Not to be confused with the quantum computing concept Qubit. For the bone, see Ulna. For other uses, see Cubit (disambiguation).

The Nippur cubit-rod in the Archeological Museum of Istanbul, Turkey

The cubit is a traditional unit of length, based on the length of the forearm. Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in Antiquity, in the Middle Ages and into Early Modern Times.

The Egyptian hieroglyph for the cubit shows the symbol of a forearm. The Egyptian cubit was subdivided into 7 palms of 4 digits each; surviving cubit rods are between 52.3 and 52.9 cm (20.6 to 20.8 inches) in length.^[1]

Over time, various cubits and variations on the cubit have measured:

• 6 palms, or 24 digits
• 7 palms, or 28 digits^[1]

Etymology[link]

The English word 'cubit' comes from Latin cubitum 'elbow', from the verb cubāre, -cumbĕre 'to lie down'; cf. 'recumbent'.^[2]

The Egyptian royal cubit and Sumerian Nippur cubit[link]

The earliest attested standard measure is from the Old Kingdom pyramids of Egypt and was called the royal cubit (mahe). The royal cubit was 523 to 529 mm (20.6 to 20.8 in) in length,^[1] and was subdivided into 7 palms of 4 digits each, for a 28-part measure in total. Evidence for the royal cubit unit is known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser from around 2,700 B.C.^[3]

In 1916, during the last years of Ottoman Empire and in the middle of WWI, the German Assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from c. 2650 BC and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about 518.6 mm.^[4]

Other systems[link]

The Indian Hasta and Thai sok are other traditional units based on the length of the forearm.

See also[link]

• Anthropic units
• Ell
• History of measurement
• Systems of measurement
• Units of measurement
• Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Arnold, Dieter (2003). The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. Taurus. ISBN 1-86064-465-1. 
• Petrie, Sir Flinders Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (1881)

External links[link]

Look up cubit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Measurements of the Nippur Ell, now in a museum in Istanbul (Turkey).

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2009)

Elvy Sukaesih (born June 25, 1951) is one of the most popular singers in Java, Indonesia, and has been dubbed the Queen of Dangdut. Sukaesih has a significant fanbase in other Asian countries such as Japan. She has been a prolific recording artist since the late 1960s.^{[citation needed]}

Elvy Sukaesih's male counterpart is the King of Dangdut, Rhoma Irama.

Discography[link]

• Raja Dan Ratu - Rhoma Irama and Elvy Sukaesih 1975
• Pesta Panen, 1990
• The Return of Diva, 1992

Further reading[link]

• The Rough Guide To The Music Of Indonesia
• The Far Eastern Audio Review (Web site)
• Lonely Planet Theme Guide, Dangdut, Indonesia
• Weintraub, Andrew N. 2010. Dangdut Stories: a social and musical history of Indonesia’s most popular music. Oxford University Press.

External links[link]

• (Indonesian) Profile In Indonesian

Nirina Zubir (born March 12, 1980) is a popular MTV Movie Award winning Indonesian actress in modern Indonesian cinemaradio DJ and MTV VJ, appearing on television as a presenter, starring in commercials, acting the part of various characters and even showing up as an impromptu singer.

Early life[link]

So Nirina, who graduated from the STIE Perbanas School of Economics, looked for other options. But she had no plans to be a radio DJ either — her first job in MTVonSky radio station (now MTV Sky) started from a friendly joke.

“It was my friends who submitted the application [to MTVonSky] for me; I had no idea about it,” Nirina says of the unforgettable memo-ry from 1999. “My friends noticed that I’m such a talkative person and they always said: ‘it would be best if you could generate money from talking’,” she adds with a laugh.

That joke turned into a major change in her life. Quite beyond her expectations, MTVonSky hired Nirina because of her distinctive noisy-yet-witty personality.

“So there was my [first] opportunity [in the entertainment world].”

That first opportunity led Nirina to other, bigger, things. After landing one of the coolest jobs around — MTV video jockey — Nirina quickly shot to fame. Her other talents were then noticed, including her ability to speak Mandarin, which she learned while living in Hong Kong and China for several years as a child. Former president Megawati Sukarnoputri even asked Nirina to become her personal interpreter during the 2000 Indonesian visit by the Chinese vice president. Her popularity then led to some movie roles, including in 30 Hari Mencari Cinta (30 Days to Find Love) and Mirror.

And it wouldn’t be Nirina if she didn’t have plenty of things to pursue. Her rising popularity as an MTV VJ for Indonesia tickled her ambitious side to think of spreading her wings onto the international scene. As her contract with MTV Indonesia neared its end, Nirina made plans: She was eyeing the position of international VJ for MTV Southeast Asia.

“The thing is, I wouldn’t give up on that. Not until they told me: ‘Enough, ‘Na [short for Nirina]’,” she once said of her ambitious plan.

The ambitious plan was never realized. After resigning from MTV Indonesia in 2005, Nirina’s international VJ career never materialized. Instead, she hosted several TV shows and starred in more movies, including Belahan Jiwa (Soul Mate), Heart, Kamulah Satu-satunya (You’re the Only One), Get Married and again in her latest release, Get Married 2.

Nirina has continued to grow as an actress, receiving several awards, including the prestigious 2006 Indonesian Film Festival Award and the 2008 Indonesia Movie Award — both for best actress.

Looking back at her achievements, Nirina realizes now how she truly fell in love with performing arts.

Zubir studied for a degree in Bachelor Degree in Management Banking at the STIE Perbanas Kuningan, in Jakarta before beginning as a model. She is fluent in her native Indonesia, and in English and Chinese.

She made her full film debut in 2004 in the film 30 hari mencari cinta playing the role of Gwen.

In 2007 she played the lead role in the film Kamulah satu-satunya.

Besides her acting she has presented a number of Indonesian mainstream TV shows and has modelled in many adverts commercially in the country including for, Herbal Essences (2005–2006) and for the Indonesia advert for the .^[1]

Filmography[link]

• 30 hari mencari cinta (2004) as Gwen
• Mirror (2005) as Kikan
• Belahan jiwa (2005)
• Heart (2006) as Rachel
• Kamulah satu-satunya (2007) as Indah
• Love Is Cinta (2007)
• Get Married (2007)as Maemunah
• Get Married 2 (2010) as Maemunah
• Get Married 3 (2011) as Maemunah
• Purple Love (2011)as Talita

Sinetron[link]

• Untukmu Segalanya(1994)
• Untukmu Segalanya 2(1996)
• Tersanjung 1-6(1998)
• Diva(2008)
• Assalamualaikum Cinta (2008)

Commercial[link]

• L'Oréal in 2002
• Toyota Yaris (2005–2006)

Music Video Model[link]

• Sheila On 7 - Melompat Lebih Tinggi
• Sheila On 7 - Berhenti Berharap
• Acha Septriasa & Irwansyah - My Heart
• Letto - Truth, Cry & Lie

Song[link]

• Hari Ini, Esok dan Seterusnya (2006)

Hosts[link]

• Indonesian Idol (Season 4)
• Anugerah Planet Muzik (Music Planet Award)

Award[link]

• Indonesian Movie Awards for Favorite Actress in Mirror (2005)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Best Actress in Heart ( 2006 )
• Penghargaan FFI untuk Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik in Heart (2006)

Award Nominated/Finalist[link]

• Independent Film Awards for Best Newcomer in 30 Hari Mencari Cinta (2004)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Best Actress in Mirror (2005)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Favorite Actress in Heart (2006)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Best Actress in Get Married (2007)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Best Actress in Get Married 2 (2009)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Favorite Actress in Get Married (2007)
• Indonesian Movie Awards for Favorite Actress in Get Married 2 (2009)

References[link]

External links and sources[link]

• Nirina Zubir at the Internet Movie Database

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