- published: 11 Dec 2011
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- author: ilvynjio
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![Sharon Doorson & OB & Afrikaner - Fail In Love [Loco Mix]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121128163712im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/97lYwT4x_zY/default.jpg "Download Free soundcloud.com Sharon Doorson & OB & Afrikaner - Fail In Love [Loco Mix] For promotional purposes only....All Rights Reserved To Their Respective Owners BeatPort - dj.beatport.com TopDeejays - topdeejays.com Youtube - www.youtube.com FaceBook - www.facebook.com SoundCloud - soundcloud.com SoundCloud - soundcloud.com")
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Alsace-Lorraine
The Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (German: Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen) generally Elsass-Lothringen, was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges Mountains.
The Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was made up of 93% of Alsace (7% remained French) and 26% of Lorraine (74% remained French). For historical reasons, specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in form of a local law. In relation to its special legal status, since its reversion to France following World War I, the territory has been referred to administratively as Alsace-Moselle.
The Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine had a land area of 14,496 km2 (5,597 sq mi). Its capital was Strasbourg. It was divided in three districts (Bezirke in German):
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola, pronounced: [ʁɨˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈɡɔla];Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu: Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in southern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Portuguese were present in some—mostly coastal—points of the territory of what is now Angola, from the 16th to the 19th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples that lived there. In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territory was not established before the end of the 19th century, and "effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s. Independence was achieved in 1975, after a protracted liberation war. After independence, Angola was the scene of an intense civil war from 1975 to 2002. The country has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy has on average grown at a two-digit pace since the 1990s, especially since the end of the civil war. In spite of this, standards of living remain low for the majority of the population, and life expectancy and infant mortality rates in Angola are among the worst-ranked in the world. At the same time, a minority has reached comfortable life standards, and the dominant stratum has succeeded in accumulating considerable wealth, so that social inequality in Angola is one of the highest in the world.
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Athi River
Athi River is a town outside Nairobi, Kenya in Eastern Province. It is also known as Mavoko. The town hosts Mavoko municipal council and headquarters of Mavoko division which is part of the Machakos District. It has an urban population of 22,000 and a total population of 48,260 (1999 census), and is relatively industrialised, including a major cement factory run by Athi River Mining. The town is also a growing residential area due to its proximity to the capital.
Athi River has a railway station built in 1920 along the Mombasa - Nairobi line. The Daystar University has a campus in the town. The town is named after Athi, the first part of the Athi-Galana river system.
Athi River town is adjacent to and three kilometers from Kitengela town, but is part of the Machakos District in Eastern Province, while Kitengela belongs to Kajiado District in the Rift Valley Province.
Mavoko carved off the Nairobi County Council in 1963, when the latter was disbanded. Mavoko municipality has six wards (Athi River West, Katani, Kinanie/Mathani, Makadara, Muthwani and Sophia). All these wards belong to Kathiani constituency, which has a total of ten wards. The remaining four wards are within Masaku County Council.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Botswana
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana (Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are properly referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana), but many English-language sources use "Botswanan". Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
Botswana is flat, and up to 70% is covered by the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula, Zambia is poorly defined but at most is a few hundred meters long.
A mid-sized country of just over two million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Botswana was one of the poorest countries in Africa when it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, with a GDP per capita of about US$70. Botswana has since transformed itself, becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in the world to a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $14,000. The country also has a strong tradition as a representative democracy.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Cape of Good Hope
The Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: die Kaap van Goeie Hoop, Dutch: Kaap de Goede Hoop (help·info), Portuguese: Cabo da Boa Esperança) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.
There is a misconception that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa, because it was once believed to be the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In fact, the southernmost point is Cape Agulhas, about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east-southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm-water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself—a point that fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point.
When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although in his histories Herodotus proves, disbelievingly, that some Phoenicians had done so far earlier than this).[citation needed] Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas. "Cape of Storms" was the original name of the "Cape of Good Hope".
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Chihuahua (state)
Chihuahua (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈwawa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Chihuahua (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Its capital city is Chihuahua.
It is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the southwest, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east. To the north and northeast, it has a long line with the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas.
Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by area, with a mainland area of 247,455 square kilometres (95,543 sq mi), it is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is consequently known under the nickname El Estado Grande ("The Big State").
Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico. Due to its variant climate the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.
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Chivhu
Chivhu (formerly Enkeldoorn) is a small town in Zimbabwe, with an estimated population of 10,000 in 2007. It is located 146 km (91 mi) south of Harare on the main road south to Masvingo and South Africa.
Enkeldoorn was founded by Afrikaans-speaking Boer farmers and settlers in around 1850. It was the first white settlement in Zimbabwe and it became an Afrikaner stronghold in a predominately English-speaking white Rhodesia.
Chivhu has an agricultural economy, based in poultry farming and dairy cattle. Beef, pork, maize and millet are also important produce. As more and more white farmers are expelled from Zimbabwe by the Mugabe government, this once lively agricultural economy becomes more and more endangered.
Chivhu/Enkeldoorn is famous for producing cricketers Dirk Viljoen and Gavin Ewing. It is also the ancestral hometown of Andy Blignaut. The first lady of Zimbabwe, Grace Mugabe was born in Chivhu in 1965.
Coordinates: 19°00′S 30°09′E / 19°S 30.15°E / -19; 30.15
wn.com/Chivhu -
Delagoa Bay
Maputo Bay (Baía de Maputo), formerly Delagoa Bay, Baía da Lagoa (in Portuguese) is an inlet of the Indian Ocean on the coast of Mozambique, between 25° 40' and 26° 20' S, with a length from north to south of over 90 km long and 32 km wide.
The bay is the northern termination of the series of lagoons which line the coast from Saint Lucia Bay. The opening is toward the N.E. The southern part of the bay is formed the Machangulo peninsula, which on its inner or western side affords safe anchorage. At its N.W. point is Port Melville. North of the peninsula is Inhaca Island, and beyond it a smaller island known as Elephants Island.
In spite of a bar at the entrance and a number of shallows within, Maputo Bay forms a valuable harbour, accessible to large vessels at all seasons of the year. The surrounding country is low and very unhealthy, but the island of Inyak has a height of 73 m, and is used as a sanatorium. A river 3.7 to 5.5 m deep, known as the Manhissa or Komati, enters the bay at its northern end; several smaller streams, the Matola (from the north), the Umbeluzi (from the west), and the Tembe (from the south), from the Lebombo Mountains, meet towards the middle of the bay in the estuary called by the Portuguese the Espírito Santo, but generally known as the English river; and the Maputo, which has its headwaters in the Drakensberg, enters in the south, as also does the Umfusi river. These rivers are the haunts of the hippopotamus and the crocodile.
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District Six
District Six (Afrikaans Distrik Ses) is the name of a former inner-city residential area in Cape Town, South Africa. It is best known for the forced removal of over 60,000 of its inhabitants during the 1970s by the apartheid regime.
The area was named in 1867 as the Sixth Municipal District of Cape Town. The District Six neighbourhood is bounded by Sir Lowry Road on the north, Tennant Road to the west, De Waal Drive on the south and Cambridge Street to the east. By the turn of the century it was already a lively community made up of former slaves, artisans, merchants and other immigrants, as well as many Malay people brought to South Africa by the Dutch East India Company during its administration of the Cape Colony. It was home to almost a tenth of the city of Cape Town's population.
After World War II, during the earlier part of the apartheid era, District Six was relatively cosmopolitan. Situated within sight of the docks, it was made up largely of coloured residents which included a substantial number of coloured Muslims, called Cape Malays. There were also a number of black Xhosa residents and a smaller numbers of Afrikaans, whites, and Indians.
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Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën) — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Foederatae Belgii Provinciae (Federated Belgic Provinces), and Belgica Foederata (Belgic Federation).
Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.
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Eldoret
Eldoret is a town in western Kenya and the administrative centre of Uasin Gishu District of Rift Valley Province. Lying south of the Cherangani Hills, the local elevation varies from about 2100 metres above sea level at the airport to more than 2700 metres in nearby areas (7000–9000 feet). The population was 193,830 in 1999 (census), and it is currently the fastest growing town in Kenya, and currently the 5th largest in Kenya.
The name "Eldoret" is based on the Maasai word "eldore" meaning "stony river" because the bed of the nearby Sosiani River is very stony. The white settlers decided to call it Eldoret to make it easier for them to pronounce it. At start of the colonial era, the area was occupied by the Nandi, before that by the Maasai and before that the Sirikwa.
In 1908, fifty eight families of Afrikaans-speaking South African settlers "trekked" to the Uashin Gishu plateau from Nakuru after a journey from South Africa by sea and by rail from Mombasa. They were followed by sixty more families in 1911 and more later. Eldoret was established in the midst of the farms they created.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Georgia (country)
Georgiai/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/ (Georgian: საქართველო Sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of Georgia is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is almost 4.7 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.
During the classical era independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. A unified Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 11th–12th centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire. After a brief period of independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia was occupied by Soviet Russia in 1921, becoming the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and part of the Soviet Union. After independence in 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil unrest and economic crisis for most of the 1990s. This lasted until the Rose Revolution of 2003, after which the new government introduced democratic and economic reforms.
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Holland
Holland
Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. The term Holland is also frequently used as a pars pro toto to refer to the whole of the Netherlands. This usage is generally accepted but disliked by Dutch people in the other parts of the Netherlands.
From the 10th century to the 16th century, Holland proper was a unified political region, a county ruled by the Counts of Holland. By the 17th century, Holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power, dominating the other provinces of the Dutch Republic.
Today, the former County of Holland consists of the two Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland, which together include the Netherlands' three largest cities: country capital Amsterdam; seat of government The Hague; and Rotterdam, home of Europe's largest port.
Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) referred to this region as the land between the Helinium and Flevo ("inter Helinium ac Flevum"), the names of the mouths into which the Rhine divided itself, the first discharging its waters in the Mosa in the neighbourhood of Brielle and the second into "the lakes of the north" (present IJsselmeer). The name Holland first appeared in sources in 866 for the region around Haarlem, and by 1064 was being used as the name of the entire county. By this time, the inhabitants of Holland were referring to themselves as "Hollanders".Holland is derived from the Middle Dutch term holtland ("wooded land").[citation needed] This spelling variation remained in use until around the 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as Holland (alternative spellings at the time were Hollant and Hollandt). Popular, but incorrect etymology holds that Holland is derived from hol land ("hollow land") and was inspired by the low-lying geography of Holland.[citation needed]
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
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KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal ( /kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl/, also referred to as KZN or Natal) is a province of South Africa. Prior to 1994, the territory now known as KwaZulu-Natal was made up of the province of Natal and the homeland of KwaZulu.
In the 1830s, the northern part was the Zulu Kingdom and southern part was briefly a Boer republic called Natalia (1839–1843). In 1843, the latter became the British Colony of Natal; Zululand (KwaZulu in Zulu) remained independent until 1879.
This region is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such as Pixley ka Isaka Seme (founder of the African National Congress and the first Black lawyer in South Africa), John Langalibalele Dube (founding president of the ANC), Mangosuthu Buthelezi (founder of the IFP), Chief Albert Luthuli (ANC president and the first African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize), Anton Lembede (founding president of the ANC Youth League), Jacob Zuma (Current President of South Africa), and Bhambatha.
It is called the garden province and is the home of the Zulu nation. Two natural areas: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the southeast of the country, the province has a long shoreline on the Indian Ocean. It borders three other provinces and the countries of Mozambique, Swaziland, and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban.
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Maputo
Maputo, known as Lourenço Marques before independence, is the capital and largest city of Mozambique. It is known as the City of Acacias in reference to acacia trees commonly found along its avenues and the Pearl of the Indian Ocean. It was famous for the inscription "This is Portugal" on the walkway of its municipal building. Today it is a port city on the Indian Ocean, with its economy centered around the harbour. According to the 2007 census, the population is 1,766,184.Cotton, sugar, chromite, sisal, copra, and hardwood are the chief exports. The city manufactures cement, pottery, furniture, shoes, and rubber. The city is surrounded by Maputo Province, but is administered as its own province.
It is estimated that 80% of the city's population live in slums without running water or electricity, but the city has little money to invest in infrastructure. Inequality in Maputo has grown considerably as it experienced economic growth rates as high as 9% annually.
On the northern bank of Espírito Santo Estuary of Delagoa Bay, an inlet of the Indian Ocean, Lourenço Marques was named after the Portuguese navigator, who with a companion (António Caldeira) was sent in 1544 by the governor of Mozambique on a voyage of exploration. They explored the lower courses of the rivers emptying their waters into Delagoa Bay, notably the Espírito Santo. The various forts and trading stations which the Portuguese established, abandoned and reoccupied on the north bank of the river were all called Lourenço Marques. The existing town dates from about 1850, the previous settlement having been entirely destroyed by the natives. The town developed around a Portuguese fortress completed in 1787.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: Moçambique or República de Moçambique, pronounced: [ʁɛˈpublikɐ di musɐ̃ˈbiki]), is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. The capital city is Maputo, formerly known as Lourenço Marques.
Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west. Swahili, and later also Arab, commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans. The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonized by Portugal in 1505. Mozambique became independent in 1975, and became the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. It was the scene of an intense civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992.
Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources. The country's economy is based largely on agriculture, but with industry, mainly food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, aluminium and petroleum production, is growing fast. The country's tourism sector is also growing. South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment. Portugal, Spain, and Belgium are also among the country's most important partners. Since 2001 Mozambique is one of the world's top ten for annual average GDP growth. However, Mozambique still has one of the lowest GDP per capita, one of the worst human development index and one of the highest inequality in the world, as well as having the world's lowest life expectancy.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië, German:
Republik Namibia (help·info)), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. It became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Northern Cape
The Northern Cape (Afrikaans: Noord-Kaap) is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up. Its capital is Kimberley. It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of an international park shared with Botswana. It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the diamond mining regions in Kimberley and Alexander Bay. The Namaqualand region in the west is famous for its Namaqualand daisies. The southern towns of De Aar and Colesberg, in the Great Karoo, are major transport nodes between Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. In the northeast, Kuruman is famous as a mission station and also for its 'eye'. The Orange River flows through the province, forming the borders with the Free State in the southeast and with Namibia to the northwest. The river is also used to irrigate the many vineyards in the arid region near Upington.
Native speakers of Afrikaans comprise a higher percentage of the population in the Northern Cape than in any other province. The Northern Cape's four official languages are Afrikaans, Tswana, Xhosa, and English. Minorities speak the other official languages of South Africa, and a few people speak Khoisan languages such as Nama and Khwe.
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Patagonia
Patagonia is a region located at the southern end of South America, territory shared by Argentina and Chile, boasting some of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean and from the east of the mountain range to the valleys it follows south through Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it includes the territory of Valdivia through Tierra del Fuego archipelago.
The name Patagonia comes from the word patagón used by Magellan in 1520 to describe the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed the Patagons were actually Tehuelches with an average height of 180 cm (~5′11″) compared to the 155 cm (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time.
The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, as well as the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego archipelago and the southernmost department of Buenos Aires province: Patagones. The Argentine politico-economic Patagonic Region includes the Province of La Pampa.
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Portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Sarmiento, Chubut
Sarmiento is a town in the province of Chubut, Argentina. It has about 8,000 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [INDEC], and is the head town of the department of the same name. It is located on the so-called Central Corridor of Patagonia, in a fertile valley amidst an otherwise arid region, 140 km west from Comodoro Rivadavia, in the south of Chubut. It sits between two lakes, Lake Musters and Lake Colhue Huapi. Notable attractions are the Petrified Forest and caves with Aborigine hand paintings.
The coldest temperature at low elevation ever recorded in South America, -33°C (-27°F), was recorded in Sarmiento on June 17, 1907.
Sarmiento was born as a colony of immigrants, mainly from Wales (see Welsh settlement in Argentina). In the early 1900s it also experienced an influx of immigrants from Lithuania.
In 1903 600 Afrikaner families arrived in Argentina following the loss of the Second Boer War. They settled in the region as it had access to water unlike the coastal city of Comodoro Rivadavia where they first settled. The descendants of these colonists make up a large portion of the population of Sarmiento and still speak Afrikaans and attend a Dutch Reformed Church to this day. As recently as the 1960s Afrikaans was the most commonly spoken language however this has changed as the town's Afrikaans population has become more assimilated into Argentinian culture and society.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Sophiatown, Gauteng
Sophiatown (English pronunciation: /sɵˈfaɪətaʊn/) (also known as Sof'town or Kofifi) is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Sophiatown was a legendary black cultural hub that was destroyed under apartheid, rebuilt under the name of Triomf, and in 2006 officially returned to its original name. Sophiatown was one of the oldest black areas in Johannesburg and its destruction represents some of the excesses of South Africa under apartheid. Despite the violence and poverty, it was the epicentre of politics, jazz and blues during the 1940s and 1950s. It produced some of South Africa's most famous writers, musicians, politicians and artists.
Sophiatown was originally part of the Waterfall farm. Over time it included the neighbouring areas of Martindale and Newclare. It was purchased by a speculator, Hermann Tobiansky, in 1897. He acquired 237 acres four miles or so west of the centre of Johannesburg. The private leasehold township was surveyed in 1903 and divided into almost 1700 small stands. The township was named after Tobiansky's wife, Sophia, and some of the streets were named after his children Toby, Gerty, Bertha and Victoria. Before the enactment of the Natives Land Act, 1913, black South Africans had freehold rights, and they bought properties in the suburb. The distance from the city centre was seen as disadvantageous and after the City of Johannesburg built a sewage plant nearby, the area seemed even less attractive. Because of these and other reasons most of the whites had moved out by 1920, leaving behind a vibrant multi-racial community. By the late 1940s Sophiatown had a population of nearly 54 000 Black Africans, 3 000 Coloureds, 1 500 Indians and 686 Chinese.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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Soweto
Soweto (/sɵˈweɪtoʊ/, /sɵˈwɛtoʊ/, or /sɵˈwiːtoʊ/) is an urban area of the city of Johannesburg in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the city's mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for South Western Townships. Formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Suburbs of Johannesburg.
The history of African townships south west of Johannesburg that would later form Soweto was propelled by the increasing eviction of Africans by city and state authorities. Africans had been drawn to work on the gold mines that were established after 1886. From the start they were accommodated in separate areas on the outskirts of Johannesburg, such as Brickfields (Newtown). In 1904 British-controlled city authorities removed African and Indian residents of Brickfields to an "evacuation camp" at Klipspruit municipal sewage farm (not Kliptown, a separate township) outside the Johannesburg municipal boundary, following a reported outbreak of plague. Two further townships were laid out to the east and the west of Johannesburg in 1918. Townships to the south west of Johannesburg followed, starting with Pimville in 1934 (a renamed part of Klipspruit) and Orlando in 1935.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Stellenbosch
Stellenbosch ( /ˈstɛlənbɒs/) is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa, situated about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Cape Town, along the banks of the Eerste River. It is the second oldest European settlement in the province, after Cape Town. The town became known as the City of Oaks or Eikestad in Afrikaans and Dutch due to the large number of oak trees that were planted by its founder, Simon van der Stel, to grace the streets and homesteads.
Stellenbosch has its own municipality (incorporating the neighbouring towns of Pniel and Franschhoek), adjoining the greater/metro area of the city of Cape Town. The town is home to Stellenbosch University. Technopark is a modern science park situated on the southern side of the town near the Stellenbosch Golf Course.
The town was founded in 1679 by the Governor of the Cape Colony, Simon van der Stel, who named it after himself — Stellenbosch means "(van der) Stel's forest". It is situated on the banks of the Eerste Rivier ("First River"), so named as it was the first new river he reached and followed when he went on an expedition over the Cape Flats to explore the territory towards what is now known as Stellenbosch. The town grew so quickly that it became an independent local authority in 1682 and the seat of a magistrate with jurisdiction over 25,000 square kilometers (9,700 sq mi) in 1685.
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Sun City, North West
Sun City is a luxury casino and resort, situated in the North West Province of South Africa. It is located between the Elands River and the Pilanesberg, about two hours' drive from Johannesburg, near the city of Rustenburg. The complex borders the Pilanesberg Game Reserve.
Sun City was developed by the hotel magnate Sol Kerzner as part of his Sun International group of properties. It was officially opened on 7 December 1979; at the time it was located in the Bantustan of Bophuthatswana.
As Bophuthatswana had been declared an independent state by South Africa's apartheid government (although unrecognized as such by any other country), it was allowed under the South African law at the time to provide entertainment such as gambling and topless revue shows, which were banned in South Africa. These factors, as well as its relatively close location to the large metropolitan areas of Pretoria and Johannesburg, ensured that Sun City soon became (and stayed) a popular holiday and weekend destination. Many famous performers such as Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Elaine Page, Frank Sinatra, Queen, Elton John, Sarah Brightman, Roxette, Julio Iglesias, The O'Jays, Boney M., Black Sabbath, Rod Stewart, Tina Turner, Dionne Warwick, Laura Branigan and Thomas Anders (of Modern Talking fame) also performed at the 'Sun City Super Bowl', a large auditorium which seats 6,230. Sun City also became the site of several important Heavyweight boxing matches during the late 1970s and early 1980s. One such boxer was Gerrie Coetzee, who later (1983) became heavyweight world champion.
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Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vlakplaas
Vlakplaas is a farm 20km west of Pretoria that served as the headquarters of the South African Police counterinsurgency unit C10 (later called C1) working for the apartheid government in South Africa. The C-designation of the counterinsurgency unit was its official name but the whole unit became known as Vlakplaas and was commanded by Eugene de Kock.
Vlakplaas functioned as a paramilitary hit squad, capturing political opponents of the apartheid government and either "turning" (converting) or executing them. The Vlakplaas farm was usually the site of multiple executions of political opponents of the apartheid government.
In August 2007, it was announced by the South African Department of Science and Technology that the farm would serve a new purpose, as a centre for healing. The centre will conduct research into plants used in traditional medicine, and promote collaboration between practitioners of western medicine and traditional healers.
Coordinates: 25°49′3.01″S 28°1′41.44″E / 25.8175028°S 28.0281778°E / -25.8175028; 28.0281778
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Weenen
Weenen (Dutch for "to weep") is the second oldest European settlement in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is situated on the banks of the Bushman River. The farms around the town grow vegetables, lucerne, groundnuts, and citrus fruit. The town was laid out in 1838 at the site of a massacre by the Zulus following Voortrekker settlements in the area near the royal kraal of Dingane. A now-closed narrow gauge railway was built in 1907 to connect the town to Estcourt, 47 kilometres to the west.
Weenen Game Reserve is administered by KwaZulu Wildlife and covers an area of typical inland KwaZulu-Natal acacia grassland with occasional thickets. There are extensive game viewing facilities, guided walks and environmental education in the Weenen Game Reserve. More than 230 species of birds have been recorded (there are two hides overlooking a dam) and the park is an excellent example of how a severely degraded habitat can be successfully rehabilitated. There are three picnic sites. Mammals in the reserve include Rhinoceros, giraffe, hyaena, jackal, bushbuck, reedbuck, steenbok and porcupine. The Weenen nature reserve has a small two-bedroomed cottage with BBQ facilities and its own trail and waterhole. There are 12 caravan and camping sites and a picnic site. There is a guided walk of 8 km and three self-guided trails which pass dams.
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Windhoek
Windhoek ( /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/ VINT-huuk; German: Windhuk (help·info)) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area, at around 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level. The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 322,500 and grows continually due to an influx from all over Namibia.
The town developed at the site of a permanent spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities. It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner, Captain of the Orlam settled here in 1840 and built a stone church for his community. However, in the decades thereafter multiple wars and hostilities led to the neglect and destruction of the new settlement such that Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German army Major Curt von François.
Windhoek is the social, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Nearly every Namibian national enterprise, governmental body, educational and cultural institution is headquartered here.
The City of Windhoek is traditionally known by two names: ǀAiǁGams, (Khoekhoe: hot springs) and Otjomuise (Otjiherero: place of steam). Both traditional names reference the hot springs near today's city centre.
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Zambia
Zambia ( /ˈzæmbiə/), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest.
Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region which comprises modern Zambia was colonised during the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century, Zambia became the British colony of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, the country was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company.
On 24 October 1964, the country declared independence from the United Kingdom and then-prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from the 1964 until 1991. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a single-party state with the UNIP as the sole-legal political party, with the goal of uniting the nation under the banner of 'One Zambia, One Nation'. Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, during which the country saw a rise in social-economic growth and increased decentralisation of government.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/ zim-BAHB-way; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe) is a landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called Salisbury). Zimbabwe achieved majority rule and internationally recognised independence in April 1980 following a long period of colonial rule and a 15-year period of white-dominated minority rule, instituted after the minority regime’s so-called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965.
Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona and Ndebele. Zimbabwe began as the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, created from land held by the British South Africa Company. President Robert Mugabe is the head of State and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister. Mugabe has been in power since the country's internationally recognised independence in 1980.
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Acadians
The Acadians (French: Acadiens, IPA: [akadjɛ̃]) are the descendants of the 17th-century French colonists who settled in Acadia, a colony of New France. The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canadas Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), as well as part of Quebec, and present-day Maine to the Kennebec River. Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French speaking (francophone) Canadians, Acadia was a distinct colony of New France, and was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada (modern day Quebec), which led to Acadians and Québécois developing two rather distinct histories and cultures. The settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from "all the regions of France but coming predominantly directly from the cities".
Prior to the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, the Acadians lived for almost 80 years in Acadia. After the Conquest, they lived under British rule for the next forty-five years. During the French and Indian War, British colonial officers and New England legislators and militia carried out the Great Expulsion of 1755–1763. They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region. Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning. One historian compared this event to a contemporary ethnic cleansing, while other historians suggested that the event is comparable with other deportations in history.
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Afrikaner
Afrikaners (including the Boer subgroup ) are a Germanic ethnic group in Southern Africa descended from Dutch (including Flemish), French and German settlers whose native tongue is Afrikaans: a Germanic language which derives primarily from 17th century Dutch, and a variety of other languages.
Their ancestors were Dutch Calvinists, with smaller numbers of Frisians, English, Germans and French Huguenots, and with minor numbers of other European groups (such as Dutch Jews, Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians, Spaniards, Scots, Irish, Polish).
Most Afrikaner families have between 5% and 7% non-white ancestry, such as Khoi African, Indonesian and Indian, as the early Dutch settlement at the Cape allowed inter-racial marriage. During the Apartheid era, race classification was based on appearance and there were many borderline cases.
South Africans of British descent are considered a separate ethnic group from Afrikaners, and their first language is English.
The term Afrikaner as used in the 20th and 21st century context refers to all white Afrikaans-speaking people, i.e. those of the larger Cape Dutch origin and of the smaller Boer origin, who are descended from European settlers who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of administration (1652 – 1795) by the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC).
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Ahmed Kathrada
Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada (sometimes nicknamed Kathy) (born 21 August 1929) is a South African politician and former political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist.
Kathrada's involvement in the anti-apartheid activities of the African National Congress (ANC) led him to his long-term imprisonment following the Rivonia Trial, in which he was held at Robben Island and Pollsmoor Prison. Following his release in 1990, he was elected to serve as a member of parliament, representing the ANC.
Kathrada was born in the small country town of Schweizer-Reneke in the Western Transvaal, to Indian immigrant parents.
Due to the apartheid policies of the time, he could not be admitted to any of the "European" or "African" schools in the area and thus he had to move to Johannesburg to be educated. Once in Johannesburg, he was influenced by leaders of the Transvaal Indian Congress such as Dr. Yusuf Dadoo, IC Meer, Moulvi and Yusuf Cachalia, and JN Singh. Consequently, he became a political activist at the early age of 12 when he joined the Young Communist League of South Africa. He took part in various activities such as handing out leaflets and performing volunteer work in the individual passive resistance against the Pegging Act in 1941. During World War II, he was involved in the anti-war campaign of the Non-European United Front.
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Alan Paton
Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist.
Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province (now KwaZulu-Natal), the son of a minor civil servant. After attending Maritzburg College, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Natal in his hometown, followed by a diploma in education. After graduation, Paton worked as a teacher, first at the Ixopo High School, and subsequently at a Maritzburg College While at Ixopo he met Dorrie Francis Lusted. They were married in 1928 and remained together until her death from emphysema in 1967. Their life together is documented in Paton's book Kontakion for You Departed, published in 1969. Paton and his secretary, Anne Hopkins, were married the same year.
He served as the principal of Diepkloof Reformatory for young (African Black) offenders from 1935 to 1949, where he introduced controversial reforms of a progressive slant. Most notable among these were the open dormitory policy, the work permit policy, and the home visitation policy. Boys were initially housed in closed dorms. Once they had proven themselves trustworthy, they would be transferred to open dorms within the compound. Boys who showed high levels of trustworthiness would be permitted to work outside the compound. In some cases, boys were even permitted to reside outside the compound under the supervision of a care family. Interesting to note is that fewer than 1% of ten thousand boys given home leave during Paton's years at Diepkloof ever broke their trust by failing to return.
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Andries Pretorius
Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius (27 November 1798 – 23 July 1853) was a leader of the Boers who was instrumental in the creation of the Transvaal Republic, as well as the earlier but short-lived Natalia Republic, in present-day South Africa.
Born in 1798, Pretorius received his education at home and grew up to become a farmer, like his parents, in Graaff-Reinet in the Cape Colony. He was a descendant of one of the earliest Dutch settlers in South Africa and a "descendant of two East Indian slave women, Catharina van Bengale on his mother’s side, and Helena van Malabar on his father’s side."
Discontented under British rule, he left his home and joined the Great Trek to the north. By way of the Orange Free State, he crossed the Drakensberg into Natal, arriving in November 1838, when the emigrants lacked a recognized leader following the death of Piet Retief in February. They chose Pretorius as commandant-general, and he quickly collected a force to avenge the deaths of Piet Retief and his party, who had been killed by the Zulu king Dingane's forces in February under treacherous circumstances.
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Andries Treurnicht
Andries Petrus Treurnicht (19 February 1921, Piketberg, Cape Province – 22 April 1993, Cape Town) was a South African politician, Minister of Education during the Soweto Riots and for a short time leader of the National Party in Transvaal. In 1982 he founded and led of the Conservative Party of South Africa whose successes among the white electorate made him Leader of the Opposition in 1987, a position he retained until his death.
He was born in Piketberg (Cape Province) and began his working life as a journalist, being editor of Die Kerkbode and Hoofstad. He was a keen sportsman, excelling on the rugby field, playing provincial rugby against the All Blacks in 1949. After obtaining his MA in Theology at the University of Stellenbosch, he completed a Doctorate in Political Philosophy at the University of Cape Town. He subsequently entered the Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk), serving various congregations as minister for 14 years. He was elected Deputy Chairman of the Cape Synod and later of the General Synod. He married Engela Dreyer on 18 January 1949.
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André Brink
André Philippus Brink, OIS, (born 29 May 1935 in Vrede) is a South African novelist. He writes in Afrikaans and English and is a Professor of English at the University of Cape Town.
In the 1960s he, Ingrid Jonker and Breyten Breytenbach were key figures in the Afrikaans literary movement known as Die Sestigers ("The Sixty-ers"). These writers sought to use Afrikaans as a language to speak against the apartheid government, and also to bring into Afrikaans literature the influence of contemporary English and French trends.
His novel Kennis van die aand ("Knowledge of the night") (1973) was the first Afrikaans book to be banned by the South African government. André Brink translated Kennis van die aand into English and published it abroad as Looking on Darkness. This was his first self-translation. Since then André Brink writes his works simultaneously in English and Afrikaans.
While Brink's early novels were especially concerned with apartheid, his more recent work engages the new range issues posed by life in a democratic South Africa.
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Anglo-African
Anglo-Africans are White African people of largely British descent who live or come from Sub-Saharan Africa and are Anglophone. A large majority live in South Africa. Along with Afrikaners, Anglo-Africans are officially grouped as White South Africans, comprising 39% of the total White South African demographic.
Ethnicity is a politically loaded topic in South Africa. While some English speakers refer to themselves as "British", the phrase Anglo African is more generally used to refer to English speakers in Africa, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa.[citation needed] The majority live in South Africa and other countries in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Tanzania, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Many also come from Kenya, with smaller numbers residing in Nigeria.[citation needed] Though the majority of Anglo-Africans are of British and Irish descent, their numbers also include peoples of French Huguenot, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Jewish and Italian ancestry who speak English as their first language.
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Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, pronounced [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.[citation needed]
The name Ashkenazi derives from the bibilical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). In the Rabbinic literature, Ashkenaz's kingdom was first associated with the Scythian region, then later on with the Slavic territories, and from the 11th century onwards with Northern Europe and Germany. The Jews living in the northern regions, associated with Ashkenaz's kingdom, thus came to call themselves the Ashkenazi Jews. Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called "Ashkenazi" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a High German language written using the Hebrew alphabet. It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Shpira, Vermayza, and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.
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B. J. Vorster
Balthazar Johannes Vorster (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈbɐltɐzɐr joˈhɐnəs ˈfostər]; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983), better known as John Vorster, served as the Prime Minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978 and as the fourth State President of South Africa from 1978 to 1979. While known for his staunch adherence to apartheid, overseeing as Minister of Justice the Rivonia Trial in which Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment, and as Prime Minister the Terrorism Act, the complete abolishment of non-white political representation, the Soweto Riots and the Steve Biko crisis, he nevertheless concluded a more pragmatic foreign policy than his predecessors in an effort to improve relations between the white minority government and South Africa's neighbours, particularly after the breakup of the Portuguese colonial empire. Shortly after the Internal Settlement in Rhodesia, in which he was instrumental, he was implicated in the Muldergate Scandal and resigned the premiership in favor of the ceremonial presidency, which he was forced to give up as well eight months later.
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Barbadian Jews
The history of the Jews in Barbados has existed almost continually since 1654, when Sephardic Jews arrived on the island as refugees from Dutch Brazil. The Jewish refugees brought with them expertise in the production and cultivation of sugarcane and coffee, expertise which contributed to the development of Barbados as a major producer of sugar.
Unlike the case in Suriname, very few of the Barbadian Sephardim were plantation owners. Given the small size of Barbados, all the arable land was already occupied by the 1660s. Consequently, Jews settled in Bridgetown as merchants with a smaller community in the northern town of Speightstown. As an examination of the Barbados telephone directory will show[citation needed], several of the original Jewish last names from the Brazilian Jews can still be found in Barbados, either held by the white or mixed race descendants of the various Sephardic families or adopted by the original slaves of the Jewish families which held them in bondage.
Emigration and assimilation eventually took their toll on the original Jewish population of the island; the Jewish population it is believed vanished by 1929 when it is said that the last of the practising descendants of the Brazilian Jews left the island. As a result the community's synagogue fell into a state of disuse. A Jewish presence returned to the island in the aftermath of World War II, in the form of Ashkenazi Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe.
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Barbara Hogan
Barbara Hogan (born 1952) is the former Minister of Public Enterprises in the Cabinet of South Africa.
Hogan attended St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls, Boksburg and gained a degree at the University of the Witwatersrand.
Hogan joined the African National Congress in 1976 after the Soweto Uprising, many years after the organization had been declared illegal and had moved its activities underground. Her responsibilities in this movement were to mobilize the white political left, participation in public political campaigning and supplying the ANC underground in Botswana with information about trade union and community activity in South Africa. Hogan was detained in 1982 for ‘furthering the aims of a banned organization’ and after being interrogated, ill-treated and held in solitary confinement for one year, she became the first woman in South Africa found guilty of high treason and was sentenced to ten years in prison. Hogan was released in 1990 with the unbanning of outlawed organizations and together with other political prisoners, most notably Nelson Mandela. Upon release she played a pivotal role in restructuring the ANC in her capacity as secretary of the PWV regional office.
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Basque people
The Basques (Basque: euskaldunak, Spanish: vascos, French: basques) as an ethnic group, primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.
The Basques are known in the local languages as:
The English word Basque comes from French Basque (pronounced /bask/), which itself comes from Gascon Basco (pronounced /ˈbasku/) and Spanish Vasco[citation needed] (pronounced /ˈbasko/). These, in turn, come from Latin Vasco (pronounced /wasko/), plural Vascones (see History section below). The Latin labial-velar approximant /w/ generally evolved into the bilabials /b/ and /β̞/ in Gascon and Spanish, probably under the influence of Basque and Aquitanian, a language related to old Basque and spoken in Gascony in Antiquity (similarly the Latin /w/ evolved into /v/ in French, Italian and other languages).
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Baster
The Basters (also known as Baasters, Rehobothers or Rehoboth Basters) are the descendants of Cape Colony Dutch and indigenous African women. They largely live in Namibia and are similar to Coloured or Griqua people in South Africa.
The name Baster is derived from the Dutch word for "bastard" (or "crossbreed"). While some people consider this term demeaning, the Basters proudly use the term as an indication of their history in the same way as the Métis ("Mixed") people of Canada.
While the current numbers of Basters remain unclear (figures between 20 000 and 40 000 are given), the Basters are concerned that their unique heritage will be lost in a modern Namibia.
The Basters were mainly persons of mixed descent who at one time would have been absorbed in the white community. It was, however, as much an economic and cultural category as a racial one and included the economically most advanced of the non-white population at the Cape. Among these were persons who acted as supervisors of other servants and were the confidential employees of their masters. Sometimes these were treated almost as members of the white family. The group also included Khoi, free blacks and persons of mixed descent who had succeeded in acquiring property and establishing themselves as farmers in their own right. The name Orlam was sometimes applied to persons who could also be known as Baster but was a more general name for Khoi and Coloured persons generally who spoke Dutch and practised a largely European way of life.
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Ben Viljoen
Benjamin Johannes Viljoen (7 September 1869 - 14 January 1917) was a general in the Boer army. He was born in a cave in the Wodehouse district of the Cape Colony. This was the temporary residence of the Viljoen family while their farm house was being constructed. He spent his early years on the Varkiesdraai farm near Umtata. He attained the position of Assistant Commandant-General of the Transvaal Burgher Forces and was member for Krugersdorp in the Transvaal Volksraad.
In 1890 he moved to Johannesburg and in 1896 he founded the Krugersdorpse Vrywilligerskorps experiencing combat with the Jameson Raiders. On the Uitlander issue, Viljoen was an ally of Paul Kruger. He is famously attributed to saying in the Volksraad that it was time to put trust in "God and the Mauser".
With the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War he first did service in the Colony of Natal. He led the Johannesburg Commando, the great nemesis of the Uitlanders and he fought at the Battle of Elandslaagte on 21 October 1899. When the front disintegrated, he joined up with other Boers to stop the British march on Pretoria.
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Billy Nair
Billy Nair (27 November 1929-23 October 2008) was a South African politician, a member of the National Assembly of South Africa, an anti-apartheid activist and a political prisoner in Robben Island.
Nair is best known for being one of the famous Rivonia Trialists as well as a long-serving political prisoner on Robben Island along with Nelson Mandela in the 'B' Block for political prisoners. His Prison card is the copy used in the post-reconciliation prison tours to illustrate the conditions of the prisoners of the time. He was elected to the African National Congress (ANC) executive committee in 1991 and was a South African member of parliament for two terms prior to his retirement in 2004.
Nair was born in Sydenham, Durban in the then province of Natal, to Indian immigrant parents on 27 November 1929. His parents were Pravathy and Krishnan Nair who belonged to Kerala, India. He was one of five children; his siblings were Joan, Angela, Jay and Shad. His youngest brother died of typhoid in 1942. His father was an illiterate ship cargo man and mother supplemented the income by owning a vegetable stall in the market.
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Black people
The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.
As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.
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Black Sea Germans
The Black Sea Germans (German: Schwarzmeerdeutsche; Russian: Черноморские немцы) are ethnic Germans who left their homeland in the 18th and 19th centuries, and settled in territories off the north coast of the Black Sea, mostly in southern Ukraine. Included in the category of Black Sea Germans are the following groups from the Black Sea area: the Bessarabia Germans, Dobrujan Germans, and the Russian Mennonites.
The Black Sea Germans are distinct from the Volga Germans, who were separate both geographically and culturally, although both groups moved to Russia at about the same time and for the same reasons.
The Germans settled in southern Ukraine which at that time was part of the Russian Empire and on the Crimean Peninsula. This land was gained for Russia by Catherine the Great through her two wars with the Ottoman Empire (1768-1774) and from the annexation of the Crimean Khanates (1783). The area of settlement was not settled as compactly as that of the Volga territory, rather it was home to a chain of colonies. The first German settlers arrived in 1787, first from West Prussia, then later from Western and Southwestern Germany, as well as from the Warsaw area. Catholics, Lutherans and Mennonites were all known as capable farmers (see Molotschna, for Mennonite settlements in the Melitopol area); Empress Catherine herself sent them a personal invitation to immigrate to Russia.
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Boer
Boer ( /ˈbʊər/, /ˈboʊ.ər/, or /ˈbɔər/; Afrikaans: [ˈbuːr]) is the Dutch and Afrikaans word for farmer, which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal (which are together known as the Boer Republics), and to a lesser extent Natal. Their primary motivations for leaving the Cape were to escape British rule and extract themselves from the constant border wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier.
The Trekboers, as they were originally known, were mainly of Dutch origin and included Calvinists, Flemish and Frisian Calvinists, as well as French Huguenot and German and British protestants who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of its administration (1652 – 1795) by the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC). Lesser migrations of Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians, Spanish, Polish, Scots, English, Jews, Russians and Irish immigrants also contributed to this ethnic mix.
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Bram Fischer
Abram Louis Fischer, commonly known as Bram Fischer, (23 April 1908 Bloemfontein - 8 May 1975 Bloemfontein) was a South African lawyer of Afrikaner descent, notable for anti-apartheid activism and for the legal defence of anti-apartheid figures, including Nelson Mandela at the Rivonia Trial.
Fischer is widely acknowledged as a key figure in the anti-apartheid struggle.
Nelson Mandela wrote, Fischer was one of the "bravest and staunchest friends of the freedom struggle that I have ever known." From a prominent Afrikaner family, he gave up a life of privilege, rejected his heritage, and was ostracized by his own people, showing "a level of courage and sacrifice that was in a class by itself.
In Country of My Skull, Antjie Krog writes, "He was so much braver than the rest of us, he paid so much more, his life seems to have touched the lives of so many people - even after his death.”
In her account of her detention and solitary confinement by the South African Security Branch in 1963, Ruth First writes about being questioned about Fischer during an interrogation. She told her interrogators: "Bram is a friend, a very dear friend of mine, a wonderful man, and - thank God for the reputation of your people that you have at least one saving grace - he's an Afrikaner."
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Breton people
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brythonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain in waves from the 3rd to 6th century into the Armorican peninsula, subsequently named Brittany after them.[citation needed]
The main traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg) and is spoken in Western Brittany. Today Breton is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently. Another linguistic minority is present in Brittany, namely speakers of the Gallo language; Gallo is only spoken in Eastern Brittany, where Breton has virtually never been. Breton is closely related to the Brythonic languages Cornish (closely) and Welsh (more distantly) while the Gallo language is a Romance language of the langue d'oil family. Bretons' native language is mainly French nowadays.
Brittany and its people are included as one of the six Celtic nations. Ethnically, along with the Cornish and Welsh, the Bretons are the last vestiges of the ancient British. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government does not make such statistics. The present day population of Brittany based on a January 2007 estimate is 4,365,500.
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Breyten Breytenbach
Breyten Breytenbach (born September 16, 1939) is a South African writer and painter with French citizenship.
Breyten Breytenbach was born in Bonnievale, Western Cape, approximately 180 km from Cape Town and 100 km from the southernmost tip of Africa at Cape Agulhas. He studied fine arts at the University of Cape Town and became a committed opponent of the policy of apartheid. He left South Africa for Paris in the early 1960s. When he married a French woman of Vietnamese ancestry, Yolande, he was not allowed to return: The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and The Immorality Act (1950) made it a criminal offence for a white person to have any sexual relations with a person of a different race.
In France he was a founder member of Okhela, a resistance group fighting apartheid in exile. On an illegal trip to South Africa in 1975 he was betrayed (by the ANC who mistrusted him), arrested and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for high treason: his work The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist describes aspects of his imprisonment. Released in 1982 as a result of massive international intervention he returned to Paris and obtained French citizenship.
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Bukovina Germans
The Bukovina Germans were a German ethnic group who lived from about 1780 to the 1940s in Bukovina, part of present-day western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. They were a minority group (approximately 21 percent of the population in the 1910 census, with more Jews than Christians) until the Holocaust and the resettlement of the Christian population into the German Reich under the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1940.
In 1774–1775 the Habsburgs annexed northwestern Moldavia (predominantly inhabited by Romanians—85.33 percent—with smaller numbers of Hutzuls, Ruthenians, Armenians, Poles and Jews). Since then, the region has been known as Bukovina (or Buchenland). From 1774 to 1786, settlement of German craftsmen and farmers in existing villages increased. They came from Szepes (Upper Hungary), Banat, Galicia (Protestants), the Rhine Palatinate and the Baden and Hesse principalities, and from impoverished regions of the Bohemian Forest. Population growth and a shortage of land led to the establishment of daughter settlements in Galicia, Bessarabia and the Dobruja.
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Bushmen
The indigenous people of Southern Africa, whose territory spans most areas of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, and Angola, are variously referred to as Bushmen, San, Sho, Barwa, Kung, or Khwe. The word Bushmen is sometimes associated with a negative meaning & they prefer to be called the San people. These people were traditionally hunter-gatherers, part of the Khoisan group and are related to the traditionally pastoral Khoikhoi. Starting in the 1950s, and lasting through the 1990s, they switched to farming as a result of government-mandated modernization programs as well as the increased risks of a hunting and gathering lifestyle in the face of technological development. There is a significant linguistic difference between the northern Bushmen living between Okavango (Botswana) and Etosha (Namibia), extending into southern Angola on the one hand and the southern group in the central Kalahari towards the Molopo, who are the last remnant of the extensive autochthonous San of South Africa.
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Cajun
Cajuns ( /ˈkeɪdʒən/; French: les Cadiens or les Acadiens, [le kadjɛ̃, lez‿akadjɛ̃]) are an ethnic group mainly living in the U.S. state of Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles (French-speakers from Acadia in what are now the Canadian Maritimes). Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population, and have exerted an enormous impact on the state's culture.
While Lower Louisiana had been settled by French colonists since the late 18th century, the Cajuns trace their roots to the influx of Acadian settlers after the Great Expulsion from their homeland during the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763). The Acadia region to which modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now Nova Scotia and the other Maritime provinces, plus parts of eastern Quebec and northern Maine. Since their establishment in Louisiana the Cajuns have developed their own dialect, Cajun French, and developed a vibrant culture including folkways, music, and cuisine.
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Caldoche
Caldoche is the name given to European inhabitants of the French territory of New Caledonia, mostly native-born French settlers. The formal name to refer to this particular population is Calédoniens, short for the very formal Néo-Calédoniens, however this self-appellation technically includes all inhabitants of the New Caledonian archipelago, not just the Caldoche. Another "white" demographic element (although they may well be Frenchmen of different ethnic backgrounds) in the territory is expatriates from metropolitan France who live there temporarily as civil servants. Caldoches are keen to differentiate themselves from these inhabitants, underlining their position as the permanent locals, referring to them as métros, short for métropolitains or as zoreilles and more informally zozos in the local jargon.
New Caledonia was used as a penal colony from 1854 to 1922 by France. From this period and on, many Europeans (particularly of French and, to some extent, German origin) settled in the territory and they intermingled with Asian and Polynesian settlers. Code de l'indigénat, introduced in 1887, provided the free settler population with an advantegous status over the indigenous Melanesian peoples, known collectively as Kanak. Caldoches settled and gained property on the dry west coast of the main island Grande Terre where the capital Nouméa is also located, pushing the Kanaks onto small reservations in the north and east. With the superior position, they constituted the ruling class of the colony and they were the ones who widened the usage of the word Canaque as a pejorative.
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Carpathian Germans
Carpathian Germans (German: Karpatendeutsche, Hungarian: Felvidéki németek, Slovak: Karpatskí Nemci), sometimes simply called Slovak Germans (German: Slowakeideutsche), are a group of German language speakers on the territory of present-day Slovakia. The term was coined by the historian Raimund Friedrich Kaindl, and is also sometimes used to refer to Germans in the Carpathian Ruthenia.
Germans settled in the northern territory of the Kingdom of Hungary (territory of present day Slovakia) from the 12th to 15th centuries (see Ostsiedlung), mostly after the Mongol invasion of 1241. There were probably some isolated settlers in the area of Pressburg earlier. The Germans were usually attracted by kings seeking specialists in various trades, such as craftsmen and miners. They usually settled in older Slavic market and mining settlements. The main settlement areas were in the vicinity of Pressburg and some language islands in the Spiš (Hungarian: Szepesség; German: Zips; Latin: Scepusium) and the Hauerland regions. The settlers in the Spiš region were known as Zipser Sachsen ("Scepusian Saxons"). Until approximately the 15th century, the ruling classes of most cities in present day Slovakia consisted almost exclusively of Germans.
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Charlize Theron
Charlize Theron (American English pronunciation: /ʃɑrˈliːs ˈθɛrən/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ʃɐrˈlis tron]; born 7 August 1975) is a South African actress and fashion model. She started her acting career in the United States and rose to fame in the late 1990s following roles in The Devil's Advocate (1997), Mighty Joe Young (1998), and The Cider House Rules (1999). Theron won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster (2003), becoming the first African to win an Academy Award in a major acting category. She received another Academy Award nomination for her performance in North Country (2005). Theron became a US citizen in 2007, while retaining her South African citizenship.
Theron was born in Benoni, in the then Transvaal Province of South Africa, the only child of Gerda (née Maritz; who has also called herself Gerta) and Charles Theron (born 27 November 1947).Second Boer War figure Danie Theron was her great-great-uncle. Her ancestry includes French, German, and Dutch; her French forebears were early Huguenot settlers in South Africa. "Theron" is an Occitan surname (originally spelled Théron) pronounced in Afrikaans as [tron], although she has said that the way she pronounces it in South Africa is [θron]. She changed the pronunciation when she moved to the U.S. to give it a more "American" sound.
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Crimea Germans
The Crimea Germans (German: Krimdeutsche) were ethnic German settlers who were invited to settle in the Crimea as part of the East Colonization.
From 1783 onwards, there was a systematic settlement of Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans to the Crimean Peninsula (in what was then the Crimean Khanate) in order to weaken the Crimean Tatar population.
The first planned settlements of Germans in Crimea were founded over 1805-1810 with the support of Czar Alexander I. The first settlements were:
Friedental - in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Lutherans
Heilbrunn - in the district of Feodosia; formed in 1809 by Lutherans
Kronental - in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1810 by Lutherans and Catholics
Neusatz - in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Lutherans
Rosental - in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Catholics
Staryj Krim (old Crimea)- in the district Feodosia; formed in 1805 by Lutherans and Catholics
Sudak - in the district of Feodosia; formed in 1805 by Lutherans
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D. F. Malan
Daniel François Malan (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈdɑːniəl frɐnˈswɑː mɐˈlɐn]; 22 May 1874 – 7 February 1959), more commonly known as D.F. Malan, was the Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. He is seen as a champion of Afrikaner nationalism. His National Party government came to power on the program of apartheid and began its comprehensive implementation.
Malan was born in Riebeek-Wes in the Cape Colony. He obtained a B.A. in Music and Science from the Victoria College in Stellenbosch, whereafter he entered the Stellenbosch seminary in order to train as a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. Along with his studies in theology, he obtained a M.A. in Philosophy from Victoria College, later to be Paul Roos Gymnasium and the Stellenbosch University. Malan left South Africa in 1900 to study towards a Doctorate in Divinity at the University of Utrecht, which he obtained in 1905. After his return to South Africa, he was ordained as a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church and served for six months as an assistant-minister in Heidelberg, Transvaal. He was an ardent fighter for the acceptance of Afrikaans, which was an emerging language fighting against Dutch and English, and was a founding member of the Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuur Vereeniging (ATKV) (Afrikaans language and cultural society), which was established in 1906. He was stationed in Montagu from 1906 to 1912 and thereafter in Graaff-Reinet until 1915. He also undertook a journey on behalf of the Dutch Reformed Church, visiting Afrikaners in the Belgian Congo and Southern Rhodesia.
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Desmond Tutu
Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. He was the first black South African Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa).
Tutu has been active in the defense of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. He has campaigned to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, homophobia, and transphobia. Tutu received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984; the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism in 1986; the Pacem in Terris Award in 1987; the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999; the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2005; and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Tutu has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings.
Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal, the second of the three children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta, and the only son. Tutu's family moved to Johannesburg when he was twelve. His father was a teacher and his mother was a cleaner and cook at a school for the blind. Here he met Trevor Huddleston who was a parish priest in the black slum of Sophiatown. "One day," said Tutu, "I was standing in the street with my mother when a white man in a priest's clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother. I couldn't believe my eyes – a white man who greeted a black working class woman!"
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Dutch American
A Dutch American is an American of Dutch descent.
Following the exploration of the American East Coast by Henry Hudson on behalf of the Dutch East India Company in 1609, Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613. From then on a number of villages, including New Amsterdam on the East Coast, which would become the future world metropolis of New York City, were established by Dutch immigrants. According to the 2000 United States Census, more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan, California, Montana, Minnesota, New York, Wisconsin, Idaho, Utah, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
Because of huge losses of trade ships on their long routes circumnavigating the African Cape, the so-called "spice trade" with the Dutch East Indies was very dangerous and of high risk for sailors, and for investors providing resources to commission and equip a vessel, and provide trade goods. The individual traders that had bid against each other for over a century thus realised that greater profit and a better distribution of the risk could be attained by joining forces, which led to the world's first corporate, publicly traded multinational firm, the VOC, founded in 1602. This took away the biggest financial risk, but the long and dangerous voyage remained. To reduce this risk as well, many explorers sought a northern passage, not knowing of its then-impossibility due to ice blockage. Returning, however, from another failed expedition to find a northern route to the Pacific Ocean, the first Dutch vessel arrived at what is now New York Harbor.
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Dutch Australian
A Dutch Australian is an inhabitant of Australia with full or partial Dutch ancestry, the majority of these people are part of the Dutch diaspora.
The history of the Dutch and Australia began in 1606 with Captain Willem Janszoon, a Dutch seafarer, landing on the Australian mainland, the first European to do so.
The VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), or the Dutch East India Company, operated mainly from Batavia, modern day Jakarta. The journey from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies would take more than a year by the traditional route taken by seafarers, but after the discovery of the Roaring forties wind by Dutch captain Hendrick Brouwer, the voyage could be cut short but a number of months if followed properly. However, miscalculations and errors in crew et cetera made it easy for ships to become lost on this newer course. Some ships (the exact figures unknown), travelled too far west and sighted the west coast of Australia. A number of these ships became wrecked upon the reefs or cliffs that were known hazzards of the "Southland". Famous examples of these ill-fated ships include the Batavia, Zuytdorp, and Zeewijk. After the wrecking of the Batavia, a murderous munity was carried out under the orders of a psycopathic doctor from Haarlem, Jeronimus Corneliszoon.
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Dutch Brazilian
A Dutch Brazilian (Dutch: Nederlandse Brazilianen, Portuguese: Neerlando-brasileiro or Holando-brasileiro) is a Brazilian of full or partial Dutch ancestry. Dutch Brazilians are mainly descendants of immigrants from the Netherlands[citation needed], but there are few who are descendants of Flemish or Afrikaner immigrants[citation needed].
The Dutch were among the first Europeans settling in Brazil during the 17th century. They controlled the northern coast of Brazil from 1630 to 1654. A significant number of Dutch immigrants arrived in that period. The state of Pernambuco was once a colony of the Dutch Republic from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in Pernambuco, because at that time Alagoas was part of Pernambuco.
During the 19th and 20th century, Dutch immigrants from the Netherlands immigrated to the Brazil's Center-South, founded a few cities and prospered. The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in Espírito Santo, Paraná,Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. There are also small groups of Dutch Brazilians in Goiás, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.
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Dutch Chilean
In 1600 , the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes. He left the city after some months. Then in 1642 the VOC and the WIC sent a fleet of some ships to Chile to conquer the city of Valdivia and the goldmines of the Spanish. The expedition was conducted by Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch general. In 1643 Brouwer conquered the Chiloé Archipelago and the city of Valdivia. Brouwer died on the 7th of August 1643, and the vice-general Elias Herckmans took control.
The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895. The so-called "Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean" a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé, particularly in Mechaico, Huillinco and Chacao. In the same period Egbert Hageman arrived in Chile. With his family, 14 April 1896, settling in Rio Gato, near Puerto Montt. In addition, family Wennekool which inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica.
In the early twentieth century, arrived in Chile a large group of Dutch people from South Africa, these emigrants, after a long stay in camps African and shortly after his return to the Netherlands, were presented with the opportunity to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government.
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Dutch New Zealander
Dutch New Zealanders are New Zealanders who are of Dutch ancestry. Dutch migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation.
The 2006 census recorded 22,101 Dutch-born people. However, the number identifying themselves as Dutch in 2006 was 28,641. The Netherlands Embassy in Wellington estimates that there are approximately 45,000 persons living in New Zealand with Dutch nationality. This number includes persons with dual New Zealand and Dutch nationality. As many as 100,000 New Zealanders are estimated to be of Dutch descent.
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Dutch people
The Dutch people (Dutch: Nederlanders (help·info)) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada,Australia,South Africa,New Zealand, and the United States.
The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of traditional music, dances, architectural styles and clothing, some of which are globally recognizable. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard. The dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant), although in modern times the majority is no longer (openly) religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality.
In the Middle Ages the Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries, and the various territories of which they consisted had de facto become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place.
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Elisabeth Eybers
Elisabeth Françoise Eybers (16 February 1915 – 1 December 2007), was a South African poet. Her poetry was mainly in Afrikaans, although she has translated some of her own work (and those of others) into English.
Eybers was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal. She grew up in the town of Schweizer-Reneke, where her father was a Nederduits-Hervormde (Dutch Reformed) minister. After completing her high school studies there at the age of 16, she enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand for a Bachelor of Arts degree, which she achieved cum laude.
After her graduation she became a journalist. In 1937 Eybers married the businessman Albert Wessels, with whom she had three daughters and a son. Counted among the so-called Dertigers, she became the first Afrikaans woman to win the Hertzog Prize for poetry in 1934. She won the prize again in 1971.
Her work has received many other awards in both South Africa and the Netherlands, including the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1978 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1991.
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Emily Hobhouse
Emily Hobhouse (9 April 1860 – 8 June 1926) was a British welfare campaigner, who is primarily remembered for bringing to the attention of the British public, and working to change, the deprived conditions inside the British concentration camps in South Africa built for Boer women and children during the Second Boer War.
Born in St Ive, near Liskeard in Cornwall, she was the daughter of Caroline Trelawny and Reginald Hobhouse, an Anglican rector and the first Archdeacon of Bodmin. She was the sister of Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, the noted social liberal. She was a second cousin of the important British peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse and was a major influence on him.
Her mother died when she was 20, and she spent the next fourteen years looking after her father who was in poor health. When her father died in 1895 she went to Minnesota to perform welfare work amongst Cornish mineworkers living there, the trip having been organised by the wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury. There she became engaged to John Carr Jackson and the couple bought a ranch in Mexico but this did not prosper and the engagement was broken off. She returned to England in 1898 after losing most of her money in a speculative venture.
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English people
The English (from Old English: Englisc) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, a Germanic people originally from Northern Germany who migrated to Britain.
Historically, the English population is descended from several genetically similar peoples—the earlier Britons (or Brythons), the Germanic tribes that settled in the area, including Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, who founded what was to become England (from the Old English Englaland), and the later Danes, Normans and other groups. Following the Act of Union in 1707, in which the Kingdom of England became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain, English customs and identity became closely aligned with British customs and identity.
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Etienne Leroux
Etienne Leroux (1922–1989) was an influential Afrikaans author and a key member of the South African Sestigers literary movement. He was born on June 13 as Stephanus Petrus Daniël le Roux, son of S.P. Le Roux, a South African Minister of Agriculture.
His works gained critical acclaim and were translated into many languages. His 1968 book, translated into English as One for the devil is titled Een vir Azazel (One for Azazel) in Afrikaans, and makes use of the Azazel myth. He studied Law at Stellenbosch University (BA, LLB) and worked for a short time at a solicitor's office in Bloemfontein. From 1946 he farmed and lived as a writer on his farm, Ja-Nee, in the Koffiefontein district.
Etienne Leroux is known as one of the most important (and at the time controversial) writers of the avant garde group of the sixties. He died on 30 December 1989, and was buried at the family church yard of Wamakersdrift, of which his farm formed part.
His audience will be the audience that only a good writer can merit, an audience which assembles slowly in ones and twos ... the rumour spreads that here an addition will be found to the literature of our time. -- Graham Greene
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Eugene de Kock
Eugene Alexander de Kock (born 29 January 1949) is a former South African police colonel, active under the apartheid regime. Considered one of the darkest figures of the apartheid period and nicknamed "Prime Evil" by the press, de Kock was the commanding officer of C1, a counter-insurgency unit of the South African Police that kidnapped, tortured, and murdered hundreds of anti-apartheid activists from the 1980's to the early-90's. C1's victims included members of the African National Congress.
Following South Africa's transition to democracy in 1994, de Kock disclosed the full scope of C1's crimes while testifying before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. In 1996, he was tried and convicted on eighty-nine charges and sentenced to 212 years in prison. Since beginning his sentence, de Kock has accused several members of the apartheid regime, including former state president F. W. de Klerk, of permitting C1's activities.
Eugene Alexander de Kock was born to Lawrence de Kock, a magistrate and personal friend to former prime minister John Vorster. Vossie de Kock, Eugene's brother, later described him as a "quiet" boy who "wasn't a violent person." He also recounted how their father, a member of the Afrikaner Broederbond, indoctrinated the boys in Afrikaner nationalist ideology and taught them "strict Afrikaans" as they grew up.
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Eugene Marais
Eugène Nielen Marais (pronounced /ˈjuːdʒiːn ˈniːlɨn mɑˈreɪ/; 9 January 1871 – 29 March 1936) was a South African lawyer, naturalist, poet and writer.
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Eugène Terre'Blanche
Eugène Ney Terre'Blanche (31 January 1941 – 3 April 2010) was a former member of South Africa's Herstigte Nasionale Party who founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) during the apartheid era. During the 1980s and early 1990s, he became known for threatening civil war to maintain white rule in South Africa. After the country's transition to post-apartheid democracy, he revised his stances and urged his followers to push for independence in an independent Afrikaner homeland, which he frequently referred to as a "Boerevolkstaat". Terre'Blanche led the organisation until his death in 2010. He was given several labels during his lifetime, including "white supremacist", "nationalist," and "racist".
Terre'Blanche spent three years in prison for assaulting a black petrol station worker and for the attempted murder of a black security guard in 1996. On 3 April 2010, he was hacked and beaten to death on his farm by two labourers, allegedly over a wage dispute. Terre'Blanche's supporters have said that the murder is part of a larger pattern of anti-white "farm murders" in South Africa.
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F. W. de Klerk
Frederik Willem de Klerk (born 18 March 1936), often known as F. W. de Klerk, was the seventh and last State President of apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. De Klerk was also leader of the National Party (which later became the New National Party) from February 1989 to September 1997.
De Klerk is best known for engineering the end of apartheid, South Africa's racial segregation policy, and supporting the transformation of South Africa into a multi-racial democracy by entering into the negotiations that resulted in all citizens, including the country's black majority, having equal voting and other rights. He won the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize in 1991, the Prince of Asturias Award in 1992 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 along with Nelson Mandela for his role in the ending of apartheid.
He was one of the Deputy Presidents of South Africa during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996, the last white person to hold the position to date. In 1997 he retired from politics.
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Federal Germans
Federal Germans (German: Bundesdeutsche) as a noun or Federal German (Bundesdeutsch) as an adjective are terms to describe the citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany (also Federal citizens - Bundesbürger), until the reunification in 1990 in contrast to the citizens of the German Democratic Republic (Bürger der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik).
The term can also be used to differentiate to other German speaking nationals (e. g. Austrians, Belgians or Swiss Germans). It's important to recognize that "Bundesbürger" is not exclusive to ethnic Germans, it means anyone who has Federal German citizenship.
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First Boer War
The First Boer War (Dutch: Eerste Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Eerste Vryheidsoorlog, literally First Freedom War) also known as the First Anglo-Boer War or the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881
The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of epic struggles to create within it a single unified state. British aggression into southern Africa was fueled by three prime factors: first, the desire to control the trade routes to India that passed around the Cape; second, the discovery in 1868 of huge mineral deposits of diamonds around Kimberley on the joint borders of the South African Republic (called the Transvaal by the British), Orange Free State and the Cape Colony, and thereafter in 1886 in the Transvaal of a major gold find, all of which offered enormous wealth and power; and thirdly the race against other European colonial powers, as part of a general colonial expansion in Africa. Other potential colonisers included Portugal, who already controlled West (modern day Angola) and East Africa (modern day Mozambique), Germany (modern day Namibia), and further north, Belgium (modern day Democratic Republic of the Congo) and France (West and Equatorial Africa, and Madagascar).
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First World War
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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French American
French Americans or Franco-Americans are Americans of French or French Canadian descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of this descent, and about 2.0 million speak French and French Creole at home. While Americans of French descent make up a substantial percentage of the American population, French Americans arguably are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due in part to the tendency of French American groups to identify more strongly with "New World" regional identities such as Acadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole. This has inhibited the development of a wider French American identity. The majority of Americans of French and French Canadian descent are descendants of those who first settled in Canada in the 17th century (known as New France at the time), which later became the Province of Quebec in 1763, Lower Canada in 1791, and a Canadian province of Quebec after Canadian Confederation in 1867. The majority of Americans of French descent, mostly resident in New England and the Midwest, are descendants of the Quebec Diaspora and the first Canadiens, while a few are of Acadian descent from the Canadian Maritime provinces. Immigration to the United States from France was much lower than from other parts of Europe, such as Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Italy, or Poland.
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French Argentine
A French Argentine (French: Franco-Argentin, Spanish: franco-argentino) is an Argentine citizen of full or partial French ancestry. French Argentines form the third largest ancestry group[citation needed] after Italian Argentines and Spanish Argentines. Between 1857 and 1946, 261,020 French people immigrated to Argentina. Today more than 6 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry (up to 17% of the total population).
While Argentines of French descent make up a substantial percent of the Argentine population, they are less visible than other similarly-sized ethnic groups. This is due to the high degree of assimilation and the lack of substantial French colonies throughout the country.
During the first half of the 19th century, most of French immigrants to the New World were settling in the United States and in Uruguay. While the United States received 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855, only 13,922 Frenchmen, most of them from the Basque Country and Béarn, left for Uruguay between 1833 and 1842. During this period of time, Uruguay received most of French immigrants to South America as the conflictual relationship between Rosas and the French government had created a xenophobic climate against French immigrants in the Buenos Aires province. After the fall of Rosas in 1852, Argentina overtook Uruguay and became the main pole of attraction for French immigrants in Latin America.
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French Australian
French Australians (French: Franco-Australiens) are residents of Australia who are of French ancestry.
According to the 2006 Australian census, 98,332 Australians (or 0.47% of the population) claim French ancestry, either alone or with another ancestry.. Of these, 19,186 were born in France and 12,735 of them had since acquired Australian citizenship.
8,281 (or 43%) of the residents born in France had arrived in Australia in 1979 or earlier.
France's connection with Australia began early, with Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Jules Dumont d'Urville, Nicolas Baudin, François Péron and Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne being some of the first European explorers to reach the continent. Furthermore, British-born navigator Tobias Furneaux was of French Huguenot ancestry. Today, many prominent places in Australia bear the names of these explorers.
Many Australians with French ancestry are descended from Huguenot refugees. Some of the earliest Huguenots to arrive in Australia held prominent positions in English society, notably Jane Franklin and Charles La Trobe.
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French Brazilian
A French Brazilian (French: Franco-Brésilien, Portuguese: Franco-brasileiro or Galo-brasileiro) is a Brazilian citizen of full, partial, or predominantly French ancestry, or a French-born person residing in Brazil. Between 1850 and 1965 around 100,000 French people immigrated to Brazil. The country received the second largest number of French immigrants to South America after Argentina (239,000). It is estimated that there are from 500,000 to 1 million Brazilians of French descent today.
The Brazilian Imperial Family originates of House of Orléans, the French Royal Family.
From 1819 to 1940, 40,383 Frenchmen immigrated to Brazil. Most of them settled in the country between 1884 and 1925 (8,008 from 1819 to 1883, 25,727 from 1884 to 1925, 6,648 from 1926 to 1940). Another source estimates that around 100,000 French people immigrated to Brazil between 1850 and 1965. The French community in Brazil numbered 592 in 1888 and 5,000 in 1915. It was estimated that 14,000 Frenchmen were living in Brazil in 1912, 9% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America, the second largest community after Argentina (100,000).
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French Canadian
French Canadian or Francophone Canadian (also Canadien in Canadian English or in French) generally refers to the descendents of French colonists who arrived in New France (Canada) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada.
During the mid-18th century, Canadian colonists born in French Canada expanded across North America and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. Today, the majority of French Canadians live across North America, including the United States and Canada. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French Canadian descent, although smaller communities of French Canadians exist throughout Canada and in the American region of New England, where between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States and New England, in particular.
Other terms for French Canadians that continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebeckers or Québécois. French Canadians constitute the second largest ethnic group in Canada, after English Canadians and before Scottish Canadians and Irish Canadians.
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French Chilean
A French Chilean (French: Franco-Chilien, Spanish: franco-chileno) is an Chilean citizen of full or partial French ancestry. Between 1840 and 1940, 20,000 to 25,000 French people immigrated to Chile. The country received the fourth largest number of French immigrants to South America after Argentina (239,000), Brazil (40,000) and Uruguay (more than 25,000).
The French came to Chile in the 18th century, arriving at Concepción as merchants, and in the mid-19th century to cultivate vines in the haciendas of the Central Valley, the homebase of world-famous Chilean wine. The Araucanía Region also has an important number of people of French ancestry, as the area hosted settlers arrived by the second half of the 19th century as farmers and shopkeepers. With akin Latin culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society.
From 1840 to 1940, around 25,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Chile. 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from Basses-Pyrénées (Basque country and Béarn), Gironde, Charente-Inférieure and Charente and regions situated between Gers and Dordogne.
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French New Zealander
French New Zealanders are New Zealanders who are of French ancestry.
The French were amongst the earlier European settlers in New Zealand, and established a colony at Akaroa on the South Island.
Captain Jean François Marie de Surville is the first known Frenchman to have visited NZ, in 1769, and by the 1830s, French whalers were operating off the Banks Peninsula.
In 1835, Jean Baptiste François Pompallier was the first bishop of any denomination in New Zealand.
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French people
The French (French: Français) are a nation that share a common French culture and speak the French language as a mother tongue. Historically, the French population are descended from peoples of Celtic, Latin and Germanic origin, and are today a mixture of several ethnic groups. Within France, the French are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence.
However, the word can also refer to people of French descent who are found in other countries, with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as Argentina (French Argentines), Brazil (French Brazilians), French West Indies (the French Caribbean people), Canada (French Canadians) and the United States (French Americans), and some of them have a French cultural identity. The United Kingdom also has a large French population, mainly in England, and due to historic relations and immigration.
To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). According to its principles, France has devoted herself to the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ("daily referendum" on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?").
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French Peruvian
A French-Peruvian (French: français-péruvien; Spanish: franco-peruano) may be a Peruvian of French descent; a French of Peruvian descent or a person of both French and Peruvian descent. The French were the fourth largest group of immigrants to settle in the country after the Spanish, Italians, and the Germans.
In 1872, the Sociedad de Inmigración Europea ("European Immigration Society") was founded in Peru. Its objective was promoting Old World immigration by covering the costs of their journeys and financially supporting them during their first settler years in Peru.
The regions where most of the French immigrants originated from were Bordeaux, Paris, as well as the French portion of the Basque Country. They mostly interacted with fellow French immigrants, and they were usually relatively skilled at a trade. Initially the community was united, but as time passed many intermarried with Peruvians from other European backgrounds. Very few French-Peruvians can trace their ancestry.
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Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia. The Frisian languages are still used by 500,000 speakers; dialects of Frisian are recognized as official languages in both the Netherlands and Germany.
The ancient Frisii enter recorded history in the Roman account of Drusus' 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the Chauci. They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the Revolt of the Batavi around 70 AD. They are not mentioned again until c. 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as laeti (i.e., Roman-era serfs). The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th century Frisia, called terp Tritzum, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in Flanders and Kent, probably as laeti under Roman coercion.
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German American
German Americans are citizens of the United States of German ancestry and comprise about 50 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group.California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
None of the historical German states had overseas colonies, so not until the 1680s did the first significant groups of German immigrants arrive in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York and Pennsylvania. Immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with some eight million arrivals from Germany. They were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others simply for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where "Germania"—German-speaking districts—soon emerged.
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German Australian
German Australians constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, numbering 811,540 or 4.09 percent of respondents in the 2006 Census. It is the sixth most identified ancestry in Australia behind 'Australian', 'English, 'Irish, 'Scottish' and 'Italian'.
The 2006 Census counted 106,524 Australian residents who were born in Germany. However, 811,541 persons identified themselves as having German ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. This number does not include people of German ancestry who selected their ancestry as simply 'Australian'. The 2001 census recorded 103,010 German-born in Australia, although this excludes persons of German ethnicity and culture born elsewhere, such as the Netherlands (1,030), Hungary (660) and Romania (440).
German religious refugees represented the first major wave of German settlement in Australia, arriving in South Australia in 1838. Some were active as missionaries and explorers in Australia from early in the 19th century, and German prospectors were well-represented in the 1850s gold rushes. In the second half of the century German migrants were prominent in settling the Riverina and Queensland, and there were 45,000 Germans recorded present in Australia by the 1891 census. Up until World War I, German Australians constituted the largest non-British European ethnic group in Australia.
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German Brazilian
A German Brazilian (German: Deutschbrasilianer, Portuguese: teuto-brasileiro or germano-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of ethnic German ancestry or origin. Although there are German Brazilians in many parts of Brazil, they live mostly in the states of the country with the highest percents of white people, such as Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. German dialects together are the second most spoken first language in Brazil. A few Brazilian municipalities have Brazilian Hunsrückisch and Germanic Pomeranian as co-official with Portuguese. They are located in Southern Brazil and Espírito Santo.
The 19th century was marked by an intense emigration of Europeans to different parts of the world, which led to a process of Europeanisation of these areas. Between 1816 and 1850, 5 million people left Europe; between 1850 and 1880 another 22 million people emigrated. Between 1846 and 1932, 60 million Europeans emigrated. Many Germans left the German states after the failed revolutions of 1848. Between 1878 and 1892, another 7 million Germans left Germany; after the 1870s Germany was one of the countries from which the largest numbers of people emigrated, the vast majority to the United States. From 1820 to 1840, Germans represented 21.4% of all European immigrants entering the USA; 32.2% in the following two decades; and at the end of the century they were the largest immigrant group (21.9%) in the US.
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German Chilean
German Chileans (Spanish chileno-alemanes Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈleno aleˈmanes ], German Deutsch-Chilenen) are an important ethnic group in Chile; they are Chileans of German descent deriving their German ethnicity from one or both parents – they also include a minority of German citizens holding permanent residency in Chile. A major criterion unifying this distinctive Chilean ethnic minority has more to do with linguistics than to the geographic location or the nationality of their ancestors.[citation needed] Hence, the group German Chileans also incorporates descendents of Austrians, Swiss Germans, Silesians, Alsatians and other German-speaking groups.
From the middle of the 19th century to the present they have played a significant role in the economic, political and cultural development of the Chilean nation. Most German Chileans are descendents from German immigrants that began to settle in Chile in the middle of the 19th century, many of them after the failed liberal German Revolution of 1848. Their main settlements were and remain mostly in Chile’s Araucanía Region, Los Ríos Region and Los Lagos Region regions in the so-called Zona Sur of Chile, including the Chilean lake district.
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German Cuban
A German Cuban (German: Deutschkubaner, Spanish: Alemán Cubano ) refers to Cubans of German ethnicity, or who are German-born immigrants to Cuba.
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German Namibian
German Namibians (German: Deutschnamibier) are a community of people descended from ethnic German colonists who settled in present-day Namibia. In 1883, the German trader Adolf Lüderitz bought (from a local chief) what would become the southern coast of Namibia and founded the city of Lüderitz. The German government, eager to gain overseas possessions, annexed the territory soon after, naming it South-West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika). Small numbers of Germans subsequently immigrated there, many coming as soldiers (German: Schutztruppe), traders, diamond miners, or colonial officials. In 1915, during the course of World War I, Germany lost Southwest Africa (see History of Namibia); after the war, the former colony became a South African mandate. The German settlers were allowed to remain and, until independence in 1990, German remained an official language of the territory.
Today, English is the country's sole official language, but about 30,000 Namibians of German descent (around 2% of the country's overall population) and possibly 15,000 black Namibians (many of whom returned from East Germany after Namibian independence) still speak German or Namibian Black German, respectively. However, the numbers of German Namibians, rather than of Namibian speakers of German, are uncertain. Many Namibians of German descent still speak German and prefer classification as Namibian Germans not as Afrikaners.
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German Palatines
The German Palatines were natives of the Electorate of the Palatinate region of Germany, although a few had come to Germany from Switzerland, the Alsace, and probably other parts of Europe. Towards the end of the 17th century and into the 18th, the wealthy region was repeatedly invaded by French troops, which resulted in continuous military requisitions, widespread devastation and famine. The "Poor Palatines" were some 13,000 Germans who came to England between May and November 1709. Their arrival in England, and the inability of the British Government to integrate them, caused a highly politicized debate over the merits of immigration. The English tried to settle them in England, Ireland, and the Colonies. The English transported nearly 3,000 in ten ships to New York in 1710. Many of them first were assigned to work camps along the Hudson River to work off their passage. Close to 850 families settled in the Hudson River Valley, primarily in what are now Germantown and Saugerties, New York. In 1723 100 heads of families from the work camps were the first Europeans to acquire land west of Little Falls, New York, in present-day Herkimer County on both the north and south sides along the Mohawk River. Later additional Palatine Germans settled along the Mohawk River for several miles, founding towns such as Palatine Bridge, and in the Schoharie Valley.
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German people
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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German Peruvian
A German Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of German descent. In general, the term is also applied to descents of other German speaking immigrants, such as Austrians or Swiss. The phrase may refer to someone born in Peru of Austrian, German or Swiss descent or to someone who has immigrated to Peru from German speaking countries.
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages constitute a sub-branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), which was spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the 2nd century BC, to settle in north-central Europe.
The most widely spoken Germanic languages are English and German, with approximately 300–400 million and over 100 million native speakers respectively. They belong to the West Germanic family. The West Germanic group also includes other major languages, such as Dutch with 23 million and Afrikaans with over 6 million native speakers;. The North Germanic languages include Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese, which have a combined total of about 20 million speakers. The SIL Ethnologue lists 53 different Germanic languages.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Germans in India
There is a small community of Germans in India consisting largely of expatriate professionals from Germany and their families as well as international students at Indian universities.
The first Germans to arrive in India were missionaries. Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, sent by Frederick IV of Denmark, came to eastern India for the propagation of the Gospel in the early 1700s. He along with Heinrich Plütschau became the first Protestant missionaries to India when they arrived at Tranquebar on July 9, 1706. In the late 1800s V. Nagel came to the Malabar Coast. He learned the Malayalam language and wrote several hymns.Hermann Gundert (1814-1893) also worked as a missionary scholar in Malayalam-speaking areas, where he translated the Bible into Malayalam. He also prepared a grammar of Malayalam and a bilingual dictionary and established two periodicals in Malayalam.
In recent years, many German expatriates have either permanently moved or established long-term residence in India. Today, German expatriates have a strong presence in India mainly in the mining and heavy engineering sector. The availability of skill the importance of intellectual property rights is well established in India at all levels – statutory, administrative and judicial. Therefore, doing business in India is a great opportunity for Germans whether in small and medium scale industries that want to go global. German graduates, frustrated by the tight job market back in Germany, are taking up positions in India. The booming Indian economy offers opportunities for young Germans
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Germans in Pakistan
There are a small number of Germans in Pakistan, consisting of German expatriates in Pakistan, students, families, dual national Pakistani-Germans and Pakistani people of German descent. Their number may be as much as 1,000. There are Germans in Peshawar. Germany maintains a healthy diplomatic presence in the country, with an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate in Karachi and honorary-consulate in Lahore.
There have been various reports of unregistered German militants living in the northwest regions of the country near Afghanistan.
In 2009, intelligence investigators discovered a German "village" in FATA, consisting exclusively of hundreds of white German al-Qaeda insurgents and Muslim converts. According to the German foreign ministry, a growing number of German families, especially of North African descent, have moved into those regions and live there. The village presents a desirable lifestyle with schools, hospitals, pharmacies and day care centres at a nearby distance.
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Germans in Paraguay
The German minority in Paraguay came into existence with immigration during the industrial age. The "Nueva Germania" colony was founded in Paraguay in 1888; though regarded as a failure, still exists despite being abandoned by many of its founders in the 1890s. Paraguay and South America in general was a popular place for German leaders accused of war crimes to retreat after the second World War.
Also, there is a large minority of German descendants living in the department of Itapúa, mainly in the Departmental Capital, Encarnación and the German town of Hohenau. Most of the Germans who settle in this region came from the larger German colonies from neighboring Brazil and Argentina.
Notable Paraguayan Germans include the former president of Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner.
Another large group of Germans who immigrated to Paraguay are Russian Mennonites, Germans who immigrated to Russia under the rule of the ethnic German Czarina Catherine the Great. Russian Mennonites are different from another German-Russian group, the Volga Germans, through religion and reasons of immigrating to Russia. Russian Mennonites are religious Mennonites while the Volga Germans are religious Lutherans and Roman Catholics. Russian Mennonites went to Russia for purposes of freedom of worship, while the Volga Germans went for economic reasons and land.
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Germans of Croatia
In Croatia, there are still over 2,900 people who consider themselves German, most of these Danube Swabians. Germans are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect a special representative to the Croatian Parliament, shared with members of eleven other national minorities. They are mainly concentrated in the area around Osijek (German: Esseg) in eastern Slavonia.
With the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Germans of Croatia became a minority. In 1920, Germans established the cultural association Kulturbund. Kulturbund was banned on April 11, 1924 by Minister of the Interior Svetozar Pribićević. The following government of Ljuba Davidović and the Democratic Party saw the ban lifted.
In 1922, they formed the German Party (Partei der Deutschen). The party existed until it was banned as part of King Alexander's dictatorship in 1929.
The Croatian German population reached a peak number of 85,781 in the 1900 census, while this number plummeted after the German exodus in the aftermath of World War II. After the war, 100,000 Yugoslav Germans fled to Austria. This population was not dealt with in the Potsdam Agreement which prevented them from being repatriated to Germany. The Allies considered them Yugoslavian citizens and sought their repatriation there. However, on June 4 the communist Yugoslav regime released a decree that rescinded the citizenship of Yugoslavian Germans. Their property was henceforth confiscated, and the majority settled in Germany and Austria. Some managed to sneak back into Yugoslavia and returned to their homes.
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Germans of Romania
The Germans of Romania or Rumäniendeutsche were 782,246 strong in interwar Romania in 1939, a number that had fallen to 36,884 by 2011 in modern Romania. They are not a single group; thus, to understand their language, culture, and history, one must view them as independent groups:
See ethnic Germans for the complete list.
See Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania for their official representation.
After Romania acquired parts of Soviet Ukraine, the Germans there came under the authority of the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle, which deployed SS personnel to several settlements. They eventually contained German mayors, farms, schools and ethnic German paramilitary groups functioning as police called Selbstschutz.
Those German colonists and Selbstschutz forces engaged in ethnic cleansing, massacring Jewish and Roma population near their settlements. In the German colony Shonfeld gypsies were burned on farms, and during the winter 1941/1942 German Selbstschutz units participated in shooting (together with Ukrainian militia and Romanian gendarmes) 18,000 Jews. In the camp of Bogdanovka tens of thousands of Jews were subject to mass shootings, barn burnings and killing by hand grenades. Heinrich Himmler was most impressed by the Volksdeutsche communities and the work of the Selbstschutz and ordered to these methods be copied in Ukraine.
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Govan Mbeki
Govan Archibald Mvuyelwa Mbeki (9 July 1910 - 30 August 2001) was a South African politician, and father of the former South African president Thabo Mbeki and political economist Moeletsi Mbeki. He was named in honour of Edward Govan, a Scottish missionary who founded Lovedale College, the school that he attended in the Eastern Cape.
He attended Fort Hare University, completing in 1936 a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and psychology and a teaching diploma, and met other African struggle leaders there.
In 1954, he joined the editorial board of New Age, which was to be the only South African newspaper serving the liberation movement for the eight following years. Mbeki played an immensely important role in ensuring that the pages and columns reflected the conditions of the black peoples, their demands and aspirations. In November 1962, the then Minister of Justice, John Vorster, banned New Age. When the editorial board came out with its successor, Vorster went one step further by banning not the newspaper but its editors and writers.
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Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes (Greek: Ἕλληνες, [ˈelines]), are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.
In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople (effectively ethnic Greeks) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.
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Harry Schwarz
Harry Heinz Schwarz (13 May 1924 – 5 February 2010) was a South African lawyer, statesman and long-time political opposition leader against apartheid, who eventually served as the South African ambassador to the United States during the country’s transition to representative democracy.
Schwarz rose from the childhood poverty he experienced as a German Jewish refugee to become a lawyer and a member of the Transvaal Provincial Council, where from 1963 to 1974, he was Leader of the Opposition. In the 1964 Rivonia Trial he was a defence lawyer. Advocating a more aggressive political opposition to the National Party's racial policies in the 1960s and 1970s, as Leader of the United Party in Transvaal and leader of the liberal "Young Turks", he clashed with the United Party establishment. He championed the cause of non-violent resistance to apartheid and in 1974 signed the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith with Mangosuthu Buthelezi for a non-racial democratic society in South Africa. He was in the opposition for over 40 years and was a founding member of the Democratic Party. During and after South Africa's abandonment of apartheid, he was South African ambassador to the United States and was also the first South African ambassador to Barbados.
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Hastings Ndlovu
Hastings Ndlovu, (1961 – June 16, 1976) was a black Sowetan schoolboy who died in the Soweto uprising against the apartheid system.
Little is known about him, but on June 16, 1976, when the police opened fire on Sowetan students protesting against being forced to learn Afrikaans in school, he took the first bullet. Hastings Ndlovu's shooting and later death was not publicized as was Hector Pieterson's, because there was no photographer present to shoot a picture of the boy.
There is some doubt as to who was the first fatality, as Hector Pieterson was pronounced dead upon arrival at the clinic, whereas Hastings Ndlovu died from bullet wounds to the head shortly after being brought to the clinic. The 15 year old lapsed into a coma and never recovered. The doctors were unable to save his life due to the seriousness of his wounds. It is still not clear who died first, Hector Pieterson or Hastings Ndlovu, but it is likely that Pieterson was the first death on that day.
Hastings Ndlovu was survived by his parents, three sisters and brother. His sisters left the country soon after June 16, but returned to Johannesburg a few years later.
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Hector Pieterson
Hector Pieterson (1964 – 16 June 1976) became the subject of an iconic image of the 1976 Soweto uprising in South Africa when a news photograph by Sam Nzima of the dying Hector being carried by another student while his sister ran next to them, was published around the world. He was killed at the age of 13 when the police opened fire on protesting students. For years, 16 June stood as a symbol of resistance to the brutality of the apartheid government. Today, it is designated National Youth Day — when South Africans honor young people and bring attention to their needs.
On 16 June 1976, school children protested the implementation of Afrikaans and English as dual medium of instruction in secondary schools in a 50:50 basis. This was implemented throughout South Africa regardless of the locally-spoken language and some exams were also written in Afrikaans. Students gathered to peacefully demonstrate, but the crowd soon became aggressive when the police arrived. A crowd of approximately 10,000 started rioting, killing two West Rand Administrative Board members, and burning a number of dogs, vehicles and buildings associated with the police and the Transvaal Education Department.
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Helen Joseph
Helen Joseph (née Fennell) (8 April 1905 – 25 December 1992), a South African anti-apartheid activist, was born in Easebourne near Midhurst West Sussex, England and graduated from King's College London, in 1927. After working as a teacher in India for three years, Helen came to South Africa in 1931, where she met and married Billie Joseph. She served in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force during World War II as an information and welfare officer, and later became a social worker.
In 1951 Helen took a job with the Garment Workers Union, led by Solly Sachs. She was a founder member of the Congress of Democrats, and one of the leaders who read out clauses of the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in Kliptown in 1955. Appalled by the plight of black women, she was pivotal in the formation of the Federation of South African Women and with the organisation's leadership, spear-headed a march of 20,000 women to the Union Buildings in Pretoria to protest against pass laws on August 9, 1956. This day is still celebrated as South African Women's Day.
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Hendrik Verwoerd
Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966), commonly identified as H.F. Verwoerd, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966. He is remembered as the man behind the conception and implementation of apartheid, a system of racial segregation dividing ethnic groups in the country.
He was Prime Minister during the establishment of the Republic of South Africa in 1960, thereby fulfilling the Afrikaner dream of an independent republic for South Africans. During his tenure as Prime Minister, anti-Apartheid movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress were banned, and the Rivonia Trial, which prosecuted ANC leaders, was held.
Numerous major roads, places and facilities in towns and cities in South Africa were named after Verwoerd, famous ones include the H. F. Verwoerd Airport in Port Elizabeth (renamed Port Elizabeth Airport), the Verwoerd Dam in the Free State (renamed the Gariep Dam), the H.F Verwoerd Academic Hospital in Pretoria (renamed the Steve Biko Hospital), and the town of Verwoerdburg (renamed Centurion). In post-apartheid South Africa, most of these references to the Apartheid enforcer have been renamed.
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Imperial Germans
Imperial Germans is the common translation[citation needed] of the German word Reichsdeutsche (adj. reichsdeutsch). It refers to German citizens, and by the word sense means people coming from the German Empire, i.e. Imperial Germany or Deutsches Reich, between 1871 and 1918 and again between 1933 and 1945 (and later when referring historically to these times)[citation needed].
The key problem with the terms reichsdeutsch, volksdeutsch, auslandsdeutsch, and related ones is that the usage of the words often depends on context, i.e. who uses them where and when. There are, in that sense, no general legal or "right" definitions, although during the 20th century, all terms acquired legal — yet also changing — definitions.
The reason for the differentiation is that there has been a historical shift in the meaning of what belonging to a nation means. Until the 19th century, a term such as German was not too meaningful, although the concept certainly existed. If anything, it was more seen as a cultural concept (including language, religion (in different forms), and already sometimes race in a vague sense). Only with the 1871 unification of Germany under Prussian leadership did some concepts acquire a legal-political meaning, which they have retained until now.
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Indo people
Indo people, short for Indo-European people is a term that originated in the Dutch East Indies of the 19th century. It is used to describe the Eurasian people of mixed European and indigenous Indonesian ancestry in the Dutch East Indies, and their descendants, who generally are people of predominately European ancestry, as a result of migration to Western countries. People of Indo ancestry are now primarily found in the Netherlands and Indonesia, but also Australia, Canada, United States and New Zealand.
As a group Indos developed over a period of more than 400 years. Records from the beginning of European colonial activity in the South East Asian region show the range of the origins of the Europeans that settled there. People of Indo ancestry have a great variety of combinations of diverse European and Asian ancestries. The family names indicate the diversity of origins, although all family names are uniformly European.
Other common terms used for this group are Indische people or Dutch-Indonesians, both terms are derived from the Dutch term Indische Nederlanders.
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Irish people
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or na hÉireannaigh; Ulster-Scots: Airisch or Airish fowk) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland). The Irish people's earliest ancestors are recorded in legends – they are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology tells that Tuatha Dé Dananns were Scythian descendants.
The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Picts, Scots, and the Vikings. Due to this contact, Icelanders are noted for having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.
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Italian people
Italians (Italian: italiani) are an ethnic group native of Southern Europe that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula.
In 2012, in addition to the 60 million Italians in Italy and 3,000 in San Marino, Italian-speaking, autonomous groups are found in neighboring countries: about 500,000 in Switzerland, a large, but undefined population in France (Nice, Corsica), and smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria. If regarded as an ethnic group, they constitute one of the world's largest.
Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, about 4 and half million Italian citizens and over 70 million people of full or part Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, most notably in South America, North America, Australia and parts of Europe.
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J. B. M. Hertzog
James Barry Munnik Hertzog, better known as Barry Hertzog or J. B. M. Hertzog (3 April 1866 near Wellington, Cape Colony – 21 November 1942 in Pretoria, Union of South Africa) was a Boer general during the second Anglo-Boer War who later went on to become Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1924 to 1939. Throughout his life he encouraged the development of the Afrikaner culture, determined to protect the Afrikaner from British influence. He is named after Dr. James Barry who performed the first successful cesarean section in Africa by a British surgeon, in which both the mother and child survived the operation. In 2007 a building was built in Paarl and named after him to honour his legacy.
Hertzog first studied law at Victoria College in Stellenbosch, Cape Colony. In 1889 he went to the Netherlands to read law at the University of Amsterdam, where he prepared a dissertation on the strength of which he received his doctorate in law on 12 November 1892.
He had a law practice in Pretoria from 1892 until 1895, when he was appointed to the Orange Free State High Court. During the Boer War of 1899–1902 he rose to the rank of general, becoming the assistant chief commandant of the military forces of the Orange Free State. Despite some military reverses, he gained renown as a daring and resourceful leader of the guerilla forces continuing to fight the British. Eventually, convinced of the futility of further bloodshed, he signed the May 1902 Treaty of Vereeniging.
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James Hayes Sadler
Colonel Sir James Hayes Sadler, KCMG, CB (21 May 1827 – 9 January 1910) was a British diplomat and civil servant.
In 1854 Sadler was commissioned into the Artillery Battalion of the Royal Sussex Militia (later the Royal Sussex Artillery Militia and then the 3rd Brigade, Cinque Ports Division, Royal Artillery (Militia)). He was promoted Lieutenant the following year and Captain in 1858. He was promoted to Honorary Major in 1874, and full Major and Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel in 1879. He resigned his commission in 1882.
In 1893 and again in 1893-94, he was Chief political resident of the Persian Gulf (for Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States). He subsequently held a number of senior governmental roles in East Africa and the West Indies.
Sadler died in 1910, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.
His wife, Sophia Jane, Lady Sadler, died on 12 February 1902, and is buried next to him.
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Jan Smuts
Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, ED, KC, FRS,PC (24 May 1870 – 11 September 1950) was a prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various cabinet posts, he served as Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 until 1924 and from 1939 until 1948. He served in the First World War and as a British field marshal in the Second World War.
He led commandos in the Second Boer War for the Transvaal. During the First World War, he led the armies of South Africa against Germany, capturing German South-West Africa and commanding the British Army in East Africa. From 1917 to 1919, he was also one of five members of the British War Cabinet, helping to create the Royal Air Force. He became a field marshal in the British Army in 1941, and served in the Imperial War Cabinet under Winston Churchill. He was the only person to sign the peace treaties ending both the First and Second World Wars.
One of his greatest international accomplishments was the establishment of the League of Nations, the exact design and implementation of which relied upon Smuts. He later urged the formation of a new international organisation for peace: the UN. Smuts wrote the preamble to the United Nations Charter, and was the only person to sign the charters of both the League of Nations and the UN. He sought to redefine the relationship between the United Kingdom and her colonies, helping to establish the British Commonwealth, as it was known at the time. However, in 1946 the General Assembly requested the Smuts government to take measures to bring the treatment of Indians in South Africa into line with the provisions of the United Nations Charter.
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Jimmy Kruger
James Thomas "Jimmy" Kruger (1917 – May 9, 1987) was a South African politician who rose to the position of Minister of Justice and the Police in the cabinet of Prime Minister John Vorster from 1974 to 1979. He was also President of the Senate from 1979 until 1980, when it was abolished.
Kruger was born in Wales and was adopted by Afrikaner parents; he was part of the conservative National Party government which championed apartheid. He was responsible for the banning of Black Consciousness Movement leader Steve Biko; when Biko died the police claimed that Biko had died during a hunger strike. This account was challenged by the liberal white South African journalist Donald Woods, a personal friend of Biko. Kruger later began to recant his earlier statements, while claiming that Biko had authored pamphlets calling for "blood and body in the streets." Woods came under increasing scrutiny for his articles, and finally, following the publication of an article calling on Kruger to resign, he was banned under direct orders from Kruger. Not long afterwards, Woods and his family fled the country for a life of exile in England.
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Joe Slovo
For Joe Slovo Informal Settlement in Cape Town, see: Joe Slovo (Cape Town).
Joe Slovo (23 May 1926 – 6 January 1995) was a South African politician, long-time leader of the South African Communist Party (SACP), and leading member of the African National Congress.
Slovo was born in Obeliai, Lithuania to a Jewish family who emigrated to South Africa when he was eight. His full name was Yossel Mashel Slovo. His father worked as a truck driver in Johannesburg. Although his family were religious, he became an atheist who retained respect for "the positive aspects of Jewish culture". Slovo left school in 1941 and found work as a dispatch clerk. He joined the National Union of Distributive Workers and, as a shop steward, was involved in organising a strike.
Slovo joined the SACP in 1942. Inspired by the Red Army's battles against the Nazis on the Eastern Front of World War II, Slovo volunteered to fight in the war, afterwards joining the Springbok Legion, a multiracial radical ex-servicemen's organization, upon his return.
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Kaiser Matanzima
Kaiser Matanzima (15 June 1915 – 15 June 2003) was a leader of the Transkei in South Africa.
Born in Qamata, South Africa, Eastern Cape, a nephew of Nelson Mandela, Matanzima received the name Daliwonga upon reaching manhood as an "isikhahlelo" (praise name). It means "Maker of Majesty". Matanzima studied law at Fort Hare University and completed his articles in the Transkei capital, Mthatha, in 1948. However, he never practised law, instead he involved himself in Thembu and Transkei politics.
Made paramount chief of the "Emigrant Thembus", a breakaway and sub-group to the Thembus, Matanzima's support of the South African government's Bantu Authorities Act (1951), which looked to foster traditional African leadership structures, gave the Act credibility in the eyes of many chiefs, but saw him part ways with Mandela politically (although the two initially remained friends, with Matanzima acting as best man at Mandela's wedding).
Mandela condemned Matanzima's de facto support of apartheid, and in his 1975 book Independence my Way, Matanzima argued that liberation would come through a federation of black states, such as Transkei, rather than through liberation movements like the Mandela-led African National Congress.
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Khoi
The Khoikhoi ("people people" or "real people") or Khoi, in standardised Khoekhoe/Nama orthography spelled Khoekhoe, are a historical division of the Khoisan ethnic group, the native people of southwestern Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (or San, as the Khoikhoi called them). They had lived in southern Africa since the 5th century AD. When European immigrants colonized the area in 1652, the Khoikhoi were practising extensive pastoral agriculture in the Cape region, with large herds of Nguni cattle. The European immigrants labeled them Hottentots, in imitation of the sound of the Khoekhoe language, but this term is today considered derogatory by some.
Archaeological evidence shows that the Khoikhoi entered South Africa from Botswana through two distinct routes – traveling west, skirting the Kalahari to the west coast, then down to the Cape, and travelling south-east out into the Highveld and then southwards to the south coast. Most of the Khoikhoi have largely disappeared as a group, except for the largest group, the Namas.
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Khoikhoi
The Khoikhoi ("people people" or "real people") or Khoi, in standardised Khoekhoe/Nama orthography spelled Khoekhoe, are a historical division of the Khoisan ethnic group, the native people of southwestern Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (or San, as the Khoikhoi called them). They had lived in southern Africa since the 5th century AD. When European immigrants colonized the area in 1652, the Khoikhoi were practising extensive pastoral agriculture in the Cape region, with large herds of Nguni cattle. The European immigrants labeled them Hottentots, in imitation of the sound of the Khoekhoe language, but this term is today considered derogatory by some.
Archaeological evidence shows that the Khoikhoi entered South Africa from Botswana through two distinct routes – traveling west, skirting the Kalahari to the west coast, then down to the Cape, and travelling south-east out into the Highveld and then southwards to the south coast. Most of the Khoikhoi have largely disappeared as a group, except for the largest group, the Namas.
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Khoisan
Khoisan (also spelled Khoesaan, Khoesan or Khoe–San) is a unifying name for two ethnic groups of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. Culturally, the Khoisan are divided into the foraging San and the pastoral Khoi. The San include the original inhabitants of Southern Africa before the southward Bantu migrations from Central and East Africa reached their region, which led to Bantu farmers replacing the Khoi and San as the predominant population. Khoi pastoralists apparently arrived in Southern Africa shortly before the Bantu. Over time, some Khoi abandoned pastoralism and adopted the hunter-gatherer economy of the San, likely due to a drying climate, and are now considered San. Similarly, the Bantu Damara later abandoned agriculture and adopted the Khoi economy. Large Khoisan populations remain in several arid areas in the region, notably in the Kalahari Desert.
Other terms used to describe the Khoisan people include Bushmen, referring to the San, and Hottentot, referring to the Khoi or Khoe. Khoi derives from the old Nama word for "person", while Khoe is the modern Nama word. "Bushmen" is still being used by some individuals, though considered obsolete by others (the use of "San" is acceptable, despite its origins as a derogatory Khoe term for the Bushmen), while "Hottentot" is generally considered derogatory and is no longer used ("Khoe" should be used instead).
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Louis Botha
Louis Botha (27 September 1862 – 27 August 1919) was an Afrikaner and first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa—the forerunner of the modern South African state. A Boer war hero during the Second Boer War he would eventually fight to have South Africa become a British Dominion.
He was born in Greytown (now in KwaZulu-Natal) as one of 13 children born to Louis Botha Senior (26 March 1827 – 5 July 1883) and Salomina Adriana van Rooyen (31 March 1829 – 9 January 1886). He briefly attended the school at Hermannsburg before his family relocated to the Orange Free State.
Botha led "Dinuzulu's Volunteers", a group of Boers that supported Dinuzulu against Zibhebhu in 1884. He later became a member of the parliament of Transvaal in 1897, representing the district of Vryheid.
In 1899, Botha fought in the Second Boer War, initially under Lucas Meyer in Northern Natal, and later as a general commanding and fighting with impressive capability at Colenso and Spioen kop. On the death of P. J. Joubert, he was made commander-in-chief of the Transvaal Boers, where he demonstrated his abilities again at Belfast-Dalmanutha. After the battle at the Tugela botha granted a twenty-four hour armistice to General Buller to enable him to bury his dead.
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Mac Maharaj
Sathyandranath Ragunanan "Mac" Maharaj (born 22 April 1935 in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) is a South African politician affiliated to the African National Congress, academic and businessman of Indian origin. He is currently the official spokesperson of the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma.
Maharaj was a political activist and member of the South African Communist Party, who worked closely on anti-apartheid activities with Nelson Mandela, with whom he was incarcerated following the Little Rivonia Trial on Robben Island. In prison he secretly transcribed Mandela's memoir Long Walk to Freedom and smuggled it out of the prison in 1976.
During his time in prison, Maharaj also completed a BAdmin degree, a MBA, and part of a BSc degree.
After being released from the Robben Island prison in 1976, Maharaj was deployed by the ANC to Zambia in 1977. He was elected to the National Executive Committee of the ANC in 1985. From 1988 to 1990 Maharaj worked underground in South Africa as part of the ANC's Operation Vula, which was a project to infiltrate the ANC's top leaders back into South Africa. During this time Maharaj worked with Schabir Shaik's two brothers, Yunis Shaik and Moe Shaik, also members of the ANC. Maharaj reported to the then ANC intelligence chief Jacob Zuma.
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Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Inkosi Mangosuthu Buthelezi (born 27 August 1928) is a South African Zulu politician who founded the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in 1975. His praise name is Shenge.
Mangosuthu (born Gatsha) was born on 27 August 1928, in Mahlabathini, KwaZulu, to Chief Mathole Buthelezi and Princess Magogo kaDinuzulu, the sister of King Solomon kaDinuzulu. He was educated at Impumalanga Primary School, Mahashini, Nongoma from 1933 to 1943, then at Adams College, Amanzimtoti from 1944 to 1947.
Mangosuthu studied at University of Fort Hare from 1948 to 1950, where he joined the African National Congress Youth League and came into contact with Robert Mugabe and Robert Sobukwe. He was expelled from the university after student boycotts. He later completed his degree at the University of Natal. In 1964 he played King Cetshwayo (his own maternal great-grandfather) in the film Zulu.
Buthelezi inherited the chieftainship of the large Buthelezi tribe in 1953: a position he still holds today.
In 1970, Buthelezi was appointed leader of the KwaZulu territorial Authority and in 1976 became chief minister of the quasi-independent Bantustan of KwaZulu. The emerging Black Consciousness Movement of the 1970s branded him an Apartheid regime collaborator, because of his strong anti-Communist belief. However, he consistently declined homeland independence and political deals until Nelson Mandela was released from prison and the African National Congress was made legal.
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Moses Mabhida
Moses Mabhida (14 October 1923–March 1986) was a South African politician. Mabhida was leader of the South African Communist Party from 1978 until his death in 1986.
Mabhida was born into a peasant family which was later forced off the land. Mabhida was drawn to trade unionism by the late Harry Gwala, then an ardent unionist and member of the South African Communist Party. Mabhida, too, joined the Communist Party in 1942. After many unionists were banned in 1952-1953, his colleagues in the newly revived underground party urged Mabhida to undertake fulltime union work. In the next decade, he organised scores of workers in Natal. He was a central participant in the development of the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) and was elected a vice-president at its first congress in 1955. He also served as secretary of the ANC's Pietermaritzburg branch in the mid-1950s, and had a close working relationship with Chief Albert Luthuli. Mabhida became a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee (NEC) around 1956, and in 1958-1959 was acting chair of the Natal ANC.
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Natalia Republic
The Natalia Republic was a short-lived Boer republic, established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speaking Voortrekkers shortly after the Battle of Blood River. The republic was located on the coast of the Indian Ocean beyond the Eastern Cape, and was previously named Natália by Portuguese sailors. The republic was conquered and annexed by Britain in 1843. After the British annexation of the Natalia Republic, most local Voortrekker Boers trekked north into Transorangia, later known as the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal.
Long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous Africans, the region was discovered and renamed in their language by the Portuguese. The first Europeans to settle the country were emigrant Boers from the Cape Colony, led by Piet Retief (c. 1780-1838). He was of Huguenot descent and of marked ability. Passing through the almost deserted upper regions, Retief arrived at the bay in October 1837. During this journey, he chose a site for the capital of the future state which he envisioned. He went to the capital or kraal of the Zulu king, Dingane, to obtain a cession of territory for the Dutch farmers. Dingane consented on condition that the Boers recover cattle stolen by the Tlokwa chief. Retief managed that and, with the help of the Rev. F. Owen, a missionary living at Dingane's kraal, he drew up a deed of cession in English. Dingane and Retief signed it on the 4th of February 1838.[citation needed]
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OR Tambo
Oliver Reginald Tambo (27 October 1917 – 24 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and a central figure in the African National Congress (ANC).
Oliver Tambo was born on 27 October 1917, his father was Mzimeni and his mother was his third wife called Julia. He was born in the village of Kantolo in Bizana in eastern Pondoland in what is now Eastern Cape. He went to school at Holy Cross Mission School, and then transferred to St. Peters in Johannesburg. After matriculation he qualified to do his university degree at Fort Hare University. In 1940 he, along with several others including Nelson Mandela, was expelled from Fort Hare University for participating in a student strike. In 1942 Tambo returned to his former high school in Johannesburg to teach science and mathematics.Tambo, along with Mandela and Walter Sisulu, was a founding member of the ANC Youth League in 1943, becoming its first National Secretary and later a member of the National Executive in 1948. The youth league proposed a change in tactics in the anti-apartheid movement. Previously the ANC had sought to further its cause by actions such as petitions and demonstrations; the Youth League felt these actions were insufficient to achieve the group's goals and proposed their own 'Programme of Action'. This programme advocated tactics such as boycotts, civil disobedience, strikes and non-collaboration.
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Paul Kruger
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904), better known as Paul Kruger and affectionately known as Uncle Paul (Afrikaans: "Oom Paul") was State President of the South African Republic (Transvaal). He gained international renown as the face of Boer resistance against the British during the South African or Second Boer War (1899–1902).
Paul Kruger was a descendant of German, French, Dutch and Danish immigrants to South Africa. One of his ancestors, Jacobus Krüger, immigrated from Berlin, Germany, to South Africa in 1713 to work as a mercenary for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He married and had children with Johanna Kemp, a coloured woman, the daughter of Kruger's Indonesian ancestor, "Nicolaas Kemp van Batavia", a slave. One of his French ancestors was Francois Villion, who married and had children with Cornelia Campenaar, a Dutch woman His Khoi ancestor Krotoa (also known as "Eva"), married and had a child with his Danish ancestor, Pieter van Meerhoff (Peder Jacobsen).
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Pedi people
Pedi, (also known as Bapedi, Bamaroteng, Marota, Basotho, Northern Sotho - in its broadest sense), has been a cultural/linguistic term. It was previously used to describe the entire set of people speaking various dialects of the Sotho language who live in the northern Transvaal of South Africa. More recently, the term "Northern Sotho" has replaced "Pedi" to characterize this loose collectivity of groups.
The Northern Sotho have been subdivided into the high-veld Sotho, which are comparatively recent immigrants mostly from the west and southwest, and the low-veld Sotho, who combine immigrants from the north with inhabitants of longer standing. The high-veld Sotho include the Pedi (in the narrower sense), Tau, Kone, Roka, Ntwane, Mphahlele, Tšhwene, Mathabathe, Kone (Matlala), Dikgale, Batlokwa, Gananwa (Mmalebogo), Mmamabolo, and Moletše. The low-veld Sotho include the Lobedu, Narene, Phalaborwa, Mogoboya, Kone, Kgakga, Pulana, Pai, Kutswe. Groups are named by using the names of totemic animals and, sometimes, by alternating or combining these with the names of famous chiefs.
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Piet Retief
Pieter Mauritz Retief (12 November 1780 – 6 February 1838) was a South African Boer leader. Settling in 1814 in the frontier region of the Cape Colony, he assumed command of punitive expeditions in response to raiding parties from the adjacent Xhosa territory. He became a spokesperson for the frontier farmers who voiced their discontent, and wrote the Voortrekkers' declaration at their departure from the colony.
He was as a leading figure during their Great Trek, and at one stage their elected governor. He proposed Natal as the final destination of their migration and selected a location for its future capital, later named Pietermaritzburg. Following the massacre of Retief and his delegation by Zulu king Dingane, the short-lived Boer republic Natalia suffered from ineffective government and succumbed to British annexation.
Retief was born to Jacobus and Debora Retief in the Wagenmakersvallei, Cape Colony, today the town of Wellington, South Africa. His family were Boers of French Huguenot ancestry: his great-grandfather was the 1689 Huguenot refugee François Retif, from Mer, Loir-et-Cher near Blois; the progenitor of the name in South Africa. Retief grew up on the ancestral vineyard Welvanpas, where he worked until the age of 27.
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Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
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Portuguese people
The Portuguese (Portuguese: os Portugueses) are a nation and ethnic group native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
Due to the large historical extent of the Portuguese Empire and the colonization of territories in Africa, Asia and the Americas, as well as historical and recent emigration, Portuguese communities can be found in many diverse regions around the globe, and a large Portuguese diaspora exists.
The Portuguese are a southwestern European population, with origins predominantly from Atlantic Europe, Western Europe and the Western Mediterranean.
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.
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Ronnie Kasrils
Ronald Kasrils (commonly known as Ronnie Kasrils) (born November 15, 1938) is a South African politician. He was Minister for Intelligence Services from 27 April 2004 to 25 September 2008. He was a member of the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1987 to 2007 as well as a member of the Central Committee of the South African Communist Party (SACP) from December 1986 to 2007.
His wife Eleanor Kasrils was also a prominent anti-apartheid activist.
Kasrils' grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Latvia and Lithuania who fled from Czarist pogroms at the end of the 19th century. He is the son of Rene (born Cohen) and Isidore Kasrils. His father was a factory salesman. His mother worked as a shop assistant prior to her marriage. Kasrils matriculated at King Edward VII School in Johannesburg. He subsequently became a script writer for films in Johannesburg from 1958 to 1960 before accepting a position as a television and film director for Lever Brothers' advertising division in Durban from 1960 to 1962.
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Russian Mennonite
The Russian Mennonites are a group of Mennonites descended from Dutch and mainly Germanic Prussian Anabaptists who established colonies in South Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) beginning in 1789. Since the late 19th century, many of them have come to countries throughout the Western Hemisphere. The rest were forcibly relocated, so that few of their descendants now live at the location of the original colonies. Russian Mennonites are traditionally multilingual with Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German) as their lingua franca.
In the early-to-mid 16th century, Mennonites began to move from the Low Countries (especially Friesland) and Flanders to the Vistula delta region, seeking religious freedom and exemption from military service. They gradually replaced their Dutch and Frisian languages with the Plautdietsch dialect spoken in the area, blending into it elements of their native tongues. Plautdietsch is the distinct Mennonite language which developed over a period of 300 years in the Vistula delta region and south Russia.
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Ruth First
Ruth First (May 4, 1925 – August 17, 1982) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and scholar born in Johannesburg, South Africa. She was killed by a parcel bomb addressed specifically to her in Mozambique, where she worked in exile from South Africa.
Ruth First's parents, Julius First and Matilda Levetan, immigrated to South Africa from Latvia as Jewish immigrants in 1906 and became founder members of the South African Communist Party (SACP). Ruth First was born in 1925 and brought up in Johannesburg. Like her parents, she joined the SACP, which was allied with the African National Congress in its struggle to overthrow the South African government.
She attended Jeppe High School for Girls. The first person in her family to attend University, she received her Bachelor's degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1946. While in University she found that "on a South African campus, the student issues that matter are national issues" With this political outlook as a student at Witwatersrand, she was involved in the founding of the Federation of Progressive Students, also known as the Progressive Students League.Nelson Mandela, future President of South Africa and Eduardo Mondlane the first leader of the Mozambique freedom movement FRELIMO were among her fellow students.
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Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, incorporating neighbouring Britons to the south as well as invading Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse. Later the Normans also had some influence.
In modern use, "Scottish people" or "Scots" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from within Scotland. The Latin word Scotti originally applied to a particular, 5th century, Goidelic tribe that inhabited Ireland. Though sometimes considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for the Scottish people, though this usage is current primarily outside Scotland.
There are people of Scottish descent in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish participation in the British Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. There is a Scottish presence at a particularly high rate in Canada, which has the second largest population of descended Scots ancestry, after the United States. They took with them their Scottish languages and culture.
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Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog) was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with a British victory and the annexation of both republics by the British Empire; both would eventually be incorporated into the Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, in 1910. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation" or lit. "Second Freedom War") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
The Second Boer War and the earlier, much less well known, First Boer War (December 1880 to March 1881) are collectively known as the Boer Wars.
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Settler
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land. However, Canadian First Nations people often refer to all non-natives as "settler peoples", or "settler populations".[citation needed]
In almost every real historical case, settlers live on land which previously belonged to long-established peoples, known as indigenous people (often called "natives", "Aborigines" or, in the Americas, "Indians"). This land is usually settled against the wishes of the indigenes, and then controlled, defended and expanded by force, or it is bought or leased from indigenous people on terms highly favourable to the settlers, sometimes under a treaty (e.g. the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand). In some cases (such as Australia), the legal ownership of some lands is contested much later by indigenous people, who seek or claim traditional usage, land rights, native title and related forms of ownership or partial control.
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Sotho people
The ancestors of the Sotho people (Basotho or Basuto) have lived in southern Africa since around the fifth century. The Sotho nation emerged from the accomplished diplomacy of Moshoeshoe I who gathered together disparate clans of Sotho–Tswana origin that had dispersed across southern Africa in the early 19th century. Most Sotho today live in South Africa, as the area of the Orange Free State was originally part of Moshoeshoe's nation (modern-day Lesotho).
Pastoralist Bantu speaking people settled in South Africa in about 200–500 CE. Originating in the vicinity of West and Central Africa, waves of Iron Age immigrants spread across the broad Southern African peninsula, easily displacing the aboriginal Stone Age inhabitants of South Africa. By the 19th century, stable patterns of settlement had emerged. Nguni speaking tribes (primarily Zulu and Xhosa) occupied the east and southern coastal regions, while a series of Sotho kingdoms covered the southern portion of the plateau (Free State Province and parts of Gauteng).
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Spanish people
The term Spanish people (or Spaniards) has two distinct meanings: Traditionally, it applies to people native to any part of Spain. More recently, it has also come to have a legal meaning, referring to people who hold Spanish citizenship.
Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the country's complex history. The official language of Spain is Spanish (also known as Castilian), a standard language based on the mediaeval dialect of the Castilians of north-central Spain. There are several commonly spoken regional languages. With the exception of Basque, the languages native to Spain are Romance languages.
There are substantial populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain; most notably in Latin America.
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast. Celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had cultural contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain and who are believed to have developed a separate civilization of Phoenician influence. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries. The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal.
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Steve Biko
Stephen Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s.
A student leader, he later founded the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize much of the urban black population. Since his death in police custody, he has been called a martyr of the anti-apartheid movement. While living, his writings and activism attempted to empower black people, and he was famous for his slogan "black is beautiful", which he described as meaning: "man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being".
Despite friction between the African National Congress and Biko throughout the 1970s[Need quotation to verify] the ANC has included Biko in the pantheon of struggle heroes, going as far as using his image for campaign posters in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994.
Biko was born in King William's Town, in the present-day Eastern Cape province of South Africa. He studied to be a doctor at the University of Natal Medical School. Biko was a Xhosa. In addition to Xhosa, he spoke fluent English and fairly fluent Afrikaans.
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Tamil South Africans
Tamil South Africans are South Africans of Tamil descent. Amongst the language groups represented among the Indian immigrants who came from India to Natal, South Africa, from 1860 onwards, are Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, and Gujarati, with Tamil people forming the majority[citation needed]. After the expiry of their indentures most of these Indians moved to the cities, becoming established as a thoroughly urban population.
In 1833, the British Parliament passed the Act of Abolition which banned slavery throughout the British Empire.The consequence of this was that many African slaves in the Colony of Natal decided to desert their former masters.The former masters having no sufficient labour force, persuaded the sceptic British authorities in India to implement the system of indentured labour in Natal.On the 16 of November 1860, 342 men ,women and children arrived aboard the S.S. Truro in Port Natal (Durban).
Apartheid alienated all Indians as disenfranchised non-whites, and Hinduism in particular was perceived by many whites as antithetical to Christianity. The imposition of apartheid system also curtailed the opportunities for improvement including forced removals program which caused great disruption and social hardship.
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Thabo Mbeki
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (pronunciation: [tʰaɓɔ mbɛːkʼi]; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served two terms as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. He is also the brother of Moeletsi Mbeki. On 20 September 2008, he announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned Judge Nicholson’s judgment but the resignation stood.
Thabo Mbeki was the executive face of government in South Africa from 1994. During his time in office the economy grew at an average rate of 4.5% per annum. Mbeki created employment in the middle sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast growing black middle class with the implementation of BEE. This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime, but failed to address unemployment amongst the unskilled bulk of the population. He attracted the bulk of Africa’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa. He also oversaw the successful building of economic bridges to BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations with the eventual formation of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum to "further political consultation and co-ordination as well as strengthening sectoral co-operation, and economic relations".
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Thembu tribe
The Thimbu are one of the handful of nations and population groups which speak Xhosa in South Africa. In Xhosa the name is abaThembu, aba- being a common prefix for peoples. The most internationally famous Thimbu person is Nelson Mandela, whose father was a reigning nobleman from a junior branch of the Madiba clan of kings. Walter Sisulu was also of Thimbu descent, on his mother's side.
Prior to British conquest and incorporation of their territory, called "Tembuland" in the 19th century, the Thimbu had an independent kingdom. The clan name of the Thimbu kings is Madiba[citation needed]. Recent kings, including Sabata Jonguhlanga Dalindyebo, have used the surname of Dalindyebo, from the name of a 19th century king.
After conquest, the Thimbu were administered by the government of the Cape Colony as one of the Transkeian Territories, which with the exception of a few missionaries and white traders, were treated as lands reserved for African occupation. Other peoples in the territories who had formerly had independent kingdoms included the Gcaleka branch of the Xhosa, the Mpondo (who split into two kingdoms late in the 19th century), the Bhaca and the Xesibe. Under apartheid the Transkei was turned into a bantustan. In the ethnic theory underpinning apartheid, the Transkei was regarded as the "homeland" of the Xhosa people. As a result, the Thimbu people are often misidentified as being Xhosa.
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Trevor Huddleston
Ernest Urban Trevor Huddleston CR, KCMG (15 June 1913 – 20 April 1998) was an English Anglican bishop. He was most well known for his anti-apartheid activism and his 'Prayer for Africa'. He was the second Archbishop of the Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean.
Huddleston was born in Bedford, England and educated at Lancing College (1927–1931),Christ Church, Oxford and at Wells Theological College. He joined an Anglican religious order, the Community of the Resurrection (CR), in 1939, taking vows in 1941, having already served for over two years as a curate at St Mark's Swindon.
In 1943, Huddleston went to the CR mission station at Rosettenville, Sophiatown (Johannesburg, South Africa). He was sent there to build on the work of Raymond Raynes CR, whose monumental efforts there had proved to be so demanding that the community summoned him back to Mirfield in order to recuperate. Raynes was deeply concerned about who should be appointed to succeed him. He met Huddleston (at that stage still a novice in the community) who had been appointed to nurse him while he was in the infirmary. As a result of that meeting, much to Huddleston's surprise, Raynes was convinced that he had found his successor.
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Tsonga people
The Tsonga people (Tsonga: VaTsonga) inhabit the southern coastal plain of Mozambique, parts of Zimbabwe and Swaziland, and Mpumalanga and Limpopo Province of South Africa. They numbered some 4.6 million in the late 20th century.
The Tsonga people speak the Tsonga language (Xitsonga) Although many Tsongas are Christian, many also adhere to their own traditional religion, which entails constant attention to the propitiation of ancestral spirits. Illness and other misfortunes are usually attributed to the breaking of a taboo, to the anger of an ancestor, or to sorcery.
The Tsongas are a diverse population, generally including the Shangaan (VaChangana), Thonga, Tonga (unrelated to another nearby Tonga population to the north), and several smaller ethnic groups. In the mid-1990s, they numbered about 1.5 million in South Africa and at least 4.5 million in southern Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
Sometimes, the definition of Tsonga is extended to include the closely related Ronga and Tswa peoples of Mozambique.
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Uys Krige
Mattheus Uys Krige (4 February 1910 – 10 August 1987) was a South African writer of novels, short stories, poems and plays in both Afrikaans and English. He was born in Bontebokskloof (near Swellendam) in the Cape Province and educated at the University of Stellenbosch.
From 1931 to 1935 he lived in France and Spain, acquiring fluency in both languages. He played rugby for a club in Toulon in the south of France. He returned to South Africa in 1935 and began a writing career as a reporter for the Rand Daily Mail. During World War II he was a war correspondent with the South African Army in North Africa. Captured at Tobruk in 1941, he was sent to Italy, spending two years in a prisoner of war camp from which he escaped to return to South Africa.
Krige is counted among the so-called Dertigers ("writers of the thirties"). He co-edited The Penguin Book of South African Verse (1968) with Jack Cope. He translated many of the works of Shakespeare into Afrikaans. He also translated works by Federico García Lorca, Pablo Neruda, Lope de Vega and Juan Ramón Jiménez from Spanish, and works by Baudelaire, François Villon and Paul Éluard from French.[citation needed]
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Volga Germans
The Volga Germans (German: Wolgadeutsche or Russlanddeutsche, Russian: Поволжские немцы, Povolzhskie nemtsy) were ethnic Germans living along the River Volga in the region of southeastrn European Russia around Saratov and to the south. Recruited as immigrants to Russia in the 18th century, they were allowed to maintain German culture, language, traditions and churches: Lutherans, Reformed, Roman Catholics, and Mennonites (Russian Mennonites). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many Volga Germans emigrated to the Midwestern United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other countries.
Nazi Germany rose in part on a pan-German appeal, claiming interests in lands where ethnic Germans had been long settled. After the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 during World War II, the Soviet government considered the Volga Germans potential collaborators and transported them wholesale to labour camps, where many died. After the war, it expelled some ethnic Germans to the West. In the late 1980s, many of the remaining ethnic Germans moved from the Soviet Union to Germany.
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Voortrekkers
The Voortrekkers (Afrikaans and Dutch for pioneers, literally "those who trek ahead", "fore-trekkers") were emigrants during the 1830s and 1840s who left the Cape Colony (British at the time, but founded by the Dutch) moving into the interior of what is now South Africa. The Great Trek consisted of a number of mass movements under a number of different leaders including Louis Tregardt, Hendrik Potgieter, Sarel Cilliers, Pieter Uys, Gerrit Maritz, Piet Retief and Andries Pretorius.
The Voortrekkers mainly came from the farming community of the Eastern Cape although some (such as Piet Retief) originally came from the Western Cape farming community while others (such as Gerrit Maritz) were successful tradesmen in the frontier towns. Some of them were wealthy men though most were not as they were from the poorer communities of the frontier. It was recorded that the 33 Voortrekker families at the Battle of Vegkop lost 100 horses, between 4,000 and 7,000 cattle, and between 40,000 and 50,000 sheep.[citation needed] These figures appear greatly exaggerated.[citation needed] Other members of the trekking parties were of Trekboer stock who came from a life of semi-nomadic herding; yet others were employees, many of whom had been slaves only a few years earlier.
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Walter Sisulu
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (May 18, 1912 – May 5, 2003) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress (ANC).
Sisulu was born in Engcobo in the Union of South Africa. His mother Alice Mase Sisulu was a Xhosa domestic worker and his father, Albert Victor Dickenson, was white. Dickenson worked in the Railway Department of the Cape Colony from 1903 to 1909 and was transferred to the Office of the Chief Magistrate in Umtata in 1910. His mother was related to Evelyn Mase, Nelson Mandela's first wife. Dickenson didn't play a part in his son's upbringing, and the boy and his sister, Rosabella, were raised by his mother's family, who were descended from the Thembu clan.
Educated in a local missionary school, he left in 1926 to find work. He moved to Johannesburg in 1928 and experienced a wide range of manual jobs.
He married Albertina in 1944, Nelson Mandela was best man at their wedding. The couple had five children, and adopted four more. Sisulu's wife and children were also active in the struggle against apartheid.
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White American
White Americans are people of the United States who are considered or consider themselves White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported “White” or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish." Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and white Cuban Americans. The term "Caucasian" is often used interchangeably with "White", despite the fact they are not synonymous.
German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.0%), Italian Americans (5.8%), French Americans (4%), Polish Americans (3%), Scottish Americans (1.9%), Dutch Americans (1.6%), Norwegian Americans (1.5%), and Swedish Americans (1.4%) constitute the ten largest White American ancestries. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of 223,553,265 or 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.
wn.com/White_American -
White South African
White South African is a term which refers to people from South Africa who are of European descent and who do not regard themselves, or are not regarded as being part of another racial group, for example, as Coloured. In linguistic, cultural and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of mainly Dutch, German and French settlers, known as Afrikaners, and the English-speaking Anglo-Africans who share an Anglophone background (mainly of British and Irish descent). South Africa's white population is divided into about three-fifths Afrikaans-speakers (approx. 60%), with English-speakers constituting the remaining two-fifths (approx. 40%). Approximately 1% of the white population speak another language, most notably Portuguese. White South Africans are by far the largest European-descended population group in Africa.
wn.com/White_South_African -
Yusuf Dadoo
Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo (5 September 1909 – 19 September 1983) was a Muslim Indian South African communist and anti-apartheid activist. In his life he was chair of both the South African Indian Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as being a major proponent of cooperation between those organisations and the African National Congress. He was a leader of the Defiance Campaign and a defendant at the Treason Trial in 1956. His last days were spent in exile in London, where he is buried at Highgate Cemetery a few metres from the grave of Karl Marx.
Yusuf was born on 5 September 1909 in Krugersdorp, in the West Rand, near Johannesburg. His parents, Mohammed and Fatima Dadoo, were Muslim immigrants from Western India. As a young child he had the formative experience of being scolded by his mother for climbing a tree in his neighbourhood park, which was reserved for white people only. At age 10, the Krugersdorp Municipality attempted to evict his father from his shop on racial grounds, but he was successfully defended in court by Mohandas Gandhi. In high school, Yusuf attended meetings by former stalwarts of Gandhi, and along with Ismail Cachalia and other schoolmates, raised funds and awareness for the All India National Congress. At age 15, he presided over a protest organised and led by visiting Indian poet Sarojini Naidu against the proposed Class Areas Bill. Later that year, he was sent to Aligarh College in India to complete his schooling, as the Johannesburg Indian Government School did not offer secondary education up to matriculation level.
wn.com/Yusuf_Dadoo
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Multimedia: Afrikaner Blood, inside a racist bootcamp
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Multimedia production by journalist/videographer Elles van Gelder & photojournalist Ilvy Njiokiktjien about the right-wing organization Kommandokorps in South Africa. White South African teens wrestle with an uncertain identity. An extreme right-wing group is teaching young Afrikaners to eschew Nelson Mandela's vision of a multicultural rainbow nation. The fringe group Kommandokorps, led by old-apartheid leader Franz Jooste, organizes camps in school holidays where Afrikaner teenagers learn to defend themselves against crime in South Africa. But that's not all. They learn they are their own people - not South Africans but Afrikaners - that shouldn't integrate in the new democratic South Africa. The video and images on this multimedia are copyrighted. For publication please contact us via our website www.froginatent.com
http://wn.com/Multimedia_Afrikaner_Blood,_inside_a_racist_bootcamp
Afrikaner Farmers Migrating to Georgia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
A South African court earlier this week convicted Julius Malema, president of the African National Congress Youth League, of hate speech for singing "shoot the Boer, kill the Boer" at a rally last year. But some Boers, or white South African farmers, say they have had enough of violence and racial tension in South Africa and are planning to move out. VOA's James Brooke visited one Afrikaner who started farming this year in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia.
http://wn.com/Afrikaner_Farmers_Migrating_to_Georgia
Life for the Afrikaners ( farm-murders / Orania ) Part 1 (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Short documentary in 2 parts about the Afrikaners in South-Africa and their quest for a safe future; you are looking at Part 1. - Please, look at Part 2 also!
http://wn.com/Life_for_the_Afrikaners_farm-murders_Orania_Part_1_2
Genocide of Afrikaners - Streets Of Famine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Poor, unemployed Afrikaner Boers living in the streets of Pretoria in genocidal South Africa. Placed on Level 6 of 8 stages of genocide in September 2011 by www.genocidewatch.org.
http://wn.com/Genocide_of_Afrikaners_Streets_Of_Famine
Eugène Terre'Blanche - Afrikaner Resistance Movement (1988)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
*** WARNING!! - Extreme violence shown in first half of video *** Broadcast (New Zealand): 8th March, 1988. An excerpt from a BBC report on the late Eugène Ney Terre'Blanche - former leader of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement).
http://wn.com/Eugène_Terre'Blanche_Afrikaner_Resistance_Movement_1988
Jacob Zuma: Afrikaners the only white African tribe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Afrikaners only true white Africans - Jacob Zuma 02 April 2009 ANC president tells audience he appreciates honesty of the white tribe JOHANNESBURG (Sapa) - ANC president Jacob Zuma called Afrikaners the only true South Africans among whites, at a meeting with representatives of Afrikaner groups in Sandton, Johannesburg on Thursday. "Of all the white groups that are in South Africa, it is only the Afrikaners that are truly South Africans in the true sense of the word," Zuma said. The representatives of various Afrikaner agricultural, women's and cultural organisations listened intently after Zuma broke the ice by trying to speak Afrikaans. "I won't go very far in Afrikaans. As you know I grew up in Natal... and in Natal we are more English than anything.. So that's why ek praat nie mooi Afrikaans nie (I don't speak good Afrikaans)," he said, letting out a long belly laugh. With the audience leaning forward in their seats, he said: "Up to this day, they (the Afrikaners) don't carry two passports, they carry one. They are here to stay." Some of the representatives tried to applaud, but stopped to listen as he continued. He said since the Afrikaners embarked on the Great Trek from the Cape to the north, they had made many contributions to the country and encounters with Afrikaners had been both friendly and hostile over the centuries. Afrikaners were part of the discovery of the riches of the country, they helped shaped a union out of separate republics and they made an ...
http://wn.com/Jacob_Zuma_Afrikaners_the_only_white_African_tribe
Life for the Afrikaners ( farm-murders / Orania ) Part 2 (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Short documentary in 2 parts about the Afrikaners in South-Africa and their quest for a safe future; you are looking at Part 2. Please, look at Part 1 also!
http://wn.com/Life_for_the_Afrikaners_farm-murders_Orania_Part_2_2
Eugene Terre'Blanche's Afrikaner Resistance Movement - Rally
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
WATCH COMPLETE DOCUMENTARY: docsonline.tv The documentary film MY BELOVED COUNTRY by dierector Saskia Vredeveld takes us back to the early 1990's in South Africa. It is a provocative look from within at Afrikaner extremists who, in 1991, clung to the belief that they were the chosen "super race" of Africa. With the demise of white rule, many of these Boers lived in fear. Some had banded into paramilitary groups, such as Eugene Terre'Blanche's Afrikaner Resistance Movement, which claimed wide support within the South African army and police. They were preparing for an armed showdown with the new government.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Terre'Blanche's_Afrikaner_Resistance_Movement_Rally
Afrikaner Calvinism - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:55
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
From 1652 to 1835, settlers primarily from the Netherlands, and migrant and refugee Calvinist Protestants from Germany, France, Scotland, and elsewhere in Europe, combined in South Africa to form a d... Afrikaner Calvinism - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
http://wn.com/Afrikaner_Calvinism_Wiki_Article
Sharon Doorson & OB & Afrikaner - Fail In Love [Loco Mix]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Download Free soundcloud.com Sharon Doorson & OB & Afrikaner - Fail In Love [Loco Mix] For promotional purposes only....All Rights Reserved To Their Respective Owners BeatPort - dj.beatport.com TopDeejays - topdeejays.com Youtube - www.youtube.com FaceBook - www.facebook.com SoundCloud - soundcloud.com SoundCloud - soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/Sharon_Doorson_OB_Afrikaner_Fail_In_Love_Loco_Mix_
Afrikaners
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
my first vid :) the painfull but rich history of my blood brothers The afrikaners at 3:05 a nasty picture and i dont know how to remove it yet
http://wn.com/Afrikaners
Stop Afrikaner Genocide!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:11
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Een sensibiliseringsvideo op basis van de actie "Stop Afrikaner Genocide! Boycot Zuid-Afrika 2010!" van het N-SA aan de hoofdingang van de VRT, 11 juni 2010 (n-sa.be). Meer info over genocide in Zuid-Afrika: dienuwesuidafrika.blogspot.com projek2010.co.za censorbear-reports.blogspot.com The New-Solidarist Alternative wishes to clarify it distances itself from the views expressed in the comments below. Our vision on South Africa is clarified in this video, we condemn the ANC as detrimental to all (!) South Africans, we have South African members and we have ties to the humanitarian organisation sol-ide.org which, apart from SA, is also active in Kenya and Birma. However, we are not racist. We will leave the comments open to all, because it shows how far people have been driven apart by this corruption and instigation from the elites.
http://wn.com/Stop_Afrikaner_Genocide!
An Inquiry launched into a whites-only Afrikaner village
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Gauteng officials are conducting an inquiry into a "white only" Afrikaner cultural village in Kleinfontein, southeast of Pretoria...more on the story...ow.ly
http://wn.com/An_Inquiry_launched_into_a_whites-only_Afrikaner_village
100 Afrikaner, 1 bil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Dagens Kulturkrock från 1000apor. 1000apors afrikaner bär iväg en bil från gatan, med passagerare och allt!
http://wn.com/100_Afrikaner,_1_bil
eNUUS | ANCYL says Afrikaners are overreacting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
The ANC Youth League says Afrikaner rights groups are overreacting to its statements on land reform. Watch eNuus on kykNET, DStv channel, every night at 19.00.
http://wn.com/eNUUS_|_ANCYL_says_Afrikaners_are_overreacting
Steve Hofmeyr on Afrikaner Genocide!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
"Help us fight the Afrikaner Genocide in South-Africa by joining us on facebook - www.facebook.com/VFplus Please share this video and make the world aware of what Afrikaners are going through!"
http://wn.com/Steve_Hofmeyr_on_Afrikaner_Genocide!
Jim Crow and Apartheid (segregation systems in Racist America and the Afrikaner South Africa)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:32
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Through non-violent and more direct methods, people rally to fight segregation in South Africa, and several racist states in the United States like Georgia, Mississipi and Alabama. In the United States state President Eisenhower uses federal troops to uphold the Constitutional rights of African American students during the Little Rock integration crisis. This action emboldens the civil rights movement to further confront Jim Crow laws through the sit-ins, the freedom rides, the March on Washington and the Selma to Montgomery marches. In South Africa from 1948 white supremacy is vigorously enforced through apartheid, pass laws, the Group Areas Act and other measures as well as other petty apartheid with legal recourse to protest denied. Incidents in Sharpeville and Soweto catalyse the grievences of Africans into direct action, forcing the Government to eventually negotiate with the ANC, free Nelson Mandela and hold South Africa's first democratic election in 1994.
http://wn.com/Jim_Crow_and_Apartheid_segregation_systems_in_Racist_America_and_the_Afrikaner_South_Africa
The Afrikaners Who Became Jewish "Settlers" Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Fascinating story about a group of Afrikaners who converted to Judaism and became residents of Judea and Samaria
http://wn.com/The_Afrikaners_Who_Became_Jewish_Settlers_Part_One
Afrikaner sind zu laut am Telefon - TV Foulaa System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Africans are too loud on the phone. Is it true? what do you think? Was denkst du? www.facebook.com Music und Video von Foulaa System und StepForwardStudio (stepforwardstudio.de) Drehbuch: D. Eisape
http://wn.com/Afrikaner_sind_zu_laut_am_Telefon_TV_Foulaa_System
eNuus | Search For The Greatest Afrikaner Of All Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Well-known Afrikaners like Beyers Naudé and Hendrik Verwoerd have been nominated in a campaign aimed at identifying the Greatest Afrikaner of all time. The campaign is not just a serious affair -- there is also a category for fictional characters like Bennie Boekwurm and Liewe Heksie. From a list of 700 names, the public can now vote for their favourites from a list of 45 names.
http://wn.com/eNuus_|_Search_For_The_Greatest_Afrikaner_Of_All_Time
Afrikaner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
This original music is by youtube artist. All rights reserved.
http://wn.com/Afrikaner
Afrikaners - This is Who We Are
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Afrikaners_This_is_Who_We_Are
eNuus | Jong Afrikaner Exhibition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
An art exhibition showcasing photographs of 100 young Afrikaners has opened in Cape Town. Photographer Roelof Petrus van Wyk says it is his aim to start a lively discussion about being an Afrikaner. Watch eNuus on kykNET, DStv channel 111, every night at 19.00.
http://wn.com/eNuus_|_Jong_Afrikaner_Exhibition
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
27 Nov 2012
M23 rebels controlling the eastern city of Goma in the DR Congo have said they are not about to withdraw as demanded by regional leaders. The rebels said on Tuesday there were still in charge of Goma, just hours after General Aronda Nyakairima, the head of the Ugandan military, was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying that their leader, Sultani Makenga, had told him he would pull out of Goma and Sake. ... Al Jazeera And Agencies. ... ....(size: 17.7Kb)
photo: UN / Jan Golinski
27 Nov 2012
Doha conference is warned that climate models do not yet take account of methane in thawing permafrost. Frozen ground in Siberia. Permafrost covers nearly a quarter of the northern hemisphere. Photograph: Francis Latreille/Corbis. The United Nations sounded a stark warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost as governments met for the second day of climate change negotiations in Doha, Qatar. ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: AP / George Osodi
25 Nov 2012
Twin suicide car bombs exploded Sunday at a church inside one of Nigeria's top military bases, killing at least 11 people and wounding another 30 in an embarrassing attack showing the continued insecurity that haunts Africa's most populous nation. ... This attack in Jaji on Sunday, however, happened inside a barracks home to the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, one of the country's most important military colleges. ... Gen. ... ___. ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
photo: AP / Sepahnews
27 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON -- The drone wars are here. While President Obama ponders new legal and moral guidelines to govern America's growing use of armed robot aircraft, the world outside the White House is engaged in a revolutionary frenzy of building, arming and flying killer drones. ... More than 50 countries operate surveillance drones and, increasingly, are fitting them with weapons. The U.S. ... spy drone was shot down last December. ... On Oct. ... On Nov. ... Like....(size: 8.4Kb)
photo: AP / Henry Griffin
26 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "In our opinion and from our experience," declared John Kerry in 1971, "there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom..is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy...". ... The U.S....(size: 6.4Kb)
The Examiner
28 Nov 2012
Each year, the Social Change Film Festival selects a new global locality to host the festival. The inaugural festival last year was held in Ubud, Bali Indonesia. ... Panels:. ... New Orleans Afrikan Film Festival highlights weekendTimecode:NOLA Film Festival rolls this weekendTwo free documentary screenings this week in NOLAInaugural New Orleans Irish Film Festival kicks off this weekend at PrytaniaNOLA Japanese Cinema Series set for October. ....(size: 5.4Kb)
The Examiner
28 Nov 2012
Rating for Dudu Osun black soap. 5. I was in my local beauty supply store and I was in the skin care aisle. Low and behold, I saw the Dudu Osun Black Soap, all stacked up nice and neat on the shelf. I decided against getting it the first time and got the Queen Helene Apricot Scrub and the Mud Masque. ... A lot of people swore by this soap. I bought 2 boxes while I was there. ... Afrikan Republic-http://www.afrikanrepublic.com/pd_duduosun.cfm#main. ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
Independent online (SA)
27 Nov 2012
Johannesburg - “Becky took a bullet that was meant for me. If it had not been for her, I would have been tied up and probably raped.”. As she uttered those words, 27-year-old Kirstie Adams looked at her four-year-old dog, an Afrikaner breed, and stroked it. ... He has since moved. ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Business Day
27 Nov 2012
I want to concur with the sentiments raised by Paul Janisch in his opinion piece (Daviesâs new BEE codes could destroy the nonprofit sector, November 14). ... She reminded me that BEE empowered disadvantaged South Africans, but couldnât restrain herself from adding that the Afrikaners did so too, and that I should stop "being jealous of the black-led government". ... Liezl van der Merwe MP. ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
Business Day
27 Nov 2012
Business Day
26 Nov 2012
Related articles. ... People: Tina Joemat-Pettersson. ... âIf a farmer feeds his animals at a higher cost than what their farm workers can afford to feed themselves after 18 years of democracy, we cannot be proud as a nation. ... Asked about the Afrikaner â the departmentâs research and supply vessel forced to return to shore after a mechanical breakdown â she said the fisheries industry and partners understood and supported the department....(size: 3.1Kb)
Business Day
26 Nov 2012
Related articles. ... People: Tina Joemat-Pettersson. ... Itâs more pronounced in the Western Cape but is not endemic to it," she said at a TNA Business Breakfast. ... "We have been working with De Doorns for a year. ... Asked about "the Afrikaner" â the departmentâs research and supply vessel forced to return to shore after a mechanical breakdown â she said the fisheries industry and partners understood and supported the department. ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Guardian
26 Nov 2012
Briton Chris Preece stabbed to death for £210 and a mobile phone by intruders at farm nature reserve. ... Chris Preece, 54, stepped outside to investigate a power cut when he was attacked by three men with machetes. ... Wouter Wessels, a spokesman for the pro-Afrikaner Freedom Front Plus party, said estimates that 3,000 white farmers had been killed since the end of racial apartheid in 1994 were "roundabout" right. ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
23 Nov 2012
ALF KUMALO, 1930 - 2012. Alf Kumalo was an unlikely candidate to become one of South Africa’s leading documentary photographers. ... He had a knack for being where history was unfolding. ... In 1976, he was present during the Soweto uprising, a student revolt spurred by the government’s declaration that Afrikaans, the language of white Afrikaners, would be the mandatory language of school instruction. ... Desmond Tutu. ... He did not.”....(size: 5.2Kb)
IMC
22 Nov 2012
Submitted by ciemoidelelis1971 on Thu, 2012-11-22 03:40. http://kg.alkoper.pl/Gxet.html Keisha knight pulliam nudeeisha knight pulliam nude. http://tfo.sakifer.pl/Aina.html S:learningzone.kfc.yum.com saba web kfcttps:learningzone.kfc.yum.com saba web kfc. http://hgy.tx.gagusik.pl/Ohgt.html Sorority superlatives. http://vk.nadsole.pl/Tixi.html Online font generator. ... http://lul.nadsole.pl/Nupr.html Shat roulette afrikan. ... 6b . exe. ... b. ... cojiendo....(size: 256.0Kb)
Independent online (SA)
21 Nov 2012
Independent online (SA)
21 Nov 2012
by Lesley Mofokeng (Tafelberg). A winter night in Johannesburg, post an e.tv programme press launch. I have just reached the front of the queue, for the cars to take us back to the hotel. Huge relief. ... OMG, I am a Durban journo and, OMG some more… have no idea what this is. ... Her next man, another sugar daddy, Afrikaner Theunis Crous, also came with a Lamborghini – a family and, allegedly, other girlfriends. ... – Sally Scott. ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
21 Nov 2012
You never know where social resistance will find its prophets and poets. For young liberal Afrikaners opposing apartheid in the '70s, it was an unknown Detroit singer-songwriter named Rodriguez, the mysterious figure at the soulful center of the excellent new documentary Searching for Sugar Man. As the story goes, a bootleg copy of the singer's first album, 1970's Cold Fact, made its way into South Africa. ... It is how we get to know him....(size: 3.1Kb)
This article is about the Southern African ethnic group. For other uses, see Afrikaner (disambiguation).
Afrikaners (including the Boer subgroup [6]) are a Germanic ethnic group in Southern Africa descended from Dutch (including Flemish), French and German settlers whose native tongue is Afrikaans: a Germanic language which derives primarily from 17th century Dutch, and a variety of other languages. [7]
Their ancestors were Dutch Calvinists, with smaller numbers of Frisians, English, Germans and French Huguenots, and with minor numbers of other European groups (such as Dutch Jews, Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians, Spaniards, Scots, Irish, Polish).
Most Afrikaner families have between 5% and 7% non-white ancestry, such as Khoi African, Indonesian and Indian, as the early Dutch settlement at the Cape allowed inter-racial marriage.[8][9] During the Apartheid era, race classification was based on appearance and there were many borderline cases.[10]
South Africans of British descent are considered a separate ethnic group from Afrikaners, and their first language is English.
Contents |
History[link]
Settlers and slaves[link]
The term Afrikaner as used in the 20th and 21st century context refers to all white Afrikaans-speaking people, i.e. those of the larger Cape Dutch origin and of the smaller Boer origin, who are descended from European settlers who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of administration (1652 – 1795) by the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC).
The Dutch who first settled at the Cape in 1652 established a geographically limited refreshment station for the Dutch East India Company; originally, the Company was not interested in establishing a permanent settlement. However, in order to ensure the viability of the refreshment station, some employees of the Company were freed from their contracts (so-called vrijburgers or free burghers) and allowed to farm. Over time, the boundaries of the colony expanded. The arrival in 1688 of some French Huguenot refugees, who had fled to the Dutch Republic to escape Roman Catholic religious persecution following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, increased the number of settlers. Some of the later colonists, such as German mercenaries in the employ of the Company, and settlers from other parts of Europe (e.g. Scandinavia, Ireland and Scotland) were also incorporated into what became the Boers and Cape Dutch.
Many of the South African children born to European fathers, who had settled at the Cape in the 1650-1670's, had slave mothers: "three-quarters of children born to slave mothers had white fathers, during the first 20 years of European settlement".[11]
The first person recorded to have identified himself as an Afrikaner was Hendrik Biebouw, who, in March 1707, stated, Ik ben een Afrikander (I am an African), and did not want to leave South Africa. Biebouw was resisting his expulsion from the Cape Colony, as ordered by the magistrate of Stellenbosch. He was banished and sent to Batavia.[12] The term shows the individual's first loyalty and a sense of belonging to the territory of modern South Africa, rather than to any ancestral homeland in Europe. In January, 1902, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used the word Africanders in referring to the Dutch settler expansion northwards from the Cape.[13]
The pastoral Afrikaans-speakers who developed on the Cape frontier were called Boers (boer is the Dutch word for farmer). They have often been considered a slightly separate entity from the Afrikaners,.[14] However, the Boers of Trekboer descent who developed on the Cape frontier from the late 17th century are an anthropologically distinct group from the Afrikaners who developed in the south western Cape region[15] who were often known as the Cape Dutch.[16] It was only in 1910, with the creation of the Union of South Africa that the word Afrikaner came to widespread use to refer to both the Boer and Cape Dutch.[dubious – discuss] As a direct result of the Union, the majority Cape Dutch culturally assimilated the minority Boer people of the Transvaal and Orange Free State; adopting a lot of the traditions and values of the Boer people within a new Afrikaner Nationalism[17]
Migrations[link]
The mass migrations under British rule collectively known as the Great Trek were pivotal for the preservation of Boer ethnic identity. The Boers created a number of states that were independent of British colonial oversight.
In the 1830s and 1840s, an estimated 10,000 Boers, later referred to as Voortrekkers or "First Movers", migrated to the future Northern Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal/Northern Interior provinces. They were motivated by the desire to escape British rule and to preserve their religious conservatism. The Trek resulted in a cultural split between the Voortrekkers, later known as the Boers, and the Cape Afrikaners. These distinctions overlapped with economic differences, as the Trekkers generally had fewer material resources on the frontier than those who remained behind. During the Anglo-Boer War, a number of Cape Afrikaners assisted the British in fighting against the Boers due to their long historical pro Colonial outlook.[18]
As important as the Trek was to the formation of Boer ethnic identity, so were the running conflicts with various indigenous groups along the way. One conflict central to the construction of Boer identity was that with the Zulu in what is known today as KwaZulu-Natal.
The Boers who entered Natal discovered that the land they wanted was under the authority of the Zulu chief Dingane ka Senzangakhona, who ruled that part of what is now called KwaZulu-Natal. The British had a small port colony there but were unable to seize the whole of area from the war-ready Zulus, and only kept to the Port of Natal. The Boers found the land safe from the English and sent an un-armed Boer land treaty delegation under Piet Retief on February 6, 1838, to negotiate with the Zulu King. The negotiations went well and a contract between Retief and Dingane was signed.
After the signing, Dingane's forces surprised and killed the members of the delegation; a large-scale massacre of the Boer followed. Zulu impis (regiments) attacked Boer encampments in the Drakensberg foothills at what was later called Blaauwkrans and Weenen, killing women and children along with men. By contrast, in earlier conflicts the Trekkers had along the eastern Cape frontier, the Xhosa had refrained from harming women and children.
The Transvaal Republic sent a commando brigade of 470 men to help the settlers. On 16 December 1838, a 470-strong force of Andries Pretorius confronted about 10,000 Zulus at the prepared positions.[19] The Boers suffered three injuries without any fatalities. Due to the blood of 3,000 slain Zulus that stained the Ncome River, the conflict afterwards became known as the Battle of Blood River.
Boers celebrate the 16th of December as a public holiday, colloquially called "Dingane's Day". After 1952, the holiday became officially called the Day of the Covenant, changed in 1980 to Day of the Vow (Mackenzie 1999:69). The Boers saw their victory at the Battle of Blood River as evidence that they had found divine favour for their exodus from British rule.[citation needed]
Boer republics[link]
Main article: Boer Republics
After defeating the Zulu and the recovery of the treaty between Dingane and Retief, the Voortrekkers proclaimed the Boer state of the Natalia Republic. Soon afterward, in 1843, Britain annexed this territory and the Boers who were not warriors vacated.
Due to the return of British rule, Boers fled to the frontiers to the north-west of the Drakensberg mountains, and onto the highveld (steppes) of the Transvaal and Transoranje "Transorangia". These areas were lightly occupied due to armed resistance by the Mfecane. Some Boers ventured far beyond the present-day borders of South Africa, north as far as present-day Zambia and Angola. Others reached the Portuguese colony of Delagoa Bay, later called Lourenço Marques. It is now called Maputo, capital of Mozambique.
The Boers created independent states in what is now South Africa: de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (the South African Republic) and the Orange Free State were the most prominent and lasted the longest.
Gold was discovered and awakened British interest in the Boer republics.
When the British annexed these territories, the two Boer Wars resulted: The First Boer War (1880–1881) and the Second Boer War (1899–1902). They ended with British victory and annexation of the Boer areas into the British colonies. The Boers won the first war and retained their independence temporarily. They lost the second. The British employed scorched earth tactics and held many Boers in concentration camps as they tried to take control. An estimated 27,000 Boer civilians (mainly women and children under sixteen) died in the camps from hunger and disease. This was 15 percent of the Boer population of the republics.
Post Boer War diaspora[link]
In the 1890s, some Boers moved to Mashonaland and Matabeleland (today Zimbabwe), where they were concentrated at the town of Enkeldoorn, now Chivhu [6]. After the second Boer War, more Boers left South Africa. Starting in 1902 a large group emigrated to the Patagonia region of Argentina (most notably in the town of Sarmiento).[20] Another group emigrated to British-ruled Kenya, from where most returned to South Africa during the 1930s as a result of warfare there with indigenous people. A third group, under the leadership of General Ben Viljoen, emigrated to Chihuahua in northern Mexico and to states of Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas in the south-western USA. Others migrated to other parts of Africa, including German East Africa (present day Tanzania, mostly near Arusha). Some refugees went to Angola, where smaller and larger groups settled on the Bihe and the Humpata plateaus, respectively.[6]
It was a relatively large group of Boers who settled in Kenya. The first wave of migrants were single families, followed by larger multiple family treks.[6] Some had arrived by 1904, as documented by the caption of a newspaper photograph noting a tent town for "some of the early settlers from South Africa" on what today is the campus of the University of Nairobi.[21] Probably the first to arrive was W.J. Van Breda (1903), followed by John de Waal and Frans Arnoldi at Nakuru (1906). Jannie De Beer's family resided at Athi River, while Ignatius Gouws resided at Solai.[6]
The second wave of migrants is exemplified by Jan Janse van Rensburg's trek. Janse van Rensburg left the Transvaal on an exploratory trip to British East Africa in 1906 from Lourenço Marques (then Portuguese), Mozambique. Janse van Rensburg was inspired by an earlier Boer migrant, Abraham Joubert, who had moved to Nairobi from Arusha in 1906, along with others. When Joubert visited the Transvaal that year, Janse van Rensburg met with him.[6] Sources disagree about whether Janse van Rensburg received guarantees for land from the Governor, Sir James Hayes Sadler.[6]
On his return to the Transvaal, Janse van Rensburg recruited about 280 people (comprising either 47 or 60 families) to accompany him to British East Africa. Most came from districts around Ermelo and Carolina. On 9 July 1908 Janse van Rensburg's party sailed in the chartered ship SS Windhuk from Lourenço Marques to Mombasa, from where they boarded a train for Nairobi. The party travelled by five trains to Nakuru.[22]
In 1911 the last of the large trek groups departed for Kenya, when some 60 families from the Orange Free State boarded the SS Skramstad in Durban under leadership of C.J. Cloete.[22] But migration dwindled, partly due to the British secretary of state's (then Lord Crewe) cash requirements for immigrants. When the British granted self-government to the former Boer republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State in 1906 and 1907, respectively, the pressure for emigration decreased. A trickle of individual trekker families continued to migrate into the 1950s.[6]
A combination of factors spurred on Boer migration. Some, like Janse van Rensburg and Cloete, had collaborated with the British, or had surrendered during the Boer War.[6] These joiners and hensoppers subsequently experienced hostility from other Boers. Many migrants were extremely poor and had subsisted on others' property.[22] Collaborators tended to move to British East Africa, while those who had fought to the end (called bittereinders) initially preferred German West Africa.[6]
One of the best known Boer settlements in the British East Africa Protectorate was at Eldoret, in the south west of what became known as Kenya in 1920. By 1934 some 700 Boers lived here, near the Uganda border.[23]
South West Africa[link]
Main article: South West Africa
With the onset of the First World War, the Union of South Africa was asked by the Allied forces to attack the German territory of South West Africa, resulting in the South-West Africa Campaign. Armed forces under the leadership of General Louis Botha defeated the German forces, who were unable to put up much resistance to the overwhelming South African forces.
Many Boers, who had little love or respect for Britain, objected to the use of the “children from the concentration camps” to attack the anti-British Germans, resulting in the Maritz Rebellion of 1914, which was quickly quelled by the government forces.
Some Boer subsequently moved to South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa until its independence in 1990, after which the country was named Namibia.
Modern history[link]
Apartheid era[link]
| Apartheid in South Africa |
|---|
| Events and projects |
| Sharpeville massacre Soweto uprising Treason Trial · Rivonia Trial Church Street bombing · CODESA St James Church massacre Cape Town peace march |
| Organisations |
| ANC · IFP · AWB · Black Sash CCB · Conservative Party · ECC · PP RP · PFP · HNP · MK · PAC · UDF · Broederbond · National Party COSATU · SADF · SAIC · SAP · SACP · Umkhonto we Sizwe |
| People |
| P. W. Botha · Mangosuthu Buthelezi · Steve Biko · Yusuf Dadoo · Sheena Duncan · F. W. de Klerk · Eugene de Kock · Ruth First · Bram Fischer · Chris Hani · Barbara Hogan · Trevor Huddleston · Helen Joseph · Ronnie Kasrils · Ahmed Kathrada · Jimmy Kruger · Moses Mabhida · Winnie Madikizela-Mandela · Mac Maharaj · D. F. Malan · Nelson Mandela · Kaiser Matanzima · Govan Mbeki · Thabo Mbeki · Robert McBride · Billy Nair · Hastings Ndlovu · Alan Paton · Hector Pieterson · Harry Schwarz · Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom · Joe Slovo · Helen Suzman · Oliver Tambo · Eugène Terre'Blanche · Andries Treurnicht · Desmond Tutu · H. F. Verwoerd · B. J. Vorster |
| Places |
| Bantustan · District Six Robben Island · Sophiatown South-West Africa · Soweto Sun City · Vlakplaas |
| Related topics |
| Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid legislation · Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles · Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign South African Police Apartheid in popular culture |
Main article: South Africa under apartheid
In South Africa, an Afrikaner minority party, the National Party, came to power in 1948 and enacted a series of segregationist laws favoring whites known as Apartheid (literally "apartness"). These laws allowed the systematic persecution of opposition leaders and attempted to enforce general white supremacy by classifying all South African inhabitants into racial groups. Non-white political participation was outlawed, black citizenship revoked, and the entire public sphere, including education, residential areas, medical care and common areas such as public transportation, beaches and sidewalks, was segregated.
Apartheid was officially ended in 1990 after significant internal resistance and a long embargo against South Africa. [24] The factual end to apartheid, however, is widely regarded as the election of 1994. After a long series of negotiations between President Frederik Willem de Klerk and Nelson Mandela,[25]a democratic, multi-racial election was held, transitioning power from the National Party to the black African National Congress.
Post-Apartheid era[link]
Efforts are being made by a few Afrikaners to secure minority rights even though protection of minority rights is fundamental to the new 1996 post-apartheid Constitution of South Africa. These efforts include the Volkstaat movement. In contrast, a handful of Afrikaners have joined the ruling African National Congress party, which is overwhelmingly supported by South Africa's black majority. However, the vast majority of Afrikaners/Boer have joined White English-speakers in supporting South Africa's official opposition, the Democratic Alliance, indicating their acceptance of non-racism within a free enterprise economy.
Employment Equity legislation favours employment of black (African, Indian and Coloured) South Africans and women over white men. Black Economic Empowerment legislation further favours blacks as the government considers ownership, employment, training and social responsibility initiatives which empower black South Africans as important criteria when awarding tenders. However, private enterprise adheres to this legislation voluntarily.[26] Some reports indicate a growing number of whites suffering poverty compared to the pre-Apartheid years and attribute this to such laws - over 350,000 Afrikaners may be classified as poor, with some research claiming that up to 150,000 are struggling for survival.[27][28] This combined with a wave of violent crime has led to vast numbers of English and Boer South Africans leaving the country.
There have been increasing incidents of racism against white South Africans since 1994. In particular the actions of racist police personnel towards white victims have attracted media attention.[29] White men arrested and held in overcrowded cells on minor or spurious charges have taken legal action against the government, as many have been raped and assaulted by violent criminals (often rape and murder suspects) held in the same cells.[30]
Genocide Watch has theorized that farm attacks constitute early warning signs of genocide against Afrikaners and has criticised the South African government for its inaction on the issue, pointing out that the murder rate for them ("ethno-European farmers" in their report, which also included non-Afrikaner farmers of European race) is four times that of the general South African population.[31] There are 40,000 white farmers in South Africa. Since 1994 close to three thousand farmers have been murdered in thousands of farm attacks,[32] with many being brutally tortured and/or raped. Some victims have been burned with smoothing irons or had boiling water poured down their throats.[33]
Afrikaner diaspora and emigration[link]
Since 1994 there has been significant emigration of skilled white persons from South Africa. There are thus currently large Afrikaner and English South African communities in the UK and other developed nations. Since 1994, more than one million South Africans have emigrated, citing alleged violent and racially motivated black on white crime as the main reason.[34] Farmers have emigrated to other parts of Africa to develop efficient commercial farming there.[35] See human capital flight in South Africa for details.
Geography[link]
Namibia[link]
There were 133,324 speakers of Afrikaans in Namibia, forming 9.5% of the total national population, according to the 1991 census. However the majority of these speakers come from the Coloured and Baster communities.[citation needed] Afrikaners are mostly found in Windhoek and in the Southern provinces.[36]
Global presence[link]
A significant number of Afrikaners have migrated to countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil.
A large number of young Afrikaners are taking advantage of working holiday visas made available by the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, as well as the Netherlands and Belgium, to gain work experience. The scheme under which UK working holiday visas were issued ended on the 27th November 2008 and has been replaced by the Tier 5 (Youth Mobility) visa. South Africa is unlikely to partake in this scheme.
As of 2011, Georgia is encouraging Afrikaner immigration to help kickstart the country's agriculture industry, which has declined significantly since the fall of communism.[37]
Culture[link]
Religion[link]
Main article: Afrikaner Calvinism
Mainly Christian, the Calvinism of Boers in South Africa developed in much the same way as the New England colonies in North America. The original South African Boer republics were founded on the principles of the Dutch Reformed Church.
A good example of how the Boer culture and religion interlinked can be seen when gold was discovered in Johannesburg. The Boer community desperately tried to keep it a secret for fear that exploitation of the resource would lead to moral degradation of the Republic. Even after the mines were running, the Boers did not get involved and kept to farming.
Language[link]
Main article: Afrikaans
The Afrikaans language changed over time from the Dutch spoken by the first white settlers at the Cape. From the late 17th century, the form of Dutch spoken at the Cape developed differences, mostly in morphology but also in pronunciation and accent and, to a lesser extent, in syntax and vocabulary, from that of the Netherlands, although the languages are still similar enough to be mutually intelligible. Settlers who arrived speaking German and French soon shifted to using Dutch and later Afrikaans. The process of language change was influenced by the languages spoken by slaves, Khoikhoi and people of mixed descent, as well as by Cape Malay, Zulu, English and Portuguese. While the Dutch of the Netherlands remained the official language, the new dialect, often known as Cape Dutch, African Dutch, "Kitchen Dutch", or "Taal" (meaning language in Afrikaans) developed into a separate language by the 19th century, with much work done by the Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners and other writers such as Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven. In a 1925 act of Parliament, Afrikaans replaced standard Dutch as one of the two official languages of the Union of South Africa. There was much objection to the attempt to legislate the creation of Afrikaans as a new language. Marthinus Steyn, a prominent jurist and politician, and others were vocal in their opposition. They perceived that legalization of Afrikaans as an official language would only serve to isolate the Afrikaners, as they would be the only people in the world to speak Afrikaans. Steyn, who died before 1925, had been educated in Holland and England and was a worldly cosmopolitan figure. Today, Afrikaans is recognised as one of the eleven official languages of the new South Africa, and is widely accepted as an appropriate means of communication for a large number of South Africans.
Literature[link]
Afrikaners have a long literary tradition, and have produced a number of notable novelists and poets, including Eugene Marais, Uys Krige, Elisabeth Eybers, Breyten Breytenbach, André Brink, C. J. Langenhoven and Etienne Leroux. See section on South African literature
Arts[link]
Music is probably the most popular art form among Afrikaners. While the traditional Boeremusiek (Boer Music) and Volkspele (literally, People Games) folk dancing enjoyed popularity in the past, most Afrikaners today favour a variety of international genres and light popular Afrikaans music. American country and western music has enjoyed great popularity and has a strong following among many South Africans. Some also enjoy a social dance event called a sokkie. The South African rock band, Seether, has a hidden track on their album, Karma and Effect, that is sung in the Afrikaans language. It is titled, Kom Saam Met My, which is translated as Come With Me. There is also an underground rock music movement and bands like the controversial Fokofpolisiekar have a large following. The television Channel MK (channel) also supports local Afrikaans music and mainly screen videos from the Afrikaans Rock genre.[38] Also see section on protest music(South African)
Sport[link]
Rugby, cricket, and golf are generally considered to be the most popular sports among Afrikaners. Rugby in particular is considered one of the central pillars of the Afrikaner community. The Springboks won the 1995 and 2007 Rugby World Cups.
"Boere-sport" also played a very big role in the Afrikaner history. It consisted of a variety of sports like tug of war, three-legged races, jukskei, skilpadloop (tortoise walk) and other games.
Numismatics[link]
The world's first ounce-denominated gold coin, the Krugerrand was struck at the South African Mint on the third of July 1967. The name Krugerrand was derived from Kruger (President Paul Kruger) and rand the monetary unit of South Africa. The Rand is associated with the area called Witwatersrand, "the ridge of white water" an important gold producing area.
In April 2007, the South African Mint coined a collectors R1 gold coin commemorating the Afrikaner people as part of its cultural series, depicting the Great Trek across the Drakensberg mountains.
Institutions[link]
Cultural[link]
The Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging (ATKV) (Afrikaans Language and Culture Society) is responsible for promoting the Afrikaans language and culture.
Die Voortrekkers is a youth movement for Afrikaners in South Africa and Namibia with a membership of over 10 000 active members to promote cultural values, maintaining norms and standards as Christians, and being accountable members of public society.[39]
Political[link]
An estimated 82% of Afrikaners supported the Democratic Alliance, the official opposition party, in the 2009 general election.[40]
Smaller numbers are involved in nationalist or separatist political organizations. The Freedom Front Plus is an Afrikaner ethnic political party in the Republican tradition, which lobbies for minority rights to be granted to all of the South African ethnic minorities. The Freedom Front Plus is also leading the Volkstaat initiative and is closely associated with the small town of Orania.[41]
See also[link]
- Afrikaner Calvinism
- Afrikaner nationalism
- Afrikaner cattle
- Anglo-Africans
- Afrikaner-Jews
- Ethnic groups in Africa
- Huguenots in South Africa
- White South Africans
- White people
- White Africans
- Boer
- Cape Coloureds
- Cape Dutch
- Cape Malays
- Culture of South Africa
External links[link]
- The Historical Heritage of The Afrikaner Nation
- South Africa - Poor Whites
- South Africa: Poor whites are strangers in a new land
- 2001 Digital Census Atlas
- Nationalism Captures The State.
- The Afrikaners of South Africa.
- (French) Afrique du Sud
- (French) mSN Encarta(Archived 2009-10-31)
- Boer soldiers
- British Policies and Afrikaner Discontent
- The genetic heritage of one Afrikaner family(Archived 2009-10-24)
- Afrikaans Wiki
- ATKV - Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging
- Some Boer characteristics, by George Lacy (The North American Review / Volume 170, Issue 518, January 1900)
- Arthur Conan Doyle's description of Afrikaners/ Boere.
- Between Acknowledgement and Ignorance:How white South Africans have dealt with the apartheid past
- South Africa Suspends Disposal Of State Mining Assets
- Gilliomee, Hermann. 1989. The Beginnings of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness, 1850–1915, in Leroy Vail (ed.) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. London/ Berkeley: Currey University of California Press, 1989.[42]
- Mackenzie, S.P. 1997. Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era: A Revisionist Approach. Routledge.
- Van der Watt, Liese. 1997. 'Savagery and civilisation': race as a signifier of difference in Afrikaner nationalist art, De Arte 55.[43]
References[link]
- ^ Byrnes, Rita M. (1996). Rita M. Byrnes. ed (in en-us). South Africa: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. Afrikaans Speakers. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/49.htm. Retrieved 18 April 2011. "Roughly 3 million people, or 7 percent of the people of South Africa, trace their roots to Dutch, German, Belgian, and French forebears (see Early European Settlement, ch. 1). Their language, Afrikaans, and membership in the Dutch Reformed Church are the most widespread common features of this population."
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Die Roepstem - 100 jaar Boere & Afrikaners in Argentinië, 1902-2002". Roepstem.net. 2002-11-14. http://www.roepstem.net/argentina.html. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
- ^ South Africans in Patagonia
- ^ Geskiedenis Katolieke Afrikaners
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brian M. Du Toit (1998). The Boers in East Africa: Ethnicity and Identity. Westport, CT: Bergin & Gavey.
- ^ J. A. Heese (1971). Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657-1867 (Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657-1867 ed.). Kaapstad: A. A. Balkema. OCLC 1821706. OL5361614M.
- ^ http://www.stamouers.com/Slave.htm
- ^ Greeff, J.M. (2007-03-13). "Deconstructing Jaco: Genetic Heritage of an Afrikaner". Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria. http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers/Deconstructing_Jaco_Genetic_Heritage_of_an_Afrikaner.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ Stanford News Service. South African activist teacher gets education doctorate
- ^ Morris, Michael and Linnegar, John with the South Africa Ministry of Education, Human Sciences Research Council, Social Cohesion & Integration Research Programme. 2004. Every Step of the Way: the journey to freedom in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-0-7969-2061-4
- ^ Hermann Giliomee, The Afrikaners: Biography of a People, University of Virginia Press, 2003
- ^ Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, "The Boer People", The War in South Africa
- ^ Yolandi Groenewald, "Bang bang – you’re dead", Mail & Guardian Online
- ^ Professor Wallace Mills. White Settlers in South Africa to 1870.
- ^ Irving Hexham and Karla Poewe. Christianity in Central Southern Africa Prior to 1910.
- ^ Professor Wallace Mills. Origins of Afrikaner Nationalism
- ^ Mordechai Tamarkin. Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners.
- ^ Battle of Blood River - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ "Don’t cry for me Orania". South Africa: The Times. 2008-02-05. http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article117837.ece. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ "Title Unknown". Archived from the original on 2009-10-24. http://www.webcitation.org/5kmCzJrjV.
- ^ a b c "van Rensburg trek leader to Kenya". Archived from the original on 2009-10-24. http://www.webcitation.org/5kmCyt5Ra.
- ^ "GREAT BRITAIN: In Kenya Colony". Time. 1934-10-15. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,748005,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ Lodge, Tom (1983). Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. New York: Longman.
- ^ "De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa". BBC News. 2 February 1990. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Temporarily unavailable
- ^ Simon Wood meets the people who lost most when Mandela won in South Africa
- ^ South Africa - Poor Whites
- ^ "Cop: You whites must f*** **f". News24. 6 November 2008. http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2422454,00.html.
- ^ "Inmates sang to drown screams". News24. 22 October 2008. http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Inmates-sang-to-drown-screams-20081022.
- ^ "Over 1000 Boer Farmers In South Africa Have Been Murdered Since 1991". Genocide Watch. Archived from the original on 2005-12-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20051230121634/http://www.genocidewatch.org/BoersSlain01.htm. Retrieved 2005-12-31.
- ^ White farmers being wiped out, The Times
- ^ Criminal Justice Monitor (2003-07-31). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. http://www.issafrica.org/CJM/farmrep/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- ^ Million whites leave SA- study
- ^ "Boers are moving north - News - Mail & Guardian Online". Mg.co.za. 2011-05-03. http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-03-boers-are-moving-north. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (2001) Population project
- ^ James Brooke (2011-09-15). "Afrikaner Farmers Migrating to Georgia | Africa | English". Voanews.com. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Afrikaner-Farmers-Migrating-to-Georgia-129900258.html. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ "M-Net - Mk". Beta.mnet.co.za. 2007-04-01. http://beta.mnet.co.za/MK/. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
- ^ Die Voortrekkers se Amptelike Afrikaanse Webtuiste
- ^ The Afrikaners: Twenty traumatic years PoliticsWeb. 1 March 2010
- ^ Afrikaner Independence (1): Interview With Freedom Front General-Secretary Col. Piet Uys Global Politician. 24 May 2005
- ^ The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
- ^ "Unisa Online - vdwatt". Unisa.ac.za. http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7253. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jacob Zuma GCB |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| President of South Africa | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 9 May 2009 |
|
| Deputy | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| Preceded by | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| President of the African National Congress | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 18 December 2007 |
|
| Deputy | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Deputy President of South Africa | |
| In office 14 June 1999 – 14 June 2005 |
|
| President | Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka |
| Member of Parliament | |
| In office 1999–2005 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (1942-04-12) 12 April 1942 (age 70) Inkandla, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Political party | African National Congress (1959–present) |
| Spouse(s) | Gertrude Sizakele Khumalo (1973–present) Kate Zuma (1976–2000)[1] Nkosazana Dlamini (1982–1998) Nompumelelo Ntuli (2008–present) Thobeka Mabhija (2010–present)[2] Gloria Bongekile Ngema (2012-present)[3] |
| Children | 20 |
| Religion | Protestantism (Full Gospel Church of Southern Africa)[4] |
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born 12 April 1942) is the President of South Africa,[5] elected by parliament following his party's victory in the 2009 general election.
Zuma is the President of the African National Congress (ANC), the governing political party, and was Deputy President of South Africa from 1999 to 2005.[6] Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ[7] and his clan name Msholozi.[8][9] Zuma became the President of the ANC on 18 December 2007 after defeating incumbent Thabo Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane. Zuma was also a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP),[10] briefly serving on the party's Politburo until he left the party in 1990.[11] On 20 September 2008, Thabo Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee,[12] following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption.
Zuma has faced significant legal challenges. He was charged with rape in 2005, but was acquitted. In addition, he fought a long legal battle over allegations of racketeering and corruption, resulting from his financial advisor Schabir Shaik's conviction for corruption and fraud. On 6 April 2009, the National Prosecuting Authority decided to drop the charges, citing political interference.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Early years[link]
Zuma was born in Nkandla, Zululand (now part of KwaZulu-Natal).[13] His father was a policeman who died when Zuma was still a young boy, and his mother a domestic worker.[14] He received no formal schooling.[15] As a child, he was constantly moving between Zululand and the suburbs of Durban in the area of Umkhumbane (near Chesterville).[16] He has two brothers, Michael and Joseph.[17]
Imprisonment and ban[link]
Zuma engaged in politics at an early age and joined the African National Congress in 1959. He became an active member of Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1962, following the banning of the ANC in 1961. He joined the South African Communist Party (SACP) in 1963.[10] In 1963, he was arrested with a group of 45 recruits near Zeerust in the western Transvaal, currently part of the North West Province. Convicted of conspiring to overthrow the Apartheid government which was led by white minorities, he was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment, which he served on Robben Island with Nelson Mandela and other notable ANC leaders who were also imprisoned there. Whilst imprisoned Zuma served as a referee for prisoners' association football games, organised by the prisoners' own governing body, Makana F.A.[18]
After his release, he was instrumental in the re-establishment of ANC underground structures in the Natal province.[6]
He first left South Africa in 1975 and met Thabo Mbeki in Swaziland, and proceeded to Mozambique, where he dealt with the arrival of thousands of exiles in the wake of the Soweto uprising.
He became a member of the ANC National Executive Committee in 1977. He also served as Deputy Chief Representative of the ANC in Mozambique, a post he occupied until the signing of the Nkomati Accord between the Mozambican and South African governments in 1984. After signing the Accord, he was appointed as Chief Representative of the ANC.
He served on the ANC's political and military council when it was formed in the mid-1980s, and was elected to the politburo of the SACP on April 1989.[19]
In January 1987, Zuma was again forced to leave a country, this time by the government of Mozambique. He moved to the ANC Head Office in Lusaka, Zambia, where he was appointed Head of Underground Structures and shortly thereafter Chief of the Intelligence Department. His tenure there remains the subject of considerable controversy.[10]
Return from exile[link]
Following the end of the ban on the ANC in February 1990, he was one of the first ANC leaders to return to South Africa to begin the process of negotiations.[6]
In 1990, he was elected Chairperson of the ANC for the Southern Natal region, and took a leading role in fighting political violence in the region between members of the ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). He was elected the Deputy Secretary General of the ANC the next year, and in January 1994, he was nominated as the ANC candidate for the Premiership of KwaZulu Natal.
The IFP, led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, put particular emphasis on Zulu pride and political power during this period. In this context, Zuma's Zulu heritage made his role especially important in the ANC's efforts to end the violence, to emphasise the political (rather than tribal) roots of the violence, and to win the support of Zulu people in the region.
Rise to national leadership[link]
Zuma had experience in national leadership, as he started serving in the National Executive committee of the ANC in 1977 when the party was still a liberation movement. By the time he became its president he had served the ANC for thirty years. After the 1994 general election, with the ANC becoming a governing party but having lost KwaZulu-Natal province to the IFP, he was appointed as Member of the Executive Committee (MEC) of Economic Affairs and Tourism for the KwaZulu-Natal provincial government, after stepping aside to allow Thabo Mbeki to run unopposed for deputy presidency. In December 1994, he was elected National Chairperson of the ANC and chairperson of the ANC in KwaZulu-Natal, and was re-elected to the latter position in 1996. He was elected Deputy President of the ANC at the National Conference held at Mafikeng in December 1997 and consequently appointed executive Deputy President of South Africa in June 1999.
During this time, he also worked in Kampala, Uganda, as facilitator of the Burundi peace process, along with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni. Museveni chairs the Great Lakes Regional Initiative, a grouping of regional presidents overseeing the peace process in Burundi, where several armed Hutu groups took up arms in 1993 against a government and army dominated by the Tutsi minority that they claimed had assassinated the first president elected from the Hutu majority.[20]
On 14 June 2005 Zuma was expelled from his post as Deputy President due to corruption and fraud related to the $5-billion weapons acquisition deal by the South African government in 1999. Zuma's successor as Deputy President of South Africa was Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, the wife of Bulelani Ngcuka. Mlambo-Ngcuka had been Minister of Minerals and Energy since 1999. While her appointment was widely welcomed by the business community, she was booed publicly at many ANC rallies by Zuma supporters between the time corruption charges had been filed but before rape charges were made with the first booing taking place in Utrecht.[21]
Election as ANC President[link]
In terms of party tradition, as the deputy president of the ANC, Zuma was already in line to succeed Mbeki. The party structures held their nominations conferences in October and November 2007, where Zuma appeared favourite for the post of ANC President, and, by implication, the President of South Africa in 2009.[22][23][24] Zuma was elected President of the ANC on 18 December 2007 with 2329 votes, beating the second-term ANC and South African president Thabo Mbeki's 1505 votes. On 28 December 2007, the National Prosecuting Authority served Zuma an indictment to stand trial in the High Court on various counts of racketeering, money laundering, corruption and fraud.[25]
President of South Africa[link]
In September 2008, the ANC ruled Thabo Mbeki unfit to rule a country, thus ending his parliamentary support and forcing his resignation from the country's presidency. It was announced that the party's deputy president, Kgalema Motlanthe, would become president until 2009 general elections, after which Zuma would become president.[26][27] He won the election on 6 May and was sworn in as president of South Africa on 9 May 2009.
Political-economic orientation[link]
Zuma is an economic leftist, who described himself as a socialist.[28] He has received support from trade unions and from the South African Communist Party. He also received support from women's and youth leagues of the African National Congress.[28] According to The Guardian and The New York Times, he supports redistribution of wealth, and has allied himself with socialists and communists that seek to redistribute wealth.[28][29] But The Guardian (UK) also reported that Zuma has tried "to reassure foreign investors their interests will be protected."
Corruption charges[link]
Main article: South African Arms Deal
Zuma became embroiled in a corruption related controversy after his financial advisor, Schabir Shaik, was charged with corruption and fraud. Bulelani Ngcuka, the national director of Public Prosecutions at the time, investigated both Zuma and the Chief Whip of the ANC, Tony Yengeni, after allegations of abuse of power were levelled against them. This concerned improper influence in the controversial arms deal, and the question of financial benefit as a result of such influence. While Yengeni was found guilty, the case was dropped against Zuma, with Ngcuka stating, "...that there was prima facie evidence of corruption, but insufficient to win the case in court".[30] Ngcuka moved to private practice after criticism from the ANC over this incident.
In 2004, Zuma became a key figure mentioned in the Schabir Shaik trial. Schabir Shaik, a Durban businessman and his financial advisor, was questioned over bribery in the course of the purchase of Valour class frigates for the South African Navy, a proposed waterfront development in Durban, and lavish spending on Zuma's residence in Nkandla. In the trial Shaik was shown to have solicited a bribe of R500 000 per annum for Zuma in return for Zuma's support for the defence contractor Thomson CSF, documented in the infamous "encrypted fax".[31][32] On 2 June 2005, Shaik was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in prison.[33]
Judge Hilary Squires elaborates in detail on the numerous transactions that transpired between Zuma and Shaik, summarising with "all the accused companies were used at one time or another to pay sums of money to Jacob Zuma". The media mis-quoted Squires with the phrase "A generally corrupt relationship" (existed between Zuma and Shaik), whereas these exact words do not appear in the court transcripts.[34] To the defence of the originators of this phrase, the full transcript[35][36] of the judgment against Shaik actually does mention Zuma 471 times, uses word "corrupt" or "corruption" 54 times, and contains 12 sentences with both the word "corrupt" and the name "Zuma". Media sources later switched to the phrase "mutually beneficial symbiosis", from the judgment's paragraph 235: "It would be flying in the face of commonsense and ordinary human nature to think that he did not realise the advantages to him of continuing to enjoy Zuma's goodwill to an even greater extent than before 1997; and even if nothing was ever said between them to establish the mutually beneficial symbiosis that the evidence shows existed, the circumstances of the commencement and the sustained continuation thereafter of these payments, can only have generated a sense of obligation in the recipient."
After twelve days of intense media speculation about his future, President Thabo Mbeki relieved Zuma of his duties as deputy president on 14 June 2005. Mbeki told a joint sitting of parliament that "in the interest of the honourable Deputy President, the government, our young democratic system and our country, it would be best to release the honourable Jacob Zuma from his responsibilities as Deputy President of the republic and member of the cabinet." Zuma then resigned as a Member of Parliament.
In the aftermath of the Shaik trial, Zuma was formally charged with corruption by the National Prosecuting Authority. The case was struck from the roll of the Pietermaritzburg High Court after the prosecution's application for a postponement (petitioned in order to allow the NPA to secure admissible forms of documentation required as evidence) was dismissed. In dismissing the application for postponement the Court rendered moot the defence's application for a permanent stay of proceedings which would prevent Zuma from being criminally prosecuted.[37]
Zuma's legal team continued to delay proceedings and in spite of Zuma's claim that he desired the matter to appear in court, succeeded in making critical evidence unavailable to the court resulting in the prosecution making an application for postponement on the set date. As the prosecution was not ready the case was struck from the roll after the prosecution's application for a postponement was dismissed,[37] however Zuma's legal team was unsuccessful in its attempts to have the courts grant a permanent stay of proceedings (which would have rendered Zuma immune to prosecution on the charges). This left Zuma open to being recharged with corruption as soon as the NPA completed preparing its case.
On 8 November 2007 the Supreme Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the National Prosecuting Authority with respect to appeals relating to various search and seizure exercises performed by the and rejected four appeals made by Zuma's defence team. This ruling pertained to the National Prosecuting Authority obtaining the personal diary of senior member of a French arms company, which may have provided information relating to Zuma's possible corrupt practices during the awarding of an arms deal.
On 28 December 2007, the Scorpions served Zuma an indictment to stand trial in the High Court on various counts of racketeering, money laundering, corruption and fraud. A conviction and sentence to a term of imprisonment of more than 1 year would have rendered Zuma ineligible for election to the South African Parliament and consequently he would not have been eligible to serve as President of South Africa.
Charges declared unlawful[link]
Zuma appeared in court on 4 August 2008. On 12 September 2008, Pietermaritzburg Judge Chris Nicholson held that Zuma's corruption charges were unlawful on procedural grounds in that the National Directorate of Public Prosecutions ("NDPP") did not give Zuma a chance to make representations before deciding to charge him (this is a requirement of the South Africa Constitution), and directed the state to pay legal costs.[38][39][40] Nicholson also added, however that he believed political interference played a role in the decision to recharge Zuma, although he did not say this was the reason why he held that the charges brought against Zuma were unlawful. Nicholson also stressed that his ruling did not relate to Zuma's guilt or innocence, but was merely on a procedural point. Various media reports had incorrectly reported that the charges against Zuma had been dismissed.[41][42] This was not the case. It remained competent for the NDPP to recharge Zuma, however, only once he had been given an opportunity to make representations to the NDPP in respect of the NDPP's decision to do so. In paragraph 47 of the Judgment, Judge Nicholson wrote,
The obligation to hear representations forms part of the audi alteram partem principle. What is required is that a person who may be adversely affected by a decision be given an opportunity to make representations with a view to procuring a favourable result. The affected person should usually be informed of the gist or the substance of the case, which he is to answer.
The Court held that the NDPP's failure to follow the procedure outlined in Section 179(5)(d) of the Constitution rendered the decision by the NDPP to recharge Zuma unlawful. Judge Nicholson found that there were various inferences to be drawn from the timing of the charges levelled against Zuma (such as the fact that he was charged soon after he was elected president of the ANC) which would warrant a conclusion that there had been a degree of political interference by the Executive arm of government. Judge Nicholson writes in paragraph 210 of his judgement,
The timing of the indictment [of Zuma] by Mr Mpshe on 28 December 2007, after the President suffered a political defeat at Polokwane was most unfortunate. This factor, together with the suspension of Mr Pikoli, who was supposed to be independent and immune from executive interference, persuade me that the most plausible inference is that the baleful political influence was continuing.
In paragraph 220 of the Judgement Judge Nicholson went on to write,
There is a distressing pattern in the behaviour which I have set out above indicative of political interference, pressure or influence. It commences with the "political leadership" given by Minister Maduna to Mr Ngcuka, when he declined to prosecute the applicant, to his communications and meetings with Thint representatives and the other matters to which I have alluded. Given the rules of evidence the court is forced to accept the inference which is the least favourable to the party's cause who had peculiar knowledge of the true facts. It is certainly more egregious than the "hint or suggestion" of political interference referred to in the Yengeni matter. It is a matter of grave concern that this process has taken place in the new South Africa given the ravages it caused under the Apartheid order."[43]
Prior to the hearing there had been a spate of criticism of the South African Judiciary by Zuma supporters,[44] amongst whom were some prominent legal minds, such as Paul Ngobeni[45] In that context, the irony was that this was the third time the South African Judiciary had found in his favour, including Zuma's acquittal of the rape charge brought against him. The NDPP soon announced its intention to appeal the decision.
Charges reinstated on appeal[link]
Thabo Mbeki filed an affidavit and applied to the Constitutional Court to appeal Pietermaritzburg High Court Judge Chris Nicholson's ruling:
It was improper for the court to make such far-reaching "vexatious, scandalous and prejudicial" findings concerning me, to be judged and condemned on the basis of the findings in the Zuma matter. The interests of justice, in my respectful submission would demand that the matter be rectified. These adverse findings have led to my being recalled by my political party, the ANC – a request I have acceded to as a committed and loyal member of the ANC for the past 52 years. I fear that if not rectified, I might suffer further prejudice.[46]
Tlali Tlali, National Prosecuting Authority spokesman, stated by phone from Pretoria, on 23 September, "We have received the papers. It's under consideration."[47]
The judgement for the appeal was handed down on 12 January 2009 at the Supreme Court of Appeal in Bloemfontein. Deputy Judge President Louis Harmse had to rule on two aspects of the appeal. The first aspect was whether or not Zuma had the right to be invited to make representations to the NPA before they decided to reinstate charges of bribery and corruption against him. The second aspect was whether Judge Nicholson was correct in implying political meddling by the then President Thabo Mbeki with regards to the NPA's decision to charge Zuma.
On the question of the NPA's obligation to invite representations when reviewing decisions Harmse DP found that Nicholson's interpretation of section 179 of the Constitution was incorrect in that the NPA did not have such an obligation and thus was free to have charged Zuma as it did. On the question of Nicholson's inferences of political meddling by Mbeki, Harmse DP found that the lower court "overstepped the limits of its authority".
Charges dropped[link]
On 6 April 2009, the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) dropped all charges against Zuma, as well as co-accused French arms company Thint, in light of new revelations about serious flaws in the prosecution.[48] The revelations were in the form of intercepted phone calls showing that the head of the Scorpions, Leonard McCarthy, and the former National Director of Public Prosecutions, Bulelani Ngcuka, had conspired over the timing of the charges laid against Zuma, presumably to the political advantage of Zuma's political rival, President Thabo Mbeki. The announcement of the withdrawal of charges was made by the acting head of the NPA, Mokothedi Mpshe, who however stressed that the withdrawal was due to abuse which left the legal process "tainted", and did not amount to an acquittal.[49]
Just before the NPA's announcement, however, at least two political parties intimated that they would consider legal action of their own should the charges be dropped.[50] The Democratic Alliance subsequently filed for a judicial review of the NPA's decision, with party leader Helen Zille stating that Mpshe had "not taken a decision based in law, but [instead had] buckled to political pressure".[51] The case was set to be heard on 9 June 2009.[52] Whilst Zuma filed his responses timeously, Mpshe delayed the hearing of the matter, requesting two extensions to file the NPA's response. NPA spokesperson Mthunzi Mhaga said he could not file papers because there were "outstanding matters" to be resolved. Zille, the Democratic Alliance's party head contended that Zuma's response was fundamentally wrong and "devoid of any constitutional basis".[53] Whilst the legal challenges continued, a survey showed that, as at June 2009, more than half of South Africans believed President Jacob Zuma was doing a good job. The poll, conducted by TNS Research Studies in the last half of June 2009, revealed that Zuma's approval ratings had steadily improved. Around 57% of the people polled said they thought Zuma was a capable leader – this was up 3% from April 2009 when the president was inaugurated. In November 2008, just months after former president Thabo Mbeki was recalled and when Zuma was facing graft charges, only 36% of South Africans were positive about him.[54]
Rape charges[link]
Main article: Jacob Zuma rape trial
In December 2005, Zuma was charged with raping a 31 year old woman at his home in Forest Town, Gauteng. The alleged victim was from a prominent ANC family, the daughter of a deceased struggle comrade of Zuma, and also an AIDS activist who was known to be HIV positive. Zuma denied the charges and claimed that the sex was consensual.
Even before charges were filed, as rumours about rape accusations surfaced later in November, Zuma's political prospects began to appear to take a turn for the worse. Most of his higher-level political supporters could not respond to these new charges the way they had the corruption charges. In a hearing prior to the rape trial, a group of thousands of his supporters gathered near the courthouse, as a smaller gathering of anti-rape groups demonstrated on behalf of the alleged rape victim.[55] As he did throughout the trial, Zuma sang Lethu Mshini Wami (Bring me my machine gun) with the crowd, and ANC Youth League and Communist Party Youth League spokesmen spoke in support of Zuma.[56]
As the rape trial proceeded, reports surfaced that the South African Communist Party was severely divided over how to address the issue of Zuma and the SACP's relationship to him. Many members of the party's youth wing supported Zuma while others in the SACP were sceptical about the value of rallying behind a particular person as opposed to emphasising principles of governance.[57][58][59]
Despite the defection of some former supporters, many Zuma supporters continued to rally outside the courthouse, arousing criticism by anti-rape groups for regular attacks on the integrity and moral standing of Zuma's accuser, insults yelled at a close friend of the accuser, and even stones thrown at a woman that members of the crowd mistook for the accuser.[60] Zuma's defence team introduced evidence relating to the woman's sexual past, and asserted that the sex that took place was consensual. The prosecution asserted that her lack of resistance was due to a state of shock, and that the relationship between the two was like that of a 'father-daughter' pair.[61][62]
The trial also generated political controversy when Zuma, who at the time headed the National AIDS Council, admitted that he had not used a condom when having sex with the woman who now accuses him of rape, despite knowing that she was HIV-positive. He stated in court that he took a shower afterwards to "cut the risk of contracting HIV". This statement was condemned by the judge, health experts, and AIDS activists. The popular South African comic strip, Madam & Eve, and well known political cartoonist, Zapiro, repeatedly lampooned the matter. HIV educators emphasised that this would do nothing to prevent HIV transmission.[63]
On 8 May 2006, the court found Zuma not guilty of rape, agreeing with Zuma that the sexual act in question was consensual. Judge van der Merwe lambasted the accuser for lying to the court, but also censured Zuma for his recklessness.
As his rape trial ended, many South Africans wondered how their political system would recover from the rifts that Zuma's trials have exposed. A Mail and Guardian analysis saw these events as especially troubling:
- The political damage is incalculable, with the ruling African National Congress now an openly divided and faltering movement. This has had a domino effect on the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, which have floundered and fractured in the face of damaging charges against a man they ardently backed as the country's next president.
- The trial has been fought against the backdrop of a bitter succession war between Mbeki and Zuma... Mbeki's support in the ANC has crumbled, with the party faithful refusing to accept that he will anoint a leader... But even Zuma's most diehard supporters privately acknowledge that he cannot now be president, regardless of the trial outcome.[64]
Nonetheless, Business Day's Karima Brown told The Guardian after the rape trial's verdict was handed down, "Jacob Zuma is back. This poses a serious dilemma for the ANC leadership. Now Zuma is marching back into Luthuli House [the ANC party HQ]. He will demand to be reinstated as deputy president and the others will find it difficult to block him ... This is a major victory for Zuma's political career."[65]
The prospect of Zuma's return as a contender for the presidency caused concern for international investors. An Independent analyst suggested, "The fear of seeing Zuma and his crowd marching to the Union Buildings wielding machine guns is unnerving mostly to the middle class and businessmen, according to recent surveys."[66]
Continued support after corruption charges[link]
While serving as deputy president, Zuma enjoyed considerable support in parts of the left wing of the ANC, including many in the ANC Youth League, the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)[citation needed]. While Zuma faced corruption charges, these organisations remained supportive of him. The influence of the semi-autonomous structures within the party helped Zuma retain support even as he was removed from the deputy presidency of the country.[citation needed]
Zuma's dismissal was interpreted in two ways. Many international observers hailed it as a clear sign that the South African government was dedicated to rooting out corruption within its own ranks. On the other hand, some within South Africa focused on the fact that Zuma and Mbeki represent different constituencies within the African National Congress. Some left-wing supporters claimed that Mbeki and his more market-oriented wing of the party had conspired to oust Zuma to entrench their dominance in the ANC.[67]
Zuma's cause rallied large crowds of supporters at each of his corruption-related court appearances in 2005. At one court date, Zuma supporters burned t-shirts with Mbeki's picture on them, which earned the condemnation of the ANC; Zuma and his allies urged a return to party discipline for subsequent gatherings. At the next court date in November, Zuma supporters numbering in the thousands gathered to support him; he addressed the Durban crowd in Zulu, urging party unity and singing the apartheid-era struggle song Lethu Mshini Wami with lyrics that translate literally as "bring me my machine" but understood to refer to a machine gun. At an October tour for the ANC Youth League elsewhere in the country, Zuma also earned the cheers of large crowds. While his political strength is at least partly based on his relationships within intra-party politics, one analyst argued that his supporters' loyalty could be explained as rooted in a Zulu approach to loyalty and mutual aid.[68]
Because of his support among elements of the party, Zuma remained a powerful political figure, retaining a high position in the ANC even after his dismissal as the country's deputy president. A panel of political analysts convened in November 2005 agreed that if he was to be found innocent of the corruption charges brought against him, it would be hard for any other potential ANC candidate to beat Zuma in the race for the country's presidency in 2009. However, these analysts also questioned whether Zuma was indeed a left-wing candidate of the sort that many of his supporters seem to seek, and noted that the global and national economic constraints that have shaped Mbeki's presidency would be no different in the next presidential term.[69]
Personal life[link]
Wives[link]
Jacob Zuma is a polygamist who has been married six times[70][71] and in 2007 it has been alleged that he had 18 children.[72]
- Gertrude Sizakele Khumalo, whom he met in 1959 and married shortly after his release from prison in 1973.[73] She lives at his home at Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal. They have no children.
- Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, a cabinet minister since 1999, with whom he has four children, Msholozi (born 1982), Gugulethu (born 1985), Thuli (Nokuthula Nomaqhawe) (born 1987) and Thuthu (Thuthukile Xolile Nomonde) (born 1988). They divorced in June 1998.[74]
- Kate Mantsho, from Mozambique, with whom he had five children, Mxolisi Saady (born 1980), twins Duduzile and Duduzane (born 1984), Phumzile (born 1989) and Vusi (born 1993). She committed suicide on 8 December 2000.[74]
- Nompumelelo Ntuli (MaNtuli), married on 8 January 2008. Ntuli, born 1975, is a resident of KwaMaphumulo near Stanger and has three children with Zuma—Thandisiwe, born 2002, Sinqobile, born February 2006 and Manqoba Kholwani born August 2010.[74]
- Thobeka Stacie Madiba (born Mabhija, her mother's name), married 4 January 2010 with whom he has one child.[75] Zuma paid lobola to her clan in 2007. Their child was born in October 2007. She has another of Zuma's out-of-wedlock children living with her.[75] Mabhija grew up in Umlazi, where she matriculated at Umlazi Commercial High School. She has worked at Standard Bank, Ithala, Cell C and SA Homeloans in La Lucia.[76][77][78]
- Gloria Bongekile Ngema, married on 20 April 2012. The wedding took place in Nkandla and was attended by Zuma's three other wives. Following a traditional ceremony known as umgcagco, the bridal party participated in a traditional Zulu competitive celebratory dance. Ngema has one son, Sinqumo (born 2005), with Zuma.[3]
Fiancées[link]
- Zuma paid 10 cattle as lobola for Swazi Princess Sebentile Dlamini in 2002.[79]
Other children[link]
- He has another son, Edward, with Minah Shongwe, sister of Judge Jeremiah Shongwe, who asked to be recused from Zuma's rape trial because of the liaison.[80]
- He has two daughters, born 18 January 1998 and 19 September 2002, with Pietermaritzburg businesswoman Priscilla Nonkwaleko Mhlongo.[81]
- There are reports of four other children – three from a woman from Johannesburg and one from a woman from Richard's Bay.[75]
2009 "love-child"[link]
In January 2010, The Sunday Times reported that Sonono Khoza, the daughter of Irvin Khoza, gave birth to Zuma's 20th child on 8 October 2009, a daughter called Thandekile Matina Zuma.[82][83]
On 3 February, Zuma responded, confirming that the child was his, and that he had paid inhlawulo, acknowledging paternity. He protested the publishing of the child's name, saying it was illegal exploitation of the child. He denied that the incident had relevance to the government's AIDS programme, and appealed for privacy.[84] On 6 February, Zuma said he "deeply regretted the pain that he caused to his family, the ANC, the alliance and South Africans in general."[85] The office of the presidency's comment was that it was a private matter.[86]
The mother of the child said: "What baby are you talking about? I have two children. They are in school. These are people's lives. Let me be," she told the Sowetan.[87]
Government reaction[link]
The ANC defended Zuma, saying it saw no links between its policies on HIV/AIDS and Mr Zuma's personal life.[88] ANC Youth League leader Julius Malema, said "We are Africans and sitting here all of us, Zuma is our father so we are not qualified to talk about that". Malema said the ANCYL would emphasise its HIV programme and "one boyfriend, one girlfriend" stance in an awareness campaign across the country.[89] ANC Women's League deputy president Nosipho Dorothy Ntwanambi said: "it is not right to have an extramarital affair if you have committed to yourself to a marriage. But under the Customary Marriages Act, if the first wife agrees, and if all these issues are discussed with her, we can't do anything."[90] On 5 February, the ANC acknowledged the widespread disapproval by saying that the experience had "taught us many valuable lessons", and they had listened to the people.[91]
COSATU, an ANC alliance partner, passed no judgment but hoped that it will be "a matter on Zuma's conscience"[91] Vavi reiterated Zuma's appeal this week that the president be accorded his "right to privacy" and the child protected from undue publicity.
Opposition reaction[link]
Helen Zille of the Democratic Alliance said Zuma contradicted his public message of safe sex to South Africans, among the worst sufferers of AIDS.[92] She said it was wrong to say it was purely a private matter, and elected public officials had to embody the principles and values for which they stand.[93]
The African Christian Democratic Party said Zuma was undermining the government's drive to persuade people to practise safe sex to combat HIV and Aids.[92]
The Congress of the People (COPE) said Zuma could no longer use African cultural practices to justify his "promiscuity".[92]
Independent Democrats leader Patricia de Lille, said Zuma was asking people "to do as I say and not as I do".[94]
Zuma and Zimbabwe[link]
The African National Congress, of which Zuma is now president, historically has considered the ZANU-PF party a natural ally, born out of mutual struggle against white oppression. Former South African president Thabo Mbeki has never publicly criticised Mugabe's policies – preferring "quiet diplomacy" rather than "megaphone diplomacy", his term for the harsh Western condemnations of Mugabe's leadership.[95][96] However, the left of the party and extra-party organisations such as the ANC Youth League, the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) have advocated for a tougher stance on Zimbabwe.[97][98] It is from these organisations that Zuma derives his support.
Zuma's stance on Zimbabwe has been mixed. In a 2006 interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, he expressed more sympathetic sentiments towards Mugabe, saying that "Europeans often ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans. In their eyes, he has given blacks their country back after centuries of colonialism." He continued: "The people love him, so how can we condemn him? Many in Africa believe that there is a racist aspect to European and American criticism of Mugabe. Millions of blacks died in Angola, the Republic of Congo and Rwanda. A few whites lost their lives in Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and already the West is bent out of shape."[99]
However, by December 2007, he was more forthright in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, increasingly defining his own policy in contrast to that of Mbeki:
It is even more tragic that other world leaders who witness repression pretend it is not happening, or is exaggerated. When history eventually deals with the dictators, those who stood by and watched should also bear the consequences. A shameful quality of the modern world is to turn away from injustice and ignore the hardships of others.[100]
Zuma criticised Mbeki, accusing him of being lenient on dictators.[101]
Following the disputed elections in Zimbabwe on 29 March 2008, he became critical of the election process in Zimbabwe[102] referring to delays in the outcome as "suspicious".[103] In a press conference on 24 June, he asserted: "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF. We cannot agree with them on values. We fought for the right of people to vote, we fought for democracy."[104] At an ANC dinner in July, he rebuked Mugabe for refusing to step down.[105]
Zuma vs the media[link]
As a backlash to the frenzied media following of his rape trial, Zuma filed a series of defamation lawsuits on 30 June 2006 against various South African media outlets for publishing content that allegedly besmirched his public profile, in the form of cartoons, commentary, photos and parody pieces. The media outlets that came under fire were The Star for R 20 million, Rapport for R 10 million, Highveld Stereo for R 6 million, The Citizen for R 5 million, Sunday Sun for R 5 million, Sunday Independent for R 5 million, and Sunday World for R 5 million.
Zuma appointed Former Conservative Party MP advocate Jurg Prinsloo, as well as Wycliffe Mothuloe to tackle his so-called "crucifixion by the media". Zuma said:[106]
For a period of five years my person has been subjected to all types of allegations and innuendo, paraded through the media and other corridors of influence without these allegations having being [sic] tested. I have thereby been denied my constitutional right to reply and defend myself.
The response from the challenged media was highly critical, and written protests to various media outlets accused Zuma of challenging their freedom of speech.
Zuma was parodied further in an advertisement for Pronto Condoms, using his famous shower statement.[107]
In 2012, Zuma featured in a satirical painting by Cape Town-based artist Brett Murray, who depicted him in his painting The Spear, in a pose similar to Lenin, but with his genitals exposed. The ANC responded by threatening court action against the gallery showing the painting, and further demanding that the image should be removed from online sources. The subsequent aggressive sharing of the image through social networks can be considered a form of the Streisand Effect.[108][109] On 22 May 2012, the painting was vandalized while it was hanging in an art gallery in Johannesburg. The face and genitals of Zuma were painted over.[110]
Political positions[link]
Remarks on same-sex marriage[link]
Zuma was criticised by gay and lesbian groups after he criticised same-sex marriage at a Heritage Day celebration on 24 September 2006 in Stanger, saying that same-sex marriage was "a disgrace to the nation and to God": "When I was growing up, an ungqingili (a homosexual) would not have stood in front of me. I would knock him out."[111]
The Joint Working Group (an LGBT advocacy coalition) questioned Zuma's leadership skills and stated that a "true leader leads with intellect and wisdom – not popularity or favour. How can a narrow-minded person like this be expected to lead our nation?"[112] Zuma subsequently apologised to those who were offended by the statement,[113] stating, "I also respect, acknowledge and applaud the sterling contribution of many gay and lesbian compatriots in the struggle that brought about our freedom, and the role they continue to play in the building of a successful non-racial, non-discriminatory South Africa."
Remarks on Western Sahara[link]
Habib Defouad, Morocco's ambassador to South Africa, criticised Zuma's support for the independence of Western Sahara in June 2007.[114] The ANC has since the 1970s supported the Sahrawi independence movement Front Polisario, under both Mandela and Mbeki. In 2004 South Africa recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, or SADR, as a legitimate government-in-exile.
Remarks on teenage pregnancy[link]
Zuma's solution to pregnancy in South African teenagers is to confiscate their babies and have the mothers taken to colleges and "forced" to obtain degrees.[115][116]
Remarks on the Second Coming[link]
Zuma also drew censure from religious and secular groups alike when he declared that the ANC would rule South Africa until the return of Jesus Christ, and that its continued governance was just what God wanted:
God expects us to rule this country because we are the only organisation which was blessed by pastors when it was formed. It is even blessed in Heaven. That is why we will rule until Jesus comes back. We should not allow anyone to govern our city when we are ruling the country.[117][118]
Zuma later defended his remarks by describing them as a "political expression": "Talking about Jesus is not abusing his name; it's actually saying historically, 'This is what the ANC is all about.' It's just a political expression that we are strong and will be strong for a long time. I want to apologise if this reality sits uncomfortably with others."[119] He added that he had been baptised and knew Jesus: "I fear God [.... I]t's not because I'm despising God, not at all."[119]
Remarks on Afrikaners[link]
Not long before the NPA dropped its corruption case against him, Zuma met with controversy once again. Speaking at the Hilton Hotel in Sandton, Johannesburg, whose Afrikaans community he was addressing (not, he claimed, for electioneering purposes), Zuma said,
Of all the white groups that are in South Africa, it is only the Afrikaners that are truly South Africans in the true sense of the word.
Up to this day, they don't carry two passports; they carry one. They are here to stay.[119]
Addressing the matter of apartheid, Zuma employed wry humour in praising ironically the "innovative" Afrikaner approach to protests, which couched its crimes in terms like "separate development". He also confronted the matter of police corruption, declaring that "you cannot put the trust of the country to a person who is actually a criminal."[119]
Controversy[link]
Shaik's parole[link]
In March 2009, Schabir Shaik was released from prison just 28 months into his fifteen-year sentence. He had been granted medical parole, a leniency meant only for the terminally ill, despite the opinion of his doctors that he was fighting fit and free for hospital discharge.
Media speculation had it that Zuma may have played a role in this eventuality, but the ANC President's spokesman firmly denied it. Only days before, however, he had publicly stated that, as President of South Africa, he would personally ensure Shaik's release.[120]
Ngcobo's nomination as Chief Justice[link]
On 6 August 2009, Zuma nominated Sandile Ngcobo as Chief Justice of South Africa,[121] drawing criticism from four opposition groups.[122] On 1 October 2009, the appointment was confirmed. The Democratic Alliance, the Congress of the People, the Inkatha Freedom Party and the Independent Democrats accused Zuma of failing to consult properly ahead of his nomination of Ngcobo. The opposition urged Zuma to restart the process from scratch saying they would prefer current Deputy Chief Justice Dikgang Moseneke for the post.[123]
Failure to disclose assets after taking office as President of South Africa[link]
Zuma, as President of South Africa, was required to declare his financial interests within 60 days of taking office. But, as of March 2010, he had failed to do so, nine months after taking office. This led to calls for him to do so by opposition parties, and ANC alliance partner COSATU.[124] ANC spokesman Brian Sokutu stated that Zuma constituted a "special case", because of his "large family" making it difficult to declare his assets. The ANC later distanced itself from this statement.[125] Zuma disclosed his interests shortly after.[126]
Alleged abuses by bodyguards[link]
In 2010, Zuma's bodyguards were implicated in multiple incidents involving members of the public and journalists. In February, a Cape Town student, Chumani Maxwele was detained by police after allegedly showing Zuma's motorcade a "rude gesture". Maxwele, an active ANC member,[127] was released after 24 hours, having provided a written apology to police, which he later claimed was coerced. He also claimed that his home had been raided by plain clothes policemen, and that he had been forced into the vehicle at gunpoint. Maxwele later instituted legal action against the police,[128] and a complaint was filed on his behalf to the Human Rights Commission.[129] The incident led to a heated dispute when it was discussed in Parliament.[130]
In March, Journalist Tshepo Lesole was forced to delete pictures of Zuma's convoy from his camera by police, and two photographers were detained by police when photographing Zuma's Johannesburg home.[131][citation needed] Sky News reporter Emma Hurd claimed she had been pushed, manhandled and "groped" by Zuma's bodyguards in 2009.[132]
"Shoot the Boer" song[link]
On January 8th, 2012, after giving a speech at the ANC Centennial 2012 celebrations in Bloemfontein, South Africa, president Jacob Zuma sang the lyrics "shoot the Boer."[133][134] This is the same song that got Julius Malema convicted of hate speech.[135][136]
See also[link]
Filmography[link]
- The Passion of Jacob Zuma, French documentary by Jean-Baptiste Dusséaux and Matthieu Niango (France Ô, 2009)
- Motherland (film), 2009 Documentary[137] directed by Owen Alik Shahadah
References[link]
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- ^ Independent Online. "News – Politics: PIC: Zuma cops lock up jogger (Page 1 of 2)". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100217062211616C809058&click_id=6&set_id=1. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ "Zuma jogger to sue police". Times LIVE. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article327217.ece. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ "Zuma jogger case to go to HRC". Times LIVE. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article351461.ece. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ Independent Online. "News – Crime & Courts: MPs blast arrest of jogger". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=15&art_id=vn20100304043526705C821173. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ "Business Report – Home – Mail & Guardian 'disturbed' by Zuma house incident". Busrep.co.za. 18 March 2010. http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=552&fArticleId=5396052. Retrieved 15 September 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Zuma's bodyguards groped me: reporter". Times LIVE. 19 March 2010. http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/article363660.ece. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/complaint-laid-against-zuma-1.1242416
- ^ http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/383404804a48659d9b959f8f72c0ef2b/Rightwing-movement-to-lay-hate-speech-charge-against-Zuma-20120224
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8567727.stm
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/15/anc-julius-malema-guilty-hate-speech
- ^ "Motherland Jacob Zuma at IMDB". Themotherland.info. http://www.themotherland.info. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Russell, Alec (2009). After Mandela: the Battle for the Soul of South Africa. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-192601-4.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jacob Zuma |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jacob Zuma |
- Profile at the African National Congress
- Zuma: Road to the presidency
- Jacob Zuma at Who's Who Southern Africa
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Jacob Zuma at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Jacob Zuma in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Jacob Zuma collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Jacob Zuma at the Notable Names Database
- Full text of the judgement against Schabir Shaik, Zuma's financial advisor
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Thabo Mbeki |
Deputy President of South Africa 1999–2005 |
Succeeded by Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka |
| Preceded by Kgalema Motlanthe |
President of South Africa 2009–present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Thabo Mbeki |
President of the African National Congress 2007–present |
Incumbent |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zuma, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Current African National Congress president. |
| Date of birth | 12 April 1942 |
| Place of birth | Inkandla, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Mia Couto 100px   80px 
1st row: Mia Couto • Christiaan Barnard • Charlize Theron |
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Dutch, Flemish, British, Irish, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Germans, Jews, White Americans, New Zealand Europeans, White Latin Americans, European Australians |
White Africans (or less commonly European Africans or Euro Africans [8] in a similar style to terms such as African American, Italian American or French Canadian) are people of European descent living in Africa, who identify themselves as White.
This definition excludes the predominantly White or Caucasian Berber and Arab populations of North Africa. Being ethnically and culturally (North) Africans indigenous to (and majorities in) their respective countries, they do not share the characteristics of European settlement: a distinct non-indigenous, non-African minority which established itself during the colonial period. Hence their exclusion from this article.
Africans of European descent are mostly of Dutch, British, French, Portuguese, German, Flemish, and to a lesser extent, Italian, Austrian, Scandinavian, Greek, Lithuanian, Belgian, Swiss, and Irish ancestry.
Prior to the post-World War II decolonization era, Whites numbered up to 10 million persons and were represented in every part of Africa, especially South Africa (English and Boer), South-West Africa (Boer and German), Algeria (French), Rhodesia (English and Boer), Kenya (English), Angola (Portuguese), and Mozambique (Portuguese). However, many left during and after the independence of the colonies. Some, such as the Italians in Libya, were expelled by post-colonial governments. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a substantial minority in some African states, with white percentages sometimes reaching above 3% (such as in some Southern African countries).[9]
The African country with the largest White African population of European descent (and arguably the highest percentage) is South Africa, at approximately 4.6 million (9.2% of the population).[10] Although White Africans no longer have the exclusive rule of African nations, they often still hold a substantial ownership of the economy and land in specific regions or countries. At most about 0.65% of Africa's population, or 6.5 million out of 1 billion, is white of European descent.
Contents
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Afrikaners and Dutch in Africa[link]
South Africa[link]
Dutch settlement, under the Dutch East India Company, began in the Cape of Good Hope (present-day Cape Town) in southern Africa in 1652, making it the oldest European-based culture in Sub-Saharan Africa. By the late 19th century, the descendants of the Dutch (known as Afrikaners) had crossed the Limpopo river into Mashonaland, now part of Zimbabwe. Their numbers increased during Apartheid due to mass migration and an above replacement fertility rate, and soon numbered beyond 2 million. This made them the biggest ever white ethnic group on the African continent.
Distribution of White South Africans by province[link]
Further information: Distribution of white South Africans
Afrikaners are present in all parts of the nation, apart from the south-east, where they number very few. English speaking whites are generally concentrated in KwaZulu-Natal, Johannesburg and Cape Town. Other white groups (such as Portuguese and Germans) live mostly in Johannesburg or Cape Town. The greatest percentages and populations of White South Africans are in Gauteng (which includes Johannesburg and Pretoria) and the Western Cape (which includes Cape Town). The province with the smallest percentage of Whites is Limpopo, with only 2.2%.
Namibia[link]
White African
major population locations
Over many years[when?], many Boers feared for their safety as the British approached closer to their lands to gain access to natural resources. For this reason, many started to migrate further North, and with the British already controlling Rhodesia (modern day Zimbabwe), their attention turned to Namibia, Botswana, and Angola. This journey, called the Dorsland Trek, went all the way through Botswana and into south-west Angola, which was under Portuguese control at the time. Additionally, during the pre-World War I era, Namibia was a German territory, leading to significant German immigration to present day Namibia.
During the apartheid era, many other Afrikaners moved into the country because of the vast space and untapped resources. Current estimates for the Afrikaner population in Namibia vary from 80,000 to 150,000. Currently over 50% of the agricultural land is held by white Namibians (the majority thought[by whom?] to be Afrikaners).[citation needed]
Rhodesia/Zimbabwe[link]
Afrikaners currently make up 5% of Zimbabwe's white population, however this figure was thought to be much higher before 1980. Over 1/3 of Zimbabwe's white population left between 1980 and 1984, with half of them emigrating to South Africa. Almost all Afrikaners who have fled Zimbabwe have emigrated to South Africa, and one of the few Afrikaner strongholds left in Zimbabwe is the central town of Chivhu (known as Enkeldoorn before 1982). The village was the first white settlement in Rhodesia, and was at one point predominantly white. Persistant persecution of whites in Zimbabwe by Mugabe and party supporters has led to emigration and population decline.
Kenya[link]
During both Boer wars, small groups of Afrikaners emigrated to Kenya, where they settled alongside the British and created hundreds of new farms in the western portion of that country. It has been noted that the majority of Afrikaans-speaking whites originally dwelt in Kenya's fertile Rift Valley. Although many have returned to South Africa in subsequent decades, such communities are not completely unheard of, especially around Eldoret.
Angola[link]
There are reported to be 2,700 Afrikaners in Angola,[11] most probably descendants of early migrants who arrived via Namibia. When Black nationalism grew in Angola, and most of the Portuguese left the colony, most Afrikaners left, mostly to South Africa, neighboring Namibia, Portugal or Brazil.
Elsewhere[link]
In the early 20th century, following the Anglo-Boer War, large numbers of Afrikaners traveled north to British East Africa or settled in Tanzania. Following the general collapse of colonial authorities in the decades after World War II, Afrikaner colonies outside South Africa and its immediate neighbors diminished in size and a significant number of settlers returned to their homeland.
British in Africa[link]
English in Africa[link]
South Africa and the Cape Colony[link]
Although there were small British settlements along the West African coast from the 18th century onwards, mostly devoted to the slave trade, British settlement in Africa began in earnest only at the end of the 18th century, in the Cape of Good Hope. It gained momentum following British annexation of the Cape from the Dutch East India Company, and the subsequent encouragement of settlers in the Eastern Cape in an effort to consolidate the colony's eastern border.
In the late 19th century, the discovery of gold and diamonds further encouraged colonisation of South Africa by the British. The search for gold drove expansion north into the Rhodesias (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi). Simultaneously, British settlers began expansion into the fertile uplands (often called the "White Highlands") of British East Africa (now Kenya and Tanzania). Most of these settlements were not planned by the British government, with many colonial officials concluding they upset the balance of power in the region and left overall imperial interests vulnerable.
Cecil Rhodes utilized his wealth and connections towards organizing this ad hoc movement and settlement into a grand imperial policy. This policy had as its general aim the securing of a Cairo to Cape Town railway system, and settling the upper highlands of East Africa and the whole of Southern Africa south of the Zambezi with British colonies in a manner akin to that of North America and Australasia.
However, prioritization of British power around the globe in the years before World War I, initially reduced the resources appropriated toward settlement. World War I and the Great Depression and the general decline of British and European birthrates further hobbled the expected settler numbers. Nonetheless, thousands of colonists arrived each year during the decades preceding World War II, mostly in South Africa, where the birthrates of British Africans increased suddenly. Despite a general change in British policy against supporting the establishment of European settlements in Africa, and a slow abandonment in the overall British ruling and common classes for a separate and exclusivist European identity, large colonial appendages of European separatist supporters of the British Empire were well entrenched in South Africa, Rhodesia, and Kenya.
In keeping with the general trend toward non-European rule evident throughout most of the globe during the Cold War and the abandonment of colonial positions in the face of American and Soviet pressure, the vestigial remnants of Cecil Rhodes' vision was abruptly ended, leaving British settlers in an exposed, isolated, and weak position. Black Nationalist guerrilla forces aided by Soviet expertise and weapons soon drove the colonists into a fortress mentality which led to the break-off of ties with perceived collaborationist governments in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth.
The result was a series of conflicts which eventually led to a reduced presence of White Africans due to emigration and natural death. Many were murdered, tens of thousands driven off their lands and property, with many of those remaining being intimidated and threatened by the government and political and paramilitary organizations. However, what soon followed was a mass immigration to the safety and white rule of South Africa, which is the African country known to have the largest white population, currently with 1,755,100 British-South Africans. When apartheid first started most British-South Africans were mostly keen on keeping and even strengthening its ties with the United Kingdom. However, they were largely outnumbered by the Afrikaners, who preferred a republic, and in a referendum voted against being a British commonwealth realm.
Since 1994[link]
Hundreds of thousands of British-South Africans left the nation to start new lives abroad, they settled United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Netherlands, and Ireland. In spite of the high emigration rates, a large number of white foreign immigrants from countries such as United Kingdom and Zimbabwe have settled in the country. For example, by 2005, an estimated 212,000 British citizens were residing in South Africa. By 2011, this number may have grown to 500,000.[12] Since 2003, the numbers of British immigrants coming to South Africa has risen by 50%. An estimated 20,000 British immigrants moved to South Africa in 2007. South Africa is ranked as the top destination of British retirees and pensioners in Africa.
There have also been a significant number of arrivals of white Zimbabweans of British ancestry, fleeing their home country in light of the economic and political problems currently[when?] facing the country. As well as recent arrivals, a significant number of white British Zimbabwean settlers emigrated to South Africa after the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. Currently, the greatest white English populations in South Africa are in the KwaZulu-Natal province and in cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town.
By Province[link]
Further information: Distribution of white South Africans
Zambia/Northern Rhodesia[link]
At the brink of the country's independence in 1964, there were roughly 70,000 Europeans (mostly British) in Zambia (Northern Rhodesia before independence), making up roughly 2.3% of the 3 million inhabitants at the time.[13] Zambia had a different situation compared to other African countries. It included segregation, similar to South Africa, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and South-West Africa (Namibia); but as the Europeans constituted a smaller fraction of the population they did not dominate politics. There were a few cities in Northern Rhodesia that had British place names, but all except one (Livingstone) were changed when the country became independent or soon after. These included:
- Abercorn → Mbala (1964)
- Bancroft → Chililabombwe
- Broken Hill → Kabwe (1966)
- Feira → Luangwa (1964)
- Fort Jameson → Chipata
- Fort Rosebery → Mansa
Livingstone[link]
A good example of segregation in Zambia before independence was in the city of Livingstone, on the border with Zimbabwe. The town featured a white town, with black townships, which were also found in South Africa and Namibia. In Zambia however Livingstone was one of the few places in the country that used this system, and was close to the Rhodesian border. British colonists were reflected in town and city names. Livingstone (which is currently the only town left with a British name) was nearly changed to Maramba, but the decision was later dismissed.
When Zambia became independent in 1964, the majority of white settlers left for Rhodesia, just by crossing the border. An almost identical town of Victoria Falls lies on the other side, and benefited from the white people's crafts and abilities. This enabled them to improve the situation on the white-controlled Rhodesian side, and therefore Livingstone soon became desolate and unused. However, since the economic problems in Zimbabwe since the start of the 21st century, the situation has very much turned around as the Zambian side has become more attractive to tourists and therefore Livingstone is once again improving (at the expense of Victoria Falls).
Kenya[link]
There were 60,000 white settlers living in Kenya in 1965.[14] Today, there are an estimated 30,000 whites in Kenya.[15] However, there has been an increasing number of British expatriates that, according to the BBC, number at about 32,000.[16] Evolutionary scientist Richard Dawkins was born in Kenya.
Zimbabwe/Rhodesia[link]
Main article: White people in Zimbabwe
The white population in Zimbabwe dropped from a peak of around 296,000 in 1975 (when the country was known as Rhodesia and Whites made up 5% of the population) to possibly 120,000 in 1999 and was estimated at no more than 50,000 in 2002, possibly much fewer.[17]
Madagascar[link]
There is a reported English population of 300 in Madagascar.[3]
Angola[link]
The British population of Angola is estimated at around 700.[18] When Angola won independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people in Angola resettled in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Portugal or Brazil. Meanwhile, most from Mozambique left for either Zimbabwe, South Africa or the UK. It should, however, be noted that even before 1975, the number of British people in Angola and Mozambique was small, especially compared to the inhabiting Portuguese population.
Mozambique[link]
In Mozambique, the British population numbers 1,500.[19] When Mozambique gained independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people left for either Rhodesia or South Africa, while others resettled in Portugal and Brazil. Because Mozambique is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, it is easier for the British settlers to live there. However, just like Angola, the British population in Mozambique is/was tiny compared to both their share of the nation's population and in comparison to the Portuguese.
Elsewhere[link]
Sizable numbers of Anglo-African people are also nationals of Ghana, Namibia, Tanzania, Swaziland (3% of the population),[20] Nigeria,[21] and Botswana.[22] In addition, nearly 10,000 white Ugandans of British extract were living under the regime of Idi Amin as recorded by TIME Magazine in 1972. Due to the subsequent deterioration of conditions under Amin (Including the constant threat of forced expulsion), most of the local Anglo-African population emigrated to the United Kingdom and South Africa.[23]
Scottish in Africa[link]
Nyasaland (Malawi)[link]
The Scots played an enormous part in British overseas colonization, alongside the English, Welsh, and Irish. Scotland supplied colonial troops, administrators, governors, prospectors, architects, and engineers to help construct the colonies all over the world.
From the 1870s Scottish churches began missionary work in Nyasaland/Malawi, in the wake of their illustrious predecessor, David Livingstone. Their pressure on the British Government resulted in Nyasaland being declared a British Protectorate. A small Scottish community was established here, and other Scots immigration occurred in Southern Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Northern Rhodesia/Zambia, and South Africa. The table below represents how small their numbers were compared to other sections of Rhodesia.
| Year | Southern Rhodesia | Northern Rhodesia | Nyasaland | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | White | Black | White | Black | |
| 1927 | 38,200 | 922,000 | 4,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,700 | 1,350,000 |
| 1946 | 80,500 | 1,600,000 | 21,919 | 1,634,980 | 2,300 | 2,340,000 |
The largest and commercial capital of the country, Blantyre, is named after a town in Scotland and birthplace of David Livingstone. It is a testament to the love the African people had and still have for Livingstone that this name has not been changed after independence, like so many others. The reason for the small number of Europeans was mainly the lack of mineral resources (North Rhodesia had copper and South Rhodesia has gold).
After Nyasaland became independent (and upon adopting a new name: Malawi), many Scots returned to Scotland or moved to South Africa or Zimbabwe (Rhodesia at the time still). Despite this, Scots had an enormous South African community (compared to that of Nyasaland), however they fail to take credit because they were a small part of the white community in South Africa. Also, under the African sun, and in relatively small numbers, domestic differences tended to be overlooked and the resulting colonial culture was an inclusive British one.
To this day most Scots in Africa reside in South Africa and until the 21st century also in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia). Most Scottish settlers from Rhodesia left for South Africa after Rhodesia's independence and after economic and political problems in 2001. Evidence of the continued Scottish influence is seen in the continuing traditions of Highland games and pipe bands, especially in Natal. Ties between Scotland and Malawi remain strong to this day.
French in Africa[link]
Large numbers of French people settled in French North Africa from the 1840s onward. By the end of French rule in the early 1960s there were over one million European Algerians, mostly of French origin (known as pieds noirs, or "black feet") living in Algeria, consisting about 16% of the population in 1962.[24] There were 255,000 Europeans in Tunisia in 1956.[25] Morocco was home to half a million Europeans.[26]
No other region of the French African colonial empire attracted similar settlement, although there is still a comparatively large European population living in the former West African colony of Ivory Coast, which had the largest French population of France's former colonies of sub-Saharan Africa, numbering 60,000 in 1980,[27] though its numbers are believed to have declined since then. There are also important white minorities in Gabon, Senegal, and Togo.
French law made it easy for thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of Africa, India, and Indochina to live in mainland France. 1.6 million European colons migrated from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco.[28]
Madagascar[link]
See also: French people in Madagascar
A sizeable number of French people reside in Madagascar. An estimated 18,000 French citizens lived and worked in Madagascar in the early 1990s.[29] Currently, approximately 120,000 people, or 0.6% of the total population, are of French heritage. This community is descended from former French settlers who settled in Madagascar during the 19th century. A further 80,000 people are classified as Réunionese Creole, therefore bringing the total number of people with French ancestry to approximately 1%.[30] The numbers make Madagascar the home of the largest ethnic French population in terms of absolute numbers in sub-Saharan Africa, other than the French département Réunion.
Réunion[link]
See also: Demographics of Réunion
In Réunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean, white islanders, mostly of ethnic French origin, are estimated to make up approx. 25% of the population.[31]
Huguenots (French South Africans)[link]
See also: Huguenots in South Africa
A large number of French Huguenots settled in the Cape Colony, following their expulsion from France in the 17th century. However, the use of the French language was discouraged and the Huguenot settlers were entirely absorbed into Afrikaans culture. However, this early contact can be seen clearly in the names of historic towns, such as Courtrai and Franschhoek in the Western Cape (meaning "French Corner") and in the surnames of many Afrikaners, such as Theron, Du Plessis, Joubert, Delagrange, etc. By far, the French South African community is the largest among all French African communities. There are often towns and suburbs in the Western Cape which carry some French names.
Franschhoek[link]
Franschhoek (meaning French Corner, or French hook in Dutch) is a large town in the Western Cape, so named for the French Huguenots, who traveled and settled there. There is a striking French influence in the town, which can be found firstly in street names which include La Rochelle street, Bordeaux street, Huguenot street, Roux Malherbe street, and Cabriere street.
Nearby farms, hamlets, and villages often hold French names such as La Roux; a township north of Franschhoek, Chamonix Estate, and so forth. Many Huguenot-dedictated buildings have been erected in Franschhoek, the major one being the Huguenot Monument. The town is famed for being one of the only sites in the whole nation to bear some evidence of Huguenot culture, as Huguenots generally converted to an Afrikaner-based culture.
Angola[link]
There are a reported number of 4,000 French people in Angola.[18]
Portuguese in Africa[link]
See also: Portuguese Africans, Portuguese Angolans, Portuguese Mozambicans, and Portuguese South African
The first Portuguese settlements in Africa were built in the 15th century. The descendants of the soldiers who accompanied Christopher da Gama expedition to support the Ethiopian throne in the 16th century continued to exert a significant influence in that country's history over the next two centuries; for example, the Empress Mentewab was extremely proud of her Portuguese ancestry. In the late 17th century, much of Portuguese Mozambique was divided into prazos, or agricultural estates, which were settled by Portuguese families. In Portuguese Angola, namely in the areas of Luanda and Benguela, there was a significant Portuguese population. In the islands of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, besides Portuguese settlers, most of the population was of mixed Portuguese and African origin. The descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally since Portuguese colonial time were called crioulos.
In the early 20th century, the Portuguese government encouraged white migration to the Portuguese territories of Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1960s, at the beginning of the Portuguese Colonial War, there were around 650,000 Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces, and a substantial Portuguese population living in other African countries. In 1974, there were up to 1,000,000 Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces.[32] In 1975, Angola had a community of approximately 400,000 Portuguese, while Mozambique had approximately more than 350,000 settlers from Portugal.[33]
Most Portuguese settlers returned to Portugal (the retornados) as the country's African possessions gained independence in the mid 1970s,[34] while others moved south to South Africa, which now has the largest Portuguese-African population (who between 50-80% came from Madeira), and to Brazil. When Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) began suddenly, large numbers of both Portuguese-born settlers and Mozambican-born settlers of Portuguese blood went out again.
However, after the war in Mozambique, more Portuguese settlers returned and the newer ones settled Mozambique while White Brazilians, especially those of Portuguese descent, moved to Mozambique to work as aid workers and investors and have adopted Mozambique as their home. It is estimated the population of Portuguese people in Mozambique has increased to over 20,000 since the peace settlement of Mozambique in 1992. Notable demographics of Portuguese Mozambicans could be found in cities like Maputo, Beira, and Nampula with Maputo accumulating the highest percentage. In recent years, some Portuguese have migrated to Angola for economic reasons, mainly the country's recent economic boom.[35] In 2008, Angola was the preferred destination for Portuguese migrants in Africa.[35]
Portuguese South Africans[link]
South Africa largely featured two Portuguese waves of immigration, one was a constant but small flow of Portuguese from Madeira and Portugal itself, while the second was ethnic Portuguese fleeing from Angola and Mozambique after their respective independences. The reason behind the immigration of Madeirans to South Africa was both a political and economic one. After 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd (the "architect" of Apartheid) encouraged immigration from Protestant Anglo-Saxons to strengthen the white population. When this failed, he turned his attention to Southern Europeans, one of which were Madeirans, who were facing high unemployment rates. Many Madeirans and Portuguese who immigrated were at first isolated from the general white population due to their differences, such as being Catholic and the fact that few could speak English or Afrikaans.[33] Eventually they ended up setting up businesses in Johannesburg or coastal fisheries, and soon intermarriage between whites began.[36]
One known Portuguese South African creation was the restaurant chain Nando's, created in 1987, which incorporated influences from former Portuguese colonists from Mozambique, many of whom had settled on the south-eastern side of Johannesburg, after Mozambique's independence in 1975. Currently there's a 300,000-strong Portuguese community in South Africa.[37] The Portuguese South Africans are also different to other white South Africans in that they are mostly Catholic and football (soccer) is popular among them.
Italians in Africa[link]
Libya[link]
See also: Italian settlers in Libya
Libya had some 150,000 Italians settled in the nation during World War II, constituting about 18% of the total population.[38] The Italians in Libya resided (and many still do) in most major cities like Tripoli (37% of the city was Italian), Benghazi (31%), and Hun (3%). Their numbers decreased after 1936. Most of Libya's Italians were expelled from the North African country in 1970, a year after Muammar Gaddafi seized power (a "day of vengeance" on 7 October 1970),[39] but a few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s (decade).
| Year | Italians | Percentage | Total Libya | Source for data on population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1936 | 112,600 | 13.26% | 848,600 | Enciclopedia Geografica Mondiale K-Z, De Agostini, 1996 |
| 1939 | 108,419 | 12.37% | 876,563 | Guida Breve d'Italia Vol.III, C.T.I., 1939 (Censimento Ufficiale) |
| 1962 | 35,000 | 2.1% | 1,681,739 | Enciclopedia Motta, Vol.VIII, Motta Editore, 1969 |
| 1982 | 1,500 | 0.05% | 2,856,000 | Atlante Geografico Universale, Fabbri Editori, 1988 |
| 2004 | 22,530 | 0.4% | 5,631,585 | L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde |
South African Italians[link]
Although Italians were one of the few European nations that didn't encounter mass migration to South Africa, there was still many who ended up settling in South Africa. South African Italians made big headlines during World War II, when Italians captured in Italian East Africa needed to be sent to a safe stronghold to be kept as prisoners of war (POWs). South Africa was the perfect destination, and the first POWs arrived in Durban, in 1941.[40]
Despite being POWs, the Italians were treated well, with a good food diet and friendly hospitality. These factors, along with the peaceful, cheap, and sunny landscape, made it very attractive for Italians to settle down, and therefore, the Italian South African community was born. Although over 100,000 Italian POW were sent to South Africa, only a handful decided to stay, and during their capture, they were given the free will to create Chapels, Churches, Dams, and many more structures. Most Italian influence and architecture can be seen in the Natal and Transvaal area. White South Africans of Italian descent number between 6,300[41] and 28,059.
Other[link]
- See also: Italian Eritreans, Italians of Ethiopia, Italian Somalians, Italian Egyptians, Italian Tunisians
The Italians had a significantly large, but very quickly diminished population in Africa. In 1926, there were 90,000 Italians in Tunisia, compared to 70,000 Frenchmen (unusual since Tunisia was a French Colony).[42] Former Italian communities also once thrived in the Horn of Africa, with about 50,000 Italian settlers living in Eritrea in 1935,[43] and 22,000 Italians residing in Italian Somaliland during the first half of 1940, 10,000 of whom were concentrated in the capital of Mogadishu. The Italian Eritrean population grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II.[44]
There was emigration to Ethiopia as well. During the five-year occupation of Ethiopia, roughly 300,000 Italians were absorbed into East Africa (there were over 49,000 Italians living in Asmara in 1939, and over 38,000 in Addis Ababa). This led to half of Asmara's population and 10% of Eritrea's being Italian in 1939. Many Italian settlers immigrated out of Italian Somaliland during and after World War II, and also during independence in 1960 and many more left when the Somali Civil War broke out in 1991. The size of the Italian Egyptian community had reached around 55,000 just before World War II, forming the second largest expatriate community in Egypt.
A few Italian settlers stayed in Portuguese African colonies as World War II refugees when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population and during the war, although that plan of the Portuguese government was unsuccessful.[32] They were assimilated to the Portuguese population.
Greeks in Africa[link]
Egypt[link]
See also: Greeks in Egypt
Greeks have been living in Egypt since and even before Alexander the Great conquered Egypt at an early stage of his great journey of conquests. Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BCE, wrote that the Greeks were the first foreigners that ever lived in Egypt.[45] Diodorus Siculus attested that Rhodian Actis, one of the Heliadae built the city of Heliopolis before the cataclysm; likewise the Athenians built Sais. While all Greek cities were destroyed during the cataclysm, the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis and Sais survived.[46]
In modern times the official 1907 census showed 62,973 Greeks living in Egypt. The expulsion of 2.5 million Greeks from Turkey saw a large number of those Greeks move to Egypt and by 1940 Greeks were numbered at around 500,000. Today the Greek community numbers officially about 3,000 people although the real number is much higher since many Greeks have changed their nationality to Egyptian. In Alexandria, apart from the patriarchate, there is a patriarchal theology school that opened recently after being closed 480 years. Saint Nicolas church and several other buildings in Alexandria have been recently renovated by the Greek Government and the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation.
During the last decade, there has been a new interest from the Egyptian government for a diplomatic rapprochement with Greece and this has positively affected the Greek diaspora. The diaspora has received official visits of many Greek politicians. Economic relationships have been blossoming between Greece and Egypt. Egypt has been recently the centre of major Greek investments in industries such as banking, tourism, paper, and oil. In 2009, a five years cooperation memorandum was signed among the NCSR Demokritos Institute in Agia Paraskevi, Athens and the University of Alexandreia, regarding Archeometry research and contextual sectors.[47]
South Africa[link]
See also: Greeks in South Africa
The Greeks have had a presence in South Africa since the late 19th century. After the expulsion of the Greeks from Egypt as part of Nasser's nationalization policy the Greek population of South Africa dramatically increased to around 250,000.[48] Today the number of Greeks in South Africa is estimated between 60,000 - 120,000.[49]
Zimbabwe[link]
Main article: Greeks in Zimbabwe
The Greek community in Zimbabwe numbered between 13,000 and 15,000 people in 1972 (when the country was called Rhodesia) and was the second largest white population after those of British origin.[50] Today the Greek community in Zimbabwe comprises about 2,500 of Greek origin.[50] Zimbabwe currently hosts eleven Greek Orthodox churches and fifteen Greek associations and humanitarian organizations.[51]
Other[link]
The Greeks have a presence in a number of different African countries such as Cameroon (1,200 people),[52] Zambia (800 people),[53] Ethiopia (500 people),[54] Uganda (450 people),[55] Democratic Republic of Congo (300 people),[56] Kenya (100 families),[57] Nigeria (300 people),[58] Tanzania (300 people),[52] Gambia (300 people),[59] Sudan (200 people),[60] Botswana (200-300 people),[61] Malawi (200 people),[62] and Morocco (150 people).[52]
Germans in Africa[link]
Namibia[link]
Main article: German Namibians
Germany was late to colonize Africa (or to have an empire) mainly due to Germany not being a single country until the late 19th century. However, many Germans settled in South West Africa (modern day Namibia) as well as South Africa. Those Germans who migrated to South West Africa retained German culture, religion, and even language, while those in South Africa often had to learn English or Afrikaans as a first language and adopt another culture.
Unlike other Europeans in Africa, when many African states gained independence, the Germans (along with the English and Dutch/Afrikaners) stayed in Southern Africa because they retained political dominance (now being a mandate under South African control). The country was administered as a province of South Africa during the apartheid era (though South African rule was not widely recognized internationally.) German influence in Namibia is very strong and noticeable. Because Namibia hasn't changed any town names since independence, many of the largest cities in the country retain their German names. These include Lüderitz, Grünau, Maltahöhe, Wasser, Schuckmannsburg, and even the capital city has a (slightly unused) German name (Windhuk). In the southern Regions of Karas and especially Hardap, the vast majority of town names are German, or a mixture of German, Afrikaans and English. In the Hardap region, some 80% of settlements have a name of German origin.
Namibia is also the only nation outside Europe to have a Lutheran majority. This is due to many German missionaries during the 19th century who converted the Ovambo and Damara people to Christianity. Until 1990 German was an official language of Namibia, and is now a recognized regional language (the only one of its kind for the German language outside of Europe).
Today there are roughly 20,000-50,000 Germans in Namibia (32% of the white population, and 2% of the nation's population), and they greatly outnumber English and many Black ethnic groups. Their numbers are unsure because many Namibians of German ancestry don't speak German anymore, and sometimes would rather be classified as Afrikaans.
Tanzania[link]
See also: German East Africa
When Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi was under German control it was named German East Africa and received some migration from German communities, with over 3,579 Germans in German East Africa by 1914. In Dar Es Salaam, the capital city, its German population grew to 1,050, 0.006% of the city's population and just under a third of the entire German East African population. However, the German population was focused on spreading German technology and science rather than settling or Germanise the country.[63]
A number of locations in Tanzania formerly bore German names. The city of Tabora was formerly named Weidmannsheil and Kasanga was known as Bismarckburg. Mount Kilimanjaro was known as Kilimandscharo, a German way of spelling it. Despite virtually all German names being reverted since World War I, some places still hold German names. These include the majority of Glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro, such as Rebmann Glacier and Furtwängler Glacier.
Some colonial German-style buildings still exist in some of Tanzania's largest cities and former German strongholds, but they are in bad condition and need extensive renovation.[63] Current estimates for the German population in Tanzania put it at 8,500, more than double than the peak population under German colonial rule.[63]
Togo[link]
See also: Togoland
Togoland was a German colony from 1884 to 1914. In 1895 the capital, Lomé, had a population of 31 (~1% of the city) Germans and 2,084 natives. By 1913 the native population had swelled to 7,042 persons and 194 Germans (2% of the city), including 33 women, while the entire colony had a German population of 316, including 61 women and 14 children. Their numbers were depleted after World War I. The very little German architecture can be seen in the capital and from the Hinterlandbahn, a huge German railway which went deep into the thin country.[64]
The colony’s infrastructure was developed to one of the highest levels in Africa. Colonial officials built roads and bridges to the interior mountain ranges and three rail lines from the capital Lomé. Virtually all German influence present, and almost all German colonial activity took place in Lomé, and only ever reached deep inland when the Hinterlandbahn would voyage in the jungle for resources. Estimates for the current German population are as high as 700.[64]
Cameroon[link]
See also: Kamerun
Kamerun was a German colony in present day Cameroon between 1884 and 1916. During German control, few Germans migrated, but many trading posts and infrastructure was built to aid the growing German Empire with goods, such as bananas and important minerals. These trading posts were most abundant around the former capital city, and largest city in Cameroon: Douala.
Douala itself was known as Kamerunstadt (German for 'Cameroon City') between 1884 and 1907. Most trading took place with Hamburg and Bremen, and was later made easier by the construction of an extensive postal and telegraph system. Like all German colonies (except South West Africa), after World War I, most Germans left for Europe, America, or South Africa.
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German Settlers enjoying Christmas in Kamerun.
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Bananas heading for Germany in 1912.
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German surveyor in Kamerun, 1884.
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A Police force on the Kaiser’s birthday, 1901.
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German men in Douala, Kamerun.
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A German built workshop in Kamerun.
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Oil in Kamerun, one of the many resources that the German Empire needed.
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German settlers in the rainforest.
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Governor's home in Buea, with Mount Cameroon in the background.
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A German cemetery in Kamerun.
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The schloss (palace) of Jesko von Puttkamer, governor of German Kamerun.
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The proposed flag for German Kamerun
.jpg)
Former Portuguese colonies[link]
A number of German settlers stayed in Portuguese African colonies as World War II refugees when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population and during the war, although that plan of the Portuguese government was unsuccessful.[32] They were assimilated to the Portuguese population. There is a recorded German population of Mozambique numbering 2,200.[19]
Spanish in Africa[link]
The Spanish have resided in many African countries (mostly former colonies), including Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara, South Africa, Morocco, Ceuta, and Melilla. 94,000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century; 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century. Most Spaniards left Morocco after its independence in 1956 and their numbers were reduced to 13,000.[65][66]
An estimated 90,000 Spaniards live in Spain's North African enclaves Ceuta and Melilla.[67] Western Sahara is home to 10 000 Spanish expatriates, all of them against the rule of Francisco Franco. Most Spanish expatriates officially went away after negotiation with the Madrid Accords.
Equatorial Guinea[link]
See also: Spanish Equatoguineans
The Spanish have resided in Equatorial Guinea (when under Spanish rule known as Spanish Guinea) for many years and first started as temporary plantation owners originally from Valencia, before returning to Spain. Few Spaniards remained in Spanish Guinea permanently and left only after a few years. At independence in 1968 Spanish Guinea had one of the highest per capita incomes in Africa (332 USD).[68] The Spanish also helped Equatorial Guinea achieve one of the continent's highest literacy rates and developed a good network of health care facilities.[68]
Many left Spanish Guinea when the colony gained independence in 1968, and current figures of the Spaniard population range from 5,000 (1% of the population) to 16,000 (roughly over 3%).[69] After independence, many Spanish-named cities and places in Equatorial Guinea were changed to more 'African' names, the most obvious one being the capital city, Malabo (formerly Santa Isabel), and the island it is located on, Bioko (formerly Fernando Pó).
Despite a large loss of Spaniards during the brutal rule of Masie Nguema Biyogo, who wrecked the nation into debt and abolished education, the number of Spaniards have somewhat increased after he was overthrown. They almost exclusively speak Spanish as their first language; French or Portuguese, which are official languages, are often spoken as a second language, sometimes alongside the indigenous Bantu languages. Their religion is 100% Catholic, and this can be reflected by the population, which also remains Catholic. Since the discovery of oil, and an economic 'boom', a large number of Europeans, not just Spaniards, have migrated here for business and in Malabo, they are located in the western half of the city and in new housing estates.
Belgians in Africa[link]
Ethnically speaking, the term Belgian is dubious, since it can refer to the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloons (French-speaking), or to a lesser extent, to German-speaking Belgians.
Belgian Congo[link]
On 5 July 1960, five days after the Congo gained independence from Belgium, the Force Publique garrison near Léopoldville mutinied against its white officers and attacked numerous European targets. This led to fear amongst the approximately 120,000 whites still resident in the Congo and mass exodus from the country.[70] In 1965, there were 60,000 Belgians spread throughout the Congo.[71]
Flemish in Africa[link]
Thousands of Flemings, along with the Dutch, migrated to the Republic of South Africa for many years between the 17th century and the 20th century. Immigration to RSA has slowed down drastically, but the remnants of a huge Flemish population still exist in Southern Africa. Many Flemish colonials, including farmers and mineowners, moved to the Belgian Congo to seek their fortunes during the colonial era, entrenching a system of racial segregation not unlike those practiced in most other European-ruled African territories. The old segregated Belgian neighborhoods, in fact, are still visible in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo's capital city. Despite the mass emigration of white people to Belgium, the Netherlands, and South Africa during the Congo Crisis, there are still a little under 50,000 Flemings estimated to be living in the Congo.[72] It has also been observed that there were roughly 3,000 Flemish settlers in Rwanda,[72] although many were targeted for extermination as part of the Rwandan Genocide. This seemed to be largely because Belgian administrators were often regarded by resentful Hutus as having offered better education and employment opportunities to Tutsi tribesmen under colonial rule. Radio messages broadcast by Hutu extremists during the genocide advocated the killing of white Rwandans on basis of their Belgian ancestry, despite the fact that Belgium itself attempted to remain neutral during the conflict.[73]
Norwegians in Africa[link]
Southern Africa[link]
Although Norwegians in Africa are one of the smallest immigrant communities, they are not unheard of. However it is almost certain that the vast majority of them live in Southern Africa (most likely South Africa). One incident involving Norwegians in Africa was the Debora Expedition, where Norwegian families left Bergen in 1879 to establish a Norwegian colony on an Indian Ocean atoll called Aldabra[74] (now located in the Seychelles). However the mission was aborted and the families instead settled in Madagascar or Port Natal (modern day Durban) in South Africa. They were the first Norwegians to settle in Port Natal.[74]
A number of Norwegian settlers stayed in Portuguese African colonies when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population, although that plan of the Portuguese government was unsuccessful.[32] They were already acculturated to the Portuguese population.
Other European African groups[link]
The huge vast diversity of European ethnic groups in Africa were once more scattered, however currently every European ethnic group is greatest in South Africa. Virtually all European ethnic groups can be found in South Africa.
In 1948, approximately 600,000 Jews lived in North Africa, most of the Jews in Morocco and Algeria were Sephardi Jews whose ancestors were expelled from Spain in 1492, while most of the other Jews in north Africa Mizrahi Jews who were not of European origin; today only around 6,000 Jews remain. There is a substantial, mostly Ashkenazic Jewish community in South Africa. These Jews arrived mostly from Lithuania prior to World War II.[75] Although the Jewish community peaked in the 1970s, about 80,000 remain in South Africa.[76]
Armenians once numbered thousands in Ethiopia and Sudan, before civil wars, revolutions, and nationalization drove most of them out. They still have community centers and churches in these countries. Before 1952 there were around 75,000 Armenians in Egypt.[77]
The inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is halfway between the Spaniards and the ancient native population, the Guanches (a proto-berber population), although with a major Spanish contribution.[78]
On Tristan da Cunha, the population of 271 people shared just seven surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello (a typical Ligurian surname), Repetto (another typical Ligurian surname), Rogers, and Swain.
There are an estimated 100,000 Europeans living in Tunisia, most are French with some Italians.[79] Morocco has about 100,000 Europeans, most of them French.[80]
Current populations[link]
White African population by country (2005 est. From CIA)
- South Africa: 5,265,300 (as of July 2008)
- Angola: 140,000 (as of September 2011)
- Namibia: 124,000 ~ 160,000
- Mozambique: 50,000 (as of July 2010)
- Zimbabwe: 20,000
- Kenya: 62,000
- Zambia: 8,000
- Botswana: 10,000
- Senegal: 5,000
- Other African nations: 10,000~15,000
The White African population of Zimbabwe was much higher in the 1960s and 1970s (when the country was known as Rhodesia); the largest was 300,000. After the introduction of majority rule in 1980, and the downturn due to the mass murder and expulsion of white farmers and businessmen, along with the economic mismanagement by the Mugabe regime in the late 1990s, many white people left the country.
By September 2007, it is thought that as few as 22,000 whites remain in Zimbabwe as the economic and political crisis deepens. It is thought that if economic and political conditions improve, some of the former white population will return.[81]
The white African population in Mozambique was at its peak with about 370,000 Portuguese Mozambicans residing in Mozambique during the 1970s but political crisis and violence drastically decreased its population in a matter of weeks. Most Portuguese Mozambicans were expelled or fled to Portugal or to neighboring South Africa and Zimbabwe with some also going to Brazil. However, there has been an increase in the white African population of Mozambique in the last 10 years due to the immense Brazilian presence and intercultural Lusophone presence in Mozambique.
Languages[link]
White Africans speak Indo-European languages as their first languages (Afrikaans, English, Portuguese, French, German, Spanish and Italian).
Afrikaans[link]
See also: Afrikaans
File:South Africa Afrikaans speakers proportion map.svg
Geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home.
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0–20%
20–40%
40–60%
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60–80%
80–100%
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The most spoken language at home by white Africans is Afrikaans. It is spoken by 60% of South Africa's, 60% of Namibia's, and about 5% of Zimbabwe's white populations. In South Africa they make up a major white speaking group in all provinces except KwaZulu-Natal, where Afrikaans speakers (of all races) make up 1.5% of the population. In Rhodesia (and later Zimbabwe), Afrikaans wasn't as spoken and therefore the country remained English dominated for its history. There were, however a few Afrikaans inhabitants, mostly from South Africa. Afrikaans was also very limited culturally to Rhodesia and so only a few Afrikaans place names existed, most notably Enkeldoorn (renamed Chivhu in 1982). Most Afrikaners in Zimbabwe have now immigrated to South Africa or First World countries.
English[link]
- See also: English language, South African English
English is the second most spoken language among white Africans, spoken by 39% of South Africa's, 7% of Namibia's, and 90% of Zimbabwe's white population. In South Africa they remain the dominant white ethnic group in KwaZulu-Natal, while in Gauteng and the Western Cape they also contribute to a large percentage of the English-speaking population.
It is here that they challenge the Afrikaans in being the white dominant ethnic group. English is a second language of many non-British white Africans with higher education in predominantly non-English-speaking African nations. Outside of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, British Africans make up a large minority in Zambia, Kenya, Botswana, and Swaziland, therefore increasing the presence of English in these countries.
German[link]
See also: German language
German is spoken by 32% of Namibia's white population (making up 2% of the Namibian population). There is also a now nearly extinct German dialect in Namibia known as Namibian Black German (or in German as Küchendeutsch or Kitchen German), and used to be spoken by black domestic servants to German colonists. However, the government has tried to lower the use of German and Afrikaans due to its colonial roots, and instead try and enforce English, the sole official language, and Bantu languages. There is also known to be a German dialect, spoken in the south-east of South Africa, known as Nataler German (German from Natal).
Other languages[link]
See also: Portuguese in Africa
Most of all whites in Angola and Mozambique use Portuguese as their first language. The other 1% of whites in South Africa (who don't speak Afrikaans or English) mostly speak Portuguese (from immigrant communities who come from Angola and Mozambique), or German and Dutch (from European immigration). Equally, in Namibia, the remaining 1% of the white population speaks mostly Portuguese because of the immigration from Angola following independence of all Portuguese colonies in 1975.
Only a small white population in Libya, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia has the fluency of Italian, because it is no longer the official language there. Very few White Africans speak Bantu languages (languages spoken by Black people) at home, but still a small percentage of white Africans speak Bantu languages as second languages.
Sports[link]
Cricket is a particularly popular sport with White Africans of British descent. Rugby, in Southern Africa, is particularly popular with people of Afrikaner ethnicity.
Field hockey is another popular sport amongst Whites.
Many Whites from Commonwealth countries in Africa are accomplished swimmers, including Kirsty Coventry of Zimbabwe and Jason Dunford of Kenya, as well as numerous South Africans.
See also[link]
Diaspora:
- Anglo-African
- Afrikaner
- White South African
- Whites in Namibia
- Whites in Zimbabwe
- Whites in Kenya
- French people in Madagascar
- Portuguese Angolans
- Portuguese Mozambicans
References[link]
- ^ "Namibia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture". Infoplease. Pearson Education, Inc. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108165.html. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
- ^ "Angola: portugueses podem obter visto de trabalho em 30 dias". Infoplease. Pearson Education, Inc. http://aeiou.expresso.pt/angola-portugueses-podem-obter-visto-de-trabalho-em-30-dias=f674096. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ a b "Joshua Project - Ethnic People Groups of Madagascar". http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=MA.
- ^ "Mozambique: History, Geography, Government, and Culture". Infoplease. Pearson Education, Inc. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107804.html. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
- ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rop3=109534&rog3=EK
- ^ "White Batswana population". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
- ^ Calculated from adding white residents of all other nations in Africa. Lower number assumes minimums in all other nations, larger assumes maximums in all other nations.
- ^ [1]) Euro African Trust
- ^ Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=AO
- ^ "Britons living in SA to enjoy royal wedding". Eyewitness News. 28 April 2011. http://www.eyewitnessnews.co.za/articleprog.aspx?id=64734.
- ^ 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia, BBC News
- ^ "We Want Our Country" (3 of 10), TIME
- ^ Heir takes on 'Flash' in Kenya murder trial, The Independent
- ^ Brits Abroad: Country-by-country, BBC News
- ^ Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999
- ^ a b http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=AO
- ^ a b http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=MZ
- ^ Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ Zim, South African white farmers head for Nigeria
- ^ Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ [2]
- ^ French-Algerian War, TIME Collection
- ^ Tunisia, Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Thomson Gale. 2007. Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ History of Morocco, historyworld.net
- ^ Ivory Coast - The Economy
- ^ For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures
- ^ Madagascar - Minorities
- ^ [3]
- ^ "Anthropometric evaluations of body composition of undergraduate students at the University of La Réunion". http://advan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/30/4/248.
- ^ a b c d Portugal - Emigration, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
- ^ a b Flight from Angola, The Economist , August 16, 1975
- ^ Dismantling the Portuguese Empire
- ^ a b [4], Radio Televisão Portuguesa, September 13, 2008
- ^ http://www.rupert.net/~lkool/Madeira.html
- ^ http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/portugal.html
- ^ Libya - Italian colonization
- ^ Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.
- ^ http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol014lb.html
- ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php
- ^ Moustapha Kraiem. Le fascisme et les italiens de Tunisie, 1918-1939 pag. 57
- ^ Eritrea—Hope For Africa’s Future
- ^ Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)
- ^ Α΄ Η διαχρονική πορεία του ελληνισμού στην Αφρική
- ^ The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book V,57.
- ^ Cooperation memorandum signed among NCSR D and Alexandria University, Egypt 29/1/2009, retrieved on 31/1/2009
- ^ [5] 05/06/2009, retrieved on 10/12/2003
- ^ [6] 05/06/2009, retrieved on 05/06/2009
- ^ a b Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zimbabwe: The Greek Community
- ^ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa Holy Archbishopric of Zimbabwe
- ^ a b c Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zambia
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia: The Greek Community
- ^ Census 2002
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Democratic Republic of Congo: The Greek Community
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Nigeria: The Greek Community
- ^ Ethnic people groups of the Gambia
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sudan: The Greek Community
- ^ http://en.sae.gr/?id=15268&tag=Hellenism%20in%20Botswana&type=print
- ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malawi: The Greek Community
- ^ a b c - Germans in Tanzania
- ^ a b - Germans in Togo
- ^ Spain: Forging an Immigration Policy, Migration Information Source
- ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=MO
- ^ Ceuta and Melilla - World Directory of Minorities
- ^ a b España - Guinea, 1969: la estrategia de la tensión, Xavier Lacosta, Historia 16, January 2001.
- ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=109534&rog3=EK
- ^ ::UN:: History Learning Site
- ^ "We Want Our Country" (2 of 10), TIME
- ^ a b http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=103034
- ^ Leicmon, Weiselberg; Davis, J., Carlinsky, eds. (2002). The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A study of mass cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda (1st ed.). Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-4776-3.
- ^ a b http://salbu.co.za/debora/
- ^ Lithuanian Jews Make Big Impact in South Africa
- ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - South Africa
- ^ Refugees International: Publications: Stateless Report
- ^ [7] other theories, however, suggest that the native Guanche population may have been of ancient Nordic or Celtic origin, but this in itself is up to dispute.
- ^ Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ Morocco Universities Colleges and Schools
- ^ Zimbabwean White Farmers Hope to Return Home
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http://wn.com/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Africains blancs d'ascendance européenne
http://it.wn.com/Africani bianchi di origine europea
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Eugène Terre'Blanche | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
|
| Leader of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging |
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| In office 1973–1997 |
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| In office 2008–2010 |
|
| Succeeded by | Steyn van Ronge |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-01-31)31 January 1941 Ventersdorp, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa |
| Died | 3 April 2010(2010-04-03) (aged 69) Ventersdorp, North West Province, South Africa |
| Political party | Herstigte Nasionale Party (until 1973) |
| Other political affiliations |
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging |
| Spouse(s) | Martie Terre'Blanche (m. 19?? – 2010; his death) |
| Children | Bea Terre'Blanche |
| Residence | Ventersdorp, North West Province, South Africa |
| Occupation | Police officer (SAP), farmer, political activist |
| Religion | Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk (APK) |
Eugène Ney Terre'Blanche (31 January 1941[n 1] – 3 April 2010) was a former member of South Africa's Herstigte Nasionale Party who founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) during the apartheid era. During the 1980s and early 1990s, he became known for threatening civil war to maintain white rule in South Africa.[1] After the country's transition to post-apartheid democracy, he revised his stances and urged his followers to push for independence in an independent Afrikaner homeland, which he frequently referred to as a "Boerevolkstaat". Terre'Blanche led the organisation until his death in 2010. He was given several labels during his lifetime, including "white supremacist",[2][3] "nationalist,"[4] and "racist".[5]
Terre'Blanche spent three years in prison for assaulting a black petrol station worker and for the attempted murder of a black security guard in 1996. On 3 April 2010, he was hacked and beaten to death on his farm by two labourers, allegedly over a wage dispute. Terre'Blanche's supporters have said that the murder is part of a larger pattern of anti-white "farm murders" in South Africa.[6]
Contents |
Background[link]
Terre'Blanche's grandfather fought as a so-called "Cape Rebel" for the Boer cause in the Second Boer War, and his father was a lieutenant colonel in the South African Defence Force.[7]
The progenitor of the Terre'Blanche name (translatable as either 'white land' or 'white earth' in French) in the region was a French Huguenot refugee, Estienne Terreblanche from Toulon (Provence), who arrived at the Cape in 1704, fleeing anti-Protestant persecution in France.[8] The Terreblanche name has generally retained its original spelling though other spellings include Terre'Blanche, Terre Blanche, Terblanche and Terblans.[9]
Born on a farm in the Transvaal town of Ventersdorp on 31 January 1941, Terre'Blanche attended Laerskool Ventersdorp and Hoër Volkskool in Potchefstroom, matriculating in 1962. While in school, he gave early expression to his political leanings by founding the cultural organisation Jong Afrikanerharte (Young Afrikaner Hearts).[7]
He joined the South African Police, and was initially deployed in South West Africa (now Namibia),[10] which had been given to South Africa under a League of Nations Trust mandate after World War I. Upon returning to South Africa proper, he became a Warrant Officer in the Special Guard Unit, which was assigned to members of the Cabinet.[10]
Political career[link]
Herstigte Nasionale Party[link]
During the late 1960s, Terre'Blanche increasingly opposed what he called the "liberal policies" of B. J. Vorster, then Prime Minister of South Africa. After four years of service in the SAP, he resigned to pursue a career in politics, running unsuccessfully for local office in Heidelberg as a member of the Herstigte Nasionale Party.[10]
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging[link]
Disillusioned with the established avenues for political participation, Terre'Blanche founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement, AWB) in Heidelberg in 1973,[10] initially as a secret society.[1] The AWB first appeared on the public scene after its members were charged with and fined for tarring and feathering Floors van Jaarsfeld, a professor of history who had publicly voiced the opinion that the Day of the Vow (previously called Dingaan's Day), a public holiday in remembrance of the Battle of Blood River, was nothing more than a secular event with hardly any real reference point in history.[1] Though Terre’Blanche would later express his regrets regarding the incident when testifying before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, he suggested that his convictions relating to the sanctity of the Day of the Vow might make his actions more understandable.[11] In the years that followed, Terre'Blanche's speeches at public gatherings often evoked the Battle of Blood River,[1] and his oratorical skills earned him much support among the white right wing in South Africa; the AWB claimed 70,000 members at its height.[12]
Throughout the 1980s, Terre'Blanche continued to present himself and the AWB as an alternative to both the National Party-led government and the Conservative Party, and he remained staunchly opposed to the reform policies of PW Botha to establish additional, albeit still separate, parliamentary chambers for non-whites, and to grant suffrage to Coloureds and South Africans of Indian origin.[13] The organisation's strongest support was found in the rural communities of South Africa's North, with comparably few supporters in urban areas where his following was largely limited to the middle and lower income Afrikaners.[13]
Terre'Blanche viewed the end of apartheid as a surrender to communism, and threatened full scale civil war if President FW de Klerk handed power to Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress.[1] When De Klerk addressed a meeting in Terre'Blanche's hometown of Ventersdorp in 1991, Terre'Blanche led a protest, and the Battle of Ventersdorp ensued between the AWB and the police, with a number of people killed.[14] Terre’Blanche claimed that it was only when he stood between the police and the AWB and demanded a ceasefire that the shooting ended. Terre'Blanche accused President de Klerk of instigating the riot for political gain. (95)[15]
In an attempt to disrupt the negotiation process in 1993, Terre'Blanche accompanied by General Constand Viljoen and Conservative Party parliamentarian Thomas Langley led an armed invasion of the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park while negotiations were in progress.[16] After a memorandum of grievances were presented to National Party minister Roelf Meyer and Dawie de Villiers and upon concluding and agreement that no arrests would be made, the AWB withdrew from the premises.[17] However that evening several identified AWB leaders were arrested and their wives were incarcerated in Soweto, separately from their husbands.[18] Vlakplaas General Krappies Engelbrecht was appointed to launch an investigation.[19]
Terre'Blanche claimed he and President Lucas Mangope of the predominantly ethnic Tswana Homeland of Bophuthatswana came to a “mutual agreement” on 17 February 1992, to aid each other in the “event of a communist threat”[20] On 4 March 1994 Mangope announced that Bophutatswana would not participate in the South African general election[21] in an effort to maintain Bophutatswana's independence from the Republic of South Africa.[22] Bophuthatswana's minister of justice, Godfrey Mothibe tried in vain to convince Mangope to participate in the election, but then accused the ANC of orchestrating the revolt, which was helped by the stance taken by South Africa's then Minister of Foreign Affairs, P.W. "Pik" Botha. Thousands of ANC supporters were bussed in from areas outside of Bophuthatswana to support the popular uprising. Terre'Blanche claimed a conspiracy by citing a “three-step plan” by the ANC in an effort to destabilise Bophuthatswana, which included ANC infiltration of the Bophuthatswana police and military.[22] However, ANC candidate for the North West Province, Popo Molefe claimed the ANC was merely supporting the people of Bophuthatswana after it became clear that their political freedoms were limited.[citation needed]
Terre'Blanche claimed he had personally communicated with Mangope On 10 March 1994 (107), prior to mobilising his men to protect the capital Mmabatho against looting and unrest. (110) Officers of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force initially received the AWB militia with “great joy and surprise.” (Vuur en Verraad, Arthur Kemp) The AWB militia assembled in an airport hangar in Mmabatho, where they were to be provided with rations and firearms. Terre'Blanche ordered his men to remove their AWB badges upon the request of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force. While contained at the hangar, an unidentified and independent faction carrying the AWB emblems started shooting indiscriminately at the public. Terre'Blanche concluded that the South African intelligence services may have set up the shooting in order to discredit the AWB, since the media broadcast footage of the individuals' emblems, but did not publicise their identity. (105) The Bophuthatswana police systematically began to remove the media from strategic locations, and the initial hospitality shown to the AWB militia was replaced by contempt. When Bophuthatswana fell into complete anarchy, the AWB withdrew.[citation needed]
The AWB were subsequently defeated while invading Bophuthatswana to prop up the autocratic leader of the bantustan in 1994 and, consequently, Terre'Blanche did not follow up on his earlier threats of war.[17][23][24]
Media image[link]
Terre'Blanche was lampooned in the 1991 documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife, directed by British filmmaker Nick Broomfield. A sequel, His Big White Self, was first broadcast in February 2006. Terre'Blanche was also interviewed by Louis Theroux in episode 3.3 "Boer Separatists" of the BBC series Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends.[25]
In 1988, the AWB was beset by scandal when claims of an affair with journalist Jani Allan surfaced. In July 1989, Cornelius Lottering, a member of the breakaway Orde van die Dood group, orchestrated a failed assassination attempt on Allan's life by placing a bomb outside her Sandton apartment.[26]
Broomfield's 1991 documentary claimed Terre'Blanche had an affair with the Sunday Times journalist; a claim she denied as well as her portrayal in the documentary. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 in the London High Court. During the trial, several transcripts of their alleged sexual relationship appeared in the South African and British press.[27] Terre'Blanche submitted a sworn statement to the London court denying he had had an affair with Allan. In a rare interview with the Afrikaans Sunday newspaper Die Rapport, his wife Martie Terre'Blanche denounced the rumours. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair.[28] The South African business newspaper Financial Mail published a lead story on 6 August detailing the theory that F.W. de Klerk had orchestrated the libel case to discredit Terre'Blanche and the far right movement in South Africa.[29]
Terre'Blanche was widely ridiculed after he was filmed falling off his horse during a parade in Pretoria. After his murder the state-owned SABC said on the evening news that he would be remembered "as a failed horseman".[30] Terre'Blanche claimed the media only showed part of the fall and explained that unedited footage of the incident would show that the horse had slipped.[31] He accused the media of double standards in reporting when praising Mbhazima Shilowa when he fell from, but immediately remounted his horse.[31]
In 2004, he was controversially voted No. 25 in SABC3's Great South Africans from a list of 100 South African personalities.[32] Controversy over the list led the SABC to cancel the television series.[citation needed]
Amnesty[link]
Following the end of apartheid, Terre'Blanche and his supporters sought amnesty for the storming of the World Trade Centre, the 'Battle of Ventersdorp', and other acts.[33][34] Amnesty was granted by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.[14]
Later years[link]
In March 2008, the AWB announced the re-activation of the political party, for 'populist' reasons, citing the encouragement of the public. Reasons for the return have been attributed principally to attacks on commercial farmers and ethnic Boers, the electricity crisis, corruption across government departments and rampant crime.[35] Throughout April 2008, Terre'Blanche was to be the speaker at several AWB rallies, encompassing Vryburg, Middelburg, Mpumalanga and Pretoria.[36]
He had been calling for a “free Afrikaner republic”, and vowed to take his campaign to the United Nations' International Court of Justice in The Hague in a bid to secure this. He favoured large tracks of land that had been purchased from the ethnic Swazis in the eastern portion of the South African Republic, from the Zulus in northern Natal, and others, as well as largely uninhabited portions[37] of the interior that had been settled by the Voortrekkers. In June 2008, it was announced that the AWB Youth Wing would be launched and Terre'Blanche was to be its founding member.[38]
In a video interview in 2008, he voiced his objection to a proposal to change the iconic Springbok emblem of the South Africa national rugby union team (Springboks). He stated that the Springbok emblem could be replaced with an impala or kudu for sports teams representing the new Afrikaner republic.[39]
In September 2009 he addressed a 3-day convention attended by 300 Afrikaners which was intended to develop a strategy for "Boer liberation". Terre'Blanche reinforced earlier claims for land in Northern Natal and the Eastern Transvaal.[40] In October 2009 several right-wing groups led by Terre'Blanche outlined their future plans at a Ventersdorp meeting. In an interview with the Mail and Guardian he said he wanted to unite 23 organisations under one umbrella, in order to take, as he had vowed, the fight of "the free Afrikaner" to the International Court of Justice.
In an interview with the Mail and Guardian, he stated that he would publish his biography, Blouberge van Nimmer (The Blue Mountains of Long Ago), in December 2009.[41] The biography was ready for press at the time of his death and published under the name “My Storie”, as told to Amos van der Merwe. A complaint was lodged in December 2009 with the South African Human Rights Commission regarding inflammatory comments he was alleged to have made.[42][43]
Conviction and prison sentence[link]
On 17 June 2001, Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison, of which he served three years, for assaulting a petrol station worker and the attempted murder of a security guard in 1996.[2] He denied both accusations and insisted on his innocence.
One of only three whites in the Rooigrond prison near Mafikeng, during his time in prison he claimed to have become a born-again Christian[44] He claimed to have moderated many of his more racist views.[45]
Terre'Blanche was released on 11 June 2004[46] and the AWB website claims these court cases and other scandals involving him were fabricated by the "Black Government and the left wing media".[12]
Paul Motshabi was permanently disabled when he was beaten up by Terre'Blanche in 1996. He was crippled and intellectually impaired by brain damage sustained in the attack, and his wife left him. He was one of 16 victims of violence in the South Africa's North West who received new houses as part of the national government's campaign to mark sixteen days of activism against violence against women and children.[47]
Terre'Blanche continued to maintain his innocence in the Motshabi case, citing that he had discovered Motshabi already beaten when he found him in a park while patrolling Ventersdorp after which he took him to the hospital. Although he was not present when the alleged attack happened, Gabriel Kgosimang, an ex-employee of Terre'Blanche, testified that his former employer had repeatedly beaten Motshabi over the head, upper body, neck and shoulders after he crashed into him with his vehicle. The official medical report only cites a single hit to the head.[48]
Twelve years later a policeman revealed that it had not been Terre'Blanche who had attacked Motshabi, and disclosed the names of the two culprits. Terre'Blanche claimed he feared the same powers that were active at Vlakplaas and chose not to make their names public. However, he stated that the identity of the attackers were contained in a sealed envelope and kept in safekeeping and that instructions were given that this information would be released in case something “unnatural” should happen to him.[49] These names have not yet been released despite the murder of Terre'Blanche. Terre'Blanche claimed innocence in the case of John Ndizima, suggesting a bogus case had been built against him in order to “bury the conservative element of Afrikaner-nationalism in the shallow grave of injustice”.[49] Terre’Blanche cites that he interviewed Ndizima as the only eye witness of a burglary at a pharmacy in Ventersdorp. Ndizima claimed a white man with a white shirt with fine white lines had broken the window with a rock and had ran off. Terre'Blanche countered that Ndizima could not have seen such details from a 200-metre distance in the middle of the night, and suggested that Ndizima had alerted the thief to his presence. Terre'Blance then claimed that following a heated argument his dog broke loose and chased Ndizima, whereafter Terre'Blanche restrained the dog. Terre'Blanche raised the question of why neither Ndizima nor the state prosecution could explain why there was no blood on his overall that had been submitted as evidence. Terre'Blanche pointed out that his defence attorney suddenly resigned as a member of the ultra-conservative white Conservative Party's Volksraad and joined the ANC shortly after the conclusion of the court case.[49]
Poet[link]
Prior to the 1994 multi-racial elections, Terre'Blanche's Afrikaans-language works were on the state syllabus of Natal schools. Upon his release from jail, he quoted Wordsworth's poem I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud. He had previously released a CD of his poetry collection and most recently a DVD. The DVD was named "Inktrane", which is directly translated to English as "ink tears". This DVD was released through 11.3% Motion Pictures (Pty) Ltd.[36][50]
Death[link]
Terre'Blanche, who had lived in relative obscurity since the collapse of his organisation,[51] was murdered on his farm Villana, just outside Ventersdorp, on 3 April 2010. He was reportedly beaten to death with pipes and pangas (machetes), while napping, by two black males (then aged 28 and 15), allegedly over a wage dispute. His daughter Bea told the media that the two workers had not been paid for March because her father could not get his banking in order before the Easter weekend, and that an arrangement had been made to pay them after the weekend. She stated that he had enjoyed a good relationship with his employees, which had been strengthened by their work with animals on the farm.[52] His body was found on the bed with facial and head injuries.[53] Speculation that Terre'Blanche had sexually assaulted one or both of the accused was raised in some publications.[54][55][56]
Ventersdorp police said two suspects were taken into custody over his killing;[57] they were both charged with murder, and one was released on bail.[58] South African President Jacob Zuma, who followed up an overnight statement with a televised address[59] called for calm and for "responsible leadership"[59] following the murder, describing it as a "terrible deed;"[51][60] and described the murderer as "cowardly."[61]
Zuma's words were echoed by the AWB and organisations including AfriForum and Solidarity. Minister of Police Nathi Mthethwa Commissioner of police, Bheki Cele and other high ranking police officials,[59] and politicians[62] visited Terre'Blanche's family in Ventersdorp the morning after the murder to express sympathy with the family.[63][64]
The murder took place amid a racial controversy in South Africa involving the singing of a song by African National Congress Youth League leader Julius Malema[51][51][59] which includes the lyrics "Shoot the Boer" ("Dubul' ibhunu").[3][64] The ANC, which had previously defended its right to sing the song, announced that it would consider a moratorium on the singing of the song, following the murder, in the interests of national cohesion.[59] Democratic Alliance leader Helen Zille said that the murder would "inflame tensions" in South Africa.[65] Malema denied the song had anything to do with the murder, and defended his singing of it, saying he was "ready to die," and that he was "not scared of Boers, in reference to threats, later retracted, that Terre'Blanche would be avenged.[66] ANC leaders later announced a temporary ban on the singing of the song.[67]
Thousands attended Terre'Blanche's funeral, held at noon on 9 April 2010 at Ventersdorp's Protestant Church. Later the same day, he was buried on his farm.[68]
Terre'Blanche's murder has been linked by the British media to attacks on farmers in South Africa.[6][69][70]
Aftermath[link]
ANCYL president Malema promoted land reform and more transfers of farmland from whites to black South Africans. Malema visited Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe to learn more about socialism and land reform. Upon his return to South Africa he reported that Mugabe and his war veterans would assist in the transfer of land.[71] The older of the accused men was a Zimbabwean. The accused's announcement to other farm workers that he was "now their boss" fuelled suspicions that the murder was politically motivated. Members of the African National Congress (ANC) have supported the accused by turning up at the court in huge numbers, and singing other revolutionary songs.[72] Terre'Blanche's supporters also turned up at the court, singing the former South African national anthem, "Die Stem van Suid Afrika."[73]
Court Case[link]
The two suspects appeared in court in Ventersdorp on 6 April 2010 amid racially charged scenes,[69] and were charged with murder, robbery and crimen injuria, for injuring the dignity of Terre'Blanche by leaving his pants pulled down after killing him. The AWB retracted earlier calls to avenge the murder as Zuma appealed for peace.[74]
On 22 May 2012, 29-year-old farm worker Chris Mahlangu was found guilty of the murder.[75] 18-year-old Patrick Ndlovu, the other man accused in the case, was acquitted of murder due to a lack of forensic evidence, though he was found guilty of breaking-in.[76] They had both pleaded not guilty, but declined to testify. Protesters from both sides were gathered outside the courthouse when the verdict was read.[77] Judge John Brown ruled that there was no evidence that Mahlangu had been acting in self defense, and that the murder had been committed for financial reasons.[77] Although Mahlangu claimed that he had been raped, Brown declared that if that was the case he should have raised it immediately, which he failed to do. He also claimed that he had been acting in retaliation because he had been subject to "appalling condition... not fit for human habitation," as well as having experienced child exploitation on the farm.[75]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e Eugene Terre'Blanche (Obituary) Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2010
- ^ a b "Eugene Terre'Blanche: South African white supremacist leader", Times Online. Retrieved 7 April 2010
- ^ a b http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/04/03/world/AP-AF-South-Africa-White-Supremacist.html
- ^ "Sex Attack May Have Sparked Terre'Blanche Murder, Defense Says". www.businessweek.com
- ^ "In South Africa, Murder in Black and White". www.time.com.
- ^ a b "Farm Murder, Anti-Apartheid Song Stoke Racial Tensions in South Africa", Voice of America
- ^ a b Russell, Alec: Big men, little people: the leaders who defined Africa. McMillan, 1999
- ^ (French) Bernard Lugan (January 1996). Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud (The French People Who Made South Africa). ISBN 2-84100-086-9. http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/2841000869/171-8409492-3725063.
- ^ Viljoen, H.C.. "The Contribution of The Huguenots in South Africa". The Huguenot Society of South Africa. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027131618/http://www.geocities.com/hugenoteblad/huguenots.htm.
- ^ a b c d (Afrikaans) Eugene Terre'Blanche (1941–2010). Retrieved 4 April 2010
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giiffel Media. p. 57.
- ^ a b "AWB Leader: Eugène Ney Terre'Blanche". AWB. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070117005533/http://www.awb.co.za/leier_e.htm. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
- ^ a b Obituary: Eugene Terreblanche BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2010
- ^ a b "Amnesty decision". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/1999/ac990221.htm. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blance, My Storie. Cape Town: Giffel Media. pp. 94–95.
- ^ "Goldstone Commission: Events at the World Trade Centre June 1993". Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070714080229/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/transition/gold_worldtrd.html. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ a b van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ a b van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ "Tebbutt Commission". http://www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/commissions/1998/tebbutt/contents.html. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ ""ANC het nie opstande beplan" – Molefe (English: "ANC did not plan revolt" – Molefe)". Die Burger. 17 March 1994. http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1994/03/17/2/21.html. Retrieved 04/02/2011.
- ^ "When Louis met the Boer leader". BBC Worldwide – from YouTube. 3 March 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPbExwBJiwY.
- ^ "Truth and Reconciliation Commission". South African government. 23 March 1998. http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/pta/lotteri1.htm.
- ^ Sweeney, John (19 December 1999). "Brief encounters". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/hamilton/article/0,,195616,00.html.
- ^ "Century of Sundays". Carte Blanche. 3 May 2006. http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3021.
- ^ "Jani Allan libel case: Misunderstanding and comic relief". The Times. 6 August 1992.
- ^ Jameson, Ethan (12 June 2004). "South Africa releases neo-Nazi chief". Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001954604_safrica12.html.
- ^ a b van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ (Afrikaans) "SA se gewildste is Nelson Mandela", Die Burger (archive). Retrieved 4 April 2010
- ^ "Amnesty Hearing". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 10 May 1999. http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/1999/99051011_klk_990510kl.htm. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
- ^ "Terre'Blanche calls for De Klerk to answer at his amnesty hearing". South African Press Association. 10 May 1999. http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1999/9905/p990510a.htm. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
- ^ Bevan, Stephen (1 June 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/2059457/South-Africa-AWB-leader-Terre'Blanche-rallys-Boers-again.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ a b "The return of Eugene Terre'Blanche". IOL. 30 March 2008. http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=13&art_id=vn20080330094319724C919954&set_id=.
- ^ "Great Trek: Colonisation and Land Supremacy". http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/great-trek/great-trek1.htm.
- ^ "O volk! Terre Blanche is back again". The Sunday Times. 15 June 2008. http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/News/Article.aspx?id=785049.
- ^ Zoopy video: Eugene Terre'Blanche talks about the Springbok emblem at AWB headquarters on 21 November 2008
- ^ "For volk sake", Sunday Times 26 September 2009
- ^ "The AWB rides again", Mail and Guardian 2 October 2009
- ^ "Terre'blanche 'apie' comment taken to rights commission", Mail & Guardian, 7 December 2009
- ^ "Great Trek, Colonization and Land Supremacy". http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/great-trek/great-trek1.htm. Retrieved 04/05/2011.
- ^ McGreal, Chris "Eugene Terre'Blanche: a petty bully but a dangerous one", Guardian.co.uk 4 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ "Terre'Blanche tells of prison, his love for God and plans for the AWB's future". Dispatch. 27 August 2005. http://www.dispatch.co.za/2005/08/27/SouthAfrica/blanch.html.
- ^ Carroll, Rory (10 June 2004). "Terre'Blanche returns to a new world". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/southafrica/story/0,13262,1235281,00.html. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
- ^ "Terre'Blanche victim gets house", News24.com
- ^ van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ a b c van der Merwe, Amos (2010). Eugene Terre'Blanche. Cape Town: Giffel Media. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-920424-10-7.
- ^ "Afrikaans radical leaves jail quoting Wordsworth". The Guardian. 13 June 2004. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/06/13/2003174879.
- ^ a b c d "Eugene Terreblanche killed in South Africa". BBC News. 4 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8602347.stm. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ Die Beeld. 04/05/2010. http://www.beeld.com/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/AWB-trek-emosionele-oorlogverklaring-terug-20100405. Retrieved 03/28/2011.
- ^ "Terre'Blanche killed over 'wage dispute'", News24.com
- ^ "Court to hear media bid in Terre'Blanche trial", Mail & Guardian
- ^ "Police investigate Terre'Blanche sexual assault on farm workers", The Guardian
- ^ "SA Police Ready for Terre'Blanche trial", Africa News
- ^ "Two held for AWB head Terre'blanche's murder"
- ^ "Terre'Blanche murder is 'declaration of war' by blacks", Daily Telegraph
- ^ a b c d e ANC rethinks "Shoot The Boer song", IOL
- ^ Location Settings (4 April 2010). "Calm urged after Terre'Blanche murder". News24.com. http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/d5c1c793089d4fe6b6e33f6e9de68d21/04-04-2010-01-16/Calm_urged_after_TerreBlanche_murder. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Zuma slams 'cowards' and appeals for calm", The Star
- ^ "Lekota visits Terre'Blanche family farm", 5 April 2010, IOL
- ^ "Mthethwa, Cele visit Terre'blanche family", IOL
- ^ a b "Anger and anxiety after Terreblanche murder", BBC News
- ^ "Terre'Blanche death will 'polarise'" News24.com
- ^ "I'm ready to die, says emotional Malema", IOL
- ^ "Malema silent as ANC stops race songs", www.timeslive.co.za
- ^ Location Settings (9 April 2010). "Fear lingers after Terre'Blanche's burial". News24. http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Fear-lingers-after-TerreBlanches-burial-20100409. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b Sebastien Berger, in Ventersdorp 7:21 pm BST 6 Apr 2010 (6 April 2010). "South Africa: police use barbed wire to separate whites and blacks". Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7560357/South-Africa-police-use-barbed-wire-to-separate-whites-and-blacks.html. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ David Smith. "Eugene Terre'Blanche's death stirs up fear and anger in South Africa | World news". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/05/eugene-terre-blanche-south-africa. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "ANC Youth leader urges South African white farmers to leave". The Zimbabwe Mail. 04/05/2010. http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/4955.html. Retrieved 04/02/2011.
- ^ "Tensions rise at Terre'Blanche hearing". Reuters Video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfY2htp-T28&feature=fvwrel. Retrieved 04/02/2011.
- ^ "AWB Supporters sing "Die Stem"". The Daily Maveric. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKhwN1b78jk. Retrieved 04/02/2011.
- ^ From Nkepile Mabuse, CNN. "Tension as Terreblanche murder suspects face court". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/06/safrica.terreblanche. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b David Smith (22 May 2012). "Eugene Terre'Blanche murder: farmworker found guilty". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/22/eugene-terreblanche-murder-farmworker-guilty. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ Aislinn Laing (22 May 2012). "Black farmworker acquitted of murdering Eugene Terreblanche". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/9282805/Black-farmworker-acquitted-of-murdering-Eugene-Terreblanche.html. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ a b Ed Brown (22 May 2012). "Eugene Terreblanche Dead: South Africa Farmworker Guilty In White Supremacist Murder". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/22/eugene-terreblanche-dead-south-africa-murder_n_1536563.html?ref=world. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Notes[link]
- ^ Terre'Blanche's year of birth is alternately given as 1941 or 1944. The majority of sources indicates 1941; sources that claim 1944 as his year of birth include The Star, The Nelson Mandela Foundation and the website of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eugène Terre'Blanche |
- Interview by Mail and Guardian
- Eugene Terre'Blanche, 2006 interview on The Right Perspective
- Eugene Terre'Blanche, 2007 interview on The Right Perspective (Geloftedag Celebration)
- Obituary: Eugene Terre'Blanche, BBC News
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Terreblanche, Eugene |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | South African police officer, farmer, political activist, white supremacist |
| Date of birth | 31 January 1941 |
| Place of birth | Ventersdorp, North West, South Africa |
| Date of death | 3 April 2010 |
| Place of death | Ventersdorp, North West, South Africa |
http://wn.com/Eugène_Terre'Blanche
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://cs.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://es.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://ru.wn.com/Тербланш, Эжен Ней
http://nl.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://pt.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://pl.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://fr.wn.com/Eugène Terre'Blanche
http://de.wn.com/Eugène Terre’Blanche
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Terre'Blanche
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Steve Hofmeyr | |
|---|---|
 Steve Hofmeyr in 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Steve Hofmeyr |
| Born | (1964-08-29) August 29, 1964 (age 47) Pretoria, South Africa |
| Genres | Afrikaans pop/folk |
| Occupations | Musician Songwriter Actor TV Presenter |
| Instruments | Singing |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | Big Heart Productions |
| Website | http://stevehofmeyr.co.za |
Steve Hofmeyr (born 29 August 1964) is a South African singer, songwriter and actor.
Contents |
OASE[link]
In 2011 he made public that he supports the Expedition for Afrikaner Self-determination (in Afrikaans Onafhanklike Afrikaner Selfbeskikkingsekspedisie, or OASE). He is an avid pro-Afrikaner but mentioned that he retains a moderate political stance in an OASE public relations video[1].
Controversies[link]
In January 2007 there were reports that one branch of the News Cafe restaurant chain would not play Hofmeyr's song Pampoen (Pumpkin). The managing director of the company that owns the franchise denies that this is company policy and points out that many Afrikaans acts, such as Karen Zoid and Arno Carstens have performed at News Cafe.[2]
On 12 May 2011, Steve Hofmeyr released the lyrics to his new song called "Ons sal dit oorleef", which means "We will survive this". The song is controversial, because Hofmeyr has threatened to include the word "kaffir" (the common Arabic word meaning "infidel" used by the British and the Boers in the 19th and early 20th century to refer to blacks in the context of his song, but today a very derogatory name for the black population of South Africa)[3] in the lyrics of the song should a judge rule in favour of Julius Malema.[4] When the presiding judge, Leon Halgryn ruled that "... the publication and chanting of the words 'dubula ibhunu', prima facie satisfies the crime of incitement to murder," Hofmeyr removed the offensive word in his song also,[5] citing that the word would offend his black friends and colleagues.[6] Malema is currently on trial for the singing the song "Shoot The Boer", a song argued to be inciting violence upon ethnic Boers, white South Africans, particularly farmers. Some people see the murder of Eugène Terre'Blanche as an example of violence provoked by this song.
Steve Hofmeyr has been publicly criticised by Frans Cronje, who is the deputy CEO of the South African Institute of Race Relations. Cronje has rejected Steve Hofmeyr's actions by saying that "if you think that we can fight racism with racism then you are as much of a fool as you are racist."[7]
Personal life[link]
Hofmeyr married actress Natasha Sutherland, whom he had met on the set of Egoli: Place of Gold in 1998, they had two sons, Sebastian, born 13 December 2001 and Benjamin, born later (Hofmeyr also has a few children by other women.[8][9]). The couple was divorced after reports of numerous affairs dominated Hofmeyr's time in the spotlight in 2008.[10]
In December 2008, Hofmeyr allegedly assaulted Ms Esmaré Weideman, editor of "Huisgenoot" (a popular Afrikaans magazine), by pouring a cup of cold tea over her at the Miss South Africa finals.[11] He was said to have blamed her and two other journalists for his divorce from Sutherland.
Publications[link]
In November 2007 Hofmeyr released a book titled Jêmbekseep, published by Griffel Books, containing quotes from newspaper articles, magazines etc. as well as discussions from Hofmeyr's personal blog page. His autobiography, Mense van my asem, was published by Zebra Press in October 2008. He has also published a book of verse called Valkuns.
List of works[link]
Stage Productions[link]
- Summer Holiday
- Joseph and the amazing technicolor dreamcoat
- Die Soen
- Sound of Music
- Dis Hoe Dit Was - Die Steve Hofmeyr Storie
- Lied van my Hart .
Movies[link]
- Kampus (lead actor)
- Agter Elke Man (lead actor)
- No Hero (lead actor)
- A Case of Murder as Jack Norkem
- Platteland (2011)
TV Soapies[link]
- Guillam Woudberg
- Agter Elke Man
- Egoli
- 7de Laan
TV[link]
- Dis-hoe-dit-is met Steve (Kyknet TV-show)
- Proesstraat as a karaoke machine repairman (Kyknet TV-show)
Poetry[link]
- Valkuns
Books[link]
- Jêmbekseep (November 2007)
- Mense van my asem - Zebra Press (October 2008) (autobiography)
- Vier briewe vir Jan Ellis - Zebra Press
Albums[link]
- Beautiful Noise
-
- Sweet Caroline
- I Am... I Said
- Shilo
- I'm A Believer
- Kentucky Woman
- Cracklin' Rosie
- Song Sung Blue
- Longfellow Serenade
- You Don't Bring Me Flowers - (Duet With Dana Winner)
- Beautiful Noise
- Forever In Blue Jeans
- Hello Again
- Love On The Rocks
- Holly Holy
- Red Red Wine
- Headed For The Future
- Desiree
- America
- The Story Of My Life
- Decade of Steve Hofmeyer
-
- Casablanca
- Daar Waar Jy Moet Wees
- Love's The Light
- Gatvol
- Cross My Heart
- As Jy My Wil Hê
- Emotionally Candid
- Hand Aan Hand
- Changes
- Did She
- Slot
- Desertbound
-
- Yours
- Know Me
- Ghetto Song
- Laaste Lag
- Hand Upon My Shoulder
- Desertbound
- Alles Vir Niks
- 7 Steelway
- Born To Be
- Mine
- Die Bok Kom Weer
-
- Die Bok Kom Weer
- Ek Bly 'n Bok
- O Liewe Bobbie
- Bliksem
- Skeeloog Schutte
- Bring It Home
- Bokke Bokke
- Loftus
- Tjollie
- Bokveld Toe
- Medlie
- Dolla
- Anthems
- Die Treffers - The Hits
-
- Want net ons weet
- Prove me wrong
- Ek weet jy weet
- Know me
- Agter elke man
- The last time you came along
- Kyk hoe lyk ons nou
- Lose when you lie
- Deur jou vingers
- She's a woman
- Ek ken jou soms
- No hero
- Die sprokie
- Rosie
- Altyd by jou
- Laaste lag
- Hand upon my shoulder
- Engele Om Ons
-
- Toe Jy Hier Was
- One Shot At This Heaven
- Assegaai
- Engele Om Ons
- Wordsworth's Dream
- Liewe Ma
- Sunday Morning Coming Down
- Wie Sal?
- How 'Bout I Let You Go?
- Jolliefontein Toe
- Bengal Lights
- Gee Jy Wat Jy Neem
- Papa
- Summer Of '69
- Grootste Treffers Vol.2
-
- You Got Me
- Liefling
- Die Bloubul
- Verstaan Mekaar
- Love's The Light
- Kiss Me
- Daar Waar Jy Moet Wees
- Die Kind
- Forgiveness
- Dis Hoe Dit Is
- You Don't Bring Me Flowers
- Ver Hiervandaan
- Heart
- Casablanca
- Close To You
- Gatvol
- By My (Tjollie)
- Die Bok (Kom Weer)
- O Liewe Bobby
- Laurika Rauch and Steve Hofmeyr
- Duets by Laurika Rauch and Steve Hofmeyer
- No Hero
-
- No Hero
- Nothing At All
- As Is
- She's A Woman
- Alles Is Myne
- Kim's Theme
- Dabbel Trabbel
- Gone Too Long
- Ek Weet Jy Weet
- Love Theme
- Only Me
-
- Only Me
- Agter Elke Man
- Never Say Goodbye
- Lose When You Lie
- Ek En Jy
- You & Me & The Night
- Ek Ken Jou Soms
- Hard To Find
- Wag (allegro In F)
- Love For Love (duet With Irene Van Wyk)
- Southern Cross
-
- Dis Hoe Dit Is
- Kiss Me
- Ver Hiervandaan
- Heart
- I'll Be The One (Duet With Irene Van Wyk)
- Dolla (Feat. Anton Goosen)
- Not One Thing
- Don't Be Cruel
- Maybe
- Koos Doep
- Reasons (Natasha's Song) (Duet With Manuel Escorcio)
- Southern Cross
- By My
- Wie?
- Steve
-
- You Know
- Ek Weet Jy Weet
- Rosie
- The Last Time You Came Along
- Staan Hier By My
- Never Say 'no'
- Die Sprokie
- Hoe Voel Jy Nou?
- All For Real
- My Deure Bly Oop
- Toeka
-
- Jou Hart Is Weer Myne
- I Need Someone
- I Wanna Live
- Master Jack (Four Jacks & A Jill)
- Pampoen
- You Asked Me To
- Liefling
- Hasie
- Sunday Girl
- Liefde Is 'n Stille Rivierstroom (Nick Taylor)
- Gypsy Girl
- Ou Kraalliedjie (Groep Twee)
- 4 x 4
- So You Win Again
- Appel Van My Oog
- Cry To Me
- Heart (Gene Rockwell)
- She's A Woman
- Amper
- Amazing Grace
- Toeka 2
-
- Reik Na Die Sterre
- I Won't Give Up
- Sproetjies
- Delta Dawn
- Glimlag
- Michael Rows The Boat Ashore
- Tips Of My Fingers
- Transkaroo (Cupido[disambiguation needed
]) - Gezoem Van Die Bye (Des and Dawn Lindberg)
- Sonder Jou
- Kinders Van Die Wind (Koos du Plessis)
- Million Drums
- Die Wilgerboom
- Liefde Is My Nooi Se Naam
- Too Late To Say Goodbye
- Dankie
- As Jy My Nou Kon Sien
- In Die RSA
- Maak Die Bulle Almal Bokke
- Tjoklitbeksoentjies
- Tribute
-
- Prove Me Wrong (Prove Me Right)
- Suspicious Minds
- Deur Jou Vingers
- Games People Play
- Why Me Lord
- Altyd By Jou
- Man On The Moon
- Cry To Me
- Sweet Caroline
- Don't Believe
- Man On The Moon
- Tribute - Vol.2
-
- Holly Holy
- Kyk Hoe Lyk Ons Nou
- I'd Love You To Want Me
- Want Net Ons Weet
- You've Lost That Loving Feeling
- Burning Bridges
- Photograph
- Edge Of Love
- Mammy Blue
- Yesterday's Hero
- Darlin'
- Put Your Hand In The Hand / Glory Glory Hallelujah (Medley)
- True To You
-
- Not Letting Go
- True To You
- Gimme Tonite
- Verstaan Mekaar
- Go / S Tonite
- Om My Te Probeer
- You Don't Bring Me Flowers
- Forgiveness
- Die Goed In My
- Die Wasgoed Song
- Vroeger Bracht Je Bloemen
- Die Kind
- Raindance
- Threshold
- Grootste Platinum Treffers
- CD 1
- Laaste Lag
- Know Me
- Agter Elke Man
- Hand Upon My Shoulder
- Lose When U Lie
- Ek Ken Jou Soms
- Ghetto Song
- Ek Weet Jy Weet
- Rosie
- Prove Me Wrong (Prove Me Right)
- Deur Jou Vingers*
- Kyk Hoe Lyk Ons Nou*
- No Hero
- Dis Hoe, Last Time U Came Along
- Die Sprokie
- Prove Dit Is
- Kiss Me
- Ver Hiervandaan
- By My (Tjollie)
- You Got Me
- CD 2
- Daar Waar Jy Moet Wees
- Loves The Light
- Gatvol
- Gimme Tonite
- Verstaan Mekaar
- Die Kind
- Forgiveness
- Assegaai
- Engele Om Ons
- Toe Jy Hier Was
- Amper
- As Jy My Nou Kon Sien
- Maak Die Bulle Almal Bokke
- In Die RSA
- Trein Na Margate (met Christo & Cobus)*
- Die Bloubul
- Pampoen
- My Diefie My Duifie*
- Doepading*
- Skote Petoors*
- Kaapse Draai (met [Nádine]*
- Bly (Met Karin Hougaardt)*
DVDs[link]
- Toeka - Nag Van Die Legendes
-
- Jou Hart Is Weer Myne - Steve Hofmeyr
- Gypsy Girl - Steve Hofmeyr
- Love & Roses - Sunette Bridges and Bles Bridges
- I Wanna Live - Steve Hofmeyr and Tommy Oliver
- Honderd Jaar - Tommy Oliver
- You Asked Me To - Steve Hofmeyr and Bobby Angel
- Medley: I Walk The Line / On The Road Again / Rose Garden / Gentle On My Mind - Bobby Angel
- Ou Kraalliedjie - Steve Hofmeyr, Carike Keuzenkamp and Gert Van Tonder
- Medley: Timothy / Kaalvoet In Die Reen / Heidi / Dit Reen In Tsitsikamma / Hoeka Toeka - Carike Keuzenkamp
- Medley: Ek Is Lief Vir Die Wereld / Die Padda Wou Gaan Opsit / Dink Jy Darem Nog Aan My / Daar's Niks Soos Ware Liefde
- Liefling - Steve Hofmeyr
- Hasie - Steve Hofmeyr and Al Debbo
- Sonbrilletjies - Al Debbo
- Maak Die Bulle Almal Bokke - Steve Hofmeyr
- Medley: Single Boy / Tell Laura I Love Her / Ave Maria / Patches - Jody Wayne
- Million Drums - Dennis East
- Pampoen - Steve
References[link]
- ^ "OASEvid". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjTmH5OXGvA&feature=related.
- ^ Eagan Williamson (2007-01-04). "News Cafe begin ’n ander (Afrikaanse) deuntjie sing" (in Afrikaans). Beeld. http://www.news24.com/Beeld/Suid-Afrika/0,,3-975_2051223,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
- ^ "Definition". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kaffir.
- ^ "Steve Hofmeyr spits venom". may 12, 2011. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2011/05/13/steve-hofmeyr-spits-venom. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ Sapa. "SA High Court rules 'dubula ibhunu' is incitement to murder". Polity.co.za. http://www.polity.org.za/article/dubula-ibhunu-is-incitement-to-murder-2011-05-16. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Sapa. "K-word will offend my black friends, says Hofmeyr". http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-17-kword-will-offend-my-black-friends-says-hofmeyr. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ^ Frans Cronje (May 12, 2011). "Steve Hofmeyr- You're a disgrace to South Africa". http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=236445&sn=Detail&pid=71616. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ Steve Hofmeyr
- ^ Carte Blanche
- ^ Philip de Bruin, News 24, "Steve 'needs psychiatric help', December 17, 2008
- ^ Philip de Bruin, News 24 (South Africa),"Steve gets shir-tea with editor", December 17, 2008
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hofmeyr, Steve |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1964-08-29 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Steve_Hofmeyr
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Steve Hofmeyr
http://pl.wn.com/Steve Hofmeyr
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hofmeyr
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
