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Herakles
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Aeschylus
Aeschylus ( ; , Aiskhulos; c. 524/525 BC – c. 455/456 BC) was the first of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived, the others being Sophocles and Euripides, and is often recognized as the father of tragedy. His name derives from the Greek word aiskhos (αισχος), meaning "shame". According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflict among them; previously, characters interacted only with the chorus. Only seven of an estimated seventy to ninety plays by Aeschylus have survived into modern times; there is an ongoing debate about the authorship of one of these plays, Prometheus Bound.
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Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Apollonios Rhodios
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Apollonius of Rhodes
Apollonius Rhodius, also known as Apollonius of Rhodes (Latin; Greek Apollṓnios Rhódios), early 3rd century BCE - after 246 BCE, was a librarian at the Library of Alexandria. He is best known for his epic poem the Argonautica, which told the mythological story of Jason and the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece, and which is one of the chief works in the history of epic poetry.
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Aristophanes
Aristophanes (, ca. 446 – ca. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Cydathenaus, was a prolific and much acclaimed comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are in fact used to define the genre. Also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy, Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries - Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander contributing to the trial and execution of Socrates although other satirical playwrights had caricatured the philosopher. His second play, The Babylonians (now lost), was denounced by the demagogue Cleon as a slander against the Athenian polis. It is possible that the case was argued in court but details of the trial are not recorded and Aristophanes caricatured Cleon mercilessly in his subsequent plays, especially The Knights.
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Bebryces
The Bebryces were a tribe of people who lived in Bithynia. According to Strabo they were one of the many Thracian tribes that had crossed from Europe into Asia..
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Buddha
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Callimachus
Callimachus (Greek: , Kallimachos; 310/305–240 BC) was a native of the Greek colony of Cyrene, Libya. He was a noted poet, critic and scholar of the Library of Alexandria and enjoyed the patronage of ancient Egyptian Greek Pharaohs Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Ptolemy III Euergetes. Although he was never made chief librarian, he was responsible for producing the catalogue of all the volumes contained in the Library. His Pinakes (tables), 120 volumes long, provided the complete and chronologically arranged catalogue of the Library, laying the foundation for later work on the history of Greek literature. As one of the earliest critic-poets, he typifies Hellenistic scholarship.
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Castor and Pollux
Castor (; ; , Kastōr, "beaver") and Pollux (; ) or Polydeuces (; , Poludeukēs, "much sweet wine") were twin brothers in Greek and Roman mythology and collectively known as the Dioskouroi. They were the sons of Leda by Tyndareus and Zeus respectively, the brothers of Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra, and the half-brothers of Timandra, Phoebe, Heracles, and Philonoe. They are known collectively in Greek as the Dioscuri (; ; , Dioskouroi, "sons of Zeus") and in Latin as the Gemini (; "twins") or Castores (). They are sometimes also termed the Tyndaridae or Tyndarids ( or ; Τυνδαρίδαι, Tundaridai), later seen as a reference to their father and stepfather Tyndareus.
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Celts
The Celts ( or , see names of the Celts) were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages.
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Commodus
Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman Emperor from 180 to 192. He also ruled as co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until his father's death in 180. His name changed throughout his reign; see Changes of name for earlier and later forms. His accession as emperor was the first time a son had succeeded his father since Titus succeeded Vespasian in 79. Commodus was the first emperor "born to the purple"; i.e., born during his father's reign.
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Cycnus
:The butterfly genus Cycnus is now synonymized with Panthiades.
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Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus (Greek: ), was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. According to Diodorus' own work, he was born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about Diodorus' life and doings beyond what is to be found in his own work, Bibliotheca historica. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the year of Abraham 1968 (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". His English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (I.G. XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius".
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Euripides
Euripides (Ancient Greek: ) (ca. 480 BC – 406 BC) was the last
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Eusebius of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea, c. 263–339 AD, called Eusebius Pamphili, became the Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine about the year 314. Eusebius, historian, exegete and polemicist is one of the more renowned Church Fathers. He (with Pamphilus) was a scholar of the Biblical canon. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel, and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the Biblical text. As "Father of Church History" he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs.
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Friedrich Solmsen
Friedrich W. Solmsen (February 4, 1904 – January 30, 1989) was a philologist and professor of classical studies. His edition of Hesiod is considered definitive. He published nearly 150 books, monographs, scholarly articles, and reviews from the 1930s through the 1980s. Solmsen's work is characterized by a prevailing interest in the history of ideas. He was an influential scholar in the areas of Greek tragedy, particularly for his work on Aeschylus, and the philosophy of the physical world and its relation to the soul, especially the systems of Plato and Aristotle.
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Gandhara
:This article is about the ancient kingdom. For other places, see Gandhara City. Gandhara is also a proposed name of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. See also Gandara and Gandahar.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Greek: Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( – ). He was born in Caria, Halicarnassus (modern day Bodrum, Turkey). He is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. He is exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his "inquiry" (or historía, a word that passed into Latin and took on its modern meaning of history) into the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars which occurred in 490 and 480-479 BC—especially since he includes a narrative account of that period, which would otherwise be poorly documented; and many long digressions concerning the various places and people he encountered during wide-ranging travels around the lands of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him.
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Hesiod
Hesiod (Greek: Hēsíodos) was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active around 700 BC. No date before 750 BC or later than 650 BC fits the evidence. Since at least Herodotus's time (Histories, 2.53), Hesiod and Homer have generally been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived, and they are often paired. Scholars disagree about who lived first, and the fourth-century BC sophist Alcidamas' Mouseion even brought them together in an imagined poetic agon, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod. Aristarchus first argued for Homer's priority, a claim that was generally accepted by later antiquity.
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Homer
Homer (Ancient Greek: , Hómēros)
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Jerome
St Jerome (c. 347 – 30 September 420) (formerly Saint Hierom) (; ; ) was an Illyrian Christian priest and apologist. He was the son of Eusebius, of the city of Stridon, which was on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his list of writings is extensive.
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Lydia
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Maximian
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus (c. 250 – c. July 310), commonly known as Maximian, was Roman Emperor from 285 to 305. He was Caesar from 285 to 286, then Augustus from 286 to 305. He shared the latter title with his co-emperor and superior, Diocletian, whose political brain complemented Maximian's military brawn. Maximian established his residence at Trier but spent most of his time on campaign. In the late summer of 285, he suppressed rebels in Gaul known as the Bagaudae. From 285 to 288, he fought against Germanic tribes along the Rhine frontier. Together with Diocletian, he launched a scorched earth campaign deep into Alamannic territory in 288, temporarily relieving the Rhine provinces from the threat of Germanic invasion.
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Nireus
In Greek mythology, Nireus (Νιρεύς) was a name attributed to the following individuals:
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Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who is best known as the author of the three major collections of erotic poetry: Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria. He is also well known for the Metamorphoses, a mythological hexameter poem, the Fasti, about the Roman calendar, and the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, two collections of poems written in exile on the Black Sea. Ovid was also the author of several smaller pieces, the Remedia Amoris, the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and the long curse-poem Ibis. He also authored a lost tragedy, Medea. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature. The scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the canonical Latin love elegists. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, decisively influenced European art and literature and remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology.
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Paris (mythology)
Paris (Greek: ; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c.f. Alaksandu of Wilusa), the son of Priam, king of Troy, appears in a number of Greek legends. Probably the best-known was his elopement with Helen, queen of Sparta, this being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War. Later in the war, he fatally wounds Achilles in the heel with an arrow, as foretold by Achilles's mother, Thetis.
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Philoctetes
Philoctetes (, Philoctētēs) or Philocthetes according to Greek mythology, the son of King Poeas of Meliboea in Thessaly. He was a Greek hero, famed as an archer, and was a participant in the Trojan War. He was the subject of at least two plays by Sophocles, one of which is named after him, and one each by both Aeschylus and Euripides. However, only one Sophoclean play survives—the others are lost. He is also mentioned in Homer's Iliad; Book 2 describes his exile on the island of Lemnos, his wound by snake-bite, and his eventual recall by the Greeks. The recall of Philoctetes is told in the lost epic Little Iliad, where his retrieval was accomplished by Odysseus and Diomedes. Philoctetes killed three men at Troy.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (Brit. U.S. ; Phoenician: , Kana`an; : Kna`an, : Phoiníkē, , ) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon , Syria and Israel. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the period 1550 BC to 300 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Sarepta (modern day Sarafand) between Sidon and Tyre is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme.
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Pindar
Pindar (, Pindaros; Latin: Pindarus) (ca. 522–443 BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved. Quintilian described him as "by far the greatest of the nine lyric poets, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence".
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Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
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Plutarch
Plutarch, born Plutarchos (Greek: Πλούταρχος) then, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Μέστριος Πλούταρχος), c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia. He was born to a prominent family in Chaeronea, Boeotia, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi.
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Priam
Priam (Greek Πρίαμος Priamos) was the king of Troy during the Trojan War and youngest son of Laomedon. Modern scholars derive his name from the Luwian compound Priimuua, which means "exceptionally courageous".
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Prodicus
Prodicus of Ceos (, Pródikos; c. 465-c. 395 BC) was a Greek philosopher, and part of the first generation of Sophists. He came to Athens as ambassador from Ceos, and became known as a speaker and a teacher. Plato treats him with greater respect than the other sophists, and in several of the Platonic dialogues Socrates appears as the friend of Prodicus. Prodicus made linguistics and ethics prominent in his curriculum. The content of one of his speeches is still known, and concerns a fable detailing the education of Heracles by Virtue. He also interpreted religion through the framework of naturalism.
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Promachus
Promachus (Greek: Πρόμαχος; English translation: "who leads in battle") is a name that refers to several different people.
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Ptolemaeus Chennus
Ptolemaeus Chennus or Chennos ("quail"), of Alexandria, was a Greek grammarian during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian.
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Roman Emperor
The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC). The Romans had no single term for the office: Latin titles such as imperator (from which English emperor ultimately derives), augustus, caesar and princeps were all associated with it. In practice, the emperor was supreme ruler of Rome and supreme commander of the Roman legions.
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Scythes
Scythes (Gr. ) was tyrant or ruler of Zancle in Sicily. He was appointed to that post in about 494 BC by Hippocrates of Gela.
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Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (, ) were an ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. They were believed to have ranged west of the Altai Mountains until 2006, when a royal burial was found to the east in Mongolia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in the west. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the depictions of Scythian life shown in relief on exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
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Sextus Propertius
Sextus Aurelius Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet who was born around 50–45 BC in Assisium) and died shortly after 15 BC.
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Statius
:For the personal name, see Statius (praenomen). For other uses, see Statius (disambiguation).
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Telamon
In Greek mythology, Telamon (in Greek, Τελαμών), son of the king Aeacus, of Aegina, and Endeis and brother of Peleus, accompanied Jason as one of his Argonauts, and was present at the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. In the Iliad he was the father of Greek heroes Ajax the Great and Teucer the Archer by different mothers. He and Peleus were also close friends with Heracles, assisting him on his expeditions against the Amazons and against Troy (see below).
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Teucer
:This article is about Teucer, son of King Telamon of Salamis, for Teucer, son of Scamander and Idaea, see King Teucer.
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Theocritus
Theocritus (), the creator of ancient Greek bucolic poetry, flourished in the 3rd century BC.
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Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
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Xenophon
Xenophon (Ancient Greek , Xenophōn; Modern Greek Ξενοφών, Ksenofon; Ξενοφώντας, Ksenofontas; c. 430 – 354 BC), son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, also known as Xenophon of Athens, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates. He is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the 4th century BC, preserving the sayings of Socrates, and descriptions of life in ancient Greece and the Persian Empire.
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Achaea
Achaea ( Achaïa, ; in polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern coast of the Peloponnese, stretching from the mountain ranges of Erymanthus and Cyllene on the south to a narrow strip of fertile land on the north, bordering the Gulf of Corinth, into which the mountain Panachaicus (1,902 m, the northernmost mountain range in the Peloponnese) projects.
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Anzio
Anzio is a city and comune on the coast of the Lazio region of Italy, about south of Rome.
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Apulia
Apulia or Puglia (from Greek Ἀπουλία, in , ) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its southern portion known as Salento, a peninsula, forms a high heel on the "boot" of Italy. The region comprises 19,345 km² (7,469 square miles), and its population is about 4 million. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. It neighbors Greece and Albania, across the Ionian and Adriatic Seas, respectively. The region extends as far north as Monte Gargano, and was the scene of the last stages in the Second Punic War.
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Côte d'Azur
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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Iberia
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Kermanshah
Kermanshah ( , Kermānshāh, ) is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and about 120 km from the border of Iraq. Kermanshah has a moderate and mountainous climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921, with Kurds forming the majority. (year 2005).
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Macedon
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Monaco
Monaco , officially the Principality of Monaco (; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; ; ), is a small sovereign city-state located in South Western Europe on the northern central coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded on three sides by its neighbour, France, and its centre is about from Italy. Its area is with an estimated population of almost 33,000.
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Mycenae
Mycenae (Greek Mykēnai or Mykēnē), is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north. From the hill on which the palace was located one can see across the Argolid to the Saronic Gulf.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (Brit. U.S. ; Phoenician: , Kana`an; : Kna`an, : Phoiníkē, , ) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon , Syria and Israel. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the period 1550 BC to 300 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Sarepta (modern day Sarafand) between Sidon and Tyre is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme.
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Sparta
Sparta (Doric Σπάρτα; Attic Spartē) or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
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Taranto
Taranto (, ; Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas; Taranto's dialect "Tarde") is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base.
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Tiryns
Tiryns (Ancient Greek Τίρυνς; Modern Greek Τίρυνθα) is a Mycenaean archaeological site in the prefecture of Argolis in the Peloponnese, some kilometres north of Nauplion.
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Troy
Troy (Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa; Greek: , Ilion, and , Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium; Turkish: Truva and Troia) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
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Zeus
In Greek mythology Zeus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Ζεύς; Modern Greek: Δίας, Dias) is the "Father of Gods and men", according to Hesiod's Theogony, who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family; he was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."(Iliad, book 1.503;533) For the Greeks, he was the King of the Gods, who oversaw the universe. As Pausanias observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the Homeric Hymns he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the Ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
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- Abdera, Thrace
- Abderus
- Achaea
- Achelous
- Admetus
- Adonis
- Aeschylus
- Agathyrsus
- Agelaus
- Alastor
- Alcaeus
- Alcestis
- Alcmene
- Alebion
- Amphitryon
- Amyntor
- Antaeus
- Anticyra
- Antisthenes
- Antor
- Anzio
- Apollodorus
- Apollonios Rhodios
- Apollonius of Rhodes
- apotheosis
- Apulia
- Arabia
- Argo
- Argonauts
- Argos
- Aristophanes
- Asclepius
- Athena
- Atlas (mythology)
- Auge
- Augeas
- Augeias
- Autolycus
- Bahariya Oasis
- Bahram
- Bebryces
- Bergion
- Bibliotheke
- Bolbe
- Buddha
- Callimachus
- Calydonian Boar
- Castor and Pollux
- Celtine
- Celts
- centaur
- Cerberus
- cercopes
- Ceryneian Hind
- Chalciope
- chthonic
- Cleodaeus
- Club (weapon)
- Commodus
- cornucopia
- Corythus
- courage
- Cretan Bull
- Ctesippus
- cult (religion)
- Cycnus
- Côte d'Azur
- Danaë
- Dascylus
- Deianeira
- Deianira
- deification
- Delphi
- demi-god
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Werner Herzog - Herakles (1962)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Published: 02 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: stepporido
First short movie by Werner Herzog
http://wn.com/Werner_Herzog__Herakles_1962
Herakles aria from The Olympic Flame by Panayoti Karousos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 02 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: Prometheus2013
The Olympic Flame by Panayoti Karousos Aria of Herakles Aldeo Jean, tenor : Herakles Orchestre Symphonique des Jeunes Laval-Laurentides diriger par André Gauthier Montreal - Canada Sung in Greek Herakles: O my King Eurystheas, and the peoples of Hellas, listen. The fire of wisdom I light, the gift of Prometheus to us. But we must liberate him. Our benefactor must not suffer, I must go and free him from Caucasus, where Haephestus and Bia have bound him, on command of Dia. O my King Eurystheas, to Prometheus we owe both wisdom and art. To the birth of civilisation, we are entitled! O Greeks, we all want the sun to shine on the sky of our wisdom. A luminous, vast, sky, here! Prometheuss fire is burning! O flame of wisdom, the true and holy flame! You who enlighten all darkness, light! To thunderously strike with you we may, eternal light of wisdom. Holy flame of our gods! O Prmoetheus the flame of the future, we hold in our hands, the flame of the gods.
http://wn.com/Herakles_aria_from_The_Olympic_Flame_by_Panayoti_Karousos
LSO HERAKLES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Published: 30 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: syberiaszmato
lso tdw
http://wn.com/LSO_HERAKLES
RAP BATTLE HERAKLES VS ALL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 24 May 2006
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: McHerakles
HERAKLES VS BRASCO LYON 2006 www.myspace.com/heraklesgroove
http://wn.com/RAP_BATTLE_HERAKLES_VS_ALL
The battle over Herakles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Published: 17 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jul 2011
- Author: thebostonglobe
The bottom half of Weary Herakles resides in Turkey. The top. at the MFA in Boston. Soon, they will be reunited.
http://wn.com/The_battle_over_Herakles
Herakles-Bulk, old video footage and photographs of the sinking
Pusher-Barge combination Herakles-Bulk sank in severe weather near Grundkallen lighthouse in the Bothnian Sea on March 3rd, 2004. The crew was successifully evacuated after the main engines failed, but the ship was a total loss and some oil spilled to the sea. I found some old footage from the early 2000s, shot by my father while working on M/S Rautaruukki, a pusher originally designed for barges like Bulk and her four sisters. The pictures were found online (Ampes Trafiksidor, www.ampe.info but they originally come from official sources such as Finnish and Swedish Coast Guard etc.
http://wn.com/Herakles-Bulk,_old_video_footage_and_photographs_of_the_sinking
Asterix: Die Zwölf Aufgaben des Herakles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 25 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 26 Nov 2011
- Author: WingthorsHammer
Die Zwölf Aufgaben des Herakles aus: Asterix erobert Rom
http://wn.com/Asterix_Die_Zwölf_Aufgaben_des_Herakles
Herakles June 2009 protection training
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Published: 07 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Mar 2010
- Author: BornToWinWhite
White Swiss Shepherd Dog Herakles in June 2009 in protection training.
http://wn.com/Herakles_June_2009_protection_training
The Herakles Song (edited version)
The 12 Labours of Herakles! Now in song form! Note that I am not aiming for perfect pronunciation ... I just need to be able to remember them. And maybe so do you - so maybe that's why you're here. Enjoy! The labours of Herakles are 12 in all, But two were discounted so the numbers fall! Start off the list with the Nemean Lion The Birds as we know were Stymphalian Next on the list: the Erymantian Boar The Cerynitian Hind brings the total to four! Moving along with the Cretan Bull, The Mares of Diomedes ate men 'til they were full! The Belt of Hippolyte The Apples of the Hesperides The Capture of Cerberos The Cattle of Geryon - you're done, almost! But two were discounted as I said before, So don't forget which and wherefore! The Cattle of Augeias - done for dough! The Lernaean Hydra - help from Ioloas! Just remember all of these, 'Cause that's the story of Herakles!
http://wn.com/The_Herakles_Song_edited_version
Herakles RCT3-Water Coaster
Herakles Watercoaster made with RCT3. Build for my new Park "Memoria" Find out more at www.rct-world.com by PieEllo (its a "CTR"...the Track from the Minecoaster with the Cars from the Watercoaster...a tutorial (only german) you can find here: www.rct-3.org
http://wn.com/Herakles_RCT3-Water_Coaster
HERAKLES VS THE INVISIBLE MAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Published: 05 May 2006
- Uploaded: 30 Sep 2011
- Author: McHerakles
BATTLE MC LYON FRANCE 2006 www.myspace.com/heraklesgroove
http://wn.com/HERAKLES_VS_THE_INVISIBLE_MAN
Herakles Data Center located in Sacramento California
the Herakles Data Center services San Jose, Silicon Valley, San Francisco and Sacramento companies seeking quality, SAS 70 Type II compliant, data center colocation space
http://wn.com/Herakles_Data_Center_located_in_Sacramento_California
Herakles Polemarchakis greening humanity 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:37
- Published: 16 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Oct 2011
- Author: greeninghumanity
Herakles Polemarchakis 1
http://wn.com/Herakles_Polemarchakis_greening_humanity_1
HERAKLES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Published: 15 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2010
- Author: domenaprojekt
Projekt Herakles - www.domenaprojekt.pl
http://wn.com/HERAKLES
Herakles Polemarchakis greening humanity 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Published: 16 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 26 Oct 2011
- Author: greeninghumanity
Herakles Polemarchakis 2
http://wn.com/Herakles_Polemarchakis_greening_humanity_2
Herakles protection training January 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Published: 04 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Aug 2010
- Author: BornToWinWhite
Just another protection training with our Herakles January 2010. Herakles is exactly as seen on the video no more no less :)
http://wn.com/Herakles_protection_training_January_2010
Herakles Fragments
Animation with original score loosely based on the Forth Labor of Hercules: Capturing the Erymanthus Boar.
http://wn.com/Herakles_Fragments
USC Annenberg/Getty Arts Journalism panel on Peter Sellars' "The Children of Herakles"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 113:10
- Published: 17 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2010
- Author: USCAnnenberg
The USC Annenberg/Getty Arts Journalism Fellowship Program hosted a dynamic panel of speakers on the arts, social justice, religion and journalism to discuss global policies and attitudes affecting refugees and immigrants. The panelists include: * Salam Al-Marayati, Executive Director of Muslim Public Affairs Council * Larry Gross, Professor & Director, School of Communication, USC Annenberg School for Communication * Jamal, an exile from Iran and artistic director of Avaz International Dance Theatre * Rev. Dr. George Regas, convener, Interfaith Communities United for Justice & Peace * David Sefton, director, UCLA Live!, UCLA Performing Arts * Peter Sellars, theater, opera, festival, film & television director with moderator Oscar Garza, deputy editor, Los Angeles Times Magazine The panel addressed such issues as the role of arts in building new relationships between countries. Can America re-enter foreign cultural policy? Will arts reporters be instrumental in shaping global diplomatic life? Peter Sellars' theater production of Euripides' "The Children of Herakles" as a touchstone.
http://wn.com/USC_Annenberg/Getty_Arts_Journalism_panel_on_Peter_Sellars'_The_Children_of_Herakles
Herakles Protection April 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Published: 16 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2011
- Author: BornToWinWhite
Herakles at Protection training April 2008. First time with big sleeve
http://wn.com/Herakles_Protection_April_2008
Herakles mt2 vs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 16 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Nov 2011
- Author: karaelmas37
heraklesmt2
http://wn.com/Herakles_mt2_vs
Curtain Call, Herakles by Euripides, 6 August 2011, Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Published: 07 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 10 Aug 2011
- Author: TonyWareOne
National Theatre of Greece - Michail Marmarinos Herakles by Euripides, 6 August, Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus
http://wn.com/Curtain_Call,_Herakles_by_Euripides,_6_August_2011,_Ancient_Theatre_of_Epidaurus
Spartan Volume Training: the Twelve Labours of Herakles, Part 1
12 reps (mostly) of 12 exercises: 1-arm barbell snatches (6 each arm, c. 0.5 x bodyweight) Deadlifts (12, c. 1.5 x bodyweight) 1-arm fist holds with feet elevated (6 each arm) Front squats (12, c. 1.25 x bodyweight) Off-set pull-ups (6 to each side) Overhead presses (12, c. 0.8 x bodyweight) Snatch-grip deadlifts (12, c. 1.25 x bodyweight) Floor bridge presses (12, c. bodyweight) High pulls (12, c. 0.8 x bodyweight) Hop lunges / split jumps (12 each leg) Fist push-ups (24) Rock squats (24) ----- Twelve Labours of Hercules Twelve Labors of Hercules Twelve Labors of Herakles Twelve Days of Christmas German Volume Training GVT Lesbians licking each other ;-)
http://wn.com/Spartan_Volume_Training_the_Twelve_Labours_of_Herakles,_Part_1
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Creative Commons![Exekias' signature as potter: ΕΧΣΕΚΙΑΣ ΕΠΟΙΕΣΕ (“Exekias made [me]”), ca. 550–540 BCE, Louvre F 53](http://web.archive.org./web/20120125070929im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/2f/c9/e0ca37c75e8d8e8ed05fa399ff82_small.jpg "Exekias' signature as potter: ΕΧΣΕΚΙΑΣ ΕΠΟΙΕΣΕ (“Exekias made [me]”), ca. 550–540 BCE, Louvre F 53")
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![Exekias' signature as potter: ΕΧΣΕΚΙΑΣ ΕΠΟΙΕΣΕ (“Exekias made [me]”), ca. 550–540 BCE, Louvre F 53](http://web.archive.org./web/20120125070929/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/2f/c9/e0ca37c75e8d8e8ed05fa399ff82_medium.jpg "Exekias' signature as potter: ΕΧΣΕΚΙΑΣ ΕΠΟΙΕΣΕ (“Exekias made [me]”), ca. 550–540 BCE, Louvre F 53")
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'Herakles' united
24 Sep 2011
The Boston Globe
The Museum of Fine Arts ended a more than two-decade-old dispute with Turkey Thursday by returning the top half of its "Weary Herakles'' statue to Turkish officials. The 1,800-year-old Roman sculpture has been at the MFA since 1982. But after years of negotiations, the MFA acknowledged in July that...
size: 5.1Kb
size: 5.1Kb
Herakles Farms Releases Environmental & Social Impact Assessment, Launches Social Infrastructure Program
14 Sep 2011
PR Newswire
- Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) released for public consultation - Social infrastructure commitments launch with clean water initiatives...
size: 3.6Kb
size: 3.6Kb
BBC News
The top half of the Weary Herakles statue, which was bought by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1982, is to be returned to its native Turkey. After an ongoing dispute, the MFA will reunite the bust with its lower half at the Antalya Museum later this year. The...
size: 1.7Kb
size: 1.7Kb
Making 'Herakles' whole after all these years
17 Jul 2011
The Boston Globe
ANTALYA, Turkey - On its own, it seems unremarkable: the bottom half of an 1,800-year-old marble statue showing the legs and lower torso of a muscular figure. But here, in one of Turkey's most important museums, the "Weary Herakles'' has served as a symbol of the many works stolen from the country,...
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size: 11.0Kb
PR Newswire
-- Plantations to follow the highest environmental standards, safeguarding local biodiversity -- Palm oil to be certified as sustainable, complying with Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Principles & Criteria -- Projects to create over 10,000 jobs for local people, as well as...
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Regional Clouds Provide a Compelling New Alternative to Today's Cloud Offerings...
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Scoop
Thursday, 2 December 2010, 4:39 pm Press Release: Ashburton Art Gallery Saturday 11th December – 20th February The Ashburton Art Gallery is proud to present The Labours of Herakles; in this collection of twelve lithographs and eight etchings, the archetypal hero of Greek Mythology Herakles,...
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size: 9.7Kb
HERAKLES, LLC Completes Type II SAS 70 Audit
11 Jul 2010
PR Newswire
, Jan. 26 /PRNewswire/ -- Herakles, LLC, a leading provider of mission critical colocation services is proud to announce SAS70 Solutions, Inc. completed examination of a Type II audit for conformity with Statement on Auditing Standards No. 70, Service Organizations....
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size: 5.6Kb
Heracles ( ; , ''Hēraklēs'', from ''Hēra'', "Hera", and ''kleos'', "glory"),
born Alcaeus
(Ἀλκαῖος, ''Alkaios'') or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, ''Alkeidēs''), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus (Ζεύς) and Alcmene, foster son of Amphitryon and great-grandson (and half-brother) of Perseus (Περσεύς). He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity, the ancestor of royal clans who claimed to be Heracleidae (Ἡρακλεῖδαι) and a champion of the Olympian order against chthonic monsters. In Rome and the modern West, he is known as ''Hercules'', with whom the later Roman Emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The Romans adopted the Greek version of his life and works essentially unchanged, but added anecdotal detail of their own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Central Mediterranean. Details of his cult were adapted to Rome as well.
He killed the robber Termerus.
Heracles visited Evander with Antor, who then stayed in Italy.
Heracles killed King Amyntor of the Dolopes for not allowing him into his kingdom. He also killed King Emathion of Arabia.
Heracles killed Lityerses after beating him in a contest of harvesting.
Heracles killed Periclymenus at Pylos.
Heracles founded the city Tarentum (modern Taranto in Italy).
Heracles learned music from Linus (and Eumolpus), but killed him after Linus corrected his mistakes. He learned how to wrestle from Autolycus. He killed the famous boxer Eryx of Sicily in a match.
Heracles was an Argonaut. He killed Alastor and his brothers.
When Hippocoon overthrew his brother, Tyndareus, as King of Sparta, Heracles reinstated the rightful ruler and killed Hippocoon and his sons.
Heracles slew the giants Cycnus, Porphyrion and Mimas. The expedition against Cycnus, in which Iolaus accompanied Heracles, is the ostensible theme of a short epic attributed to Hesiod, ''The Shield of Heracles''.
Heracles killed Antaeus the giant who was immortal while touching the earth, by picking him up and holding him in the air while strangling him.
Heracles went to war with Augeias after he denied him a promised reward for clearing his stables. Augeias remained undefeated due to the skill of his two generals, the Molionides, and after Heracles fell ill, his army was badly beaten. Later, however, he was able to ambush and kill the Molionides, and thus march into Elis, sack it, and kill Augeias and his sons.
Heracles visited the house of Admetus on the day Admetus' wife, Alcestis, had agreed to die in his place. By hiding beside the grave of Alcestis, Heracles was able to surprise Death when he came to collect her, and by squeezing him tight until he relented, was able to persuade Death to return Alcestis to her husband.
Heracles challenged wine god Dionysus to a drinking contest and lost, resulting in his joining the Thiasus for a period.
Heracles also appears in Aristophanes' The Frogs, in which Dionysus seeks out the hero to find a way to the underworld. Heracles is greatly amused by Dionysus' appearance and jokingly offers several ways to commit suicide before finally offering his knowledge of how to get to there.
Heracles appears as the founder of Scythia in Herodotus' text. While Heracles is sleeping out in the wilderness, a half-woman, half-snake creature steals his horses. Heracles eventually finds the creature, but she refuses to return the horses until he has sex with her. After doing so, he takes back his horses, but before leaving, he hands over his belt and bow, and gives instructions as to which of their children should found a new nation in Scythia.
Medusa
Prometheus
Sisyphus
Atlas
Tantalus
Ixion
The Danaides
Heracles at Theoi.com Classical literature and art
Timeless Myths – Heracles The life and adventure of Heracles, including his twelve labours.
Heracles, Greek Mythology Link
Heracles (in French)
Vollmer: Herkules (1836, in German)
Burkert, Walter, (1977) 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Harvard University Press).
Padilla, Mark W. (1998). "Herakles and Animals in the Origins of Comedy and Satyr Drama". In ''Le Bestiaire d'Héraclès: IIIe Rencontre héracléenne'', edited by Corinne Bonnet, Colette Jourdain-Annequin, and Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, 217-30. Kernos Suppl. 7. Liège: Centre International d'Etude de la Religion Grecque Antique.
Padilla, Mark W. (1998). "The Myths of Herakles in Ancient Greece: Survey and Profile". Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
Extraordinary strength, courage, ingenuity, and sexual prowess with both males and females were among his characteristic attributes. Although he was not as clever as the likes of Odysseus or Nestor, Heracles used his wits on several occasions when his strength did not suffice, such as when laboring for the king Augeas of Elis, wrestling the giant Antaeus, or tricking Atlas into taking the sky back onto his shoulders. Together with Hermes he was the patron and protector of gymnasia and palaestrae. His iconographic attributes are the lion skin and the club. These qualities did not prevent him from being regarded as a playful figure who used games to relax from his labors and played a great deal with children. By conquering dangerous archaic forces he is said to have "made the world safe for mankind" and to be its benefactor. Heracles was an extremely passionate and emotional individual, capable of doing both great deeds for his friends (such as wrestling with Thanatos on behalf of Prince Admetus, who had regaled Heracles with his hospitality, or restoring his friend Tyndareus to the throne of Sparta after he was overthrown) and being a terrible enemy who would wreak horrible vengeance on those who crossed him, as Augeas, Neleus and Laomedon all found out to their cost.
Origin and character
Many popular stories were told of his life, the most famous being The Twelve Labours of Heracles; Alexandrian poets of the Hellenistic age drew his mythology into a high poetic and tragic atmosphere. His figure, which initially drew on Near Eastern motifs such as the lion-fight, was known everywhere: his Etruscan equivalent was Hercle, a son of Tinia and Uni.
Heracles was the greatest of Hellenic chthonic heroes, but unlike other Greek heroes, no tomb was identified as his. Heracles was both hero and god, as Pindar says ''heroes theos''; at the same festival sacrifice was made to him, first as a hero, with a chthonic libation, and then as a god, upon an altar: thus he embodies the closest Greek approach to a "demi-god". The core of the story of Heracles has been identified by Walter Burkert as originating in Neolithic hunter culture and traditions of shamanistic crossings into the netherworld.
Hero or god
Heracles' role as a culture hero, whose death could be a subject of mythic telling (see below), was accepted into the Olympian Pantheon during Classical times. This created an awkwardness in the encounter with Odysseus in the episode of ''Odyssey'' XI, called the Nekuia, where Odysseus encounters Heracles in Hades::''And next I caught a glimpse of powerful Heracles— :''His ghost I mean: the man himself delights :''in the grand feasts of the deathless gods on high... :''Around him cries of the dead rang out like cries of birds :''scattering left and right in horror as on he came like night..."''
Ancient critics were aware of the problem of the aside that interrupts the vivid and complete description, in which Heracles recognizes Odysseus and hails him, and modern critics find very good reasons for denying that the verses beginning, in Fagles' translation ''His ghost I mean...'' were part of the original composition: "once people knew of Heracles' admission to Olympus, they would not tolerate his presence in the underworld", remarks Friedrich Solmsen, noting that the interpolated verses represent a compromise between conflicting representations of Heracles.
It is also said that when Heracles died he shed his mortal skin, which went down to the underworld and he went up to join the gods for being the greatest hero ever known.
Christian dating
In Christian circles a Euhemerist reading of the widespread Heracles cult was attributed to a historical figure who had been offered cult status after his death. Thus Eusebius, ''Preparation of the Gospel'' (10.12), reported that Clement could offer historical dates for Hercules as a king in Argos: "from the reign of Hercules in Argos to the deification of Hercules himself and of Asclepius there are comprised thirty-eight years, according to Apollodorus the chronicler: and from that point to the deification of Castor and Pollux fifty-three years: and somewhere about this time was the capture of Troy."
Readers with a literalist bent, following Clement's reasoning, have asserted from this remark that, since Heracles ruled over Tiryns in Argos at the same time that Eurystheus ruled over Mycenae, and since at about this time Linus was Heracles' teacher, one can conclude, based on Jerome's date—in his universal history, his ''Chronicon''—given to Linus' notoriety in teaching Heracles in 1264 BC, that Heracles' death and deification occurred 38 years later, in approximately 1226 BC.
Cult
The ancient Greeks celebrated the festival of the ''Herakleia'', which commemorated the death of Heracles, on the second day of the month of Metageitnion (which would fall in late July or early August). What is believed to be an Egyptian Temple of Heracles in the Bahariya Oasis dates to 21 BC.
Greek mythology
Birth and childhood
A major factor in the well-known tragedies surrounding Heracles is the hatred that the goddess Hera, wife of Zeus, had for him. A full account of Heracles must render it clear why Heracles was so tormented by Hera, when there were many illegitimate offspring sired by Zeus. Heracles was the son of the affair Zeus had with the mortal woman Alcmene. Zeus made love to her after disguising himself as her husband, Amphitryon, home early from war (Amphitryon did return later the same night, and Alcmene became pregnant with his son at the same time, a case of heteropaternal superfecundation, where a woman carries twins sired by different fathers). Thus, Heracles' very existence proved at least one of Zeus' many illicit affairs, and Hera often conspired against Zeus' mortal offspring as revenge for her husband's infidelities. His twin mortal brother, son of Amphitryon, was Iphicles, father of Heracles' charioteer Iolaus.
On the night the twins Heracles and Iphicles were to be born, Hera, knowing of her husband Zeus' adultery, persuaded Zeus to swear an oath that the child born that night to a member of the House of Perseus would become High King. Hera did this knowing that while Heracles was to be born a descendant of Perseus, so too was Eurystheus. Once the oath was sworn, Hera hurried to Alcmene's dwelling and slowed the birth of the twins Heracles and Iphicles by forcing Ilithyia, goddess of childbirth, to sit crosslegged with her clothing tied in knots, thereby causing the twins to be trapped in the womb. Meanwhile, Hera caused Eurystheus to be born prematurely, making him High King in place of Heracles. She would have permanently delayed Heracles' birth had she not been fooled by Galanthis, Alcmene's servant, who lied to Ilithyia, saying that Alcmene had already delivered the baby. Upon hearing this, she jumped in surprise, loosing the knots and inadvertently allowing Alcmene to give birth to Heracles and Iphicles.
Fear of Hera's revenge led Alcmene to expose the infant Heracles, but he was taken up and brought to Hera by his half-sister Athena, who played an important role as protectress of heroes. Hera did not recognize Heracles and nursed him out of pity. Heracles suckled so strongly that he caused Hera pain, and she pushed him away. Her milk sprayed across the heavens and there formed the Milky Way. But with divine milk, Heracles had acquired supernatural powers. Athena brought the infant back to his mother, and he was subsequently raised by his parents.
The child was originally given the name Alcides by his parents; it was only later that he became known as Heracles. He was renamed Heracles in an unsuccessful attempt to mollify Hera. He and his twin were just eight months old when Hera sent two giant snakes into the children's chamber. Iphicles cried from fear, but his brother grabbed a snake in each hand and strangled them. He was found by his nurse playing with them on his cot as if they were toys. Astonished, Amphitryon sent for the seer Tiresias, who prophesied an unusual future for the boy, saying he would vanquish numerous monsters.
Youth
After killing his music tutor Linus with a lyre, he was sent to tend cattle on a mountain by his foster father Amphitryon. Here, according to an allegorical parable, "The Choice of Heracles", invented by the sophist Prodicus (c. 400 BC) and reported in Xenophon's ''Memorabilia'' 2.1.21-34, he was visited by two nymphs—Pleasure and Virtue—who offered him a choice between a pleasant and easy life or a severe but glorious life: he chose the latter. This was part of a pattern of "ethicizing" Heracles over the fifth century BC.Later in Thebes, Heracles married King Creon's daughter, Megara. In a fit of madness, induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children by Megara. After his madness had been cured with hellebore by Antikyreus, the founder of Antikyra, he realized what he had done and fled to the Oracle of Delphi. Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera. He was directed to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task Eurystheus required of him. Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours, but after completing them, Heracles was cheated by Eurystheus when he added two more, resulting in the Twelve Labors of Heracles.
Labours of Heracles
Driven mad by Hera, Heracles slew his own children. To expiate the crime, Heracles was required to carry out ten labors set by his archenemy, Eurystheus, who had become king in Heracles' place. If he succeeded, he would be purified of his sin and, as myth says, he would be granted immortality. Heracles accomplished these tasks, but Eurystheus did not accept the cleansing of the Augean stables because Heracles was going to accept pay for the labor. Neither did he accept the killing of the Lernaean Hydra as Heracles' cousin, Ioloas, had helped him burn the stumps of the heads. Eurysteus set two more tasks (fetching the Golden Apples of Hesperides and capturing Cerberus), which Heracles performed successfully, bringing the total number of tasks up to twelve.
Not all writers gave the labors in the same order. Apollodorus (2.5.1-2.5.12) gives the following order: #To kill the Nemean lion. #To destroy the Lernaean Hydra. #To capture the Ceryneian Hind. #To capture the Erymanthian Boar. #To clean the Augean Stables. #To kill the Stymphalian Birds. #To capture the Cretan Bull. #To round up the Mares of Diomedes. #To steal the Girdle of Hippolyte. #To herd the Cattle of Geryon. #To fetch the Apples of Hesperides. #To capture Cerberus.
Further adventures
After completing these tasks, Heracles joined the Argonauts in a search for the Golden Fleece. They rescued heroines, conquered Troy, and helped the gods fight against the Gigantes. He also fell in love with Princess Iole of Oechalia. King Eurytus of Oechalia promised his daughter, Iole, to whoever could beat his sons in an archery contest. Heracles won but Eurytus abandoned his promise. Heracles' advances were spurned by the king and his sons, except for one: Iole's brother Iphitus. Heracles killed the king and his sons–excluding Iphitus–and abducted Iole. Iphitus became Heracles' best friend. However, once again, Hera drove Heracles mad and he threw Iphitus over the city wall to his death. Once again, Heracles purified himself through three years of servitude — this time to Queen Omphale of Lydia.
Omphale
Omphale was a queen or princess of Lydia. As penalty for a murder, imposed by Xenoclea, the Delphic Oracle, Heracles was to serve as her slave for a year. He was forced to do women's work and to wear women's clothes, while she wore the skin of the Nemean Lion and carried his olive-wood club. After some time, Omphale freed Heracles and married him. Some sources mention a son born to them who is variously named. It was at that time that the cercopes, mischievous wood spirits, stole Heracles' weapons. He punished them by tying them to a stick with their faces pointing downward.
Hylas
While walking through the wilderness, Heracles was set upon by the Dryopians. He killed their king, Theiodamas, and the others gave up and offered him Prince Hylas. He took the youth on as his weapons bearer and beloved. Years later, Heracles and Hylas joined the crew of the ''Argo''. As Argonauts, they only participated in part of the journey. In Mysia, Hylas was kidnapped by a nymph. Heracles, heartbroken, searched for a long time but Hylas had fallen in love with the nymphs and never showed up again. In other versions, he simply drowned. Either way, the ''Argo'' set sail without them.
Rescue of Prometheus
Hesiod's ''Theogony'' and Aeschylus' ''Prometheus Unbound'' both tell that Heracles shot and killed the eagle that tortured Prometheus (which was his punishment by Zeus for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mortals). Heracles freed the Titan from his chains and his torments. Prometheus then made predictions regarding further deeds of Heracles.
Heracles' Constellation
On his way back to Mycenae from Iberia, having obtained the Cattle of Geryon as his tenth labour, Heracles came to Liguria in North-Western Italy where he engaged into battle with two giants, Albion and Bergion or Dercynus, sons of Poseidon. The opponents were strong; Hercules was in a difficult position so he prayed to his father Zeus for help. Under the aegis of Zeus, Heracles won the battle. It was this kneeling position of Heracles when prayed to his father Zeus that gave the name Engonasin (''""'', derived from ), meaning "on his knees" or "the Kneeler" one constellation known as Heracles' constellation. The story, among others, is described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
Laomedon of Troy
Before the Trojan War, Poseidon sent a sea monster to attack Troy. The story is related in several digressions in the ''Iliad'' (7.451-453, 20.145-148, 21.442-457) and is found in Apollodorus' Bibliotheke (2.5.9). Laomedon planned on sacrificing his daughter Hesione to Poseidon in the hope of appeasing him. Heracles happened to arrive (along with Telamon and Oicles) and agreed to kill the monster if Laomedon would give him the horses received from Zeus as compensation for Zeus' kidnapping Ganymede. Laomedon agreed. Heracles killed the monster, but Laomedon went back on his word. Accordingly, in a later expedition, Heracles and his followers attacked Troy and sacked it. Then they slew all Laomedon's sons present there save Podarces, who was renamed Priam, who saved his own life by giving Heracles a golden veil Hesione had made. Telamon took Hesione as a war prize; they were married and had a son, Teucer.
Other adventures
Heracles defeated the Bebryces (ruled by King Mygdon) and gave their land to Prince Lycus of Mysia, son of Dascylus.
Lovers
Women
During the course of his life, Heracles married four times. His first marriage was to Megara, whose children he murdered in a fit of madness. Apollodoros (''Bibliotheke'') recounts that Megara was unharmed and given in marriage to Iolaus, while in Euripides' version Heracles killed Megara, too.
His second wife was Omphale, the Lydian queen or princess to whom he was delivered as a slave.
His third marriage was to Deianira, for whom he had to fight the river god Achelous (upon Achelous' death, Heracles removed one of his horns and gave it to some nymphs who turned it into the cornucopia.) Soon after they wed, Heracles and Deianira had to cross a river, and a centaur named Nessus offered to help Deianira across but then attempted to rape her. Enraged, Heracles shot the centaur from the opposite shore with a poisoned arrow (tipped with the Lernaean Hydra's blood) and killed him. As he lay dying, Nessus plotted revenge, told Deianira to gather up his blood and spilled semen and, if she ever wanted to prevent Heracles from having affairs with other women, she should apply them to his vestments. Nessus knew that his blood had become tainted by the poisonous blood of the Hydra, and would burn through the skin of anyone it touched.
Later, when Deianira suspected that Heracles was fond of Iole, she soaked a shirt of his in the mixture, creating the poisoned shirt of Nessus. Heracles' servant, Lichas, brought him the shirt and he put it on. Instantly he was in agony, the cloth burning into him. As he tried to remove it, the flesh ripped from his bones. Heracles chose a voluntary death, asking that a pyre be built for him to end his suffering. After death, the gods transformed him into an immortal, or alternatively, the fire burned away the mortal part of the demigod, so that only the god remained. After his mortal parts had been incinerated, he could become a full god and join his father and the other Olympians on Mount Olympus. He then married Hebe, his fourth and last wife.
Affairs
Another episode of his female affairs that stands out was his stay at the palace of Thespius king of Thespiae, who wished him to kill the Lion of Cithaeron. As a reward, the king offered him the chance to make love to his daughters, all fifty of them, in one night. Heracles complied and they all became pregnant and all bore sons. This is sometimes referred to as his Thirteenth Labour. Many of the kings of ancient Greece traced their lines to one or another of these, notably the kings of Sparta and Macedon.Yet another episode of his female affairs that stands out was when he carried away the oxen of Geryones, he also visited the country of the Scythians. Once while he was asleep there, his horses suddenly disappeared, and when he woke and wandered about in search of them, he came into the country of Hylaea. He there found the monster Echidna in a cave. When he asked whether she knew anything about his horses, she answered, that they were in her own possession, but that she would not give them up, unless he would consent to stay with her for a time. Heracles accepted the request, and became by her the father of Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scythes. The last of them became king of the Scythians, according to his father's arrangement, because he was the only one among the three brothers that was able to manage the bow which Heracles had left behind, and to use his father's girdle.
Men
As symbol of masculinity and warriorship, Heracles also had a number of male lovers. Plutarch, in his ''Eroticos,'' maintains that Heracles' male lovers were beyond counting. Of these, the one most closely linked to Heracles is the Theban Iolaus. According to a myth thought to be of ancient origins, Iolaus was Heracles' charioteer and squire. Heracles in the end helped Iolaus find a wife. Plutarch reports that down to his own time, male couples would go to Iolaus's tomb in Thebes to swear an oath of loyalty to the hero and to each other.One of Heracles' male lovers, and one represented in ancient as well as modern art, is Hylas. Though it is of more recent vintage (dated to the 3rd century) than that with Iolaus, it had themes of mentoring in the ways of a warrior and help finding a wife in the end. However it should be noted that there is nothing whatever in Apollonius's account that suggests that Hylas was a sexual lover as opposed to a companion and servant.
Another reputed male lover of Heracles is Elacatas, who was honored in Sparta with a sanctuary and yearly games, Elacatea. The myth of their love is an ancient one.
Abdera's eponymous hero, Abderus, was another of Heracles' lovers. He was said to have been entrusted with—and slain by—the carnivorous mares of Thracian Diomedes. Heracles founded the city of Abdera in Thrace in his memory, where he was honored with athletic games.
Another myth is that of Iphitus.
Another story is the one of his love for Nireus, who was "the most beautiful man who came beneath Ilion" (''Iliad'', 673). But Ptolemy adds that certain authors made Nireus out to be a son of Heracles.
Pausanias makes mention of Sostratus, a youth of Dyme, Achaea, as a lover of Heracles. Sostratus was said to have died young and to have been buried by Heracles outside the city. The tomb was still there in historical times, and the inhabitants of Dyme honored Sostratus as a hero.
There is also a series of lovers who are either later inventions or purely literary conceits. Among these are Admetus, who assisted in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar; Adonis; Corythus; and Nestor, who was said to have been loved for his wisdom. His role as lover was perhaps to explain why he was the only son of Neleus to be spared by the hero.
Children
Telephus is the son of Heracles and Auge. Hyllus is the son of Heracles and Deianeira or Melite. The sons of Heracles and Hebe are Alexiares and Anicetus.There is also, in some versions, reference to an episode where Heracles met and impregnated a half-serpentine woman, known as Echidna; her children, known as the Dracontidae, were the ancestors of the House of Cadmus.
According to Herodotus, a line of 22 Kings of Lydia descended from Hercules and Omphale. The line was called Tylonids after his Lydian name.
Children and consorts
#Bolbe ##Olynthus #Celtine ##Celtus #Chalciope ##Thessalus #Echidna ##Agathyrsus ##Gelonus ##Skythes #Epicaste ## Thestalus #Meda ##Antiochus #Myrto ##Eucleia #Parthenope, daughter of Stymphalus ##Everes #Phialo ##Aechmagoras #Psophis ##Echephron ##Promachus #Pyrene ## none known #50 daughters of Thespius ## 50 sons, see Thespius#Daughters and grandchildren #Unnamed Celtic woman ##Galates #Unnamed slave of Omphale ##Cleodaeus #Unknown consorts ##Agylleus ##Chromis ##Dexamenus ##Leucites ##Manto
Death
This is described in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' Book IX. Having wrestled and defeated Achelous, god of the Acheloos river, Heracles takes Deianira as his wife. Travelling to Tiryns, a centaur, Nessus, offers to help Deianira across a fast flowing river while Heracles swims it. However, Nessus is true to the archetype of the mischievous centaur and tries to steal Deianira away while Heracles is still in the water. Angry, Heracles shoots him with his arrows dipped in the poisonous blood of the Lernaean Hydra. Thinking of revenge, Nessus gives Deianira his blood-soaked tunic before he dies, telling her it will "excite the love of her husband".
Several years later, rumor tells Deianira that she has a rival for the love of Heracles. Deianira, remembering Nessus' words, gives Heracles the bloodstained shirt. Lichas, the herald, delivers the shirt to Heracles. However, it is still covered in the Hydra's blood from Heracles' arrows, and this poisons him, tearing his skin and exposing his bones. Before he dies, Heracles throws Lichas into the sea, thinking he was the one who poisoned him (according to several versions, Lichas turns to stone, becoming a rock standing in the sea, named for him). Heracles then uproots several trees and builds a funeral pyre, which Poeas, father of Philoctetes, lights. As his body burns, only his immortal side is left. Through Zeus' apotheosis, Heracles rises to Olympus as he dies.
No one but Heracles' friend Philoctetes (Poeas in some versions) would light his funeral pyre (in an alternate version, it is Iolaus who lights the pyre). For this action, Philoctetes or Poeas received Heracles' bow and arrows, which were later needed by the Greeks to defeat Troy in the Trojan War. Philoctetes confronted Paris and shot a poisoned arrow at him. The Hydra poison would subsequently lead to the death of Paris. The Trojan War, however, would continue until the Trojan Horse was used to defeat Troy.
Hercules in Rome
In Rome, Heracles was honored as ''Hercules'', and had a number of distinctively Roman myths and practices associated with him under that name.
Heracles in other cultures
Via the Greco-Buddhist culture, Heraclean symbolism was transmitted to the far east. An example remains to this day in the Nio guardian deities in front of Japanese Buddhist temples. Herodotus connected Heracles both to Phoenician god Melqart and to the Egyptian god Shu. Temples dedicated to Heracles abounded all along the Mediterranean coastal countries. For example the temple of ''Heracles Monoikos'' (i.e. the lone dweller), built far from any nearby town upon a promontory in what is now the Côte d'Azur, gave its name to the area's more recent name, Monaco.The gateway to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean, where the southernmost tip of Spain and the northernmost of Morocco face each other, is, classically speaking, referred to as the Pillars of Hercules/Heracles, owing to the story that he set up two massive spires of stone to stabilise the area and ensure the safety of ships sailing between the two landmasses.
Spoken word myths
Bibliography of reconstruction: Homer, ''Odyssey'', 12.072 (7th c. BC); Theocritus, ''Idylls'', 13 (350–310 BC); Callimachus, ''Aetia (Causes)'', 24. Thiodamas the Dryopian, Fragments, 160. Hymn to Artemis (310–250? BC); Apollonios Rhodios, ''Argonautika'', I. 1175 - 1280 (c. 250 BC); Apollodorus, ''Library and Epitome'' 1.9.19, 2.7.7 (140 BC); Sextus Propertius, ''Elegies'', i.20.17ff (50–15 BC); Ovid, ''Ibis'', 488 (AD 8–18); Gaius Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonautica'', I.110, III.535, 560, IV.1-57 (1st century); Hyginus, ''Fables'', 14. Argonauts Assembled (1st century); Philostratus the Elder, ''Images'', ii.24 Thiodamas (170–245); First Vatican Mythographer, 49. Hercules et Hylas
Ancestry
See also
Other figures in Greek mythology punished by the gods include:
Notes
Modern sources
References
Further reading
External links
Heracles Category:Argonauts Category:Demigods of Classical mythology Category:Greek gods Category:Greek mythology Category:Greek mythological hero cult Category:Monomyths Category:Offspring of Zeus Category:Oracular gods Category:Savior gods Category:Greek culture heroes Category:Heroes who ventured to Hades
af:Herakles ar:هيراكليس az:Herakl be:Геракл bs:Heraklo br:Herakles ca:Hèracles cs:Héraklés cy:Heracles da:Herakles de:Herakles et:Herakles el:Ηρακλής (μυθολογία) es:Heracles eo:Heraklo eu:Herakles fr:Héraclès ga:Earcail ko:헤라클레스 hr:Heraklo id:Herakles is:Herakles it:Eracle he:הרקולס ka:ჰერაკლე (მითოლოგია) kk:Геракл lv:Hērakls lb:Herakles lt:Heraklis hu:Héraklész nl:Herakles (mythologie) ja:ヘーラクレース no:Herakles oc:Eracles pms:Éracle pl:Herakles pt:Héracles ro:Heracle ru:Геракл sq:Herakliu simple:Heracles sk:Herakles sl:Heraklej sr:Херакле fi:Herakles sv:Herakles th:เฮราคลีส tg:Геракл tr:Herakles uk:Геракл vi:Heracles zh:赫拉克勒斯
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| Coordinates | 50°5′″N18°33′″N |
|---|---|
| name | Werner Herzog |
| birth name | Werner Herzog Stipetić |
| birth date | September 05, 1942 |
| birth place | Munich, Germany |
| occupation | ActorDirectorScreenwriterProducer |
| years active | 1962–present |
| spouse | Martje Grohmann(1967–1987)Christine Maria Ebenberger (1987–1994)Lena Herzog(1999–present) |
| website | http://www.wernerherzog.com }} |
He is often considered as one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema, along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Margarethe von Trotta, Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Schröter, and Wim Wenders. His films often feature heroes with impossible dreams, people with unique talents in obscure fields, or individuals who find themselves in conflict with nature. French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog "the most important film director alive."
Personal life
Herzog was born Werner Herzog Stipetić to Dietrich Herzog and Elizabeth Stipetić in Munich. His family moved to the remote Bavarian village of Sachrang (nestled in the Chiemgau Alps), after the house next to theirs was destroyed during the bombing at the close of World War II. When he was 12, he and his family moved back to Munich. His father had abandoned the family early in his youth. Werner would later drop his mother's surname for the German "Herzog".The same year, Herzog was told to sing in front of his class at school and he adamantly refused. He was almost expelled for this and until the age of 18 listened to no music, sang no songs and studied no instruments. He later said that he would easily give 10 years from his life to be able to play an instrument. At 14, he was inspired by an encyclopedia entry about filmmaking which he says provided him with "everything I needed to get myself started" as a film-maker—that, and the 35 mm camera that the young Herzog stole from the Munich Film School. In the commentary for ''Aguirre, the Wrath of God'', he states, "I don't consider it theft—it was just a necessity—I had some sort of natural right for a camera, a tool to work with." He studied at the University of Munich despite earning a scholarship to Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While in his teens he travelled to various exotic places.
In the early 1960s, Herzog worked nightshifts as a welder in a steel factory to help fund his first films. He has spoken of how, even before leaving school, he lived for a few months, buying a house, in what was likely the Moss Side area of Manchester, relating how it was there that he learned to speak English.". In 1966 he worked shortly in television under the auspices of NASA.
Herzog has been married three times and has three children. In 1967, he married Martje Grohmann, with whom he had a son in 1973, Rudolph Amos Achmed, who is a film producer and director as well as the author of several non-fiction books. In 1980, his daughter, Hanna Mattes (now a photographer and an artist), was born to Eva Mattes. In 1987, Herzog was divorced from Grohmann; later the same year he married Christine Maria Ebenberger. Their son, Simon Herzog, who attends Columbia University, was born in 1989. Herzog and Ebenberger divorced in 1994. In 1995 Herzog moved to the United States and in 1999 married photographer Lena Pisetski, now Lena Herzog. They live in Los Angeles.
In January 2006 actor Joaquin Phoenix overturned his car on a road above Sunset Boulevard. Herzog, who lived nearby, helped him get out of it. A few days later, while Herzog was giving an interview to Mark Kermode for the BBC, an unknown individual shot Herzog with an air rifle during filming. Herzog continued the interview and showed his wound on camera but acted as if nothing out of the ordinary had happened, remarking, "It is not a significant bullet."
Career
Besides using professional actors, German, American and otherwise, Herzog is known for using people from the locality in which he is shooting. Especially in his documentaries, he uses locals to benefit his, as he calls it, "ecstatic truth", using footage of them both playing parts and being themselves. Herzog and his films have won and been nominated for many awards. Herzog's first major award was the Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury for his first feature film ''Signs of Life'' (''Nosferatu the Vampyre'' was also nominated for Golden Bear in 1979). Most notably, Herzog won the best director award for ''Fitzcarraldo'' at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival. On the same Festival, but a few years earlier (in 1975) his movie ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser'' won The Special Jury Prize (also known as the 'Silver Palm'). Other films directed by Herzog nominated for Golden Palm are: ''Woyzeck'' and ''Where the Green Ants Dream''. His films were also nominated at many other very important festivals all around the world: César Awards (''Aguirre, the Wrath of God''), Emmy Awards (''Little Dieter Needs to Fly''), European Film Awards (''My Best Fiend'') and Venice Film Festival (''Scream of Stone'' and ''The Wild Blue Yonder'').In 1987 he and his half-brother Lucki Stipetic won the Bavarian Film Awards for Best Producing, for the film ''Cobra Verde''. In 2002 he won the ''Dragon of Dragons Honorary Award'' during Kraków Film Festival in Kraków.
Herzog was honored at the 49th San Francisco International Film Festival, receiving the 2006 Film Society Directing Award. Four of his films have been shown at the San Francisco International Film Festival: ''Wodaabe - Herdsmen of the Sun'' in 1990, ''Bells from the Deep'' in 1993, ''Lessons of Darkness'' in 1993, and ''The Wild Blue Yonder'' in 2006. Herzog's April 2007 appearance at the Ebertfest in Champaign, Illinois earned him the Golden Thumb Award, and an engraved glockenspiel given to him by a young film maker inspired by his films. ''Grizzly Man'', directed by Herzog, won the Alfred P. Sloan Prize at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. ''Encounters at the End of the World'' won the award for Best Documentary at the 2008 Edinburgh International Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Feature, Herzog's first nomination.
Herzog once promised to eat his shoe if Errol Morris completed the movie project on pet cemeteries that he had been working on, in order to challenge and motivate Morris, whom Herzog perceived as incapable of following up on the projects he conceived. In 1978 when the film ''Gates of Heaven'' premiered, Werner Herzog cooked and publicly ate his shoe, an event later incorporated into a short documentary ''Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe'' by Les Blank. At the event, Herzog suggested that he hoped the act would serve to encourage anyone having difficulty bringing a project to fruition.
In 2009, Herzog became the only filmmaker in recent history to enter two films in competition in the same year at the prestigious Venice Film Festival. Herzog's ''Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans'' was entered into the festival's official competition schedule, and his ''My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done?'' entered the competition as a "surprise film". Herzog also provided the narration for the short film ''Plastic Bag'' directed by Ramin Bahrani which was the Opening Night film in the Corto Cortissimo section of the festival.
Herzog is also a Jury Member for the digital studio Filmaka, a platform for undiscovered filmmakers to show their work to industry professionals.
Herzog was the President of the Jury at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival. He Was the Chief guest of the 15th International Film Festival of Kerala(IFFK 2010 December)
Herzog also lent his voice to the animated television program ''The Boondocks'' in the third season premiere episode It's a Black President, Huey Freeman in which he played himself filming a documentary about the series' cast of characters and their actions during the 2008 election of Barack Obama. He also played Walter Hotenhoffer (formerly known as Augustus Gloop) in the Simpsons episode The Scorpion's Tale which aired in March 2011.
Current and Future projects
Herzog completed a documentary called ''Cave of Forgotten Dreams'' in 2010, which shows Herzog's journey into the Chauvet Cave in France. Although generally skeptical of 3-D film as a format, Herzog premiered the film at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival in 3-D and had its European premiere at the 2011 Berlinale.Also in 2010, Herzog's documentary ''Happy People: A Year in the Taiga'', which portrays the life of an indigenous tribe from the Siberian part of the Taiga, had its premiere at the 2010 Telluride Film Festival.
As for feature films, the film adaptation of Daniel Mason's novel ''The Piano Tuner'' has been re-written by Herzog (after Peter Buchman first draft), and will be directed by Herzog as well. Focus Features will be studio helming the project, along with Mandalay Independent Pictures as production company. No cast, shooting or release dates are known yet.
Herzog has said that he would like to make a biopic about real-life traveler and explorer Gertrude Bell. Until now, it is still a proposed future project.
Film theory
Herzog's films have received considerable critical acclaim and achieved popularity on the art house circuit. They have also been the subject of controversy in regard to their themes and messages, especially the circumstances surrounding their creation. A notable example is ''Fitzcarraldo'', in which the obsessiveness of the central character was mirrored by the director during the making of the film, as shown in ''Burden of Dreams'', a documentary filmed during the making of Fitzcarraldo. His treatment of subjects has been characterized as Wagnerian in its scope, as ''Fitzcarraldo'' and his later film ''Invincible'' (2001) are directly inspired by opera, or operatic themes. He is proud of never using storyboards and often improvising large parts of the script, as he explains on the commentary track to ''Aguirre, the Wrath of God''.
Collaborations
Cast
;Actors/Actress in a Leading Role:;Actors in a Supporting Role:
Crew
;Cinematographers ;Thomas Mauch Mauch worked with Herzog on ten films: starting with ''Signs of Life'' and ''Last Words'' and ending with ''Fitzcarraldo''. He helped to create hallucinogenic atmosphere in ''Aguirre'' and realistic style of ''Stroszek''. Mauch won Film Award in Gold and National Society of Film Critics Awards for ''Aguirre''. He was Herzog's first choice to be cinematographer during ''Cobra Verde'', but after a perpetual torrent of verbal abuse from Kinski, Mauch walked out on the project. That was Mauch and Herzog's final collaboration.;Jörg Schmidt-Reitwein Reitwein worked with Herzog on seventeen films. Reitwein was Thomas Mauch's assistant camera during ''Even Dwarfs Started Small''. His first independent work for Herzog was ''Precautions Against Fanatics'' in 1969. He helped to create poetical atmosphere of ''Fata Morgana'', ''Heart of Glass'', ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser'' and ''Nosferatu''. He won the Film Award in Gold for ''Heart of Glass'' and ''Where the Green Ants Dream'' at the German Film Awards. He last collaborated with Herzog during ''Pilgrimage'' in 2001.
;Peter Zeitlinger Zeitlinger collaborated with Herzog on thirteen films, from ''Gesualdo: Death for Five Voices'' (1995) to now filming television documentary ''Death Row'' (2011), including ''Rescue Dawn'' and ''Grizzly Man''. He was nominated for Chlotrudis Award for ''Encounters at the End of the World'' in 2007 and for Independent Spirit Award for ''Bad Lieutenant. Port of Call: New Orleans'' in 2009.
;Producers ;Walter Saxer Saxer produced sixteen of Herzog's films, including ''Nosferatu'' and ''The White Diamond''. He worked as Sound Department during seven of Herzog's films, including ''The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner'' and ''Echoes from a Somber Empire''. He co-wrote ''Scream of Stone'' which Herzog directed. Saxer appeared as himself in Herzog's ''My Best Fiend'' and in Les Blank's ''Burden of Dreams'', in which he was also subjected to the verbal abuse of Kinski.
;Lucki Stipetic Lucki is Herzog's half-brother. He also produced several Herzog films, including ''Aguirre'' and ''Invincible''. Stipetic is a head of Werner Herzog Productions. He won Bavarian Film Award in 1988 for ''Cobra Verde'' and International Documentary Association Award for ''Little Dieter Needs to Fly'' in 1998. He was also nominated for an Emmy Award in 1998.
:André Singer Singer worked either as an executive producer or producer on eight of Herzog’s documentaries starting with “Lessons of Darkness” in 1991, “The Wild Blue Yonder” – won the Internatinal Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival, 2006 and including two of the most recent “La Boheme, short”, 2009, and “Into the Abyss”/”Death Row”, 2011.
;Editors ;Beate Mainka-Jellinghaus Mainka-Jellinghaus worked with Herzog on twenty films, from ''Signs of Life'' and ''Last Words'' (both from 1968) to ''Where the Green Ants Dream'' (1984). She won Film Award in Gold during German Film Awards for ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser'' in 1975.
;Joe Bini Bini collaborated with Herzog on nineteen films, from ''Little Dieter Needs to Fly'' (1997) to ''Cave of Forgotten Dreams'' (2009). He was nominated by American Cinema Editors for Best Edited Documentary Film for ''Grizzly Man'' in 2005.
;Costumes designers ;Ann Poppel Poppel collaborated with Herzog on four films, including ''Nosferatu the Vampyre'' and ''Scream of Stone''.
;Gisela Storch Storch worked with Herzog on six films: ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser'', ''Heart of Glass'', ''Nosferatu the Vampyre'', ''Woyzeck'', ''Fitzcarraldo'' and ''Cobra Verde''. She was nominated for a Saturn Award for ''Nosferatu the Vampire'' in 1979.
;Composers ;Popol Vuh Popol Vuh was a German Krautrock band founded by pianist and keyboardist Florian Fricke. The band took its name from the Popol Vuh, a manuscript of Quiché Maya kingdom, after watching Herzog's ''Fata Morgana'' (in which Lotte Eisner reads parts of the Popol Vuh). The band composed music for eight Herzog's films: ''Aguirre, the Wrath of God'', ''The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner'', ''Heart of Glass'', ''Nosferatu'', ''The Dark Glow of the Mountains'', ''Fitzcarraldo'', ''Cobra Verde'' and ''My Best Fiend''. Their compositions were also used by Herzog in ''Rescue Dawn''. Florian Fricke made a cameo as a pianist in ''Signs of Life'' and ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser''.
;Ernst Reijseger Herzog invited Reijseger to compose scores for his films four times to that date. Two of them were documentaries (''The White Diamond'' an ''Cave of Forgotten Dreams'') and two were features (''The Wild Blue Yonder'' and ''My Son, My Son What Have Ye Done''). His music was also used in ''Rescue Dawn'' and in video documentary short about recording music for ''Grizzly Man'' titled ''In the Edges: The 'Grizzly Man' Session'' directed by Erik Nelson. Reijseger also had a cameo as himself in ''My Son, My Son What Have Ye Done''.
;Others ;Henning von Gierke Gierke collaborated with Herzog on seven films and several operas. He was Production Designer during ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser'', ''Nosferatu the Vampyre'' and ''Fitzcarraldo''. As a Set Decorator he worked on ''Heart of Glass'' and ''Woyzeck'', as Stage Designer on operas: ''Lohengrin'' and ''Giovanna d'Arco'' and as Costume Designer on film ''The Transformation of the World Into Music''. Gierke shot additional still photographs on ''Stroszek'' 's set. He appeared twice in Herzog's film ''The Transformation of the World Into Music'' as himself and in Herzog's TV realisation of opera ''Giovanna d'Arco''. Von Gierke won Film Award in Gold for ''The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser'' during German Film Awards and Silver Bear for an outstanding single achievement for ''Nosferatu'', at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival.
Filmography
Fiction feature films
Fiction short films
Documentary feature films
Documentary short films
Screenwriter
Films written, not directed, by Herzog:
Herzog has written all his films, except these which he co-wrote:
Herzog has also co-written:
Actor
Stage works
Opera
Theatre
Bibliography
;Books Writer:
Co-writer: Paul Cronin. ''Herzog on Herzog'' (London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 2002, ISBN 0-571-20708-1) (extracts)
;Screenplays: Writer:
Co-writer:
References
External links
Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:People from Munich Category:Documentary film directors Category:English-language film directors Category:German documentary filmmakers Category:German expatriates in the United States Category:German film actors Category:German film directors Category:German film producers Category:German-language film directors Category:German screenwriters Category:Opera directors Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:American documentary filmmakers Category:American film actors Category:American film producers Category:American screenwriters Category:American people of German descent
als:Werner Herzog ar:فرنر هرتزوغ bn:ভের্নার হের্ৎসগ bar:Werner Herzog br:Werner Herzog bg:Вернер Херцог ca:Werner Herzog cs:Werner Herzog da:Werner Herzog de:Werner Herzog es:Werner Herzog fa:ورنر هرتزوگ fr:Werner Herzog gl:Werner Herzog id:Werner Herzog it:Werner Herzog he:ורנר הרצוג la:Guarnerius Herzog hu:Werner Herzog ml:വെർണർ ഹെർസോഗ് nl:Werner Herzog ja:ヴェルナー・ヘルツォーク no:Werner Herzog pl:Werner Herzog pt:Werner Herzog ru:Херцог, Вернер sl:Werner Herzog fi:Werner Herzog sv:Werner Herzog tr:Werner Herzog zh:韋納·荷索This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Panayoti Karousos is a renowned Greek-Canadian composer who brings to his music the philosophy and spiritualism of the Greek classics. He structures his works around Pythagorean mathematical forms and infuses them with modern styles such as those of Wagner, amongst others. The majestic sound of his work, The Spirit of Liberty, caused critics to acclaim it as a second national anthem of Greece. It was presented in Canada and New York with great success with the Astoria Symphony and maestro Silas Nathaniel Huff. Karousos presented his operas Prometheus, The Olympic Flame, Alexander the Great, The Holy Light of Christianity the oratorio The Song of the Nations and the symphonic poems Eternal Parthenon, Time Melody, and Democracy in Canada, which garnered him rave reviews. He did many concerts in Canada presenting his Symphonies Liberty Symphony and Olympic Symphony with the FACE Symphony Orchestra, the OSJL-L Symphony Orchestra and the Monteregie Symphony Orchestra under the direction of maestros Andre Gauthier, Theodora Stathopoulos and Luc Chaput.
The Piano Concerto for Peace was presented with pianist Nathalie Joncas under UNESCOs auspices. This piece was highlighted by the Montreal Popular Concerts series in Montreal’s Maurice Richard Arena to an audience of 5000 people.
The Piano Concerto became the soundtrack to filmmaker Jenna Constantine's movie ''If Aphrodite Had Arms''. Karousos’ works are featured in the Vassilios Chrissochos’ action-adventure-comedy film ''Attila Attacks!''
The Suite Montrealaise was commended from the City of Montreal to mark the Millennium and was successfully presented in a celebration concert on 1 October 2000.
Panayoti Karousos chamber music is different from the romanticism of his operas and symphonic works. The Piano Trios and the Violin and Cello Sonatas presented in Beverly Hills City Hall and around Montreal surprised the public with their melancholy nature and strong harmonic complexity.
As a singer and composer he collaborated with the Archbishop of Toronto Canada, Sotirios, in a 3 CD album named Greek Orthodox Catechism and performed for Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew. His album Grece Pays d’Amour got the award for Best Classical Recording in 2002/03 from the Toronto Radio Acropolis Awards.
The Olympic Flame was presented among other works with the Symphony Orchestra and the Choir of Gunst wat'n Kunst at Hague, Holland, with maestro Rafael Pylarinos. Panayoti Karousos Violin Concerto and Bouzouki Concerto were presented at the Concert for Religious Freedom hosted by the Federation of Hellenic Societies in New York, under the direction of maestro Grant Gilman. The World Premiere of his grandiose opera Alexander the Great presented in Montreal sung in French, with big success at the Montreal Notre Dame Basilica and represented in Chicago Illinois in English by the American Symphony Orchestra of Chicago and soloists from the opera of Chicago conducted by David Stech.
The opera Prometheus in English represented in Los Angeles with soloists from the Los Angeles opera and in New York by the Astoria Symphony and soloists and received amazing critics and reviews as a master peace work full of lyricism and melodic power.
Most recently Prometheus acclaimed as major modern opera work in Washington DC with the District of Columbia Symphony Orchestra and soloists conducted by Grant Gilman. Panayoti Karousos is a recipient of honors from the Federal Canadian Government, the Quebec Provincial Government and the City of Montreal.
References
External Links
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Peter Sellars (born September 27, 1957) is an American theatre director, noted for his unique contemporary stagings of classical and contemporary operas and plays. Sellars is professor of World Arts and Cultures at UCLA, where he teaches ''Art as Social Action'' and ''Art as Moral Action''.
Biography
Early and middle career
Sellars was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended Phillips Academy and, subsequently, Harvard University, graduating in 1981. As an undergraduate, he performed a puppet version of Wagner's Ring cycle, and directed a minimalist production of ''Three Sisters'', with mature birch trees on the stage apron at Loeb Drama Center and Chopin Nocturnes played on a concert grand piano seen through a suspended gauze box set.Sellars's production of ''Antony and Cleopatra'' in the swimming pool of Harvard's Adams House brought press attention well beyond campus, as did the subsequent techno-industrial production of ''King Lear'', which included a Lincoln Continental on stage and ambient musical moods by the Steel Cello Ensemble. In his senior year, he staged a production of Gogol's ''The Inspector-General'' at the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
This was followed during the summer of 1980 by staging of ''Don Giovanni'' performed under the aegis of the Monadnock Music Festival in Manchester, New Hampshire, which ''Opera News'' hailed as "an act of artistic vandalism". In the winter of 1980, a production of George Frideric Handel's ''Orlando'', again at the American Repertory Theatre, brought him to national attention—perhaps because of the novel conceit of setting it in outer space. Later, Sellars studied in Japan, China, and India.
Sellars served as director of the Boston Shakespeare Company for the 1983-1984 season. Among his productions were an influential ''Pericles, Prince of Tyre'' and a shattering staging of ''The Lighthouse'' by British composer Peter Maxwell Davies. In 1983 he received a MacArthur Fellowship.
In 1984, he was named director and manager of the American National Theater in Washington, D.C. at the age of 26, a post he held until 1986. During his years in Washington, Sellars staged a production of ''Count of Monte Cristo'', in a version by James O'Neill, featuring Richard Thomas, Patti Lupone, Zakes Mokae, and many other outstanding performers. The production had a set design by George Tsypin, with costumes by Dunya Ramicova, and lighting by James F. Ingalls. He also directed productions of Idiot's Delight by Robert Sherwood and Sophocles's ''Ajax'', as adapted by Robert Auletta.
He was Artistic Director of the 1990 and 1993 Los Angeles Festivals, presenting works of talented artists like the late Iranian director Reza Abdoh, and playwright Frank Ambriz.
Sellars subsequently staged a series of Mozart's operas, ''Cosi Fan Tutte'' (set in a diner on Cape Cod), ''The Marriage of Figaro'' (set in a luxury apartment in New York City's Trump Tower), and ''Don Giovanni'' (set in New York City's Spanish Harlem, cast and costumed as a blaxploitation movie), in collaboration with Emmanuel Music and its Artistic Director, Craig Smith. The productions were met with great critical acclaim, recorded in Austria by ORF in 1989, subsequently televised by PBS, and later revived at MC93 Bobigny (Paris) and the Gran Teatre del Liceu (Barcelona).
Sellars has directed one feature film, ''The Cabinet of Dr. Ramirez'', a silent color film starring Joan Cusack, Peter Gallagher, Ron Vawter, and Mikhail Baryshnikov. He was featured in Jean-Luc Godard's film of ''King Lear'', which he co-scripted.
Sellars was invited to the Salzburg and Glyndebourne Festivals, where he mounted productions of various 20th-century operas, notably Olivier Messiaen's ''Saint François d'Assise'', Paul Hindemith's ''Mathis der Maler'', György Ligeti's ''Le Grand Macabre'', and, with choreographer Mark Morris, the premiere of John Adams's and Alice Goodman's ''Nixon in China'' and ''The Death of Klinghoffer'', and the premiere of Kaija Saariaho's first opera, ''L'amour de loin''.
Other projects in which he has been involved include stagings of Handel's opera ''Giulio Cesare'' and oratorio ''Theodora'', Stravinsky's ''The Story of a Soldier'' with the Los Angeles Philharmonic conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen, I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky and Peony Pavilion.
He directed an important production of ''The Persians'' at the Edinburgh Festival in 1993, which articulated the play as a response to the Gulf War of 1990-1991.
In 1998, Sellars was awarded the Erasmus Prize for his work combining European and American cultural traditions in opera and theatre.
John Adams is one of Sellars's closest musical associates. Sellars directed and wrote the libretto for Adams's ''Dr. Atomic'', about Robert Oppenheimer and the development of the atomic bomb, for the San Francisco Opera (2005), De Nederlandse Opera, and the Chicago Lyric Opera (2008).
In 2005 Sellars was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to “a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind’s enjoyment and understanding of life.”
Recent years
In August 2006, he directed a staged performance of Mozart's unfinished opera ''Zaide'' as part of the Mostly Mozart Festival at Lincoln Center in New York; the pre-concert discussions were about contemporary slavery and the prospect of abolishing it, as well as Mozart's egalitarianism and opposition to slavery. In late 2006, Sellars organized the New Crowned Hope Festival in Vienna, Austria as Artistic Director (the festival was part of Vienna Mozart Year 2006), and directed there the premieres of Saariaho's oratorio ''La Passion de Simone'' and Adams's most recent opera, ''A Flowering Tree'', also in Vienna.In 2007, Sellars delivered the "State of Cinema" address at the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival on April 29. He introduced the screenings of Mahamat Saleh Haroun's ''Daratt'' and Garin Nugroho's ''Opera Jawa'', two of the New Crowned Hope films and it also screened Jon Else's documentary, ''Wonders Are Many'', which features an account of Adams's and Sellars's creation of the first San Francisco production of ''Doctor Atomic''. An extensive commentary by Sellars is included in the 2007 DVD of Grigori Kozintsev's ''King Lear'' by Facets Video.
In early 2009, Sellars co-curated a contemporary art exhibition of work by Ethiopian artist Elias Simé at the Santa Monica Museum of Art, a kunsthalle in Santa Monica, California. His ''Othello'', starring Phillip Seymour Hoffman as Iago, showed in the Fall 2009 season at New York City's Public Theater.
In 2011, Sellars directed a production of John Adams's opera ''Nixon in China'' for New York's Metropolitan Opera. This was broadcast in many theaters around the world in HD on February 12. During a backstage interview in the first intermission, Sellars referred to the fall of President Hosni Mubarak which took place in Cairo on the previous day, comparing it to the momentous time when Richard Nixon first met with Mao Tse-Tung in Peking (as Beijing was then known in the West) opening diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China.
Controversy
Sellars has been criticized for straying too far from composers' intentions. György Ligeti was deeply upset at Sellars's 1997 production of his ''Le Grand Macabre'' at the Salzburg Festival. On the other hand, Saariaho has stated that Sellars's design for the Salzburg and Santa Fe Opera productions of her 2000 opera ''L'amour de loin'' was in harmony with her imagination of the set. Sellars again worked with Saariaho in directing the 2006 Paris, and 2008 Helsinki and Santa Fe presentations of her second opera, ''Adriana Mater''. As one review put it, :"In the TV interview Saariaho named director Sellars as the hero of the performance. Aside from the bitter and violent war events, Sellars has added to the opera a dimension of hope that the conductor [sic] herself had not envisaged in the first place."In 2001, Sellars briefly directed South Australia's Adelaide Festival of Arts before being replaced by Sue Nattrass. Sellars' brief directorship remains the most controversial in the festival's history. He claimed the reason behind his shock departure was that he was "impeding the forward progress of the Festival".
The Opposition Arts Spokesperson for South Australia, the Hon. Carolyn Pickles, said of the situation at the time: :"Peter Sellars asked the community to take a leap of faith for his particular Festival which was based around themes. He also rejected what he termed 'the shopping trolley' approach to Festivals. We took him on faith and embraced his dream, but soon it became apparent... that the emperor had no clothes. Critics gave the programme the thumbs down, which finally precipitated action on the part of the Festival Board."
References
Sources
External links
Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:American theatre directors Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Opera directors Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Erasmus Prize winners Category:University of California faculty Category:People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Category:Phillips Academy alumni
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