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A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.

Inside the Australian House of Representatives

Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide the lower house has come to wield more power. The supremacy of the lower house usually arises from special restrictions placed (either explicitly by legislation or implicitly by convention) on the powers of the upper house, which often can only delay rather than veto legislation or has less control over money bills.

Under parliamentary systems it is usually the lower house alone that designates the head of government or prime minister, and may remove them through a vote of no confidence. There are exceptions to this however, such as the Prime Minister of Japan, who is formally selected with the approval of both houses of the Diet. A legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.

Common attributes[link]

In comparison with the upper house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics:

• Greater power, usually based on restrictions against the upper house.
• Directly elected (apportionment is usually based on population).
• More members.
• Elected more frequently, and all at once.
• Has total or original control over budget and monetary laws.
• Able to override the upper house in some ways.
• In a presidential system, given the sole power to impeach the executive (the upper house then tries the impeachment).
• In a parliamentary system, can be dissolved by the executive.

Titles of lower houses[link]

Common names[link]

Many lower houses are named in the following manner: House/Chamber of Representatives/the People/Commons/Deputies.

• Chamber of Deputies
• Chamber of Representatives
• House of Assembly
• House of Representatives
• House of Commons
• Legislative Assembly
• National Assembly

See also[link]

• Representative democracy
• List of national legislatures
• Upper house

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The Members are a British punk band that originated in Camberley, England. Their best known recording is "The Sound of the Suburbs" (1979).

Career[link]

The Members was formed by lyricist Nicky Tesco (Nick Lightowlers) in 1976, through an invited audition at a recording studio at Tooley Street, London.^[1] The original personnel, with Tesco (vocals), was Gary Baker (guitar), and Steve Morley (bass guitar), initially with Steve Maycock then Clive Parker (drums). Morley and Parker were later replaced by Chris Payne and Adrian Lillywhite.

In 1976, the band performed for its first engagements at The Red Cow (London W6), The Windsor Castle (London W9) and The Nashville Rooms (London W14). In that year composer Jean Marie Carroll (aka JC Carroll) joined the band to complement Tesco's lyrics.^[1] The Members had recorded a number of songs, but the first released recording was "Fear on the Streets", produced by Lillywhite's brother Steve Lillywhite. This song was included on the first record released by the Beggars Banquet label, the punk compilation, Streets (1977).^[2] The song-writing collaboration between Tesco and Carroll moved The Members' sound towards an incorporation of reggae, shown in the first single released for Stiff Records, "Solitary Confinement", produced by Larry Wallis. Following these releases, band personnel became Tesco (vocals), Carroll (vocals and guitar), Nigel Bennett (guitar), Payne (bass) and Lillywhite (drums).

In 1978/79 The Members continued to play the London pub and club circuit, and became a feature in the music press. They signed to Virgin Records in 1978, for which they recorded "The Sound of the Suburbs", again produced by Steve Lillywhite. This became The Members' biggest chart success and their best known song in the UK. The follow-up single, "Offshore Banking Business", a reggae tune written by Carroll, did not achieve the same popularity. A version of "Offshore Banking Business" was recorded for the early 1980s film, Urgh! A Music War, produced by Michael White, distributed by Filmways and Lorimar Productions.^[3]

The Members' first album, At the Chelsea Nightclub, was followed by a second for Virgin, 1980 – The Choice Is Yours. Their last album was Going West,^[2] issued a year earlier as Uprhythm, Downbeat (1982) in the US.^[1] The album featured the single" Radio", which made the Top 10 in parts of Australia.^[4]

The band broke up in 1983, when Tesco left the band after the last tour of the US. In 1989, Tesco appeared in Leningrad Cowboys Go America, written and directed by Aki Kaurismaki, a film about a fictional Russian rock band touring the US.^[5] This fictional band then toured as an actual band, and recorded the Tesco song "Thru the Wire". Kaurismäki directed a video for "Thru the Wire", featuring Tesco.^[6] As well as working as a music journalist for the magazine Music Week, Tesco has been a commentator on new releases for BBC 6 Music's "Roundtable".

In 2007, The Members were reunited at The Inn on the Green, Ladbroke Grove, London, MC'd by Phill Jupitus under his 1980s performance poet stage name of “Porky The Poet”.

In 2009, a new single "International Financial Crisis" (a re-write of "Offshore Banking Business") was released, recorded by Tesco, Carroll, Payne and Bennett, with artwork by the original Members’ album sleeve designer, Malcolm Garrett. The same year, Carroll and Payne toured as The Members, with occasional appearances of Tesco and Bennett. A Members' line-up of Carroll, Payne and Nick Cash (drums) performed during 2010, playing in Spain and Italy, and at the Isle of Wight^[7] and Glastonbury Festivals. Nigel Bennett currently plays with The Vibrators where he shares singing duties since the departure of frontman Knox. The band cover "The Sound of the Suburbs" in their live act.

In March 2012, they released what is only their fourth studio album, InGrrLand, featuring Carroll, Payne, Bennett, Cash and Rat Scabies. The Members continue to tour and record with Rat Scabies playing the drums.

Discography[link]

Line-ups[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Nick (Nicky) Tesco biographical videos.
• The Members web site
• Nick Tesco music review blog.
• J C Carroll myspace
• J C Carroll composition site entry
• Nicky Tesco filmography
• Nick Cash: a bio
• The Members Myspace