A Gondola on the Grand Canal

The gondola is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon. For centuries gondolas were the chief means of transportation and most common watercraft within Venice. In modern times the iconic boats still have a role in public transport in the city, serving as traghetti (ferries) over the Grand Canal. They are also used in special regattas (rowing races) held amongst gondoliers. The gondola is propelled like punting, except an oar is used instead of a pole.^[1] Their primary role today, however, is to carry tourists on rides at fixed rates.^[2]

History and usage[link]

A veritable phalanx of Gondolas on the Grand Canal

The gondola is propelled by a person (the gondolier) who stands facing the bow and rows with a forward stroke, followed by a compensating backward stroke. Contrary to popular belief, the gondola is never poled like a punt as the waters of Venice are too deep. Until the early 20th century, as many photographs attest, gondolas were often fitted with a "felze", a small cabin, to protect the passengers from the weather or from onlookers. Its windows could be closed with louvered shutters—the original "venetian blinds". After the elimination of the traditional felze—possibly in response to tourists complaining that it blocked the view—there survived for some decades a kind of vestigial summer awning, known as the "tendalin" (these can be seen on gondolas as late as the mid-1950s, in the film Summertime). While in previous centuries gondolas could be many different colors, a sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now.

It is estimated that there were eight to ten thousand gondolas during the 17th and 18th century. There are just over four hundred in active service today, virtually all of them used for hire by tourists. Those few that are in private ownership are either hired out to Venetians for weddings or used for racing.^[3] Even though the Gondola by now has become a widely publicized icon of Venice, in the times of the Republic of Venice it was by far not the only means of transportation: on the map of Venice created by Jacopo de' Barbari in 1500 only a fraction of the boats are gondolas, the majority of boats are batellas, caorlinas, galleys and other boats - by now only a handful of batellas survive, and caorlinas are used for racing only.

Gondolas at SS. Giovanni e Paolo in a painting by Michele Marieschi

During their heyday as a means of public transports, teams of four men—three oarsmen and a fourth person, primarily shore-based and responsible for the booking and administration of the gondola (Il Rosso Riserva)—would share ownership of a gondola. However as the gondolas became more of a tourist attraction than a mode of public transport all but one of these cooperatives and their offices have closed. The category is now protected by the Institution for the Protection and Conservation of Gondolas and Gondoliers,^[4] headquartered in the historical center of Venice.

Traghetti - foot passenger gondolas across the Grand Canal

The historical gondola was quite different from its modern evolution- the paintings of Canaletto and others show a much lower prow, a higher "ferro", and usually two rowers. The banana-shaped modern gondola was developed only in the 19th century by the boat-builder Tramontin, whose heirs still run the Tramontin boatyard. The construction of the gondola continued to evolve until the mid-20th century, when the city government prohibited any further modifications.

The oar or rèmo is held in an oar lock known as a fórcola. The forcola is of a complicated shape, allowing several positions of the oar for slow forward rowing, powerful forward rowing, turning, slowing down, rowing backwards, and stopping. The ornament on the front of the boat is called the fèrro (meaning iron) and can be made from brass, stainless steel, or aluminium. It serves as decoration and as counterweight for the gondolier standing near the stern.

Gondolas parked at their moorings

Gondolas are hand made using 8 different types of wood (fir, oak, cherry, walnut, elm, mahogany, larch and lime) and are composed of 280 pieces.^{[5][unreliable source?]} The oars are made of beech wood. The left side of the gondola is made longer than the right side. This asymmetry causes the gondola to resist the tendency to turn toward the left at the forward stroke. It is a common misconception that the gondola is a paddled vessel when the correct term is rowed i.e. "I rowed my gondola to work".

Gondolier in Venice

The profession of gondolier is controlled by a guild, which issues a limited number of licenses granted after periods of training and apprenticeship, and a major comprehensive exam^[6] which tests knowledge of Venetian history and landmarks, foreign language skills, and practical skills in handling the gondola^[7] typically necessary in the tight spaces of Venetian canals.

The gondola is also one of the vessels typically used in both ceremonial and competitive regattas, rowing races held amongst gondoliers using the technique of Voga alla Veneta.

The origin of the word "gondola" has never been satisfactorily established, despite many theories.^[8]

In August 2010, Giorgia Boscolo became Venice's first female gondolier.^[9]

References in literature and history[link]

Two gondoliers leave their moorings heading towards the Rialto Bridge.

Mark Twain visited Venice in the summer of 1867. He dedicated much of The Innocents Abroad, chapter 23 to describing the curiosity of urban life with gondolas and gondoliers.

The first act of Gilbert and Sullivan's two-act comic operetta The Gondoliers is set in Venice, and the show's two protagonists (as well as its men's chorus) are of the eponymous profession, even though the political irony that makes up the core of the show has much more to do with British society than Venice.

The Japanese manga Aria follows a young woman named Akari as she trains as an apprentice gondolier in Neo-Venezia, a city on a terraformed Mars based on Venice.

See also[link]

Gondola Races on the Grand Canal of Venice, by Grigory Gagarin (1830s). The image shows so-called gondolinos, a slimmer and light-weight version of the gondola specifically built for racing and elegant outings.

• Floating battery
• Rower woman
• Sandolo
• Sculling
• Watercraft rowing
• Water taxi

Notes[link]

The bow of a gondola traveling down a side canal

References[link]

• Horatio Brown, chapter 'The Gondola' in Life on the Lagoons (1884 and later editions)
• Wooden Boat, The Venetian Gondola, April 1977. Penzo, Gilberto; La Gondola, 1999.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gondolas

• Official Venetian gondola site
• Historical Gondolier Cooperative of Venice - Cooperativa Daniele Manin
• The Tramontin Gondola

Joel Hastings is a Canadian pianist. He was the winner of the 8th International Web Concert Hall Competition^[1] in 2006 and the 1993 International Bach Competition at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.^[1]

Hastings has performed solo recitals across Canada and the United States, while his orchestral engagements have included the Toronto Philharmonic, the Huntsville Festival Orchestra, and the Ann Arbor Concert Band. As a collaborative artist Mr. Hastings has toured internationally with vocal ensembles, performing in such venues as the Vatican and St. Paul's Cathedral.^{[citation needed]}

His recorded CDs include Sessions (2002), Liszt Transcending (2005), Chopin 24 Etudes (2005), and Songs and Dances (2008).

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} winners of 8th International Web Concert Hall Competition

External links[link]

• Official website for Joel Hastings
• Performances of Joel Hastings on YouTube

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This article on a classical pianist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e