The term Khedive () is a title largely equivalent to the English word viceroy. It was first used, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha (), the Wāli (Governor) of Egypt and Sudan, and vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867, and used subsequently by Ismail Pasha, and his dynastic successors until 1914.

Etymology

This title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French ''khédive''; based on the Turkish ''hıdiv'' which itself derived from the Persian ''khidiv'' (prince), a derivative of ''khoda'' "master, prince" from Old Persian ''khvadata-'' "lord," from the compound ''khvat-data-,'' literally "created from oneself," from ''khvat-'' (from the Proto-Indo-European root ''swe-tos'' "from oneself," ablative of base ''s(w)e-''; see idiom) + ''data-'' "created."

Egypt in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Wāliyah/unrecognized Khedivate (1805–1867)

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia (the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized control of the country, and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Porte officially recognized Muhammad Ali as Pasha and Wāli (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive (Viceroy), as did his successors, Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I, and Sa'id I.

Khedivate (1867–1914)

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty’s use of the title Khedive was not sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire until 1867 when Sultan Abdülaziz officially recognized it as the title of Ismail Pasha. Moreover, the Porte accepted Ismail's alteration of the royal line of succession to go from father to son, rather than brother to brother, as was the tradition in the Ottoman Empire, and Arab dynasties. In May 1879, the British Empire, and France began pressuring the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Ismail Pasha, and this was done on June 26, 1879. The more pliable Tewfik Pasha, Ismail's son, was made his successor as the new Khedive. Ismail Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Naples, but was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his Palace of Emirgan on the Bosporus in Constantinople. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. He was later buried in Cairo.

After the nationalist Urabi Revolt of 1882, Britain invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik Pasha, and would continue to occupy and dominate the country for decades. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik Pasha and his son Abbas Hilmi Pasha continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title ''Khedive'', whilst still under nominal (de jure) Ottoman sovereignty until 1914.

Sultanate (1914–1922)

With the outbreak of the First World War, Abbas Hilmi Pasha sided with the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on the side of the Central Powers, and was subsequently deposed by the British, who declared Egypt a protectorate while he was on a visit to Vienna. His uncle Hussein Kamel was declared Sultan of Egypt by the British, who severed the nominal ties of Egypt and Sudan to the Ottoman Empire, and brought an end to the use of the title of Khedive. Hussein Kamel and later Fuad I issued a series of restrictive orders to strip Abbas Hilmi Pasha, their nephew, of property in Egypt and Sudan, and forbade contributions to him. These also barred Abbas Hilmi Pasha from entering Egyptian territory and stripped him of the right to sue in Egyptian courts. Abbas Hilmi Pasha finally accepted the new order of things and formally abdicated on May 12, 1931. He retired to Switzerland, where he died in Geneva on December 19, 1944.

With "Article 17" of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, Turkey formally ceded all remaining claims and rights in Egypt and Sudan.

See also

Khedivate of Egypt

Khedive Palace

Muhammad Ali Dynasty

List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty

Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors

External links

EtyomologyOnLine

RoyalArk- Egypt

References

{{s-ttl|title=Style of the Egyptian sovereign |years=1867–1914}}

Category:Muhammad Ali Dynasty Category:Egyptian nobility Category:Egyptian royal titles Category:Gubernatorial titles Category:Government of the Ottoman Empire Category:Positions of subnational authority Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership

ar:خديوي be:Хедзіў bg:Хедив ca:Khediv cs:Chediv de:Khedive es:Jedive eu:Kedive fr:Khédive hr:Kediv it:Chedivè he:ח'דיו arz:خديوى nl:Khedive no:Khediv nn:Khediv pl:Kedyw (wicekról Egiptu) pt:Quediva ru:Хедив sr:Кедив sh:Kediv fi:Kediivi sv:Khediv tr:Hidiv uk:Хедив ur:خدیو zh:赫迪夫

Colonel Ahmed Orabi or Ahmed Urabi (, ; April 1, 1841 - September 21, 1911; also known as Orabi Pasha, Urabi Pasha and Ahmed Pasha Urabi el-Masri; his name was also transliterated Ahmad Arabi in older sources) was an Egyptian army officer and later an army general who revolted against the khedive and European domination of Egypt in 1879 in what has become known as the Urabi Revolt. He was the first Egyptian national political and military leader to rise from the Fellahin.

Early life

He was born in 1841 in the village of Hreyya Razna near Zagazig in the Sharqia Governorate, approximately 80 kilometres to the north of Cairo. Orabi was the son of a village leader and one of the wealthier members of the community, which allowed him to get a decent education. After completing elementary education in his home village, he enrolled at Al-Azhar University, to complete his schooling in 1849. He entered the army and moved up quickly through the ranks of the army, reaching Lieutenant Colonel by age 20. The modern education and military service of Orabi, an Egyptian Fellah, would not be possible without the modernizing reforms of Ismail Pasha, which abolished the exclusive access to the Khedivate's military ranks held by a minority caste of Turkish, Balkan and Circassian extractions, and conscripted soldiers and recruited students throughout Egypt regardless of class and ethnic backgrounds in order to form a "modern" and "national" Egyptian military and bureaucratic elite class.

Protest against Khedive

He was a galvanizing speaker. Because of his native peasant origins he was at the time, and is still often today, viewed as an authentic voice of the Egyptian people. Indeed, he was known by his followers as 'El Wahid' (the Only One) and when the British poet and explorer Wilfrid Scawen Blunt went to meet him, he found the entrance of Urabi's house was blocked with supplicants. When Khedive Tawfiq issued a new law preventing peasants from becoming officers, Urabi led the group protesting the preference shown to Turkish officers. He and his followers, who included most of the army, were successful and the law was repealed. In 1879 they formed the Egyptian Nationalist party.

He and his allies in the army joined with the reformers, and with the support of the peasants launched a broader effort to try to wrest Egypt from foreign control, and also to end the absolutist regime of the Khedive, who was himself subject to Anglo-French control under the rules of the Caisse de la Dette Publique. The revolt spread to express resentment of the undue influence of foreigners, including the Turko-Circassian aristocracy.

Parliament planning

He was first promoted to Bey, then made under-secretary of war, and ultimately a member of the cabinet. Plans were begun to create a parliamentary assembly. During the last months of the revolt (July to September 1882), it was claimed that Urabi held the office of prime minister.

Feeling threatened, Khedive Tawfiq called on the sultan to quell the revolt, but the Sublime Porte hesitated.

British intervention

The British were especially concerned that Urabi would default on Egypt's massive debt and that he might try to gain control of the Suez Canal. They and the French therefore dispatched warships to Egypt to intimidate the nationalists, though the French later withdrew their contingent of the operation. This naval presence spurred fears of an imminent invasion (as had been the case in Tunisia in 1881) and caused anti-European riots to break out in Alexandria on the 12^th of June 1882. One month later, the warships opened fire on the city's gun emplacements after the Egyptians ignored the ultimatum issued by Admiral Seymour which demanded an immediate end to the installation of those emplacements. In September of that year a British army landed in Alexandria but failed to reach Cairo after being defeated at the battle of Kafr-el-Dawwar. Another army, led by Sir Garnet Wolseley, landed in the Canal Zone and on September 13, 1882 they defeated Urabi's army at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir. From there, the cavalry advanced on Cairo which surrendered without a shot, as did Urabi Pasha and the other nationalist leaders.

Exile and return

Orabi was tried by the restored Khedivate for rebellion on December 3, 1882. In accordance with an understanding made with the British representative, Lord Dufferin, Orabi pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death, but the sentence was immediately commuted to one of banishment for life. He left Egypt on December 28, 1882 for Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He lived at Arabi House in Halloluwa Road, Kandy. It is now the Orabi Pasha Museum and Cultural Centre. During his time in Ceylon, Orabi served to uplift the quality of education amongst the Muslims in the country. Zahira College, Sri Lanka's first school for Muslims, was established under his patronage. In May 1901, the Khedive Abbas II permitted Orabi to return to Egypt. He returned on October 1, 1901, and stayed until his death on September 21, 1911.

While British intervention was meant to be short term, British forces continued to occupy the country, instituting the ousting of Khedive Abbas II in 1914, after which Egypt became a sultanate, and a British protectorate. Britain finally recognised Egyptian independence in 1922, following the 1919 revolution. Orabi's revolt also had a long lasting significance as the first instance of Egyptian anti-imperialist nationalism, which would later play a very important role in Egyptian history. Especially under Gamal Abdel Nasser, Orabi would be regarded as an Egyptian patriot, and a national hero and is considered an anti-imperialist hero in Sri Lanka.

Legacy

One of the Cairo metro under ground stations in the downtown area of Cairo was named after Orabi.

A large square was named after him in Alexandria.

Zagazig University has his picture in its logo.

The coastal road of the Gaza Strip is named Ahmed Orabi Street in Orabi's honour.

Orabi Pasha Street in Central Colombo is named for him.

An Orabi Pasha Museum and a cultural centre are housed at Orabi Pasha's former house in Kandy.

A main Street in Al Mohandessin district is named after his name.

Quotes

''"How can you enslave people when their mothers bore them free"''

"God created us free , And didn't create us Heritage or real estate , I swear that there is no god but He , No bequeathing , No enslaved anymore"

Notes

The earliest published work of Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory - later to embrace Irish Nationalism and have an important role in the cultural life of Ireland - was ''Arabi and His Household'' (1882), a pamphlet (originally a letter to ''The Times'' newspaper) in support of Ahmed Urabi ("Arabi" being an archaic mistransliteration not uncommon in English at the time).

References

External links

Category:Al-Azhar University alumni Category:Prime Ministers of Egypt Category:Government ministers of Egypt Category:Egyptian soldiers Category:Egyptian revolutionaries Category:1841 births Category:Zagazig Category:1911 deaths Category:People of the Urabi Revolt Category:Egyptian exiles Category:People from Sharqia Governorate Category:Egyptian prisoners sentenced to death

ar:أحمد عرابي bg:Араби-паша ca:Ahmed al-Arabí de:Ahmad Urabi Pascha el:Άχμεντ Ουράμπι fr:Ahmed Urabi ko:아라비 파샤 id:Arabi Pasha it:Ahmad Urabi arz:احمد عرابى ms:Arabi Pasha nl:Ahmed Urabi pt:Ahmed Urabi ru:Араби-паша tr:Arabi Paşa zh:艾哈邁德·阿拉比

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Ismail Pasha
Title	Khedive of Egypt and Sudan 150px
Reign	January 19, 1863 - June 26, 1879
Predecessor	Said I
Successor	Tewfik Pasha
Dynasty	Muhammad Ali Dynasty
Father	Ibrahim Pasha
Mother	Hoshiar
Birth date	December 31, 1830
Birth place	Cairo
Death date
Death place	Istanbul
Place of burial	Cairo

Isma'il Pasha (Turkish: ''İsmail Paşa'', ), known as Ismail the Magnificent (December 31, 1830 – March 2, 1895), was a Wāli and subsequently Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. While in power he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan, but also put the country heavily in debt. His philosophy can be glimpsed in a statement he made in 1879: "My country (Egypt) is no longer in Africa; we are now part of Europe. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions."

Family

Ismail, of Albanian descent, was born in Cairo at Al Musafir Khana Palace being the second of the three sons of Ibrahim Pasha and grandson of Muhammad Ali. His mother was Hoshiar (Khushiyar), third wife of his father. She was reportedly a sister of Pertevniyal Valide Sultan (1812–1883). Pertevniyal was a wife of Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire and mother of Abdülaziz I.

Youth and education

After receiving a European education in Paris, where he attended the École d'état-major, he returned home, and on the death of his elder brother became heir to his uncle, Said I, the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan. Said, who apparently conceived his own safety to lie in ridding himself as much as possible of the presence of his nephew, employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, notably to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III and the Sultan of Ottoman Empire. In 1861 he was dispatched at the head of an army of 18,000 to quell an insurrection in Sudan, and this he successfully accomplished.

Khedive of Egypt

After the death of Said, Ismail was proclaimed ''wāli'' on January 19, 1863. Like all Egyptian rulers since his grandfather Muhammad Ali, he claimed the higher title of Khedive, which the Ottoman Porte had consistently refused to sanction. However, in 1867, Isma'il succeeded in persuading the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz to grant a ''firman'' finally recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for an increase in the tribute. Another firman changed the law of succession to direct descent from father to son rather than brother to brother, and a further decree in 1873 confirmed the virtual independence of the Khedivate of Egypt from the Porte.

Reforms

Ismail launched vast schemes of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, remodeling the customs system and the post office, stimulating commercial progress, creating a sugar industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly and maintaining an opera and a theatre. He greatly expanded Cairo, building an entire new city on its western edge modeled on Paris. Alexandria was also improved. He launched a vast railroad building project that saw Egypt and Sudan rise from having virtually none to the most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world.

One of his most significant achievements was to establish an assembly of delegates in November 1866. Though this was supposed to be a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence over the countryside and the central government. This was shown in 1876, when the assembly persuaded Ismail to reinstate the law (enacted by him in 1871 to raise money and later repealed) that allowed landownership and tax privileges to persons paying six years' land tax in advance.

Ismail tried to reduce slave trading and extended Egypt's rule in Africa. In 1874 he annexed Darfur, but was prevented from expanding into Ethiopia after his army was repeatedly defeated by Emperor Yohannes IV, first at Gundat 16 November 1875, and again at Gura in March of the following year.

War with Ethiopia

Ismail dreamt of expanding his realm over the whole Nile including its diverse sources and over the whole African coast of the Red Sea. This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansive policies directed against Ethiopia under the Emperor Yohannes IV. In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the Ottoman Province of Habesh (with Massawa and Suakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province) to Ismail. This province, neighbor of Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only, but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian ruler. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the province (eyaleti) of Habesh in the 16th century. New economically promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the Barka delta, were started. In 1872 Bogos (with the city of Keren) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast", Werner Munzinger Pasha. In October 1875 Ismail's army occupied the adjacent highlands of Hamasien, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor. In November this army was virtually annihilated during the battle of Dogali near the Mareb River. In March 1876 Ismail's army again suffered a dramatic defeat after an attack by Yohannes's army at Gura'. Ismail's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian Hewett Treaty, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the Italians shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the Colonia Eritrea (proclaimed in 1890).

Suez Canal

Ismail's khedivate is closely connected to the building of the Suez Canal. He agreed to, and oversaw, the Egyptian portion of its construction. On his accession, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Said, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £ 3,800,000 to the company as compensation for the losses they would incur by the changes which Ismail insisted upon in the original grant. Ismail then used every available means, by his own undoubted powers of fascination and by judicious expenditure, to bring his personality before the foreign sovereigns and public, and he had much success. In 1867 he visited Paris and London, where he was received by Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Lord Mayor. Whilst in England he also saw a Royal Navy Fleet Review with the Ottoman Sultan. In 1869 he again paid a visit to England. When the canal finally opened, Ismail held a festival of unprecedented scope, inviting dignitaries from around the world.

Debts

These developments - especially the costly war with Ethiopia - left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they used this position to wring concessions out of Ismail. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians was the new system of mixed courts, by which Europeans were tried by judges from their own nation. But at length the inevitable financial crisis came. A national debt of over one hundred million pounds sterling (as opposed to three millions when he became viceroy) had been incurred by the khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest. The bond-holders became restive. Judgments were given against the Khedive in the international tribunals. When he could raise no more loans, he sold his Suez Canal shares (in 1875) to the British Government for only £ 3,976,582; this was immediately followed by the beginning of foreign intervention.

In December 1875, Stephen Cave was sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt, and in April 1876 his report was published, advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit. The result was the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette. In October, George Goschen and Joubert made a further investigation, which resulted in the establishment of Anglo-French control over finances and the government. A further commission of inquiry by Major Baring (afterwards 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Ismail making over his estates to the nation and accepting the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as premier, Charles Rivers Wilson as finance minister, and de Blignières as minister of public works.

Urabi Revolt and exile

This control of the country was unacceptable to many Egyptians, who united behind a disaffected Colonel Ahmed Urabi. The Urabi Revolt consumed Egypt. Hoping the revolt could relieve him of European control, Ismail did little to oppose Urabi and gave into his demands to dissolve the government. The British Empire and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the reinstatement of the British and French ministers. With the country largely in the hands of Urabi, Ismail could not agree, and had little interest in doing so. As a result, the British and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Ismail Pasha, and this was done on June 26, 1879. The more pliable Tewfik Pasha, Ismail's son, was made his successor. Ismail Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Naples, but was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his Palace of Emirgan on the Bosporus in Constantinople. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. According to TIME magazine, he died while trying to guzzle two bottles of champagne in one draft. He was later buried in Cairo.

Honors

Order of Glory of Ottoman Empire

Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold of Belgium-1862

Order of Nobility, special class of Ottoman Empire-1863

Order of the Osmans, special class of Ottoman Empire-1863

Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword of Union between Sweden and Norway-1866

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)-1866

Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion-1866

Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur of France-1867

Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)-1868

Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation of Italy-1868

Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia-1868

Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle of Prussia-1868

Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of Italy-1869

Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy-1869

Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece-1869

Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold of Austria-1869

Honorary member: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities-1874

Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, 1st Class-1875

References

Official Presidential web site of Egypt

{{s-ttl|title=Wāli of Egypt and Sudan |years=1863–1867}}

Category:Muhammad Ali Dynasty Category:1830 births Category:1895 deaths Category:People from Cairo Category:Ottoman governors of Egypt Category:Khedives of Egypt Category:Order of Leopold recipients Category:Suez Canal Category:Knights of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India Category:Burials in Egypt

ar:الخديوي إسماعيل ca:Ismaïl Paixà de:Ismail Pascha es:Ismail Pachá fr:Ismaïl Pacha ko:이스마일 파샤 id:Ismail Pasha it:Isma'il Pascià he:איסמעיל המצרי hu:Iszmail pasa arz:الخديوى اسماعيل ms:Ismail Pasha ja:イスマーイール・パシャ pnb:اساعیل پاشا pl:Ismail Pasza pt:Ismail Paxá ru:Исмаил-Паша sv:Ismail Pascha tr:İsmail Paşa uk:Ізмаїл Паша ur:اسماعیل پاشا vi:Isma'il Pasha zh:伊斯梅爾帕夏

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.

History

The term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to the late 19th Century. In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel ''Naked Lunch'', and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in ''U.S. News and World Report'', had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine ''Easyriders'' which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema.

Use as praise

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also

Absentee landlord

Big Brother (''Nineteen Eighty-Four'')

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

Ruling class

The Establishment

Power elite

Corrections officer

YTMND

Notes

References

Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). ''Random House Dictionary of American Slang''. New York: Random House.

Category:Slang expressions Category:Stock characters Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Military-industrial complex