Roadtown, Tortola

The British West Indies was a term used to describe the islands in and around the Caribbean that were part of the British Empire^[1] The term was sometimes used to include British Honduras and British Guiana, even though these territories are not geographically part of the Caribbean.^[2][3] As of 1912, the British West Indies were divided into eight colonies: The Bahamas, Barbados, British Guiana, British Honduras, Jamaica (with its dependencies the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Cayman Islands), Trinidad and Tobago, the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands.^[4] Between 1958 and 1962 all of the island territories except the British Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, British Honduras and British Guiana were organised into the West Indies Federation. It was hoped that the Federation would become independent as a single nation, but it had limited powers, many practical problems and a lack of popular support. Consequently, the West Indies Federation was dissolved. Most of the territories, including all the larger ones, are now independent as separate countries with membership to many international forums such as the Organization of American States, the Association of Caribbean States, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, the Caribbean Community, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Caribbean Development Bank among others. The remainder are British overseas territories. All the former nations of the British West Indies, except the Commonwealth of Dominica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago, are Commonwealth Realms.^[5]

The remaining British West Indies

The term is still used in British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, such as the Cayman Islands.^[6]

Territories[link]

The territories that were (or still are) part of the British West Indies are (date of independence, where applicable, in parentheses):

• Anguilla (British overseas territory)
• Antigua and Barbuda (1981)
• The Bahamas (1973)
• Barbados (1966)
• Belize (formerly British Honduras) (1981)
• Bermuda (British overseas territory)
• British Virgin Islands (British overseas territory)
• Cayman Islands (British overseas territory)
• Dominica (1978)
• Grenada (1974)
• Guyana (formerly British Guiana) (1966)
• Jamaica (1962)
• Montserrat (British overseas territory)
• Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983)
• Saint Lucia (1979)
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979)
• Trinidad and Tobago (1962)
• Turks and Caicos Islands (British overseas territory)

History[link]

Leeward Islands[link]

Sir William Stapleton established the first federation in the British West Indies in 1674. Stapleton set up a General Assembly of the Leeward Islands in St. Kitts. Stapleton's federation was active between 1674 and 1685 when Stapleton was Governor and the General Assembly met regularly until 1711.

By the 18th Century each island had kept its own Assembly and made its own laws, but continued to share one Governor and one Attorney-General. Although unpopular, Stapleton's Federation was never really dissolved but simply replaced by other arrangements.

Between 1816 and 1833 the Leewards were divided into two groups, each with its own Governor: St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla and Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat. In 1833 all the Leeward Islands were brought together and Dominica was added to the grouping until 1940.

In 1869, Governor Benjamin Pine was assigned the task of organizing a federation of Antigua-Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands. St. Kitts and Nevis however opposed sharing their government funds with Antigua and Montserrat, which were bankrupt. Governor Pine told the Colonial Office that the scheme had failed due to "local prejudice and self-interest". Thus the only achievement was giving the Leewards a single Governor. All laws and ordinances, however, had to be approved by the each island council.

In 1871 the British government passed the Leeward Islands Act through which all the islands were under one Governor and one set of laws. Each island was called "Presidency" under its own Administrator or Commissioner. Like earlier groupings this federation was unpopular but was not dissolved until 1956 to make way for the Federation of the West Indies. The Federal Colony was composed of all islands organized under Governor Pine's previous attempt.

Windward Islands[link]

In 1833 the Windward Islands became a formal union called the Windward Islands Colony. In 1838, Trinidad (acquired in 1802) and St. Lucia (acquired in 1814) were brought into the Windward Islands Colony, but were not given their own assemblies (having previously been Crown Colonies). In 1840 Trinidad left the Colony. The Windward Islands Colony was unpopular as Barbados wished to retain its separate identity and ancient institutions, while the other colonies did not enjoy the association with Barbados (but needed such an association for defence against French invasions until 1815). Thus the individual islands resisted British attempts at closer union. Barbados in particular fought to retain its own Assembly.

From 1885 to 1958 the Windward Islands Colony consisted of Grenada and the Grenadines, St. Vincent and St. Lucia for the entire period. Tobago left in 1889 when she formed a union with Trinidad. Dominica joined the Windward Islands Colony in 1940 after having been transferred from the Leewards and remained in the Colony until 1958. After 1885 the Windward Islands Colony was under one Governor-General in Grenada and each island had its own Lieutenant-Governor and its own assembly (as before). Attempts at a Federal Colony like in the Leewards were always resisted. The Windward Islands Colony broke up in 1958 when each island chose to join the new Federation of the West Indies as a separate unit.

Jamaica and dependencies[link]

The Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands were grouped under Jamaica out of convenience and sometimes for historical and/or geographical reasons. British Honduras was surrounded by hostile Spanish colonies and needed the protection afforded by the Jamaican Army and Navy. In addition, British Honduras had been founded by loggers and had expanded in population partly by the settlement of Englishmen arriving from Jamaica in the late 17th and early 18th centuries (with settlers also arriving from England directly or being born in the colony). So from 1742 British Honduras was a dependency directly under the Governor of Jamaica. Then in 1749 the Governors of Jamaica appointed Administrators for British Honduras. In 1862 British Honduras became a Crown Colony and was placed under the Governor of Jamaica with its own Lieutenant-Governor. In 1884 it finally broke all administrative ties with Jamaica as did Cayman Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

West Indies Federation[link]

The West Indies Federation was a short-lived federation that existed from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962. It consisted of several Caribbean colonies of the United Kingdom. The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state—possibly similar to the Australian Federation, or Canadian Confederation; however, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts before that could happen.

Sport[link]

Cricket[link]

Cricket is traditionally the main sport in the British West Indies (though others sports such as football and basketball have challenged its dominance from around the 1990s onwards). Most of the countries and territories listed above field a combined cricket team called the West Indies cricket team or "Windies", which is one of the ten elite international teams that play at the Test match cricket-level. The British West Indies hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup of ODI Cricket and the 2010 Twenty20 world cup .

Miscellaneous[link]

Fraudulent documents[link]

There have been a number of fraudulent documents and other deceptions (including motor vehicle license plates) sold by various parties claiming to be issued by the British West Indies, playing on the confusion with the British Virgin Islands.^[7][8][9] The British West Indies is not a country, nor is there any official "British West Indies" governmental authority using that name, and any documents supposedly issued by that "government" are invalid.^[10]

Native nationals of the British West Indies are considered as either British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTC) or British Overseas citizens (BOC) and would obtain a British passport stating the name of the British territory they are from.

Related British laws[link]

Acts by the British Government which have governed nationality laws in the territories includes:^[11][12]

• History of British nationality law
  • The Aliens Act 1905
  • The Aliens Restriction Act 1914
  • The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914
  • The Aliens Order, 1920
  • The British Nationality Act 1948 -- Established nationality called Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs)
  • The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
  • The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968
  • The Immigration Act 1971
  • The British Nationality Act 1981 -- Established nationality called British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs)
  • The British Overseas Territories Act 2002 -- Established nationality called British Overseas Territories citizen (BOTC)

See also[link]

• British colonization of the Americas
• British North America
• British overseas territories
• BWIA West Indies Airways
• Crown dependencies
• Foreign and Commonwealth Office
• French West Indies
• Indo-Caribbean
• Right of abode
• University of the West Indies
• British West Indies Regiment

References[link]

The West Indies includes the islands bordering the Caribbean Sea, plus the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. Historically, the term "West India" was sometimes used to mean all these islands as well.

It is often divided up by association with European countries:

• British West Indies
• Dutch West Indies
• French West Indies
• Spanish West Indies
• Danish West Indies

It may further refer to

• Dutch West India Company, a chartered company of Dutch merchants, founded in 1621
• West Indies cricket team
• West Indies Federation, a short-lived federation of former British colonies in the Caribbean
• West India

See also[link]

• Indies
• The West Indian, a 1771 play by Richard Cumberland

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Caribbean

Area	2,754,000 km2 (1,063,000 sq mi)
Land area	239,681 km2 (92,541 sq mi)
Population (2009)	39,169,962[1]
Density	151.5 /km2 (392 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, Chinese Caribbean,[2] Amerindians (Arawak, Caribs, Taínos), European
Demonym	West Indian, Caribbean person, Caribbean
Languages	Spanish, English, French, Dutch and many others
Government	13 sovereign states 17 dependent territories
Largest cities	Santo Domingo Havana Santiago de los Caballeros Port-au-Prince Kingston Santiago de Cuba San Juan Holguín
Internet TLD	Multiple
Calling code	Multiple
Time zone	UTC-5 to UTC-4

The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/^[3]) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.

Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.^[4]

The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.^{[citation needed]}

Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America^{[5][6][7][8][9]} and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From January 3, 1958, to May 31, 1962, there was a short-lived country called the Federation of the West Indies composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then UK dependencies. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations.

Etymology[link]

The region takes its name from that of the Carib, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of European contact.^[10]

Definition[link]

Map of the Caribbean

The word "Caribbean" has multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation and the plantation system.

• The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within The Americas.
• Physiographically, the Caribbean region consists mainly of the Caribbean Sea to north, bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida, the Northern Atlantic Ocean which lies to the east and northeast, and a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea; the coastline of the continent of South America lies to the south.
• Politically, "Caribbean" may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example the block known as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) contains both the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname found in South America, along with Belize in Central America as full members. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands which are found in the Atlantic Ocean are associate members of the Caribbean Community, and the same goes for the Commonwealth of the Bahamas which is a full member of the Caribbean Community.
• Alternately the organisation known as the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) consists of almost every nation in the surrounding regions which lie on the Caribbean plus El Salvador which lies solely on the Pacific Ocean. According to the ACS the total population of its member states is some 227 million people.^[11]

Geography and climate[link]

  The Caribbean plate

The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include Aruba (possessing only minor volcanic features), Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, The Bahamas or Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad & Tobago.

The climate of the area is tropical but rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents (cool upwellings keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist tradewinds blow consistently from the east creating rainforest/semidesert divisions on mountainous islands. Occasional northwesterlies affect the northern islands in the winter. The region enjoys year-round sunshine, divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the last six months of the year being wetter than the first half.

The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, and coral reef formations. The Puerto Rico trench, located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean.^[12]

Hurricanes, which at times batter the region, usually strike northwards of Grenada, and to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean.

The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the Panama Canal connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.

Puerto Rico's south shore, from the mountains of Jayuya

Puerto Cruz beach in Margarita Island, Venezuela

Grand Anse beach, St. George's, Grenada

A church cemetery perched in the mountains of Guadeloupe.

Island groups[link]

Lucayan Archipelago^[13]

•  Bahamas
•  Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)

Greater Antilles

•  Cuba
• Hispaniola
  •  Haiti
  •  Dominican Republic

•  Jamaica
•  Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)
•  Puerto Rico (U.S. Commonwealth)

Lesser Antilles

• Leeward Islands
  •  U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)
    • Saint Croix
    • Saint Thomas
    • Saint John
    • Water Island
  •  British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
    • Tortola
    • Virgin Gorda
    • Anegada
    • Jost Van Dyke
  •  Anguilla (United Kingdom)
  •  Antigua and Barbuda
    • Antigua
    • Barbuda
    • Redonda
  • Saint Martin
    •  Saint Martin (French Antilles, France)
    •  Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
  • Saba (BES islands, Netherlands)
  • Sint Eustatius (BES islands, Netherlands)
  •  Saint Barthélemy (French Antilles, France)
  •  Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • Saint Kitts
    • Nevis
  •  Montserrat (United Kingdom)
  •  Guadeloupe (French Antilles, France) including
    • les Saintes
    • Marie-Galante
    • la Désirade

• Windward Islands
  •  Dominica
  •  Martinique (French Antilles, France)
  •  Saint Lucia
  •  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • Saint Vincent
    • The Grenadines
  •  Grenada
    • Grenada
    • Carriacou and Petite Martinique
•  Barbados
•  Trinidad and Tobago
  • Tobago
  • Trinidad
• Leeward Antilles
  •  Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
  •  Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
  • Bonaire (BES islands, Netherlands)

Historical groupings[link]

Political evolution of Central America and the Caribbean from 1700 to present

The mostly Spanish-controlled Caribbean in the 16th century

All islands at some point were, and a few still are, colonies of European nations; a few are overseas or dependent territories:

• British West Indies/Anglophone Caribbean – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bay Islands, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Croix (briefly), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago (from 1797) and the Turks and Caicos Islands
• Danish West Indies – present-day United States Virgin Islands
• Dutch West Indies – Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Bay Islands (briefly), Saint Croix (briefly), Suriname, Tobago and Virgin Islands
• French West Indies – Anguilla (briefly), Antigua and Barbuda (briefly), Dominica, Dominican Republic (briefly), Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat (briefly), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), Sint Maarten, St. Kitts (briefly), Tobago (briefly), Saint Croix, the current French overseas départements of Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante, La Désirade and Les Saintes), and the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin
• Portuguese West Indies – present-day Barbados, known as Os Barbados in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil. The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned in 1533, nearly a century prior to the British arrival to the island.
• Spanish West Indies – Cuba, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic, Haiti (until 1609 to France)), Puerto Rico, Jamaica (until 1655 to Great Britain), the Cayman Islands (until 1670 to Great Britain) Trinidad (until 1797 to Great Britain) and Bay Islands (until 1643 to Great Britain), coastal islands of Central America (minus Belize), and some Caribbean coastal islands of Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela.
• Swedish West Indies – present-day French Saint-Barthélemy and Guadeloupe (briefly).
• Courlander West Indies – Tobago (until 1691)

The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint cricket team that competes in Test matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. The West Indian cricket team includes the South American nation of Guyana, the only former British colony on that continent.

In addition, these countries share the University of the West Indies as a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.

Modern day island territories[link]

Islands in and near the Caribbean

Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands[link]

Biodiversity[link]

This section requires expansion.

The Caribbean islands are remarkable for the diversity of their animals, fungi and plants, and have been classified as one of Conservation International's biodiversity hotspots because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ranging from montane cloud forests to cactus scrublands. The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefs^[14] along with extensive seagrass meadows,^[15] both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering island and continental coasts off the region.

For the fungi, there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts and field observations.^[16] That checklist includes more than 11250 species of fungi recorded from the region. As its authors note, the work is far from exhaustive, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.^[17] Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island;^[18] for Puerto Rico, the number is 789 species;^[19] for the Dominican Republic, the number is 699 species;^[20] for Trinidad and Tobago, the number is 407 species.^[21]

Many of the ecosystems of the Caribbean islands have been devastated by deforestation, pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of giant owls and dwarf ground sloths.^[22] The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (ranging from birds, to mammals and reptiles), fungi and plants. Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican Amazon, two species of solenodon (giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and the Cuban crocodile.

Saona Island, Dominican Republic

The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500–700 species of reef-associated fishes^[23] have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification.^[24]

Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture. Tobacco was an important early crop during the colonial era, but was eventually overtaken by sugarcane production as the region's staple crop. Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe. Cuba and Barbados were historically the largest producers of sugar. The tropical plantation system thus came to dominate Caribbean settlement. Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited for agriculture, for example Dominica, which remains heavily forested. The islands in the southern Lesser Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, are extremely arid, making them unsuitable for agriculture. However, they have salt pans that were exploited by the Dutch. Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds, producing coarse salt when the water evaporated.^[25]

The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth in eco-tourism. This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations.^[26]

Plants and animals of the Caribbean[link]

• 

  Epiphytes (bromeliads, climbing palms) in the rainforest of Dominica.

• 

  A Green and Black Poison frog, Dendrobates auratus

• 

  Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Guadeloupe.

• 

  Costus speciosus, a marsh plant, Guadeloupe.

• 

  A crab in Martinique.

• 

  Crescentia cujete, or calabash fruit, Martinique.

• 

  Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bluehead Wrasse fish), over Bispira brunnea (Social Feather Duster Worms).

• 

  Two stenopus hispidus banded cleaner shrimp on a xestospongia muta barrel sponge.

• 

  Cyphoma signatum (Fingerprint Cowry) pair of marine animals, off coastal Haiti.

• 

  The Martinique Amazon, Amazona martinicana, was a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. It is now extinct.

• 

  Anastrepha suspensa, a Caribbean fruit fly.

• 

  Hemidactylus mabouia, a tropical gecko, Dominica.

Demographics[link]

A linen market in Dominica in the 1770s

Cuban school children

The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity)^[27] led to a decline in the Amerindian population.^[28] From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa^[29] such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon and Yoruba as well as military prisoners and captured slaves from Ireland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England.^[30] Immigrants from Britain, Italy. France, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.^[31]

The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800.^[32] Immigrants from India, China, and other countries arrived in the 19th century.^[33] After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally.^[34] The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.^[35]

The majority of the Caribbean has populations of mainly Africans in the French Caribbean, Anglophone Caribbean and Dutch Caribbean, there are minorities of mixed-race and European peoples of Dutch, English, French, Italian and Portuguese ancestry. Asians, especially those of Chinese and Indian descent, form a significant minority in the region and also contribute to multiracial communities. All of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers.

The Spanish-speaking Caribbean have primarily mixed race, African, or European majorities. Puerto Rico has a European majority with a mixture of European-African (mulatto), and a large West African minority. One third of Cuba's (largest Caribbean island) population is of African descent, with a sizable Mulatto (mixed African–European) population, and European majority. The Dominican Republic has mixed majority, primarily descended from West Africans, Spaniards, and Amerindians.

Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago

Larger islands such as Jamaica, have a very large African majority, in addition to a significant mixed race, Chinese, Europeans, Indian, Lebanese, Latin American, and Syrian populations. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured labourers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or simply Black. The situation is similar for the Caricom states of Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrival of the Africans, Indians, Chinese, Syrians, Lebanese, Native Amerindians and Europeans. This multi-racial mix has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Chindian and Dougla.

Indigenous tribes[link]

• Ciboney
• Ciguayo
• Kalinago
• Galibi
• Garifuna
• Igneri
• Lucayan
• Macorix
• Taíno

Language[link]

Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Haitian Creole and Papiamento are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region, though a handful of unique Creole languages or dialects can also be found from one country to another.

Religion[link]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean. Other religious groups in the region are: Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari, Santería, and Voodoo among others.

Politics[link]

Regionalism[link]

Flag of the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)

Insignia of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America

Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens.^[36] The current economic and political problems which the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states. Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political economic perspective, regionalism serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in the Caribbean Basin was created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM).^[37]

Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from communist systems such as Cuba toward more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems as in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways."^[38] The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.

The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized. Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot not exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action."^[39] These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system.^[39]

Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean."^[40] The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper.

Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and European Union's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other.^{[clarification needed]}

United States effects on regionalism[link]

The United States under President Bill Clinton launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as the Lomé Convention, which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply.^[41] The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement.^[42]

During the US/EU dispute the United States imposed large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100% on some imports) from the EU in order to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement.^[43]

Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of their falling profits and rising costs as the Lomé Convention weakens. Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of illegal drugs, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe.^[44][45]

European Union effects on regionalism[link]

The European Union has also taken issue with US based taxation extended to US companies via the Caribbean countries.^[when?] The EU instituted a broad labeling of many nations as tax havens by the France-based OECD. The United States has not been in favor of shutting off the practice yet, mainly due to the higher costs that would be passed on to US companies via taxation.^{[citation needed]} Caribbean countries have largely countered the allegations by the OECD by signing more bilateral information sharing deals with OECD members, thus reducing the dangerous aspects of secrecy, and they have strengthened their legislation against money laundering and on the conditions under which companies can be based in their nations.^{[citation needed]} The Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry.

One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the Caribbean Basin has been the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues which are unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.

Venezuela's effects on regionalism[link]

This section requires expansion.

The President of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez launched an economic group known as the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) which saw several eastern Caribbean islands join. In 2012 the nation of Haiti with 9 million became the largest nation of CARICOM seeking to join the union.^[46]

Regional institutions[link]

Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:

• Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Trinidad and Tobago
• Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce (CAIC), Trinidad and Tobago^[47]
• Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organizations (CANTO), Trinidad and Tobago^[48]
• Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana
• Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), Barbados
• Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA), Barbados
• Caribbean Educators Network,^[49]
• Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC), Saint Lucia^[50]
• Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC), Barbados and Jamaica
• Caribbean Food Crop Society
• Caribbean Football Union (CFU)
• Caribbean Hotel Association (CHA), Puerto Rico^[51]
• Caribbean Initiative (Initiative of the IUCN)
• Caribbean Programme for Economic Competitiveness (CPEC), Saint Lucia
• Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme (CREP), Barbados^[52]
• Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), Belize^[53]
• Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM), Barbados and Dominican Republic^[54]
• Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU), Trinidad and Tobago^[55]
• Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO), Barbados
• Inter-American Economic Council (IAEC), Washington, D.C.
• Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Saint Lucia
• Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC), Brazil and Uruguay
• United Nations – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Chile and Trinidad and Tobago
• University of the West Indies, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago.^[56] In addition, the fourth campus, the Open Campus was formed in June 2008 as a result of an amalgamation of the Board for Non-Campus Countries and Distance Educationn, Schools of Continuing Studies, the UWI Distance Education Centres and Tertiary Level Units. The Open Campus has 42 physical sites in 16 Anglophone caribbean countries.
• West Indies Cricket Board, Antigua and Barbuda^[57]

Cuisine[link]

Favorite or national dishes[link]

^[58]

• Anguilla – Rice and Peas and Fish
• Antigua and Barbuda – Fungee & Pepperpot
• Bahamas – Crack Conch with Peas and Rice^[59]
• Barbados – Cou-Cou and Flying fish
• British Virgin Islands – Fish and fungee
• Cayman Islands – Turtle Stew, Turtle Steak, Grouper
• Colombian Caribbean – Rice with Coconut Milk, arroz con pollo, Sancocho, Arab cuisine due to large Arab immigration
• Cuba – Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Ropa Vieja, Yuca, Maduros, Ajiaco
• Dominica – Mountain chicken
• Dominican Republic – arroz con pollo topped with stewed red kidney beans, pan fried or braised beef, and side dish of green salad or ensalada de coditos, shrimp, empanadas and/or tostones, or the ever popular Dominican dish known as Mangú which is mashed plantains. The ensemble is usually called bandera nacional, which means "national flag", a term equivalent to the Venezuelan pabellón criollo.
• Grenada – Oil-Down
• Guyana – pepperpot, coookup rice, Roti and curry, methem
• Haiti – Griot (Fried pork) served with Du riz a pois or Diri ak Pwa (Rice and beans)
• Jamaica – ackee and saltfish, callaloo, jerk chicken, curry chicken
• Montserrat – Goat Water
• Puerto Rico – Yellow Rice with Green Pigeon Peas, Saltfish Stew, Roasted Pork Shoulder, Chicken Fricassée, Mofongo, Tripe Soup, Alcapurria, Coconut Custard, Rice Pudding, Guava Turnovers, Mallorca Bread.
• Saint Kitts and Nevis – Coconut dumplings, Spicy plantain, saltfish, breadfruit
• Saint Lucia – Callaloo, Dal Roti, Dried and salted cod, Green Bananas, Rice & Beans
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Roasted Breadfruit & Fried Jackfish
• Trinidad and Tobago – Callaloo, Doubles, Roti, Crab and dumpling, Pelau
• United States Virgin Islands – Stewed goat, oxtail or beef, seafood, callaloo, fungee

See also[link]

	Geography portal
	North America portal
	Caribbean portal

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Engerman, Stanley L. "A Population History of the Caribbean", pp. 483–528 in A Population History of North America Michael R. Haines and Richard Hall Steckel (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-49666-7.

Further reading[link]

• Develtere, Patrick R. 1994. "Co-operation and development: With special reference to the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean" ACCO, ISBN 90-334-3181-5
• "Diversity Amid Globalization" 4th edition. Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff.
• Gowricharn, Ruben. Caribbean Transnationalism: Migraton, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006.
• Henke, Holger, and Fred Reno, eds. Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean. Kingston: University of West Indies Press, 2003.
• Heuman, Gad. The Caribbean: Brief Histories. London: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2006
• Hillman, Richard S., and Thomas J. D'agostino, eds. Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean. London: Lynne Rienner, 2003.
• de Kadt, Emanuel, (editor). Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean, Oxford University Press, 1972
• Knight, Franklin W.. The Modern Caribbean (University of North Carolina Press, 1989).
• Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny. Addison-Wesley Publishing. ISBN 0-201-52396-5
• Langley, Lester D. The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century. London: University of Georgia Press, 1989.
• Maingot, Anthony P. The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship. Westview Press, 1994.
• Palmie, Stephan, and Francisco A. Scarano, eds. The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples (U of Chicago Press; 2011); 660 pages; writings on the region since the pre-Columbia era.
• Ramnarine, Tina K., "Beautiful Cosmos: Performance and Belonging in the Caribbean Diaspora". London, Pluto Press, 2007
• Serbin, Andres. "Towards an Association of Caribbean States: Raising Some Awkward Questions." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs (2004): 1–19. (This scholar has many articles referencing the politics of the Caribbean)

External links[link]

Find more about Caribbean on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Caribbean at the Open Directory Project
• Wikitravel – The Caribbean
• Digital Library of the Caribbean
• Manioc, open access digital Library, books, images, conferences, articles about the Caribbean
• Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress: Caribbean Islands (1987)
• Library of Congress definition of the West Indies
• West Indies papers Miscellaneous personal and estate records, 1663–1929, University of Bristol Library Special Collections
• LANIC Caribbean country pages
• Latineos Latin America, Caribbean, arts and culture
• Caribbean Video Links from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

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Shivnarine Chanderpaul

Personal information
Born	(1974-08-16) 16 August 1974 (age 37) Unity Village, Guyana
Height	5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Batting style	Left-handed
Bowling style	Right-arm leg break
Role	Batsman
Relations	Lawrence Prittipaul (cousin)
International information
National side	West Indies
Test debut	17 March 1994 v England
Last Test	28 April 2012 v Australia
ODI debut	17 October 1994 v India
Last ODI	23 March 2011 v Sri Lanka
Domestic team information
Years	Team
1991–present	Guyana
2007–09	Durham
2008	Royal Challengers Bangalore
2010	Lancashire
2011–present	Warwickshire
2012–present	Khulna Royal Bengal
Career statistics
Competition	Test	ODI	FC	LA
Matches	140	268	282	385
Runs scored	10,055	8,778	20,765	12,293
Batting average	50.02	41.60	55.52	41.67
100s/50s	25/59	11/59	62/102	12/88
Top score	203*	150	303*	150
Balls bowled	1,740	740	4,694	1,681
Wickets	9	14	57	56
Bowling average	98.11	45.42	43.70	24.78
5 wickets in innings	0	0	0	0
10 wickets in match	0	0	0	0
Best bowling	1/2	3/18	4/22	4/22
Catches/stumpings	57/–	73/–	154/–	109/–
Source: Cricinfo, 28 April 2012

Shivnarine "Shiv" Chanderpaul (born 16 August 1974) is a cricketer, and former captain of the West Indies cricket team. He is the first Indo-Caribbean to play 100 Tests for the West Indies and has captained them in 14 Tests and 16 One Day Internationals. Chanderpaul is currently ranked number one test batsman in the world in the ICC official rankings.^[1]

Career[link]

A West Indian cricketer of Indian origin, the left-handed Chanderpaul is known for his doggedness and ability to stick on the wicket for long hours. He is known in the cricketing world for his unorthodox front-on batting stance, although he shifts his body into a more conventional position when he plays the ball, thus making him a prolific scorer on both sides of the wicket. His stance allows him to get most of his runs behind the wicket. Chanderpaul is renowned for playing left arm spin bowlers by getting his pad outside the line of off-stump, and hiding his bat behind the pad, in imitation of a shot, but without the risk of edging the ball. Chanderpaul's first notable impact on Test cricket was as being the last batting partner of Brian Lara when Lara broke Gary Sobers' record of 365 not out in the fifth and final Test against England in 1993–94. Lara went on to make 375 before he was caught off Andrew Caddick's bowling, sharing a 219-run stand with Chanderpaul, who was left not out on 75.

Chanderpaul made his first Test century in his 19th Test match – after having scored 15 half-centuries in the preceding 18 matches. In the third of a five-Test series against India in 1996–97, he made 137* at the Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, Barbados. He also featured with his Guyanese counterpart, and former West Indian vice captain Ramnaresh Sarwan, making 104 in chasing a world record 418 to win in the fourth innings of the final Test match versus Australia in 2002–03.

Chanderpaul's best first class score is 303* versus Jamaica for Guyana, and, despite his reputation as a dogged batsman, he has also made the fourth fastest century in Test cricket, scoring three figures in just 69 balls at the Bourda, Guyana, also in the 2002–03 series against Australia.^[2]

He was named captain of West Indies in the first Test versus South Africa in March 2005 in Guyana, after seven senior players including captain Brian Lara were dropped in a sponsorship row. He emulated Graham Dowling to become only the second player to make a double century on debut as a Test captain, scoring an unbeaten 200 and making a sporting declaration in the first Test. It was announced that Lara would return to the team for the second Test, but Chanderpaul would retain the captaincy for the rest of the series. He was named to the squad of twenty for the World XI to face Australia in the Super Test in October 2005, but when the squad was cut to fourteen names in August his name was not mentioned.

Chanderpaul remains one of the most recognisable faces in all of the West Indies, particularly his native Guyana, and he has come a long way from his first fifty in his first Test versus England in 1993–94 at Bourda to his current status as a former captain.

In April 2006, Chanderpaul resigned as West Indies captain in order to concentrate on his batting. He captained a weak West Indies team, and his record was not a successful one. In fourteen Tests he won one and lost ten with three draws. In sixteen One Day Internationals, he won two and lost fourteen. Later in the month the captaincy was restored to veteran batsman Brian Lara.

Chanderpaul has recently reached the milestone of 100 Test caps, the 8th West Indian to do so and the first of East Indian descent.

2007 Tour of England[link]

With the Lara era of West Indian cricket reaching a conclusion, Chanderpaul emerged as the West Indies senior batsman. In the 2007 West Indies tour of England, Chanderpaul averaged 148.66 with the bat. This included two undefeated centuries in the third and fourth Tests. His 116 not out in the third Test, almost won the game for the tourists, until wickets of tail-end batsmen began to fall quickly, leaving him stranded, as England completed a 60-run victory. During the third Test match Chanderpaul went past 7,000 runs in Test cricket, a feat only accomplished by six other West Indians: Brian Lara, Sir Vivian Richards, Sir Garfield Sobers, Desmond Haynes, Gordon Greenidge and Clive Lloyd. He was jointly named Man of the Series alongside England's Monty Panesar. Despite batting at number 5 in the Tests, he was promoted to number 3 in the following One Day International series.

His success saw him signed up by Durham for the second half of the 2007 English county season. For his efforts in England in 2007, and other batting performances, Chanderpaul was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year 2008. Chanderpaul's efforts with the bat continue to win him many accolades as he was named ICC player of the year for 2008.

2008 Sri Lankan and Australian tours to the Caribbean[link]

In 2008 Chanderpaul continued in his form during the Sri Lankan and Australian tours of the Caribbean. During the 2008 season he rose to be ranked 5th in the Test batting rankings. By the end of the third test against Australia, Chanderpaul became the fourth West Indian batsman to accomplish 8,000 runs in Test cricket as well as rising in the ranks to 2nd of the ICC test rankings, just 4 points shy of becoming the world's number 1 ranked batsman. In the Test match series against the Australians, Chanderpaul had amassed 442 runs in 6 innings, in 3 of which he had remained not out, at an average of 147.33, including two centuries and three half-centuries. From the West Indies second innings in the first Test, he was not dismissed until the final day of the series – more than 1,000 minutes of batting without losing his wicket-the fourth time he has achieved this feat in Test cricket.

Records[link]

An innings-by-innings breakdown of Chanderpaul's Test match batting career, showing runs scored (red bars) and the average of the last ten innings (blue line).

Chanderpaul holds a number of batting records, in particular:

• Chanderpaul is one of only six players to have gone 1,000 minutes in Test cricket without conceding his wicket. He has done this four times, and is the only player to have done so more than once.
• He is also the only batsman in the history of Test cricket to have faced 1,000 consecutive balls without getting out.
• He is the one of only four batsmen to have averaged more than 100 in two different calendar years (*qualification 400 runs) and the only one other than Sir Donald Bradman to do so in consecutive years.
• Chanderpaul has scored the fourth fastest Test Hundred off 69 balls in the history of the game against Australia at Georgetown, Guyana.
• He is currently the highest run scorer for the West Indies, with over 10,000 test runs, having overtaken Viv Richards on 17 May 2009, and Brian Lara on 17 May 2012.
• He is one of only three players to score half-centuries in seven consecutive Test innings.
• He is the second West Indies batsman after Brian Lara (11,953 runs) to score 10,000 or more runs in test cricket.
• He is the most capped Test player of West Indian Cricket history as he has now stood in 140 Test Matches.

Test centuries[link]

The following table illustrates a summary of the Test centuries scored by Shivnarine Chanderpaul.

• In the column Runs, * indicates being not out.
• The column title Match refers to the Match Number of his career.

Test Centuries of Shivnarine Chanderpaul[6]
#	Runs	Match	Against	City/Country	Venue	Year	Result
1	137*	19	India	Bridgetown, Barbados	Kensington Oval	1997	Won
2	118	28	England	Georgetown, Guyana	Bourda	1998	Won
3	140	52	India	Georgetown, Guyana	Bourda	2002	Drawn
4	101*	54	India	Bridgetown, Barbados	Kensington Oval	2002	Won
5	136*	55	India	St. John's, Antigua	Antigua Recreation Ground	2002	Drawn
6	140	61	India	Kolkata, India	Eden Gardens	2002	Drawn
7	100	64	Australia	Georgetown, Guyana	Bourda	2003	Lost
8	104	66	Australia	St. John's, Antigua	Antigua Recreation Ground	2003	Won
9	109	70	South Africa	Durban, South Africa	Kingsmead	2003	Lost
10	101*	76	Bangladesh	Kingston, Jamaica	Sabina Park	2004	Won
11	128*	77	England	London, England	Lord's	2004	Lost
12	203*	81	South Africa	Georgetown, Guyana	Bourda	2005	Drawn
13	127	84	South Africa	St. John's, Antigua	Antigua Recreation Ground	2005	Drawn
14	153*	85	Pakistan	Bridgetown, Barbados	Kensington Oval	2005	Won
15	116*	103	England	Manchester, England	Old Trafford	2007	Lost
16	136*	104	England	Chester-le-Street, England	Riverside Ground	2007	Lost
17	104	105	South Africa	Port Elizabeth, South Africa	St George's Park	2007	Won
18	118	110	Australia	Kingston, Jamaica	Sabina Park	2008	Lost
19	107*	111	Australia	North Sound, Antigua	Sir Vivian Richards Stadium	2008	Drawn
20	126*	114	New Zealand	Napier, New Zealand	McLean Park	2008	Drawn
21	147*	119	England	Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago	Queen's Park Oval	2009	Drawn
22	166	125	South Africa	Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis	Warner Park	2010	Drawn
23	116*	133	India	Roseau, Dominica	Windsor Park	2011	Drawn
24	118	136	India	Delhi, India	Feroz Shah Kotla	2011	Lost
25	103*	138	Australia	Bridgetown, Barbados	Kensington Oval	2012	Lost