD and remained its predominant ethnic group ever since. The Croats soon formed their own realm: the Principality of Dalmatia,[citation needed] a Medieval Croatian state ruled by native Princes of Guduscan origin. The meaning of the geographical term "Dalmatia", now shrunk to the cities and their immediate hinterland. These cities and towns remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The two communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture was more accentuated in Ragusa, Spalatum, and Tragurium. In 925 AD, Duke Tomislav was crowned in Tomislavgrad, establishing the Kingdom of Croatia, and extending his influence further southwards to Zachlumia. Being an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the King was given the status of Protector of Dalmatia, and became its de facto ruler.
In the High Medieval period, the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to maintain its power consistently in Dalmatia, and was finally rendered impotent so far west by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The Venetian Republic, on the other hand, was in the ascendant, while the Kingdom of Croatia became increasingly influenced by Hungary to the north, being absorbed into it via personal union in 1102. Thus, these two factions became involved in a struggle in this area, intermittently controlling it as the balance shifted. During Emeric the Dalmatians separated from Hungary by a treaty.[8] A consistent period of Hungarian rule in Dalmatia was ended with the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241. The Mongols severely impaired the feudal state, so much so that that same year, King Béla IV had to take refuge in Dalmatia, as far south as the Klis fortress. The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success.
In 1389 Tvrtko I, the founder of the Bosnian Kingdom, was able to control the Adriatic littoral between Kotor and Šibenik, and even claimed control over the northern coast up to Rijeka, and his own independent ally, Dubrovnik (Ragusa). This was only temporary, as Hungary and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia after Tvrtko's death in 1391. By this time, the whole Hungarian and Croatian Kingdom was facing increasing internal difficulties, as a 20-year civil war ensued between the Capetian House of Anjou from the Kingdom of Naples, and King Sigismund of the House of Luxembourg. During the war, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples, sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a mere 100,000 ducats. The much more centralized Republic came to control all of Dalmatia by the year 1420, it was to remain under Venetian rule for 377 years (1420–1797).[9]
Early modern period (1420–1815)[link]
From 1420 to 1797 the Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia, calling it Esclavonia in the 15th century,[10] the southern enclave being called Albania Veneta. Venetian was the commercial lingua franca in the Mediterranean at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal Croatian and Albanian.
In 1481, Dubrovnik switched allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to the Black Sea, and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th century.
The Republic of Venice was also one of the powers most hostile to the Ottoman Empire's expansion, and participated in many wars against it. As the Turks took control of the hinterland, many Christians took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia.
After the Great Turkish War, more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland.
The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the Treaty of Zadar when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to Louis I of Hungary.
This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. Napoleon's troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, but saving it from occupation by the Russian Empire and Montenegro.
In 1805, Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808 he annexed to this Italian Kingdom the just conquered Republic of Ragusa. A year later in 1809 he removed the Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces, which were annexed to France, and created his marshal Nicolas Soult duke of Dalmatia.
Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to Croatian national awakening (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, the Kraglski Dalmatin-Il Regio Dalmata), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernized to a degree in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought a lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed Marshal Auguste Marmont, the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the Habsburgs once again declared war on France and by 1814 restored control over Dalmatia, forming a temporary Kingdom of Illyria. In 1822, in accordance with the Congress of Vienna, this entity was eliminated and Dalmatia was placed within the Austrian Empire.
19th century[link]
See also: Kingdom of Dalmatia
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the Emperor of Austria. It was officially known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia.
In 1848, the Croatian Assembly (Sabor) published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia. The Dubrovnik Municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories, the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood. The president of the council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was the politician Baron Vlaho Getaldić.
In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature (Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik". This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to the awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time.
In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from the ramparts and exhibiting the slogan: Ragusa with Kotor. The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucić. Niko Pucić went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.
At the end of the First World War, the Austrian Empire disintegrated, and Dalmatia was again split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held small portions of northern Dalmatia around Zadar and the islands of Cres, Lošinj and Lastovo.
20th century[link]
See also: Marjane, Marjane, Yugoslav People's Liberation War, SFR Yugoslavia, Governorship of Dalmatia, and Operation Coast-91
Dalmatia was a strategic region during World War I that both Italy and Serbia intended to seize from Austria-Hungary. Italy joined the Triple Entente Allies in 1915 upon agreeing to the London Pact that guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.[11] By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact and by 17 November had seized Rijeka as well.[12] In 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia.[12] Famous Italian nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zadar in an Italian warship in December 1918.[13]
In 1922, Dalmatia was divided into two provinces, the District of Split (Splitska oblast), with capital in Split, and the District of Dubrovnik (Dubrovačka oblast), with the capital in Dubrovnik.
In 1929, the Littoral Banovina (Primorska Banovina), a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was formed. Its capital was Split, and it included most of Dalmatia and parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Southern parts of Dalmatia were in Zeta Banovina, from the Gulf of Kotor to Pelješac peninsula including Dubrovnik.
In 1939, Littoral Banovina was joined with Sava Banovina (and with smaller parts of other banovinas) to form a new province named the Banovina of Croatia. In 1939, the ethnic Croatian areas of the Zeta Banovina from the Gulf of Kotor to Pelješac, including Dubrovnik, were merged with a new Banovina of Croatia.
During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria occupied Yugoslavia, redrawing their borders. A new Nazi puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), was created, and Fascist Italy was given some parts of the Dalmatian coast, notably around Zadar and Split, as well as many of the area's islands. The remaining parts of Dalmatia became part of the NDH. Many Croats moved from the Italian-occupied area and took refuge in the satellite state of Croatia, which became the battleground for a guerrilla war between the Axis and the Yugoslav Partisans. Following the surrender of Italy in 1943, most of Italian-controlled Dalmatia was reverted to Croatian control. Zadar was razed to the ground by the Allies during World War II, so starting the exodus of its Italian population. After WWII, Dalmatia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia, part of the SFR Yugoslavia (then called the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia).
Dalmatia was divided between two federal Republics of Yugoslavia and most of the territory went to Croatia, leaving only the Bay of Kotor to Montenegro. When Yugoslavia dissolved in 1991, those borders were retained and remain in force.
During the Croatian war of Independence, most of Dalmatia was a battleground between the Croatian government and local Serb rebels, with much of the region being placed under the control of Serbs. Croatia did regain southern parts of these territories in 1992 but did not regain all of the territory until 1995.
Gallery[link]
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The Pjaca city square in Split.
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Panoramic view of Šibenik.
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Panoramic view of Zadar.
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The ancient Roman forum in Zadar.
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Panoramic view of Skradin.
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Summer on in a Krapanj street.
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Panoramic view of Bol.
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Amid the streets of Korčula.
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Panoramic view of Cavtat.
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Old church in Ston.
.JPG)
Names in other languages[link]
- Italian: Dalmazia
- Latin: Dalmatia
- Greek: Δαλματία
- Romanian: Dalmaţia
- Dutch and Afrikaans: Dalmatië
- French: Dalmatie
- German: Dalmatien
- Polish: Dalmacja
- Portuguese and Hungarian: Dalmácia
- Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Slovenian: Dalmacija, Cyrillic, Macedonian: Далмација
- Bulgarian: Далмация
- Spanish and Albanian: Dalmacia
- Modern Turkish and Ottoman Turkish: Dalmaçya
- Venetian: Dalmàsia
- Esperanto: Dalmatio
- Amharic: ድልማጥያ Dəlmaṭya
Historical currencies[link]
- 1420-1797 Venetian lira, Ragusan perper and Turkish kuruş
- 1797-1805 Austro-Hungarian gulden, Ragusa perpera and kuruş
- 1805 French franc, Ragusa perpera and kuruş
- 1805-1808 lira, Ragusa perpera and kuruş
- 1809-1815 franc and kuruş
- 1815-1844 gulden and kuruş
- 1844-1874 gulden and Ottoman lira
- 1874-1878 gulden, florin (Montenegro) and Ottoman lira
- 1874-1892 gulden and florin (Montenegro)
- 1892-1902 Austro-Hungarian korona and florin (Montenegro)
- 1902-1906 korona
- 1906-1918 korona and Montenegrin perper (Montenegro)
- 1918-1941 Yugoslav dinar
- 1941-1945 Independent State of Croatia kuna and Italian lira (in the south)
- 1945-1991: dinar
- 1991-2003: Croatian kuna and dinar (Montenegro)
- 2003–present kuna (HRK) and euro (Montenegro)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Wilkes, John (1995). The Illyrians. The Peoples of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 244. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C.
- ^ Hudin, Miquel (2011). Vinologue: Dalmatia. Vinologue Press. pp. 10. ISBN 978-0-615-23217-1. http://www.vinologue.net/guides/dalmatia/.
- ^ http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/REReP/docs/extra_meeting/croatia.pdf Republic of Croatia, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Quality and construction (2006)
- ^ S.Čače, Ime Dalmacije u 2. i 1. st. prije Krista, Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru, godište 40 za 2001. Zadar, 2003, pages 29,45.
- ^ Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference (1913)
- ^ M.Zaninović, Ilirsko pleme Delmati, pages 58, 83-84.
- ^ A. Stipčević, Iliri, Školska knjiga Zagreb, 1974, page 70
- ^ cit: Hunc iste, postquam Dalmatae pacto hoc a Hungaria separati se non tulissent, revocatum contra Emericum armis vindicavit, ac Chelmensi Ducatu, ad mare sito, parteque Macedoniae auxit. AD 1199. Luc. lib. IV. cap. III. Diplomata Belae IV. AD 1269.
- ^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/croat13011526.html History: 1301 to 1526 AD
- ^ "Esclavonia, formerly called Dalmatia", according to the Spanish traveler Pedro Tafur, who sailed down the coast in 1436 (Pedro Tafur, Andanças e viajes).
- ^ Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. History of Dalmatia. Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281.
- ^ a b Paul O'Brien. Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17.
- ^ A. Rossi. The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918-1922. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. Pp. 47.
External links[link]
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Look up Dalmatia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dalmatia |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Dalmatia. |
- Dalmatia travel guide from Wikitravel
- Vinologue:Dalmatia - Dalmatian wine guide
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
