- published: 07 Aug 2011
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- author: aAzArSSG
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Abbottabad
Abbottabad /əˈbɒtəbɑːd/ (Urdu, Hindko: ایبٹ آباد Ābṭābād [aːbʈaːˈbaːd̪]) is a city located in the Hazara region of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in Pakistan. The city is situated in the Orash Valley, 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of the capital Islamabad and 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Peshawar at an altitude of 1,260 metres (4,134 ft) and is the capital of the Abbottabad District. It borders Azad Kashmir to the east. The city is well-known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather, high-standard educational institutions and military establishments.
The town of Abbottabad, under the British Raj, was the headquarters of the Hazara District during British rule of India. It was named after Major James Abbott who founded the town and district in January 1853 after the annexation of Punjab. He remained the first Deputy Commissioner of the Hazara district from 1849 until April 1853. Major Abbott is noted for having written a poem titled "Abbottabad", before he went back to Britain, in which he wrote of his fondness for the town and his sadness at having to leave it. In the early 20th century, Abbottabad became an important military cantonment and sanatorium, serving as the headquarters of a brigade in the Second Division of the Northern Army Corps. The garrison consisted of four battalions of native infantry, of the Frontier Force (including the 5th Gurkha Rifles) and two native mountain batteries.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola, pronounced: [ʁɨˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈɡɔla];Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu: Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in southern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Portuguese were present in some—mostly coastal—points of the territory of what is now Angola, from the 16th to the 19th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples that lived there. In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territory was not established before the end of the 19th century, and "effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s. Independence was achieved in 1975, after a protracted liberation war. After independence, Angola was the scene of an intense civil war from 1975 to 2002. The country has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy has on average grown at a two-digit pace since the 1990s, especially since the end of the civil war. In spite of this, standards of living remain low for the majority of the population, and life expectancy and infant mortality rates in Angola are among the worst-ranked in the world. At the same time, a minority has reached comfortable life standards, and the dominant stratum has succeeded in accumulating considerable wealth, so that social inequality in Angola is one of the highest in the world.
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Attock
Attock (Urdu: اٹک) (formerly Campbellpur) is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan and the headquarters of Attock District. In the 1901 census, Attock was reported to have had a population of 2866 people, a figure which has grown dramatically during the 20th century with 69,588 reported in the 1998 census and contemporary estimates approaching 100,000.
It is located on the bank of the Indus, just 80 km (50 mi) from Rawalpindi, 100 km (62 mi) from Peshawar, and 10 km (6 mi) from the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra.
Gandhara was a historic region of ancient India (which corresponds to areas of north west Pakistan including Attock). Situated astride the middle Indus River, the region had Taxila and Peshawar as its chief cities. It was originally a province of the Persian Empire and was reached (327 B.C.) by Alexander the Great. The region passed to Chandragupta, founder of the Maurya empire, in the late 4th century B.C., and under Asoka was converted (mid-3d cent.) to Buddhism. It was part of Bactria from the late 3d cent. to the 1st cent. B.C. Under the Kushan dynasty (1st cent.–3d cent. A.D.), and especially under Kanishka, Gandhara developed a noted school of sculpture, consisting mainly of images of Buddha and relief’s representing scenes from Buddhist texts, but with marked Greco-Roman elements of style. The art form flourished in Gandhara until the 5th century, when the region was conquered by the Huns.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
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Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur (Urdu, Saraiki: بہاولپور), located in Punjab, is the twelfth largest city in Pakistan. The city was once the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The city was home to various Nawabs (rulers) and counted as part of the Rajputana states (now Rajasthan, India). The city is known for its famous palaces such as the Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mahal, as well as the ancient fort of Derawar in the Cholistan Desert bordering India. The city is located near the historical and ancient cities of Uch and Harappa, which were once a stronghold of the Delhi Sultanate and Indus Valley Civilisation. The city is home to one of the few natural safari parks in Pakistan, Lal Suhanra National Park.
In 2007, the city's population was recorded to have risen to 798,509 from 403,408 in 1998.Punjabi and Saraiki are the major languages of local people, while Urdu is well understood and English is the official languages used in various educational and government institutions. Bahawalpur is located south of the Sutlej River and lies in the Cholistan region near the Thar Desert. It is situated 90 km from Multan, 420 km from Lahore, and 270 km from Faisalabad.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (
i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
i/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
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East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timori/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.
wn.com/East_Timor -
Gilgit
Gilgit (Urdu, Shina: گلگت) is the capital city of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Gilgit City forms a tehsil of Gilgit, within Gilgit District. Its ancient name was Sargin, later to be known as Gilit, and it is still called Gilit or Sargin-Gilit by local people. In the Burushaski language, it is named Geelt and in Wakhi and Khowar it is called Gilt. Ghallata is considered its name in ancient Sanskrit literature. Gilgit City is one of the two major hubs in Gilgit Baltistan for mountaineering expeditions to the Karakoram and other the peaks in the Himalayas, the other hub being Skardu.[citation needed]
Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia.[citation needed]
The Dards and Chinas appear in many of the old Pauranic lists of peoples who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in Ptolemy's accounts of the region. Two famous travellers, Faxian and Xuanzang, traversed Gilgit according to their accounts.[citation needed]
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Gujranwala
Gujranwala (Punjabi, Urdu: گوجرانوالہ ) is an industrial city in the north-east of the Punjab province. It is the 7th largest city in Pakistan with a population of approximately 2,661,360 as on 24 June 2011 (Extrapolated from a population of 1,415,711 in 2006 and a population of 2,569,090 on February 4, 2011). Gujranwala is located at 32.16° North, 74.18° East and is 226 metres (744 ft) above sea level. It shares borders with Ghakhar Mandi, Alipur Chatha, kamonke and some small towns and villages. Punjabi is the local language, but English and Urdu are also common, particularly in schools and offices. Due to extensive road and rail links the city has flourished within the manufacturing and agricultural markets. The city is on the Grand Trunk Road, which allows logistical connections to the provincial capitals such as Peshawar and Lahore and also to the capital of Pakistan Islamabad.It is in between Lahore and [Gujrat,Wazirabad]. its small and medium industries. Gujranwala is known for its extensive production of sugarcane, melons and grains for international export.Gujranwala exports one of the world's finest quality Rice. The city has set up several commercial and industrial centres allowing the manufacturing of ceramics,Fans,electrical switch gears,engineering tools,Agricultural/earth moving machinery, steel, cutlery, crockery, iron safes, metal tool, utensils, textiles,Wollen Sweaters, sanitary Fittings and tannery production. The city has produced some of the finest wrestlers and bodybuilders of the subcontinent, which has resulted in the nickname 'City of wrestlers' or Phelwana da shehar in Punjabi. The city is also the birthplace of the legendary Sikh warrior-king, Ranjit Singh.
wn.com/Gujranwala -
Haiti
Haitii/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [aiti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
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Hyderabad, Sindh
Hyderabad (help·info) (Sindhi: حيدرآباد, Urdu: حیدرآباد Haidarābād) is the 2nd largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the 6th largest city in the country. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro upon the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus known as Neroon Kot (Sindhi: نيرُون ڪوٽ). Formerly the capital of Sindh, it serves as the HQ of the district of Hyderabad. The last Battle of Amir Talpor and British took place in this city in 1843. Before the creation of Pakistan, it was known as the Paris of India, for its roads used to be washed with river water.
The political boundaries stage the city as a district and the region has seen major political turmoil. From the battles fought against the British occupation to the civilian unrest in the 1980s, the city has lost its glory of past and much of its cultural and architectural heritage lies in tattered ruins.
Hyderabad is a hot and humid city in the south of the nation and has been a staging point for literary campaigns particularly oriented towards the Sindhi language and a birthplace of a few influential poets and Sufi dervishes. Rich with culture and tradition, the city is the largest bangle producer in the world and serves as a transit between the rural and the urban Sindh.
wn.com/Hyderabad,_Sindh -
Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Jhelum
Coordinates: 32°55′43″N 73°43′53″E / 32.92861°N 73.73139°E / 32.92861; 73.73139
Jhelum ( /ˈdʒeɪləm/) (Urdu, Punjabi: جہلم) (Greek: Alexandria Bucephalous) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors. Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander the Great and Raja Porus. A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Sarosh. Other notable sites nearby include the 16th century Rohtas Fort, the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the population of Jhelum was 145,647 and in 2010 its population is 174,679. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the river that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills.
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Jinnah Naval Base
Jinnah Naval Base (JNB) is located at Ormara, Balochistan, Pakistan. Jinnah Naval Base is a Pakistan Naval support marine and naval research and development base which consists of a military airport and a space facility. The facility is under control of the Pakistan Navy. The base is named after Pakistan's Founder, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah Naval base provides administrative offices, light industrial shops, and storage facilities for tenant naval commands.
Jinnah Naval Base is situated about 240 km west of Karachi by sea. By land, via the Makran Coastal Highway it is 350 km from Karachi and 285 km from Gwadar. The work on selection of site for this naval base commenced in 1990. The contract was awarded to Turkish company STFA and Jan De Nul of Belgium for offshore and land development in December 1992.
The construction of the base began in 1994 and was completed in 2000. According to the NTI, the naval facility at Ormara has been used to flight-test solid-fueled Shaheen ballistic missile-series under development by the NDC. The construction of a space facility is unclear and unknown. However, according to science sources in Pakistan, it is believed that a spaceport was constructed by joint teams of scientists assembled from SUPARCO, NDC, and DESTO collaborating closely to construct a spaceport at the naval base to test fire Pakistan's sounding rockets as well as power thrust rockets into space.
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Kakul
Kakul is a town situated in the Kakul Valley at an elevation of 1300 metres, 5 km northeast of Abbottabad city near the Thandiani Hills, in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The population is around 30,000.
Kakul was a rural area prior to the establishment of a Boer Prisoner of War camp here during the Boer War, circa 1899-1902, by the (then) Government of British India which site was placed under the official management of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles. Later on, the POW camp was converted into an army mountaineering and PT school until 1947-48. It was this site, which was later chosen for the new post-independence Pakistan Military Academy, which is located in the eastern side of the valley.
The township of Kakul is the headquarter of Kakul Union Council. The Union Council is divided into the following areas: Balolia, Kakul, Mandroch Kalan, Mandroch Khurd, Nawansher Janoobi and Nawansher Shamali.
Coordinates: 34°11′N 73°15′E / 34.183°N 73.25°E / 34.183; 73.25
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Kargil district
Kargil is a district of Ladakh region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kargil lies near the Line of Control facing Gilgit–Baltistan to the west, and Kashmir valley to the south. Zanskar is part of Kargil district along with Suru, Wakha and Dras valleys. Kargil was at the center of a conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999.
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22).
Kargil district is nestled in the Himalayas, giving it a cool, temperate climate. Summers are warm with cool nights, while winters are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to −40 °C (−40 °F) with recorded temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F) in the tiny town of Dras, situated some 56 km (35 mi) from the Kargil town. The Zanskar plateau is even colder, making it thus a near-uninhabitable place for humans, except for the hardy Khampas. The entire Kargil district is spread over 14,086 km2 (5,439 sq mi). The Suru River flows through the district.
National Highway 1D, connecting Srinagar to Leh, cuts through Kargil. This highway is typically open for traffic only from June to mid-November due to heavy snowfall at the Zoji La, but in recent years it has been opened before June. Kargil is located 204 km (127 mi) from the capital city of Srinagar. There is a partially paved road—the first 40 kilometres (25 mi) or so—leading from Kargil south to Zanskar. Total distance to Zanskar is nearly 220 km (140 mi), which is again open only from June to September. The region has recently been opening to tourists, with steps a travel hub by the Indian Government. Recently, both India and Pakistan have considered linking the Pakistan town of Skardu with Kargil via a bus route to facilitate free movement of Kashmiris in the area.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Kharian
Kharian (Urdu: کھاریاں ) (Pronunciation: Khariah) is a city of Gujrat District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Kharian is the chief city of Kharian Tehsil, which administrates all of the numerous surrounding villages and towns of Greater Kharian.
Kharian is located almost midway between the Capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad (about 125 km) and provincial capital of Punjab, Lahore (about 145 km). The most northern parts of Greater Kharian lies in front of the beautiful foothills of the Himalaya mountains of Azad Kashmir.
Kharian is located on the Grand Trunk Road (colloquially known as the GT road). This is the road which connects Kharian, all the way from Bangladesh, through India across Pakistan and to Afghanistan. It was used during British Rule to transport goods across South Asia. The main railway line also passes through Kharian, thus providing good transportation to the northern and southern parts of Pakistan.
The closest major cities to Kharian are Jhelum (about 10 miles) and Gujrat (around 20 miles).
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Khuzdar
Khuzdar or Khozdar (Balochi: خضدار) is a town located in Khuzdar District in Balochistan, Pakistan. Khuzdar is the capital of Khuzdar District, which was created on 1 March 1974. Previously, Khuzdar was part of Kalat District.
Khuzdar was the capital of the Brahui kingdom of Makran.
In the early 17th century it was part of the Jhalawan kingdom, but it soon fell under the Kingdom of Kalat, where it remained until a series of revolts during the reign of Khudadad Khan (1857-1893). By 1896, after Khudadad's death, the authority of Kalat was restored.
Under a treaty with Kalat, the British appointed a political agent at Khuzdar in 1903. British assistance continued until 1947, after which the area was acceded to Pakistan as part of the two nation theory and became a Democracy. When the Baluchistan States Union became Kalat Division, Khuzdar was established as the divisional headquarters. The divisional administration of Pakistan ended in 2000. Khuzdar was again established as the Divisional headquarters in June 2009 by the Pakistan Peoples Party Government.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا [xaiˈbər pəxtunˈxwɑ]; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا [ˈxɛːbər pəxˈtuːnxwaː]), locally called Pukhtunkhwa, and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns; other smaller ethnic groups include most notably the Hindkowanss, Gujjar's and Chitralis. The principal languages are Pashto (locally referred to as Pukhto) The provincial capital is Peshawar.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the Iranian plateau and comprises the junction where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching South Asia. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.
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Kohat
Kohat (Pashto: کوهاټ) is a medium sized town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°35'13N 71°26'29E with an altitude of 489 metres (1607 feet) and is the capital of Kohat District. The town centres around a British-era fort, various bazaars, and a military cantonment. A British-built narrow gauge railway runs through the town. Kohat Pass is to the north.
The town of Kohat is situated on the left bank of the Kohat toi at a point where, after running nearly due east for 50 miles (80 km), is takes a turn to south. The total area of the district is 2,545 square kilometres (983 sq mi).[citation needed]
Before the partition there were only two high School in Kohat, Islima High School and Barathery High School.[citation needed]
http://www.kohatpressclub.n.nu
List of airports in Pakistan, Kohat Airbase
Much of the transport is privately operated within the city limits. There are also many buses that pass through the city via the Indus Highway. Most going to Peshawar and running between Bannu, D.I. Khan, Islamabad and rest of Pakistan. The railway line is operated between Kohat and Rawalpindi only.
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Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwaiti/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Lahore District
Lahore District (Urdu: ضلع لاہور) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan that contains the city of Lahore, the district and provincial capital. The total area is 1,772 square kilometres (684 sq mi). According to the 1998 census, the population was 6,318,745, of which 81.17% were urban.
Until the local government reforms of 2000, Lahore was part of the now-defunct Lahore Division. With the revival of commissioner system division, Lahore was restored.
Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in 2001, Lahore was tagged as a City District and divided into nine towns. Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils.
Coordinates: 31°25′N 74°20′E / 31.417°N 74.333°E / 31.417; 74.333
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Lakshmipur District
Lakshmipur or Laxmipur District (Chittagong Division) with an area of 1455.96 km², is a district of Bangladesh bounded by Chandpur District on the north, Bhola and Noakhali districts upazilas on the south, Noakhali District on the east, Barisal and Bhola districts and the Meghna and on the west. Maximum temperature 34.3 °C, minimum 14.4 °C; annual rainfall 3302 mm. Main rivers are the Meghna, dakatia, Katakhali, Rahmatkhali and Bhulua.
The upazilas under this district are:
Lakshmipur (Town) stands on the bank of the Rahmatkhali, consists of 12 wards and 22 mahallas. Lakshmipur municipality was constituted in 1976. The area of the town is 16.88 km². The town has a population of 65398; male 52.07%, female 47.93%. The density of population is 3874 per km². The literacy rate among the town people is 45.1%.
Administration Lakshmipur thana was established under Noakhali district in 1860. Lakshmipur was transformed into subdivision in 1979 and was elevated to a district in 1984. It consists of 5 upazilas, 4 municipalities, 30 wards, 55 mahallas, 58 union parishads, 445 mouzas and 514 villages. The upazilas are lakshmipur sadar, raipur, ramganj, ramgati and kamal nagar.
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Liberia
Liberiai/laɪˈbɪəriə/, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Ivory Coast on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country.
Along with Ethiopia, Liberia is one of the two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa. Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, a private organization that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa. Slaves freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. In 1847, these colonists founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States and naming the capital city Monrovia after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization. The colonists, known as Americo-Liberians, led the political and economic sectors of the country.
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Line of Control
Coordinates: 34°56′N 76°46′E / 34.933°N 76.767°E / 34.933; 76.767
The term Line of Control (LOC) refers to the military control line between the Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which, to this day, does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary but is the de facto border. Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line", it was redesignated as the "Line of Control" following the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972. The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts of the former princely state that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Its northern most point is known as the NJ9842.
Another cease-fire line, one that separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin, lies further to the east and is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
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MILAN
MILAN (French: Missile d´infanterie léger antichar; English: Anti-Tank Light Infantry Missile, "milan(e)" is French and German for "kite bird") is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962. It was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (Semi-Automatic Command to Line-Of-Sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA thermal sight, to give it night-firing ability.
MILAN is a French and German missile that has been license-built by Italy, Spain, Britain and India. As it is guided by wire by an operator, this missile can avoid most countermeasures (flares and chaffs). The drawbacks are its short range, the exposure of the operator, and that it requires a skilled and well-trained operator.
The later MILAN models have tandem HEAT warheads. This was done to keep pace with developments in Soviet Armour technology. Soviet tanks began to appear with explosive reactive armor, which could defeat earlier ATGMs. The smaller precursor HEAT warhead penetrates and detonates the ERA tiles, paving the way for the main HEAT warhead to penetrate the armor behind.
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Mogadishu
Mogadishu ( /ˌmɒɡəˈdɪʃuː/; Somali: Muqdisho; Arabic: مقديشو Maqadīshū; Italian: Mogadiscio, literally "The Seat of the Shah"), popularly known as Xamar, is the largest city in Somalia and the nation's capital. Located in the coastal Benadir region on the Indian Ocean, the city has served as an important port for centuries.
Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers of Bushman physical stock. These were later joined by Cushitic agro-pastoralists, who would go on to establish local aristocracies. Starting in the late 9th or 10th centuries, Arab and Persian traders also began to settle in the region.
During its medieval Golden Age, Mogadishu was ruled by the Somali-Arab Muzaffar dynasty, a vassal of the Ajuuraan State. It subsequently fell under the control of an assortment of local Sultanates and polities, most notably the Gobroon Dynasty. The city later became the capital of Italian Somaliland in the colonial period.
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Multan
Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: : مُلتان pronunciation (help·info)), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 5th number. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about 562 km (349 mi) from Islamabad, 356 km (221 mi) from Lahore and 966 km (600 mi) from Karachi. Multan District has a population of 3.1 million (1998).
Multan is known as the City of Sufis or City of Saints and Madinah-Tul-Awleyah due to the large number of shrines and Sufi saints from the city. According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 3rd number. The city is full of bazaars, mosques, shrines and ornate tombs. Multan is also the birthplace of Fariduddin Ganjshakar popularly known as Baba Farid who is considered a father of Punjabi language and one of the pioneers in developing Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language which was later adopted by almost all Muslim saints and intellectuals in Punjab region and even in whole of India. Celebrated sufi saint of Punjab and North India Khwaja Ghulam Farid also adopted Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language to convey his teachings.Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The city has grown to become an influential political and economical center for the country, with a dry port and excellent transport links. Multan is famous for its crops: wheat, cotton and sugar cane as well as mangoes, citrus, guavas and pomegranates.
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Murree
Murree (Punjabi, Urdu: مری) is a hill station and summer resort and the administrative centre of Murree Tehsil, which is a subdivision of Rawalpindi District and includes the Murree Hills.
Murree was the summer capital of the British Raj in the Punjab Province (British India). A popular tourist destination, Murree is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,291 metres (7,516 ft), the city of Murree, draped in forests of pine, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from the colonial era.
Murree is located along the Islamabad-Murree Highway, some 58.3 km (36.2 mi) northeast of Islamabad.
The name Murree is derived from 'marhi', "high place",
Murree was developed in 1851 by the (then) President of the Punjab Administrative Board, Sir Henry Lawrence, and was originally established for the British troops garrisoned on the Afghan frontier as a sanatorium. Officially, the municipality was created in 1850.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië, German: Republik Namibia (help·info)), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. It became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy.
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Okara, Pakistan
Okara (Punjabi, Urdu: اوکاڑہ) is the capital city of Okara District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Okara is also known as Mini Lahore. The name Okara is derived from Okaan, the name of a type of tree. The city is located southwest of the city of Lahore and is famous for its agriculture-based economy and cotton mills. The nearest major city to Okara is Sahiwal,formerly known as Montgomery. Okara is now the part of Sahiwal Division.
Okara has the largest storage capacity in Asia and is a fairly large district in Pakistan in terms of population. There are famous Pakistan military dairy farms, especially famous for their cheese, situated in Okara. These farms are of the pre-partition or British Indian Era. Mitchels farms also are located in the nearest town, Renala Khurd, in the Okara District. Okara's postal code is 56300.
The city is a relatively new agricultural city; during the period of British rule there was a jungle of Okaan where the city has been built, and from this the name of the city was derived. During British rule, the area was part of Montgomery District and contained a large saltpeter refinery. One of Pakistan's two textile mills is located in Okara. In 1982, the city became the headquarters of the newly created Okara District. Okara has had a railway line since 1892. Okara is famous for its cattle breed known as Sahiwal and a water buffalo breed known as Nili-Ravi. It is very rich in livestock population and production. Livestock Production Research Institute Bahadar Nagar Farm is a very large government farm near Okara. The farm has a large number of cows, buffalo, bulls (for reproduction), goats and sheep. The majority of the population of Okara are Maitla's and Rajput's and Arain families. Rao's and Mian's are major political hubs in Okara. The top leader and politician in Okara is Rao Sikandar Iqbal who was the former Defense minister of Pakistan and Mian Zaman who was also a senior government minister.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pano Aqil
Pano Aqil (Urdu: پنو عاقل) is a taluka of Sukkur District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the capital Sukkur. Pano Akil Cantonment, Pakistan's largest cantonment, is located here. The Mohallas in this city include Fouji Mohalla, Abbasi Mohalla, Sofi Mohalla, Mehran Colony, Indher Colony, Basheerabad, Shaikh Muhalla, Mandar Gali, Masan Muhalla, Gharibabad, Bashirabad and Irrigation Colony. It consists of 12 union councils and 516 villages.
The city can be accessed by rail as it is located on the main railway line of Pakistan. The national highway also passes by the west of the city, providing easy access by Road. Similarly, public transport is easily available for various cities including Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore and Sukkur. Sukkur Airport is about at an one and half hour driving distance from the city. The city is connected via a grid of roads and streets, most accessible by car.
Pano Aqil is basically an agricultural area, as its land is fertile while water is available in appropriate quantity. Some agricultural industries include Mahar Cotton Factory, Habib cotton (Indher Colony), Mahar Floor Mill, Najeeb Boon Mills, Bhutto Fruit Farm, Wood Factories and Fruit Farm. It supplies major amounts of vegetables, fruits and cotton crops to the other parts of country, oil of pano akil is so famous also. Pano Aqil is the largest supplier of Lady finger of Pakistan.
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Peshawar
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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PNS Ahsan
Coordinates: 25°11′26″N 64°36′12″E / 25.19056°N 64.60333°E / 25.19056; 64.60333
The Pakistan Naval Station Ahsan, known as PNS Ahsan, is a Logistics-Intelligence Naval base located in Makran, Balochistan Province. The base is named after legendary naval intelligence officer and former Chief of Naval Staff Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan. The base is currently under controlled by the Pakistan Navy, and the base provides logistics support and surveillance systems operations to ensure the security of Pakistan Navy's infrastructure.
The administrative establishment of a naval base was led in 1970 under the command of Rear-Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi who supervised the construction of the base. The base played an integral and important role in Balochistan conflict, where it had provided intelligence and logistic support to Pakistan Army. The base successfully applied an effective naval blockade of illegal arm smuggling in the Province. Later in the conflict, the base provided security to the Pakistan Navy's infrastructure and establishment in the Balochistan Province.
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PNS Qasim
Coordinates: 24°47′24″N 68°58′47″E / 24.79°N 68.97972°E / 24.79; 68.97972
The Pakistan Naval Station Qasim, or PNS Qasim, is the major naval special operations base for the Amphibious Special Operations Forces in the Pakistan Navy. PNS Qasim, the garrison of Pakistan Marines, is served as the logistic base for the Marines which is responsible for general administration and naval/military logistics requirements. The Pakistan Marines Corps structure is composed of five segments, and the PNS Qasim is part of the Eastern Naval Command of Pakistan Navy. The base is named after the legendary Muslim Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim who conquered Daybul and the coastal areas of Sindh around 712 CE.
The establishment of Pakistan Marines were undertaken in June 1, 1971 to support the riverine and Amphibious operations in Pakistani province of East-Pakistan. It was headquartered in PNS Dhaka under the command of then 2 star Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff. In 1974, Marine Corps were disbanded from the services of Pakistan Armed Forces by President, later elected Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the Service branch was were completely failed to achieve any minor or major objectives in the both 1971 Winter War and the Bangladesh Liberation War.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Quetta
Quetta (Pashto: کوټه, Urdu: کوئٹہ pronunciation (help·info)) is the largest city and the provincial capital of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Known as the Fruit Garden of Balochistan due to the diversity of its plant and animal wildlife, Quetta is home to the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, which contains rare wildlife.
The city is situated at an average elevation of 1,680 meters (5,500 ft) above sea level, making it Pakistan's only high-altitude major city. Located in a river valley, Quetta derives its name from the Pashto word "Kuwatta", which means "a fort".
Sitting near the Durand Line border with Afghanistan and close to Kandahar province, Quetta is a trade and communications center between the two countries as well as an important military location which occupies a strategic position for the Pakistani Armed Forces. The city lies on the Bolan Pass route which was once the only gateway to and from South Asia. Due to its proximity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, the city is a major stronghold along the western frontier of the country.
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Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (Urdu: راولپنڈی,Rāwalpindī), locally known as Pindi, is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. In the 1950s, Rawalpindi was smaller than Hyderabad and Multan, but the city's economy received a boost during the building of Islamabad (1959–1969), during which time Rawalpindi served as the national capital and its population increased from 180,000 at the time of independence to over 4.5 million in 2007.[citation needed] Rawalpindi is located in the northernmost part of the Punjab province, 275 km (171 mi) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. The total area of the city is approximately 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi). Rawalpindi is the military headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces.
Rawalpindi, named after Raja Pindi, is a bustling city on the northernmost part of the Punjab province, strategically located between the NWFP and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Many tourists use the city as a stop before traveling towards the northern areas. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for the expatriate community of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Numerous shopping bazaars, parks and a cosmopolitan population attract shoppers from all over Pakistan and abroad. The city is home to several industries and factories. Islamabad International Airport is actually located in Rawalpindi and serves both cities.
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Sargodha
Sargodha (Urdu: سرگودھا) is a major city in the Sargodha District of Punjab province, Pakistan sargodha is the 9th largest city of pakistan and 5th largest of punjab.
Sargodha is located in the northwest of Pakistan. It is the twelfth largest city of Pakistan and also known as Pakistan's best citrus-producing area. It is an agricultural trade centre with various industries. Sargodha is one of the few planned cities in Pakistan, the other being Gwadar, Jauharabad, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad and Islamabad.
Pakistan's largest airbase, PAF Base Mushaf (formerly PAF Base Sargodha), is situated in Sarghoda and hosts the headquarters of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. The airbase is also home to the Combat Commanders School (CCS), formerly the Fighter Leader's School, an elite training facility for training Pakistan Air Force pilots in fighter tactics and weapons. The city is also home to Sargodha Medical College.
The term Sargodha has its origins in the words Sar, meaning pond (Talab), and Godha, meaning sadhu(Baba).
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Sialkot
Sialkot (Punjabi, Urdu: سیالکوٹ) is located in Pakistan in the north-east of the Punjab province at the foothills of snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. It is the capital of Sialkot District. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore The recorded history of Sialkot covers thousands of years. Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.
There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander the Great which has been cross-correlated to ancient Greek maps of the era and several monuments found in the Sialkot District. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. Sákala or Sagala was the capital, or one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the Euthydemid Dynasty
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone (i/siːˌɛrə liːˈoʊn/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional representative democratic republic and covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. As of 2011, Sierra Leone has an estimated population of 6 million[1] (2011 United Nations estimte). Freetown is the capital, largest city as well as its economic, commercial, educational, cultural and political centre. Bo is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.
Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area; which are subdivided into fourteen districts. The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council, headed by a council chairman. The country's six municipalities of Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu Town and the coastal town of Bonthe have their own directly elected city councils headed by mayors.
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Slavonia
Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. Slavonia consists of five counties—Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia, although the territory of the counties includes Baranja, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The five counties comprise territory of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) and a population of 806,192. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Požega. Slavonia has undergone considerable demographic changes, reflecting the course of its political history and conquests. It is located in the Pannonian Basin, largely bordered by the Danube, Drava and Sava rivers. The western part of the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys, and the mountains and hills surrounding the Požega valley; the highest among them is 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj. The eastern part of the region largely consists of plains. Slavonia enjoys a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, with relatively low precipitation.
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Somalia
Somalia ( /soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Sudan
Sudan (i/suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/;Arabic: السودان, as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان, Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), sometimes called North Sudan, is an Arab state in North Africa (sometimes also considered to be part of the Middle East). It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The population of Sudan is a combination of indigenous inhabitants of Nile Valley, and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the process of Arabisation common throughout the rest of the Arab World, today Arab culture predominates in Sudan. The majority of the population of Sudan adheres to Islam. The Nile divides the country between east and west sides.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt. Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Muslim Arab northern Sudanese and the mostly animist and Christian Nilotes of Southern Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.
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Thatta
Coordinates: 24°44′46.02″N 67°55′27.61″E / 24.7461167°N 67.9243361°E / 24.7461167; 67.9243361
Thatta (Sindhi: ٺٽو, Urdu: ٹھٹہ) is a historic town of 220,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monument, the necropolis at Makli is listed among the World Heritage Sites. The Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta is also mentioned separately on the tentative list since 1993. Located 62 miles (98 kilometeres) east of the provincial capital of Sindh; Karachi, it makes for a practical escape for people from the city seeking to visit the picturesque old town.
The city, formerly commanding the delta of the Indus, was the capital of Lower Sindh from the 14th century onwards. During the ruling period of the Soomro Tribe Thatta was the capital of Sindh for 95 years. Between 1592-1739, it was governed in the name of the Mughal emperors of Delhi. In 1739 however, following the Battle of Karnal, the province was ceded to Nadir Shah of Persia, after which Thatta fell into neglect as the Indus river started to silt up. In the 17th Century, the Dutch East India Company had a small tradingpost (comptoir) in Thatta.
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Turbat
Turbat (Urdu: تربت) is a city located in southern Balochistan, a province of Pakistan. The town is the administrative center of Kech District and Turbat Tehsil, the town itself contains one Union council.
The town is located in southern Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is situated on the left bank of the Kech River, which is a tributary to the Dasht River. The Makran Range to the north and east descends to coastal plains in the south. The town is a marketplace for dates grown in the surrounding region and has a date-processing factory. Jowar (sorghum), barley, wheat, and rice are also grown, and livestock are raised.
Koh-e-Murad (Persian: كوه مراد) is a shrine located in Turbat. This is a sacred place for Zikris where they believe that Muhammad Jaunpuri, who they view as the Mahdi, meditated and offered prayers for a long time.
The followers of Zikri sect gather here annually on the night of 27th Ramadan for a ritual visit (Arabic: زيارة, Urdu/Persian Persian: زيارت) to this shrine.
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UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemeni/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.
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A-100 MRL
The A-100 is a 10-tube multiple rocket launcher used by the People's Liberation Army of China.
The MRL system is developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) and is not a copy of the Russian Smerch 9K58 300 mm rocket system,as previously speculated. The A-100 is placed on a TAS5380 8×8 wheeled truck chassis made by Tai'an Special Vehicle Manufactory.
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Ashfaq Parvez Kayani
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, NI(M), HI (Urdu: اشفاق پرویز کیانی , born April 1952) is a four-star general in the Pakistan Army, and the current Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. He replaced General Pervez Musharraf as the Chief of Army Staff and the commandant of the army on November 29, 2007. General Kayani is the former Director General of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and Director General of Military Operations (MO). On 24 July 2010, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani extended Kayani’s term as Chief of the Army Staff by three years, making him the first four-star general to receive a term extension from any democratic government. In 2008, Newsweek named him the 20th most powerful person in the world.
Kayani was promoted as Lieutenant General in September 2003, and was given the command of the X Corps in Rawalpindi. The promotion indicated Musharraf's significant trust in Kayani, since an army chief cannot build an army coup without the help of the X Corps commander. Kayani led the corps until October 2004, when he was transferred to the ISI as its chief.
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Baitullah Mehsud
Baitullah Mehsud (Pashto: بیت اللہ محسود; Urdu: بیت اللہ محسود; c. 1974 – August 5, 2009) was a leading militant in Waziristan, Pakistan, and the leader of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). He formed the TTP from an alliance of about five militant groups in December 2007. He is thought by U.S. military analysts to have commanded up to 5,000 fighters and to have been behind numerous attacks in Pakistan including the assassination of Benazir Bhutto which he and others have denied.
Disagreement exists over the exact date of the militant's death. Pakistani security officials initially announced that Baitullah Mehsud, his wife and bodyguards were killed on 5 August 2009 in a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency drone attack in the Zangar area of South Waziristan. Interior Minister Rehman Malik delayed giving official confirmation and asked for patience and an announcement by Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR) or other agencies. Kafayat Ullah, a TTP source, also announced the death of the militant in the strike, as did his deputy Faqir Mohammed. Later Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan commander Hakimullah Mehsud denied previous TTP announcements and said Mehsud was in good health. Major General Athar Abbas, ISPR spokesman, and Robert Gibbs of the White House said his death could not be confirmed,U.S. National Security Adviser James L. Jones also claimed that there was "pretty conclusive" evidence that proved Baitullah Mehsud had been killed and that he was 90% sure of it. On August 25, 2009, Hakimullah Mehsud and Wali-ur-Rehman telephoned the BBC to say that the Baitullah Mehsud had died on August 23, 2009, due to injuries sustained during the August 5 attack. The BBC received a video that shows the body of Mehsud on September 30.
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Burundi Civil War
The Burundi Civil War was an armed conflict lasting from 1993 to 2005. The civil war was the result of long standing ethnic divisions between the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes in Burundi. The conflict began following the first multiparty elections in the country since gaining independence from Belgium in 1962 and is seen as formally ending with the swearing in of Pierre Nkurunziza in August 2005. The estimated death toll stands at 300,000 killed.
The origins of Tutsi and Hutu as distinct ethnic groups is unclear, but became the basis of a society organized under colonial racial schemes. In the case of the Belgians, and the Germans before them, casual observations revealed varying height differences among the resident peoples: the Twa who were short, the Hutu who were of medium height and the Tutsi who were tallest among them. It was also documented that in many cases, those who were among the tall group also raised cattle and tended to be politically and economically dominant. Those in the middle height group, on the other hand, tended to be poor and more agrarian. This prompted the use of what became known as the “ten-cow” rule. Those individuals who owned more than ten cows were described as “well-born,” equated with Caucasians, and given privileges by the colonists.
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C-802
The Yingji-82 or YJ-82 (Chinese: 鹰击-82, literally "Eagle Strike"; NATO reporting name: CSS-N-8 Saccade) is a Chinese anti-ship missile first unveiled in 1989 by the China Haiying Electro-Mechanical Technology Academy (CHETA), also known as the Third Academy. Due to the Yingji-82 missile's small radar reflectivity, low attack flight path (only five to seven meters above the sea surface) and strong anti-jamming capability of its guidance system, target ships have a very small chance of intercepting the missile. The single shot hit probability of the Yingji-82 is estimated to be as high as 98%. The Yingji-82 can be launched from airplanes, surface ships, submarines and land-based vehicles. Its export name is the C-802.
The Yingji-82 (C-802) anti-ship missile was derived from the Chinese YJ-8 (C-801) with extended range. The YJ-82 is externally similar to the YJ-8, and has the same solid-propellant rocket booster and guidance system as the YJ-8. The most distinctive difference on the YJ-82 is that it employs a turbojet with paraffin (kerosene)-based fuel to replace the original solid rocket engine. For this reason the fuselage was extended to accommodate the extra fuel. The maximum range of the missile has also been extended from the original 40 km (or 80 km for YJ-81/C-801A) to 120 km.
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Frank Messervy
General Sir Frank Walter Messervy, KCSI, KBE, CB, DSO & Bar, (1893–1974), was a British Indian Army officer in both the First and Second World Wars. Following its independence, he was the first Army Commander of Pakistan Army (15 August 1947 – 10 February 1948) Previous to this he had become a Lieutenant-General in 1945; General 1947; General Officer Commanding in Chief or (GOC-in-C) Northern Command, India (1946–1947).
He was commissioned into the Indian Army in 1913 and in 1914 joined 9th Hodson's Horse which later became 4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse. He would see action in the First World War in France, Palestine and Syria from 1914 to 1918. He later served in Kurdistan in 1919.
He was appointed as an Instructor at the Command and Staff College, Quetta from 1932 to 1936. He was made Commander 13th Duke of Connaught's's Own Lancers, British India, during 1938 and 1939.
In the September 1939 Messervy was promoted colonel and became the General Staff Officer Grade 1 of the Indian 5th Infantry Division which was about to be formed at Secunderabad. In mid-1940, the division was sent to the Sudan to counter the threat from the Italian forces based in Italian East Africa. Messervy was appointed commander of Gazelle Force. Created on 16 October 1940, Gazelle Force was a mobile reconnaissance and strike force of expanded battalion size created from elements of 5th Indian Division. During the ensuing East African Campaign, Messervy commanded the Gazelle Force formation with notable success, latterly attached to Indian 4th Infantry Division. By 13 February 1941, the campaign became static and Messervy's formation was disbanded.
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Hakimullah Mehsud
Hakimullah (Hakim Ullah, Hakeemullah) Mehsud (Pashto/Urdu: حکیمالله محسود), born c. 1979 as Jamshed Mehsud (Pashto/Urdu: جمشید محسود) and also known as Zulfiqar Mehsud (Pashto/Urdu: ذو الفقار محسود), is the Emir of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). He was deputy to commander Baitullah Mehsud and one of the leaders of the militant group Fedayeen al-Islam prior to the elder Mehsud's death in a CIA drone missile strike. He had been the TTP's commander in the Khyber, Kurram and Orakzai agencies of Pakistan. He is described as being in his late 20s[dated info] and a cousin of Qari Hussain. He is known to be a young and aggressive field commander, who previously served as a driver and was very close to Baitullah Mehsud. Hakimullah Mehsud maintains ties to al-Qaeda, the Afghan Taliban and various Pakistani jihadist groups, such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, and Jaish-e-Mohammed. Reports initially indicated he was fatally wounded on January 14, 2010 by a U.S. drone attack although two videos released by the TTP in 2010 and 2011 proved that he survived the attack. Mehsud was reported by Pakistani intelligence to have been killed by US drone strike on 12 January 2012. However, the Pakistani Taliban denied the claim.
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Harbin Y-12
The Harbin Y-12 (Chinese: 运-12; pinyin: Yun-12) is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC).
The Y-12 started life as a development of the Harbin Y-11 airframe. The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned wing with a new low drag section, a larger fuselage and bonded rather than riveted construction.
The first prototype i.e. (I) version flew on 14 July 1982, only 3 (I) version planes were built including the fatigue test one. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of leading edge slats, first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year. The powerplants are two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops with Hartzell propellers. The Y-12 has a maximum payload of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light commuter and transport aircraft.
Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000
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HJ-8
The HJ-8 or Hongjian-8 ("红箭-8" transliterated as "Red Arrow-8") is a second generation tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided anti-tank missile system which was originally deployed by the People's Liberation Army since the late 1980s. Pakistan produces this missile system under licence as the Baktar-Shikan at Kahuta Research Laboratories. It is able to defeat explosive reactive armour (ERA).
In 1970, Chinese armoured corps first proposed to develop a successor to HJ-73 and this was later approved, designated as the AFT-8 or HJ-8. The missile was jointly developed by Research Institute 203 and 282nd Factory, but the program was interrupted by political turmoil. The key designers were Wang Xingzhi (王兴治) and Zhao Jiazheng (赵家铮), who developed the missile. Development was not completed until early 1980s, after the end of the Cultural Revolution. After receiving state certification the missile entered mass-production in 1984. HJ-8 is an optically tracked, wire guided ATGM. A series of upgraded variants have been developed since. HJ-8 and its variants are manufactured by NORINCO's Factory 282 (Jiangnan Machine Factory—江南机器厂), Factory 5618 (Hunan South China Photoelectricity Instrument Plant—湖南华南光电仪器厂) of China and Kahuta Research Laboratories of Pakistan.
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HQ-2
The S-75 Dvina (Russian: С-75; NATO reporting name SA-2 Guideline) is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude, command guided, surface-to-air missile (SAM). Since its first deployment in 1957 it has become the most widely-deployed air defense missile in history. It scored the first destruction of an enemy aircraft by a SAM, shooting down a Taiwanese Martin RB-57D Canberra over China, on October 7, 1959 by hitting it with three V-750 (1D) missiles at an altitude of 20 km (65,600 ft). The success was attributed to Chinese fighters at the time in order to keep the S-75 program secret.
This system first gained international fame when an S-75 battery, using the newer, longer-range and higher-altitude V-750VN (13D) missile shot down the U-2 of Francis Gary Powers overflying the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960. The system was also deployed in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, where on October 27, 1962, it shot down the U-2 flown by Rudolf Anderson, almost precipitating nuclear war. North Vietnamese forces used the S-75 extensively during the Vietnam War to defend Hanoi and Haiphong. It has also been locally produced in the People's Republic of China using the names HQ-1 and HQ-2. Other nations have produced so many local variants combining portions of the S-75 system with both indigenously-developed components or third-party systems that it has become virtually impossible to find a pure S-75 system today.[citation needed]
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HQ-7
The HongQi (Red Flag/Banner) 7 or HQ-7 (FM-80) is a short-range air defense missile. The missile is deployed on both ships and land-based vehicles. China revealed the export version, FM-80, in the 1989 Dubai Aerospace Show. Unit cost is around $162,000 per launcher and $24,500 per missile.
In the late 1970s, China joined the Western powers in an informal alliance against the Soviet Union. At the time, China's military equipment was seriously lagging behind the Soviets in quality, and Beijing sought Western assistance to modernize its military. Countries such as the United States, UK, Israel, Italy, France, Germany and Australia responded by providing China with military sales and technology transfers, either openly or covertly.
China imported some land and sea versions of the Thomson-CSF Crotale missile in 1978-1979 for evaluation. The Thomson-CSF R-440 Sea Crotale SAM and Thomson-CSF TSR 3004 Sea Tiger E/F-band radar were installed on the Peoples Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) destroyer #109 Kaifeng (Type 051 Luda-class) and destroyer #112 Harbin (Type 052 Luhu-class). The Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) found the Crotale system to be superior to the HQ-61 SAM, and instructed the 2nd Aerospace Academy (now the China Academy of Defense Technology) to reverse-engineer the Crotale, the 23rd Institute to reverse-engineer the radar and fire control system, and the 206th Institute to develop ground-based vehicle carriers for the SAM.
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HQ-9
The HQ-9 (Chinese: 红旗; pinyin: hóng qí, "red flag" or "red banner") is China’s new generation medium- to long-range, active radar homing air defence missile.
Initially an indigenous design with limited capabilities, the HQ-9 missile has undergone a redesign to incorporate Russian rocket technology after the acquisition of S-300 5V55-series missiles from Russia. There are unconfirmed rumors that the HQ-9 uses guidance systems that are similar to those developed in U.S. Patriot missile technology.
The naval HQ-9 appears to be identical to the land-based variant. Its naval type HHQ-9 is equipped in the PLAN Type 052C Lanzhou class destroyer in VLS launch tubes.
The land-based HQ-9 system has an anti-radiation variant, known as the FT-2000 for export. The export designation for air defense version is FD-2000 (with FD stands for Fang Dun [防盾], meaning defensive shield), and its developer China National Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CPMIEC) first made it public at the Africa Aerospace and Defence Exhibition held at Cape Town in March 2009. The HQ-9 had also being submitted by CPMIEC for Turkey's T-LORAMIDS program to acquire 12 long range air defense systems.
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Karnal Sher Khan
Karnal Sher Khan (1970–1999) (Urdu: کرنل شیر خان) was a Pakistan Army officer and one of only 11 recipients of Pakistan's highest gallantry award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He was a Captain in the 12 Northern Light Infantry (NLI) and, previously in 27 Sindh Regiment of the Pakistan.
Captain Sher Khan was born in Nawan Killi, a village in Swabi District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Karnal is localised form of Colonel. Karnel Sher Khan's home village of Nawan Kali (means: New Village) has now been named after him as Karnal Sher Killi (Village of Karnal Sher Khan).
Captain Sher Khan was the youngest of his two brothers and two sisters. His mother died in 1978 when he was eight. He was brought up by his paternal aunts. His family is deeply religious and they say that Sher was an embodiment of piety and Islamic teaching.
After completing his intermediate from Government College Swabi he joined Pakistan Air Force as an air man. On completion of his training, he was appointed electric fitter (aeronautical) at Risalpur. During these years he applied twice for commission in the Pakistan Army as a Commissioned Officer, as this was what he really wanted to do – he succeeded the second time. He joined the Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul in November 1992 and graduated in the 90th Long Course in 1994. His first posting was at Okara in 27th Sindh Regiment. Always smiling as a devoted soldier, he was fondly called Shera (Lion) and was very popular among his officers and colleagues. In January 1998 he volunteered to serve at the LoC in Kashmir, he was posted in 12 NLI.
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Lalak Jan
Havaldar Lalak Jan Shaahed (Urdu: لالک جان; 1967 – 7 July 1999) was born in Yasin, in the Ghizer District, of the Northern Areas of Pakistan (now called Gilgit-Baltistan). After school he joined the Pakistan Army, and reached the rank of Havaldar.
As a junior officer in the Northern Light Infantry, Jan fought against India in the Kargil War of 1999.
Tiger Hill in the Kargil Sector had been occupied by around 130 men of 12th NLI (Northern Light Infantry) unit of the Pakistan Army. These men were under the command of Subedar Sikander, who was given the responsibility to capture Indian territory (which was under Indian control after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). Havaldar Major Lalak Jan was his 2IC (second in command). The men of 12th NLI were ordered by the Subedar to change their positions while firing back at the Indian forces.
On 1 July 1999, the 18th Grenadiers Battalion (India) launched a fierce attack on Tiger Hill, occupied by the Pakistani Army, under cover of heavy artillery shelling around the bunkers. Subedar Sikandar sneaked across the Line of Control and placed his men in well-entrenched positions, and managed to repulse the attack without any loss of life on their own part. Exact casualty figures for the attacking Indian 18th Grenadiers Battalion, are not available.
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Muhammad Akram
Major Muhammad Akram (Urdu: محمد اکرم; c. 1938–1971), was a Pakistan Army officer who was posthumously awarded the Pakistan military's highest decoration, the Nishan-e-Haider, for his actions during the 1971 Indo-Pak. Akram was sent on several missions in 1971 India-Pakistan War, and was killed in Battle of Hilli, 1971.
Akram was born in Dinga Village, District of Gujrat, Punjab, while he belonged to the village of Nakka Kalan in the district of Jhelum. Ethnically, he belonged to Awan tribe of Pakistan. In 1959, Akram was accepted in Pakistan Military Academy and graduated from there in 1963. He gained a commissioned in 1963 as part of the Frontier Force Regiment. Akram participated in 1965 Indo-Pak September War as a Captain where he led several successful military operations against Indian Army. Stationed in Lahore, Akram, while commanded, a small company led several decisive operations against the Indian Armed Forces.
In 1969, Akram was promoted as Major. In 1971, as Major of the Pakistan Army, Akram fought in the war with India. In the Battle of Hilli for his leadership, bravery and eventually, rendering the ultimate sacrifice, Major Akram was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award.
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Muhammad Mahfuz
Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed was born in Jat family of Pind Malikan (now Mahfuzabad) in Rawalpindi District on October 25, 1944. Muhammad Mahfuz joined Pakistan Army on October 25, 1962 as an infantry soldier.
At the time of India-Pakistan War of 1971, Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was serving in Company “A” of 15 Punjab Regiment deployed on the Wagah-Attari Sector. On the night of December 17–18, his company was assigned the task of occupying Phul Kanjri village located in the same sector. Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was assigned to Platoon No. 3, which was designated as the forward unit in the assault. Thus this Platoon had to face torrential volleys of enemy fire from concrete Pill boxes. When the entire Company “A” was about 70 yards from the Indian position, it was pinned down by an unceasing frontal and cross fire from automatic weapons. On top of that the enemy artillery also opened up its fire with the break of dawn. Mahfuz, whose machine-gun was destroyed by an enemy shell, charged towards the Indian defences. Muhammad Mahfuz advanced towards an enemy bunker whose automatic fire had inflicted heavy casualties. Even though wounded in both legs by shell splinters, when he reached the bunker he stood up and pounced on the enemy, in the encounter he was hit with a bayonet. Although unarmed, he got hold of the enemy but suffered another bayonet wound while trying to strangle an Indian soldier. Due to serious injuries he died on the night of 17 December 1971.
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Muhammad Sarwar
Raja Muhammad Sarwar Khan Bhati (1910–27 July 1948) (Urdu: محمد سرور) was born in Singhori village, Tehsil Gujar Khan, District of Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Muhammad Sarwar was a captain in the newly formed Pakistani Army. Commissioned: 1944, Punjab Regiment. In 1947, he volunteered to take part in the battalion organised by the Pakistani Army that entered Kashmir on the order of the then Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah with the object of taking over Kashmir.[citation needed] His regiment managed to outflank the unorganized Indian troops and forced them to retreat out of the parts which are now known as Northern Areas in one of the battles of the First Kashmir War. He was killed by machine gun fire while advancing through a barbed wire barricade.
During the Kashmir Operations soon after the birth of Pakistan, as Company Commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment, Captain Sarwar launched an attack causing heavy casualties against a strongly fortified enemy position in the Uri Sector under heavy machine gun, grenade and mortar fire. But on 27 July 1948, as he moved forward with six of his men to cut their way through a barbed wire barrier, he died when his chest was riddled by a burst of heavy machine gun fire.
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NORINCO
The China North Industries Corporation (Chinese: 北方工业 or 北方工業; pinyin: Běifāng Gōngyè; literally "North Industries"), official English name Norinco, manufactures vehicles (trucks, cars and motorcycles), machinery, optical-electronic products, oil field equipment, chemicals, light industrial products, explosives and blast materials, civil and military firearms and ammunition, etc. Norinco is also involved in domestic civil construction projects.
Norinco is also known outside of China for its high-tech defense products, some of which are adaptations of Soviet equipment. Norinco produces precision strike systems, amphibious assault weapons and equipment, long-range suppression weapon systems, anti-aircraft & anti-missile systems, information & night vision products, high-effect destruction systems, fuel air bombs, anti-terrorism and anti-riot equipment and small arms.
Norinco was established in 1980 with the approval of the State Council of China, and is overseen by the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). According to the congressional testimony of Gary Milhollin of the Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control in 1997, Norinco subsidiaries in the U.S. include: Beta Chemical, Beta First, Beta Lighting, Beta Unitex, China Sports (California), Forte Lighting, Larin, NIC International (New Jersey).
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Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: پرویز مشرف, born 11 August 1943) is a retired four-star general who served as the 13th Chief of Army Staff and tenth President of Pakistan as well as tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Musharraf headed and led an administrative military government from October 1999 till August 2007. He ruled Pakistan as Chief Executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008. Facing impeachment, he preferred to resign on 18 August 2008.
After years of military service, he rose to prominence when Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appointed him as the Chief of Army Staff in October 1998. Musharraf was the mastermind behind the controversial and internationally condemned Kargil infiltration, which derailed peace negotiations with Pakistan's long standing enemy India. He previously also played a vital role in the Afghanistan civil war (1996–2001) both in peace negotiations and in trying to end the bloodshed. After months of contentious relations with Sharif, Musharraf was brought to power through a bloodless military coup. Subsequently Nawaz Sharif was placed under a house-arrest, later shifting him to Adiala Jail.
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PL-12
The PL-12 (PiLi-12, 霹雳-12), also designated SD-10 (ShanDian-10, 闪电-10), is a radar-guided air-to-air missile developed by China's Luoyang Electro-Optical Technology Development Center. PL-12 is in service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and its export version, SD-10, is expected to enter service with the Pakistan Air Force.
The PL-12 active-radar BVR air-to-air missile became the highest priority air-to-air weapons programme for China's military industry during 2002, and supplanted several previous developmental projects (such as the PL-10 and PL-11) in terms of effort and importance. It provides the People's Liberation Army Air Force with a sophisticated, domestic airborne weapon on par with mainstream Western Airforces around the world. It will equip the mainstream of future modern Chinese fighters, and current compatible fighters.
The PL-12 is listed as part of CATIC's current 'Thunder-Lightning' family of air-to-air missiles, that includes the PL-5E, PL- 9C and TY-90 systems (all developed by the Luoyang Electro-Optical Technology Development Center). The chief designer of PL-12 is Fan Huitao (樊会涛) of AVIC I. Development of PL-12 was once led by Dong Bingyin, former chief designer of PL-12 who died in 2000.
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R. J. Rummel
Rudolph Joseph Rummel (born October 21, 1932, Cleveland, Ohio) is professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii. He has spent his career assembling data on collective violence and war with a view toward helping their resolution or elimination. Rummel coined the term democide for murder by government (compare genocide), his research claiming that six times as many people died of democide during the 20th century than in all that century's wars combined. He concludes that democracy is the form of government least likely to kill its citizens and that democracies do not wage war against each other (see Democratic peace theory).
Rummel is the author of 24 scholarly books, and published his major results in Understanding Conflict and War (1975–81). He then spent the next fifteen years refining the underlying theory and testing it empirically on new data, against the empirical results of others, and on case studies. Power Kills (1997) sums up Rummel's research. Other works include Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917-1987 (1990); China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991); Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1992); Death by Government (1994); and Statistics of Democide (1997). Extracts, figures, and tables from the books, including his sources and details regarding the calculations, are available online on his website. Rummel has also authored Understanding Factor Analysis (1970) and Understanding Correlation (1976). He is the author of the Never again series of alternative-history novels, in which a secret society sends two lovers armed with fabulous wealth and modern weapons back to 1906 with orders to create an alternative, peaceful century. These works are available online.
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Rahimuddin
Rahimuddin Khan Afridi (Pashto, Urdu: رحیم الدین خان آفریدی; born 21 July 1926) is a retired four-star general of the Pakistan Army. He was the fourth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, from 1984 to 1987, and the longest-serving Governor of Balochistan, from 1978 to when he resigned in 1984. He was involved in ending the 1973-1977 operation in Balochistan and pursuing new development, as well as allegedly suppressing incoming Mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Rahimuddin later served as Governor of Sindh in 1988, from which he also resigned.
Rahimuddin Khan was born in Kaimganj, Farrukhabad, United Provinces India, in the Pashtun Afridi tribes that migrated from Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He attended Jamia Millia Islamia University, founded in Delhi by his relative Zakir Hussain, the third President of India. Rahimuddin opted for Pakistan during Partition in 1947, enrolling in the Pakistan Army as the first Gentleman Cadet of the Pakistan Military Academy. As captain, he helped enforce martial law in Lahore during the 1953 Lahore riots. He attended Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Command and Staff College in Quetta. He was hospitalized months before the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 with a broken ankle. In 1969, he was appointed sub-martial law administrator to Hyderabad by General Yahya Khan.
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Raja Aziz Bhatti
Major Raja Aziz Bhatti (1928 - September 10, 1965) (Punjabi, Urdu: عزیز بهٹی) was a Hong Kong-born Pakistan Army's Staff officer who received Pakistan's highest award for valor. He was born in Hong Kong in 1928. He moved to Pakistan before it became independent in 1947, living in the village of Ladian, Kharian, Gujrat. There he enlisted with the newly formed Pakistani Army and was commissioned to the Punjab Regiment in 1950.
His father's name was Master Abdullah Bhatti, and his mother's name was Bibi Amna . Throughout his career, he was a brilliant officer and stood out in his class. He did very well at the Academy and was awarded the Sword of Honour best in his year's batch of 300 officers, and the Norman Medal. He received his honours from Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, who was later assassinated.
On 6 September 1965, as a Company Commander in the Burki area of the Lahore sector, Major Raja Aziz Bhatti choose to stay with his forward platoon under incessant artillery and tank attacks for five days and nights in the defence of the strategic BRB Canal. Throughout, undaunted by constant fire from enemy small arms, tanks and artillery. He was reorganizing his company and directing the gunners to shell the enemy positions. In order to watch every move of the enemy, he had to place himself in an elevated position, where he was exposed to Indian fury. He led his men from the front under constant attack from Indian Artillery batteries. Although he tried to counter every Indian offensive in his area, he was hit by an enemy tank shell in the chest while watching the enemy's moves, and embraced martyrdom on 11 September 1965.
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Silkworm (missile)
The Shang Yo or SY-series (Chinese: 上游; pinyin: shàngyóu; literally "Upstream"), and the Hai Ying or HY-series (Chinese: 海鹰; pinyin: hǎiyīng; literally "Sea Eagle") were early Chinese anti-ship missiles. They were derived from the Soviet P-15 Termit missile.
The HY-1 and HY-2 received the NATO reporting name Silkworm. However, to confuse matters, Western media also referred to the SY-series, and its export derivatives, the Fei Long or FL-series (Chinese: 飞龙; pinyin: fēilónɡ; literally "Flying Dragon"), as Silkworms.
The SY-series were developed from the Soviet P-15 Termit. They were used on small missile boats with limited electronics. The Chinese encountered difficulties making the missile compatible with the more complex systems of larger warships. This could have resulted in premature launches or detonations when the electronics were placed on full power. In response, the HY-series was designed for warships and to replace the SY-series.
The SY-series was initially produced concurrently with the HY-series to arm missile boats and to provide an inexpensive alternative for export.
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Tufail Mohammad
Tufail Mohammad (Urdu: طفیل محمد; c. 1914 – 7 August 1958) was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab.
Mohammad was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award and is the only person to win the award for an action outside the Indo-Pakistan Wars. In 1958, Major Tufail Muhammed was posted to East Pakistan as the Company Commander of a battalion of East Pakistan Rifles (a Para military force for border security). During his command, Indian troops violating international borders captured a village in the area of Laskhmipur of East Pakistan. On August 7, 1958 Major Tufail launched an assault to force withdrawal of Indian troops from the village; He divided his men into three groups and attacked Indian troops during the dark hours of August 7. Their groups was able to reach the enemy without being detected but as the firefight started, the group came under heavy fire and Major Tufail received three bullets in his stomach. Despite being shot in stomach, he kept moving and was able to silence the incoming fire from machine gun. By tactically using grenades, Major Tufail was able to destroy key enemy posts. When he saw an enemy commander inflicting heavy casualties to his men he crawled towards enemy posting and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand battle which resulted in the killing of a commander of the Indian Army. He killed him by hitting him with his steel helmet on the face. He continued the operation with his men which resulted in the withdrawal of Indian forces. Despite being heavily injured, he called his junior officer “I have completed my duty; the enemy is on the run.” He was rushed to hospital but he embraced shahadat.
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Type 56
The Type 56 assault rifle is the Chinese copy of the Kalashnikov AK-47 and AKM assault rifle, which has been manufactured since 1956. It was produced by State Factory 66 between 1956 and 1973, then by Norinco from 1973 onwards.
The Type 56 is likely the most widely proliferated AK-47 type rifle in the world having shown up on battlefields in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, South America, etc. While exact production figures are not known, it is commonly estimated that as many as 10–15 million Type 56 rifles have been produced since the 1950s which means they may account for nearly one-fifth of the world's AK production.
Chinese support for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam before the mid-1960s meant that the Type 56 was frequently encountered by American soldiers during the Vietnam War, in the hands of either Vietcong guerrillas or PAVN soldiers. In fact, the Type 56 was discovered in enemy hands far more often than Russian-made AK-47s or AKMs. When relations between China and the North Vietnam government declined in the 1970s and the Sino-Vietnamese War began, the Vietnamese government still had large numbers of Type 56 rifles in its arsenals while the People's Liberation Army still used the Type 56 as its standard weapon. Thus, Chinese and Vietnamese forces fought each other using the same Chinese-made Type 56 rifles.
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Yahya Khan
General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan , (Urdu: آغا محمد یحیی خان; February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980), was the senior Army Commander who was the third President of Pakistan, and the military dictator from 1969 until the dissolution of East-Pakistan, in December 16, 1971. Yahya was born to a family that was descended from the elite soldier class of Nāder Shah, the Persian ruler who conquered Delhi in the 18th century.
Born in 1917 in Chakwal in the British Punjab, then part of the British Indian Empire, Khan was commissioned into the Indian Army and served with distinction in World war II, seeing active service in the North Africa, Middle East, and Mediterranean theatres of the war. After the world war, Khan opted the Pakistani citizenship and became one of the earliest senior local officers in the Pakistan Armed Forces. After his successes with Operation Grand Slam during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, Khan was promoted to become one of the Pakistan Army's top commanders. He was first appointed as Chief Martial Law Administrator in 1968, succeeding Field Marshal Ayub Khan as military dictator and president in 1969, declaring martial law and dissolving much of the civilian infrastructure, government ministries and appointments, replacing them with military infrastructure and personnel instead.
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Zia ul-Haq
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Punjabi, Urdu: محمد ضياء الحق; August 12, 1924 – August 17, 1988), was the 4th Chief Martial Law Administrator and the sixth President of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988. Distinguished by his role in the Black September in Jordan military operation in 1970, he was appointed Chief of Army Staff in 1976 by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after Bhutto forcefully retired seven senior lieutenant-generals who were tainted with their role in the East-Pakistan war in order to bring and promote Zia to four star rank. After widespread civil disorder, he planned and overthrew ruling Prime Minister Bhutto in a bloodless coup d'état on July 5, 1977, code name Fair Play, and became the state's third military ruler to impose martial law. Zia's idea of religious conservatism in Pakistan became the primary line of his military government. Throughout the 1980s, Zia managed to consolidate more and more power in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups in Pakistan.
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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: ذوالفقار علی بھٹو, Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, IPA: [zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bʱʊʈːoː]) (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that, 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. Bhutto was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. His elder daughter, Benazir Bhutto, later also served as Prime Minister, while his son Murtaza Bhutto served as member of Parliament of Pakistan.
Educated at the University of Southern California and University of California, Berkeley in the United States and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his progressive economic initiatives, industrialisation, education, and foreign policy, and his intellectualism. In addition to national security issues, Bhutto promoted his policies on nationalisation, health care, and social reforms. Under his premiership, Pakistan's Parliament gave approval and passed unanimously the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, a supreme law that provides a parliamentary system to Pakistan, strengthened Sino-Pakistani and Saudi-Pakistani relations, recognised East-Pakistan as Bangladesh, and hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1974 where he delegated and invited leaders from the Muslim world to Lahore, Punjab Province of Pakistan. In July 1972, Bhutto successfully proceeded the Shimla treaty, signed with Indira Gandhi of India, brought 93,000 Prisoners of War back to Pakistan, and secured 5,000 sq mi (13,000 km2) held by India. In 20 January 1972, weeks after the Indo-Pakistani 1971 winter war, Bhutto orchestrated, authorised, and administrated the scientific research on nuclear weapons; for this, he is colloquially known in the world as "Father of the Pakistan's nuclear deterrent programme".
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Pakistan Army - Infantry Soldiers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:52
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
The Infantry "foot soldiers", are the backbone of Pakistan army. The Infantry soldiers are the operational troops who must be prepared for deployment in any location at short notice. In wartime, as the principal combat arm, they will be among the front line troops in the defence. In war, the role of the Infantry Brigade is to close with the enemy by means of fire and manoeuvre, to destroy or capture enemy forces, or to defeat his assaults by defensive fires, obstacles, AND close combat. elite SSG commando force marines forces Pakistan ARMY SOLDIERS MILITARY AIR NAVY naval SUPERPOWER WAR FIGHT CONFLICT UNITED NATIONS STATES RUSSIA CHINA IRAN ENGLAND FRANCE JAPAN GERMANY KORIA SRI LANKA BANGLADESH MAXICO CANADA USA UK INDIA INDIAN UN UAE EU AMERICA IRELAND ITALY AUSTRALIA kingdom spain world NEWZILAND HONGKONG GREECE ASIA EUROP AFRICA SOUTH EAST NORTH WEST AFGHANISTAN TALIBAN ALQUeDA FIGHTING SEIZE TERRORIST TERRORISM EXTREMISM FREEDOM SPEECH STRUGGLE
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PAKISTAN ARMY MORE THEN 500 MESSILE TESTED IN 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
PAKISTAN ARMY MESSILE TEST LONG AND NEAR _RANA GE 2012
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Kal Tak - 6th Sep 2012 - Pakistan Armed Forces Special
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:34
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Bridger Anwar Ahmed Pakistan Army, Wing Commander Rashid Habib Pakistan Air Force, Commander Faisal Ameen Pakistan Navy and Air Vice Marshal (R) Farooq Umar in fresh episode of Kal Tak on Express News and talk with Javed Chaudhry. Show Your Support & Subscribe To Our Channel, Click On Link Below To Subscribe: bit.ly At www.iPakshows.com, We Pride Ourselves With Providing You With Qualify & Timely Uploads & Updates. For Updates You Can Follow Us on Our Website www.iPakShows.com, Facebook & Twitter Like Our Facebook Page for Pakistani TV Shows & Updates www.facebook.com Also Our Facebook Page, Against Status-Quo www.facebook.com Follow Us on Twitter for All Latest Upload & Updates twitter.com Subscribe for all the latest updates on Pakistani Current Affairs, Politics, Politicians, News Anchors & Talk Shows. Don't forget to Comment & Like the video Subscribe Now: bit.ly
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Youm-e-Shuhada Show (2012) Pakistan Army - Full length
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:19
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
30 April - Youm-e-Shuhada (Day of Martyrs): Yaum e Shuhada is being observed today in the great memories of all those heroes who have written, with their deeds of valour, incomparable tales of selflessness and bravery. Our debt to them, indeed, can never be paid!
http://wn.com/Youm-e-Shuhada_Show_2012_Pakistan_Army_Full_length
Pakistan Army (ISPR) Documentary Film "Glorious Resolve" - Death Before Disgrace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:41
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
24/11/11: "Glorious Resolve" won Jury special award in the recently held International film festival "Eserciti-e-Popoli" held at Bracciano,Italy. The festival saw the participation of NATO and 24 other countries with 60 films produced by renowned film makers which were evaluated by qulaified and reputed jury. Glorious Resolve recieved the medal from the Chairman of the Italian Senate with the citation "A technically outstanding and emotionally powerful dramatization of the story of courageous soldier under fire in combat situation". -------------------- The Glorious Resolve highlights the epic of infantry soldiers, who fought against all odds even being totally outnumbered when the miscreants raided one of the section level outpost of an infantry battalion in South-Waziristan Agency. This Documentary focuses not only the sacrifices and achievements of Pakistan Army in Global War on terrorism but also projects Pakistan Army's glorious resolve to uproot the menace of terrorism from the land of pure. It reenacts the sacrifice of jawans of 43 Punjab who laid their lives and the two Ghazis Sepoy Mashooq and Sepoy Muslim who withheld their positions till the reinforcements came.. Glorious Resolve, a documentary but more of resolve to produce an action documentary on the valor and sacrifices of Pakistan Army on war against terrorism.
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Tribute to Brave Siachen Soldiers of Pakistan Army (World's Highest Battleground)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
"Yeh Ghazi Ye Teray Purasrar Banday" The brave sons of soil guarding the territorial integrity of this land of pure at world's highest war zone. These men never fear the stinging cold difficult most terrain , extreme weather inclemencies besides guarding the frontiers. Their duty is above and prior to their life. Siachen Soldiers of Pakistan Army We Salute You. Kharay hain sarhad e Emaan pe K-2 ki tarha Dast e Kuffar se siachin ko bchany k liye
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Difference between Pakistan Army & Pakistan Police... Watch yourself (EXCLUSIVE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
join my facebook page at www.facebook.com/code.dedocde.official
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Sehar and Iftar with Pakistan Army Troops in South Waziristan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Sehar and Iftar with Pakistan Army Troops in South Waziristan. Courtesy: Dunya News.
http://wn.com/Sehar_and_Iftar_with_Pakistan_Army_Troops_in_South_Waziristan
Pakistan Army Chief warns US, flexes nuke muscle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Pakistan Army Chief General Kayani warned US and said Pakistan is a nuclear power and cannot be compared to Iraq and Afghanistan.
http://wn.com/Pakistan_Army_Chief_warns_US,_flexes_nuke_muscle
Pakistan - China Joint Military Exercise "YOUYI-IV" 2011 - 巴中友谊
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Pakistan Army: Pakistan -- China Joint Military Exercise YOUYI-IV The joint exercise was spread over a period of two weeks, was aimed at sharing mutual exchange of experience and information through a comprehensive training programme in real time. This exercise was fourth in the series in which Special Forces from both sides participated. Exercise YOUYI-IV was a Brigade level joint exercise between the two armies. Chinese Army being well equipped and highly technical in nature is very meticulous, keen and equally professional in their approach. During last joint exercise in China they demonstrated high sense of professionalism and friendship towards Pakistan. Exercise YOUYI which literally translates "FRIENDSHIP" between two countries started in 2004. These exercises were mandated to boost existing professional relationship between the two friendly Armies. It may be mentioned here that Pakistan and China enjoy extremely close and brotherly relations since their inception, which have matured and strengthened over the years. The YOUYI-IV exercise is a true manifestation to a famous Chinese phrase "Pakistan China friendship is higher than the mountains and deeper than oceans". Facebook: www.facebook.com Pakistan Zindabad Pak Army Paindabad.
http://wn.com/Pakistan_China_Joint_Military_Exercise_YOUYI-IV_2011_巴中友谊
Al-Khalid Tank - Pakistan Army - Made Jointly by Pakistan & China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
The designations Al-Khalid (Arabic: The Immortal) and MBT-2000 refer to the Pakistani and Chinese variants of a modern main battle tank developed during the 1990s by China and Pakistan. The Al-Khalid has been in service with the Pakistan Army since 2001, while the MBT-2000 is built and marketed internationally by China and was recently trialed by the Peruvian Army for possible acquisition. Bangladesh Army recently ordered 44 MBT-2000. Operated by a crew of three and armed with a 125 mm smooth-bore tank gun that is reloaded automatically, the tank uses a modern fire-control system integrated with night-fighting equipment and is capable of firing many types of anti-tank rounds as well as guided anti-tank missiles. Al-Khalid is named after the legendary Muslim general Khalid bin al-Walid. An evolution of Chinese and Soviet tanks, the design is considerably smaller and lighter than most Western main battle tanks. It is based on the Chinese Type 90-II, which combined technologies from several Soviet and Western tanks.[5] The Al-Khalid is unusual in that it is was designed to be adaptable for manufacture, so that it can be easily integrated with a variety of foreign engines and transmissions. The current production variant of Al-Khalid utilises a diesel engine supplied by the KMDB design bureau of Ukraine. The first production models entered service with the Pakistan Army in 2001 and there are plans to induct approximately 600 in total.
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We-The Soldiers of Pakistan Armed Forces
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
A Video made for an event organized by College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, NUST, in order to honour the unsung heroes of the on going war against terrorism. Special Thanks: ISPR, MCOM, {for the footage used } Music: Earth-HolyJonte (copyrights reserved) Edit /Post: Mujtaba Hassan Raza
http://wn.com/We-The_Soldiers_of_Pakistan_Armed_Forces
Ghazwa-e-Hind : Pakistan Army ready to wipe India/US/Israel of the MAP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Follow Zaid Hamid on facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Websites: www.zaidhamid.pk http Blog: takbeeremusalsal.blogspot.com Join Pakistan Defence Unit: pakdefenceunit.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Ghazwa-e-Hind_Pakistan_Army_ready_to_wipe_India_US_Israel_of_the_MAP
Pakistan Army fighting Taliban 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Part 2: www.youtube.com This video is a courtesy of PBS (US) and shows Pakistan Army fighting the Taliban in the FATA (tribal) region of Pakistan. I am so proud of these troops and I dream of the day when we see a Pakistan without these Taliban/ extremist mullahs. Long Live Pak Army! Support our troops! A big thank you to all the troops serving in FATA region and defending our country. The video is for information purposes. All rights belong to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and the program NOW.
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Learn Mess Etiquette of Pakistan Military Academy - Men in Khaki
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Clip from Drama Sunherary Din (Prequel to Alpha Bravo Charlie) www.facebook.com
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We Are Soldiers All-Action Classics of Pakistan Army
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:00
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
WAS (We Are Soldiers) is the most comprehensive documentary film ever produced on Pakistan's Armed Forces. The series is about Pakistan Army maritime military arm, the sea-air-land borne commando unit of the Pakistan Navy, Naval Special Operations. Navy SSG-N, and the Pak Marines, watchmen of the oceans.
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Sacrifices of Pakistan Army || Speechless || Must Watch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:33
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Join Pakistan Army Page on Facebook www.facebook.com
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60 Years of Pakistan Army Urdu Documentary Part 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/60_Years_of_Pakistan_Army_Urdu_Documentary_Part_1_3
Chadar Hey Maa Ki by Najam Sheraz - Pakistan Army
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Song: Dedicated to the kin of martyrs. -An ISPR Presentation.
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sos cherat .. pakistan army! eagles nest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
special service group
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Youm-e-Shuhada Show (30th April, 2012) Pakistan Army - Full length (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:29
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
30 April - Youm-e-Shuhada (Day of Martyrs): Yaum e Shuhada is being observed today in the great memories of all those heroes who have written, with their deeds of valour, incomparable tales of selflessness and bravery. Our debt to them, indeed, can never be paid! 01:54 - Khuda Karay ke Meri Arz e Pak Pay utray (Dua) 06:53 - Thematic Documentary (Zindagi Tera Itbar Nahi) 10:16 - (Milli Naghma) Es parcham ke Saye Talay by Hadiqa Kiani 14:58 - Gyari Sector, before and after avalanche 17:02 - Havildar Hinayar Khan Shaheed 20:00 - Sepoy Ghulam Murtaza Shaheed 24:45 - Captain Captain Safar Khan Qambrani Shaheed 29:56 - Tribute to Major Mujahid Shaheed (Martyr of Salala) 33:02 - Subedar Abdul Khaliq Shaheed 39:08 - Azeem Maa (Tribute to the Mothers of the Nation) 43:45 - (Milli Naghma) Chadar Hai Maa ki by Najam Sheraz 49:02 - Smartly turned out Guard Contingent presents salute to Yadgar-e-Shuhada. 52:05 - COAS General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani lays wreath on Yadgar-e-Shuhada. 54:22 - COAS Ashfaq Pervez Kayani addresses Youm-e-Shuhada Ceremony 01:05:03 - (Military Band Display). 01:08:57 - Relatives of shuhada's lays floral wreath at the Yadgar-Shuhada. 01:10:34 - (Milli Naghma) Meray Waten Ka Shaheedo se Bol Bala Hai 01:18:59 - The participants lay floral wreath at the Yadgar-Shuhada.
http://wn.com/Youm-e-Shuhada_Show_30th_April,_2012_Pakistan_Army_Full_length_HD
Swat militia guards against Pakistani Taliban
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
A few years ago, the Pakistani Army began an operation to drive out the Taliban from the country's northwest. They succeeded but only partially. The group is still active in the area and routinely targets those who openly oppose it. And as Imran Khan reports from the Swat valley, people are worried about what the armed group's plans are for the future.
http://wn.com/Swat_militia_guards_against_Pakistani_Taliban
PaKisTan ArMy's TrAiNinG SiMuLaToR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/PaKisTan_ArMy's_TrAiNinG_SiMuLaToR
photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
20 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling President Barack Obama's whirlwind tour of southeast Asia and meetings with dignitaries will have to walk a tightrope between either appearing to endorse military juntas or truly being committed to ongoing pro-democracy movements. Specifically at issue is Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi, a democratic advocate...(size: 5.0Kb)
photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza
21 Nov 2012
MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who rampaged through the streets of India's financial capital in November 2008, killing 166 people. Kasab was hung at 7:30 a.m. Wednesday at a jail in...(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Nov 2012
Yangon, November 19: Newly re-elected US President Barack Obama arrived here Monday to kick off his visit to Myanmar, becoming the first sitting US president to visit the Southeast Asian nation. As part of his four-day Southeast Asian tour to Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia, which started Saturday, Obama flew over from Thailand after completing his...(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
19 Nov 2012
Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that would end Palestinian rocket fire. Mediator Egypt said a deal for a truce to end the fighting could be close. The leader of Hamas said it was up to...(size: 4.1Kb)
photo: UN / Logan Abassi
21 Nov 2012
A report by the UN says global attempts to curb emissions of CO2 are falling well short of what is needed to stem dangerous climate change. The UN's Environment Programme says greenhouse gases are 14% above where they need to be in 2020 for temperature rises this century to remain below 2C. The authors say this target is still technically...(size: 3.5Kb)
photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012
A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)
The Himalayan
22 Nov 2012
Added At: 2012-11-22 9:56 AM Last Updated At: 2012-11-22 9:56 AM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s) The headlines has been added to your saved article(s)...(size: 5.8Kb)
DNA India
22 Nov 2012
A suicide bomber killed 13 people at Shi'ite processions in the city where Pakistan's army is headquartered on Wednesday night, highlighting the country's security challenges a day before it hosts leaders from Egypt, Iran and other developing nations. Local television stations said 13 people were killed but police put the death toll at eight....(size: 3.2Kb)
Newstrack India
22 Nov 2012
Tweet Islamabad, Nov. 22 (ANI): Residents of Ajmal Kasab's village in Pakistan, after hearing the news of the execution of the terrorist, have lashed out at India and hounded journalists who asked about the gunman. The impoverished village of Faridkot, the former home of the 25-year-old Kasab, who was the lone surviving gunman behind the 2008...(size: 2.8Kb)
The Siasat Daily
22 Nov 2012
The Star
22 Nov 2012
ISLAMABAD: Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin arrived here on Thursday to represent Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak at the D8...(size: 1.0Kb)
Newstrack India
22 Nov 2012
Tweet United Nations, Nov. 22 (ANI): Pakistan has stressed the importance of global efforts to cut off financing terrorists, saying that more effort was required to combat militancy in the country. Masood Khan, the permanent representative of Pakistan to the UN, while speaking during a discussion in a meeting of the Security Counci's...(size: 2.5Kb)
IBN Live
22 Nov 2012
New Delhi: Press Council of India chairman Markandey Katju has once again appealed to the President and the Prime Minister of Pakistan to release Indian...(size: 1.0Kb)
Reuters
22 Nov 2012
ISLAMABAD Nov 22 (Reuters) - Pakistan's Taliban movement threatened on Thursday to attack Indian targets to avenge the country's execution of Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of the militant squad responsible for a rampage through Mumbai that killed...(size: 1.7Kb)
The Times of India
22 Nov 2012
ISLAMABAD: Pakistan's Taliban movement threatened on Thursday to attack Indian targets to avenge the country's execution of Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of the militant squad responsible for a rampage through Mumbai that killed 166 people in 2008. Kasab...(size: 1.7Kb)
The Times of India
22 Nov 2012
ISLAMABAD: Pakistan's Taliban movement threatened on Thursday to attack Indian targets to avenge the country's execution of Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of the militant squad responsible for a rampage through Mumbai that killed 166 people in 2008....(size: 1.7Kb)
Chicago Tribune
22 Nov 2012
ISLAMABAD (Reuters) - Pakistan's Taliban movement threatened on Thursday to attack Indian targets to avenge the country's execution of Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of the militant squad responsible for a rampage through Mumbai that killed 166 people in 2008. Kasab was hanged on Wednesday amid great secrecy,...(size: 2.1Kb)
Indian Express
22 Nov 2012
Pakistan's Taliban movement threatened on Thursday to attack Indian targets to avenge the country's execution of Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of the militant squad responsible for a rampage through Mumbai that killed 166 people in 2008. Kasab...(size: 1.7Kb)
| Pakistan Army | |
|---|---|
 Pakistan Army |
|
| Founded | 14 August 1947 |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Type | Army |
| Size | 550,000 active troops 500,000 reserves |
| Headquarters | Rawalpindi, GHQ |
| Motto | Arabic:Iman, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabilillah A follower of none but Allah, The fear of Allah, Jihad for Allah.[1] |
| Colors | Green and White |
| Anniversaries | Defence Day: September 6 |
| Engagements | 1947 Indo-Pakistan War 1965 Indo-Pakistan War 1971 Indo-Pakistan War Soviet-Afghan War Siachen conflict Kargil War Global War on Terror |
| Commanders | |
| Chief of Army Staff | General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani |
| Notable commanders |
Field Marshal Ayub Khan General Yahya Khan General Zia-ul-haq General Pervez Musharraf |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Attack | Bell AH-1 Cobra |
| Helicopter | Bell 412, Bell 407, Bell 206, Bell UH-1 Huey |
| Transport | Mil Mi-8/17, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Bell 412 |
The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج Pak Fouj (IPA: Pɑkʰ fɒ~ɔd͡ʒ); reporting name: PA) is the uniform service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The Pakistan Army came into existence after the Partition of India and the resulting independence of Pakistan in 1947. It is currently headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. The Pakistan Army is a volunteer professional fighting force.[2] According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) it has an active force of 700,000 personnel in 2010.[3] The Pakistani constitution contains a provision for conscription, but it has never been imposed.
Since independence, the Army has been involved in four wars with neighboring India and several border skirmishes with Afghanistan. It maintained division and brigade strength presences in some of the Arab countries during the past Arab-Israeli Wars, and aided the Coalition in the first Gulf War. Other major operations undertaken by the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat. Apart from conflicts, the Army has been an active participant in UN missions and played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent.
The President of Pakistan is the Commander-in-Chief and supreme commander of the Army.
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Mission[link]
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Pakistan Army serves as the land-based branch of the Pakistan Military. Chapter 2 of PART XII of Pakistani Constitution defines the purpose of the Army as:[4]
- The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the Federal Government, defend Pakistan against external aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon to do so.[5]
History[link]
See also: Military history of Pakistan
1947–1958[link]
The Pakistan Army was created on 30 June 1947 with the division of the British Indian Army. The soon to be created Dominion of Pakistan received six armoured, eight artillery and eight infantry regiments compared to the 12 armoured, forty artillery and twenty one infantry regiments that went to India. Fearing that India would take over the state of Kashmir, irregulars, scouts and tribal groups entered Kashmir to oppose the Maharaja of Kashmir and Kashmiri Hindus and Sikhs in 1947, even though the Maharaja chose to join the Union of India. This led to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Regular army units joined the invasion later on but were stopped after the refusal of the army chief of staff, British officer General Sir Frank Messervy, to obey Pakistani leader Jinnah's orders to move the army into Kashmir. A ceasefire followed on UN intervention with Pakistan occupying the northwestern part of Kashmir and India occupying the rest. Later, during the 1950s, the Pakistan Army received large amounts of economic and military aid from the United States and Great Britain after signing two mutual defence treaties, the Baghdad Pact, which led to the formation of the Central Treaty Organization, and the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954. This aid greatly expanded the Army from its modest beginnings.
The sole division headquarters that went to Pakistan was the 7th. 8th and 9th Divisions were raised in 1947; 10, 12th and 14 Divisions were raised in 1948. 15 Div was raised in 1950. At some point before 1954, 6 Division was raised and 9 Division disbanded. 6 Division was disbanded at some point after 1954 as US assistance was available only for one armoured and six infantry divisions.
1958–1969[link]
Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Pakistan Army took over from poiliticians for the first time when General Ayub Khan came to power through a bloodless coup in 1958. He formed Convention Muslim League which includes Pakistan's first elected Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto. Tensions with India continued in the 1960s and a brief border skirmish was fought near the Rann of Kutch area during April 1965. The Pakistan Army initiated Operation Gibraltar, an attempt to remove Indian forces from the disputed territory of Indian-administered Kashmir. The Indian Army counter-attacked by trying to invade undisputed Pakistani territory and the PA's goals changed from gaining control of Indian-administered Kashmir to defending Pakistani territory from invading Indian forces. Eventually a ceasefire agreement was reached. The war ended in the Tashkent Declaration and is widely regarded by neutral sources to have been a stalemate. According to the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the Federal Research Division of the United States[6] The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops.
The Pakistan Army considers itself to have achieved a victory because it managed to force a stalemate against a significantly larger force attacking sovereign Pakistani territory at different points, which the PA did not expect and was not prepared or equipped for. Indian sources disagree and call the end result an Indian victory. Highly effective support from the Pakistan Air Force, which was unexpected, is often considered to have neutralised India's advantage in quantity of forces. The accurate artillery fire provided by the PA artillery units is also stated to have played a significant role.
An uprising against General Ayub Khan during 1968 and 1969 resulted in Ayub Khan relinquishing his office as President and Chief of Army Staff in favour of General Yahya Khan, who assumed power in 1969. 16 Division, 18 Division and 23 Division were raised at some point between 1966 and 1969 and 9 Division was re-raised during this period.
1969–1971[link]
During the rule of General Yahya Khan, the people of East Pakistan protested against various political and economic disparities that had been imposed on them by West Pakistan and massive civil unrest broke out in East Pakistan. During operations against these rebels, called Operation Searchlight, a faction of the Pakistan Army under General Yahya Khan was responsible for the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities.[7] Beginning with the start of Operation Searchlight on 25 March 1971 and due to the Bangladesh Liberation War, there were numerous human rights abuses in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) perpetrated by the Pakistan Army, with support from local political and religious militias, especially against Hindus.[8][9] Time reported a high ranking U.S. official as saying "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."[10]
The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,[11] within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance was not anticipated by Pakistani planners.[12] The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid May.
In 1997 R. J. Rummel published a book, available on the web, called "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", In Chapter 8 called "Statistics Of Pakistan's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" he looks at the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Rummel wrote:
- In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) [the President of Pakistan, General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan, and his top generals] also planned to murder its Bengali intellectual, cultural, and political elite. They also planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. And they planned to destroy its economic base to insure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come. This plan may be perceived as genocide.[13]
According to Maj. (Retd.) Agha Humayun Amin, Pakistan Army high command commanders had not seriously considered an Indian invasion of East Pakistan until December 1971 because it was presumed that the Indian military would not risk Chinese or U.S. intervention. Maj Mazhar states that the PA's senior command failed to realise that the Chinese would be unable to intervene during the winter months of November to December 1971 period due to snowbound Himalayan passes and the U.S. had not made any real effort to persuade India against attacking East Pakistan.[14]
1971–1977[link]
A Pakistan International Airlines flight was sent to fetch Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from New York, who at that time was presenting Pakistan's case before the United Nations Security Council on the East Pakistan Crises. Bhutto returned home on 18 December 1971. On 20 December, he was taken to the President House in Rawalpindi where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as President and the other as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus he was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of the Pakistan.
1977–1999[link]
File:Two cobra helicopters at Multan.jpg
Two AH-1S Cobra attack helicopters of the Pakistan Army Aviation Wing at AVN Base, Multan. These were sold to Pakistan by the U.S. during the Soviet-Afghan war to help defend Pakistan against a possible attack by the Soviets.
In 1977 a coup was staged by General Zia ul-Haq and the government was overthrown. This led to the hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after he was tried and proclaimed guilty of conspiracy of murdering a politician named Kasuri by Zia's handpicked judges. Zia ul-Haq reneged on his promise of holding elections within 90 days and ruled as a military dictator until his death in an air crash in 1988. General Mohammad Iqbal Khan served as a joint chief from 1980 to 1984 and was the Chief Martial Law Officer during that time.
In the mid-1970s the Pakistan Army was involved in fighting an uprising in Balochistan. Various Balochi factions, some with the oblique support of the USSR, wanted independence or at least greater provincial rights. The rebellion was put down on the behest of the Bhutto government but the Army suffered heavy casualties. After Bhutto was deposed, the province returned to normalcy under General Rahimuddin.
In the 1980s, Pakistani armed forces co-operated with the United States to provide arms, ammunition and intelligence assistance to Afghan mujahideen who were fighting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The U.S. supplied modern military equipment to Pakistan.
During the 1st Gulf War Pakistan Army contributed troops for the defence of Saudi Arabia against possible Iraqi retaliation. Although Pakistan Army saw few actions their still it's performance was remarkable. The 153 Lt AirDefence (GM/SP) Regiment deployed in Tabuk scored multiple hits on number of Iraqi Scuds and provided round the clock Air Defence protection to Saudi Troops in the Area.
1999–present[link]
In October 1999, after the Kargil War ended with the unconditional withdrawal of the Pakistani forces from the Indian controlled peaks, the Pakistan Army overthrew a democratically elected government for the fourth time, resulting in additional sanctions being applied against Pakistan, leading to General Pervez Musharraf coming to power in a bloodless coup. However, this time Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif sacked Musharraf when he was on his way to Pakistan from Colombo. He dismissed the Army Chief and appointed General Ziauddin Butt as Army Chief when Musarraf's plane was in the air. That was not enough, the plane was not allowed to land at the Karachi Airport and barricaeds were erected on the runway. The corps commanders acted swiftly across Pakistan, particularly in Karachi and Islamabad. Brigadiar Muzaffar Usmani took control of Karachi Airport and arrested the Inspector General of Sind Police, Rana Maqbool Ahmed. Musharraf stepped down as President in August 2008. On 30 July 2009, the Pakistan Supreme Court ruled that Musharraf's imposition of Emergency Rule in 2007 was unconstitutional.[15]
After the September 11 attacks in the United States, Pakistan joined the US-led War on Terror and helped the United States armed forces by severing ties with the Taliban and immediately deploying 72,000 troops along Pakistan's western border to capture or kill Taliban and al-Qaida militants fleeing from Afghanistan. On the north western front, Pakistan initially garrisoned its troops in military bases and forts in the tribal areas. In May 2004 clashes erupted between the Pakistani troops and al-Qaeda's and other militants joined by local rebels and pro-Taliban forces. However, the offensive was poorly coordinated and the Pakistan Army suffered heavy casualties, while public support for the attack quickly evaporated. After a two year conflict from 2004 until 2006, the Pakistani military negotiated a ceasefire with the tribesmen from the region in which they pledged to hunt down al-Qaeda members, stop the Talibanization of the region and stop attacks in Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, the militants did not hold up their end of the bargain and began to regroup and rebuild their strength from the previous two years of conflict.
The militants took over the Lal Masjid in Islamabad. After a six month standoff fighting erupted again in July 2007 when the Pakistani military decided to use force to end the Lal Masjid threat. Once the operation ended, the newly formed Pakistani Taliban, an umbrella group of all militants based in FATA, vowed revenge and launched a wave of attacks and suicide bombings which erupted all over North-West Pakistan and major Pakistani cities, including Karachi, throughout 2007.
The militants then expanded their base of operations and moved into the neighbouring Swat Valley, where they imposed Sharia law. The Pakistan Army launched an offensive to re-take the Swat Valley in 2007, but was unable to clear it of the militants who had fled into the mountains and waited for them to leave before taking over the valley again. The militants then launched another wave of terrorist attacks inside Pakistan. The Pakistani government and military tried another peace deal with the militants in Swat Valley in 2008. This was roundly criticised in the West as abdicating to the militants. After initially pledging to lay down their arms if Sharia Law was implemented, the Pakistani Taliban subsequently used the Swat Valley as a springboard to launch further attacks into neighbouring regions, reaching to within 60 kilometres (37 mi) of Islamabad.
Public opinion then turned decisively against the Pakistani Taliban. This opinion was highlighted following the release of a video showing the flogging of a girl by the Pakistani Taliban in Swat Valley. Similar events and terrorist attacks finally forced the Pakistan Army to launch a decisive attack against the Taliban occupying Swat Valley in April 2009, after having received orders from the political leadership.[16] After heavy fighting the Swat Valley was largely pacified by July 2009, although isolated pockets of Taliban remained in the area.
The next phase of Pakistan Army's offensive was the formidable Waziristan region. A US drone attack killed the leader of the Pakistani Taliban, Baitullah Mehsud, in August. A power struggle engulfed the Pakistani Taliban during September, but by October a new leader had emerged, Hakimullah Mehsud. Under his leadership, the Pakistani Taliban launched another wave of terrorist attacks throughout Pakistan, killing hundreds of people. After a few weeks of air strikes, artillery and mortar attacks, 30,000 troops moved on South Waziristan, in a three pronged attack. The Pakistan Army re-took South Waziristan and is currently thinking of expanding the campaign to North Waziristan.
On April 2012 an avalanche struck the 6th Northern Light Infantry Battalion headquarters in Ghyari sector of Siachen, entrapping 135 soldiers.[17]
UN Peacekeeping Missions[link]
In the wake of the new world power equilibrium a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterised by growing national power politics and state implosions which have necessitated involvement of the United Nations peace keeping forces for conflict resolution.
The United Nations has been undertaking peace keeping operations since its inception, but the need for employment of peace keeping forces has increased significantly since the Gulf War. In 1992 there were 11,000 Blue Berets deployed around the world, by the end of the year the figure rose to 52,000. Presently it exceeds 80,000 troops.
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The table below shows the current deployment of Pakistani Forces in UN Peacekeeping missions.
| Start of operation | Name of Operation | Location | Conflict | Contribution | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) |  |
Democratic Republic of Congo | Second Congo War | 3,556 Troops.[18] |
| 2003 | United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) |  |
Liberia | Second Liberian Civil War | 2,741 Troops.[18] |
| 2004 | United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUB |  |
Burundi | Burundi Civil War | 1,185 Troops.[18] |
| 2004 | United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) |  |
Côte d'Ivoire | Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire | 1,145 Troops.[18] |
| 2005 | United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) |  |
Sudan | Second Sudanese Civil War | 1,542 Troops.[18] |
| Staff/Observers | 191 Observers.[18] |
- The total amount of troops serving currently in peacekeeping missions is 10,173 (as of March, 2007).
Organization[link]
Main articles: Structure of the Pakistan Army and List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army
Command Structure[link]
The President of Pakistan is the civilian supreme commander of the Pakistan Armed Forces by statute, while the Prime Minister of Pakistan served as the Chief Executive of Pakistan Armed Forces, both people-elected civilians, Prime Minister and President, maintains the civilian control of the military. The Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), a four-star general, is the highest general officer (unless the four-star general is Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee), a field and operational commander as well as a highest army four-star general officer, directs the non-combat and combatant operations from army combatant headquarters in Rawalpindi, near Islamabad. The Principal Staff Officers (PSO) assisting him in his duties at the Lieutenant-General level include a Chief of General Staff (CGS), under whom the Military Operations and Intelligence Directorates function; the Chief of Logistics Staff (CLS); the Adjutant General (AG); the Quarter-Master General (QMG); the Inspector General of Training and Evaluation (IGT and E); the Military Secretary (MS); and the Engineer-in-Chief, a top army topographer. A major reorganisation in GHQ was done in September 2008 under General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, when two new PSO positions were introduced: the Inspector General Arms and the Inspector General Communications and IT, thus raising the number of PSO's to eight.[19]
The headquarters function also includes the Judge Advocate General (JAG), and the Comptroller of Civilian Personnel, the Engineer-in-Chief of the Corps of Engineers who is also head of Military Engineering Service (MES), all of them also report to the Chief of the Army Staff. Although most of the officer corps were generally Muslim by the 1970s, there were still serving Christian officers the highest rank being attained by Major General Julian Peter who served as the General Officer Commanding of a Division and as general staff officer at Army Headquarters up-till 2006.
Commissioned officers rank[link]
Main article: Army ranks of Pakistan
The rank structure is patterned on the British Army model. It consists of commissioned officers, non-commissioned officers and the junior commissioned officers.
| Commissioned Officers Ranks of the Pakistan Army | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pay grade | O-10 | O-9 | O-8 | O-7 | O-6 | O-5 | O-4 | O-3 | O-2 | O-1 | |||
| Insignia |   |
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| Title | General | Lieutenant-General | Major-General | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant | |||
| Abbreviation | Gen | LGen | MGen | Brig | Col | LCol | Maj | Capt | Lt | SLt | |||
| NATO Code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | |||
| Rank Hierarchy | 4-star General | 3-star General | 2-star General | 1-star Officer | |||||||||
Non-commissioned officers wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve. Centre point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder. Company / battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.
| Structure of Non-Commissioned Officers Ranks of Pakistan Army | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pay grade | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | ||||
| Insignia |  |
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No insignia | No insignia | ||||
| Title | Battalion Havildar Major | Battalion Quartermaster Havildar | Company Havildar Major | Company Quartermaster Havildar | Havildar | Naik | Lance Naik | Sepoy | No Equivalent | ||||
| Abbreviation | BHM | BQMH | CHM | CQMH | HLD | NK | LN | S | NE | ||||
| NATO Code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | ||||
| Junior Commissioned Officer Ranks | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insignia |  |
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| Title | Naib Subedar (infantry and other arms)/Naib Risaldar (cavalry and armour) | Subedar (infantry and other arms)/Risaldar (cavalry and armour) | Subedar Major (infantry and other arms)/Risaldar Major (cavalry and armour) | ||||||||||
Structure of Army units[link]
The Pakistan Army is divided into two main branches, which are Arms and Services.
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Operational Commands[link]
The army operates three commands during peace time. Each command is headed by General Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Lieutenant General. Each command is directly affiliated to the Army HQ in Rawalpindi.
According to Globalsecurity.org, drawing on Pakistani media sources, three commands, supervising a number of corps each, have been formed: Northern Command, Central Command, and Southern Command.[20][21]
Corps[link]
A corps is an army field formation responsible for a zone within a command theatre. There are three types of corps in the Pakistani Army: Strike, Holding and Mixed. A command generally consists of two or more corps. A corps has Army divisions under its command. The Corps HQ is the highest field formation in the army.
There are 13 Corps in Pakistan Army. 9 of these Corps are composed of Infantry, Mechanised, Armoured, Artillery and Anti-Tank divisions and brigades. Army Air Defence Command is another Corps of Pakistan Army which plays the role of Anti-Aircraft Artillery whereas Army Aviation Corps provides air support to Pakistan Army. Army Strategic Forces Command is responsible for training, deployment and activation of Pakistan's nuclear missiles. The last Corps is called the Northern Area Command which is Headquartered at Gilgit and is reported to have 5 Infantry Brigades.[22][23][24][25][26][27]
Forces in action or poised for action include XI Corps, which has been heavily engaged in fighting the Taliban and other extremists along Pakistan's north-western border, and 323rd Infantry Brigade, part of Forces Command Northern Areas, on the Siachen Glacier.
The peace time commands are given below in their correct order of raising, and location (city).
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Other Field Formations[link]
- Division: An Army Division is an intermediate between a Corps and a Brigade. It is the largest striking force in the army. Each Division is headed by [General Officer Commanding] (GOC) in the rank of Major General. It usually consists of 15,000 combat troops and 8,000 support elements. Currently, the Pakistani Army has 29 Divisions including 20 Infantry Divisions, 2 Armoured Divisions, 2 Mechanized Divisions, 2 Air Defence Divisions, 2 Strategic Divisions and 1 Artillery Division. Each Division composes of several Brigades.
- Brigade: A Brigade generally consists of around 3,000 combat troops with supporting elements. An Infantry Brigade usually has 3 Infantry Battalions along with various Support Arms & Services. It is headed by a Brigadier, equivalent to a Brigadier General in some armies. In addition to the Brigades in various Army Divisions, the Pakistani Army also has 7 Independent Armoured Brigades, 5 Independent Artillery Brigades, 3 Independent Infantry Brigades, 3 Anti-Tank Brigades. These Independent Brigades operate directly under the Corps Commander (GOC Corps).
- Regiment: A regiment is commanded by a Colonel.
- Battalion: A Battalion is commanded by a Lieutenant-Colonel and is the Infantry's main fighting unit. It consists of more than 900 combat personnel.
- Company: Headed by the Major/Captain, a Company comprises about 120–150 soldiers.
- Platoon: An intermediate between a Company and Section, a Platoon is headed by a Lieutenant or depending on the availability of Commissioned Officers, a Junior Commissioned Officer, with the rank of Subedar or Naib-Subedar. It has a total strength of about 30–36 troops.
- Section: Smallest military outfit with a strength of about 9–13 personnel. Commanded by a Non-commissioned officer of the rank of Havildar Major or Sergeant Major.
Regiments[link]
There are several battalions or units associated together in an infantry regiment. The infantry regiment in the Pakistani Army is an administrative military organisation and not a field formation. All the battalions of a regiment do not fight together as one formation, but are dispersed over various formations, viz. brigades, divisions and corps. An infantry battalion serves for a period of time under a formation and then moves to another, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over. Occasionally, battalions of the same regiment may serve together for a tenure.
Most of the infantry regiments of the Pakistani Army originate from the old British Indian Army and recruit troops from a region or of specific ethnicities.
Regiments of the Pakistani Army include:
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Special forces[link]
The Special Services Group (SSG) is an independent commando regiment/corps of the Pakistan Army. It is an elite special operations force similar to the United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets) and the British Army's SAS.
Official numbers are put at 2,100 men, in 3 battalions; however the actual strength is classified.[29] It is estimated to have been increased to 4 Battalions, with the eventual formation of 2 Brigades of Special Forces (6 Battalions).
Combat doctrine[link]
The Pakistan Army has developed a doctrine called the Riposte which is a limited "offensive-defence"[30] doctrine. It has refined it consistently starting in 1989 during the "Exercise Zarb-e-Momin". This doctrine is fully focused towards Pakistan's archenemy, India.
The doctrine is derived from several factors:[31]
- The vulnerability of Pakistan is that so many of its major population centres and politically and military sensitive targets lie very close to the border with India. As such Pakistan can ill-afford to lose large territories to an Indian attack.
- ‘Strategic depth’ in the form of a friendly Afghanistan is deemed vital by military planners.
- India has substantially enhanced its offensive capabilities, with the Cold Start Doctrine. Any counter attack would be very tricky against the large number of Indian troops involved. The response of the Pakistani army includes the development of the Nasr missile.
- Holding formations in both India and Pakistan can man their forward defensive positions and fortifications in less than 24 hours. However, Corps level reserves with large stockpiles of munitions will take between 24 to 72 hours for mobilisation after being given their orders. In this regard, both armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.
This doctrine entails Pakistan in the event of hostilities with India will not wait for the enemy's offensive, but rather launch an offensive of its own. The offensive will be a limited advance along narrow fronts with the aim of occupying territory near the border to a depth of 40–50 km. Since Indian forces will not reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical superiority against the Indians.
The Pakistani Army hopes to accomplish three things under this strategy:[31]
- The enemy is kept off-balance as it will be tied up containing the Pakistani offensive into its territory rather than launching an offensive into Pakistani territory.
- The Pakistani Army hopes to contain the fighting on the Indian side of the border so that any collateral or other damage will be suffered by India.
- Indian territory of strategic importance once seized, will give the Pakistani Army a bargaining chip to be used in the aftermath of a ceasefire brought about by international pressure after 3–4 weeks of fighting.
- The use of tactical battlefield nuclear missile such as Nasr missile that provide maximal damage against massed troops for extremely limited collateral casualties.
Kashmir, Line of Control and the Northern Punjab areas are heavily fortified and ill-suited for large mechanised offensives. The most likely area where Pakistan might launch its offensive is the semi-desert and desert sectors in southern Punjab and Sindh provinces.
To supplement this doctrine, the Army in the 1990s created a strong centralised corps of reserves for its formations. The force is known as Army Reserve South and is a grouping of several powerful Corps from Pakistan's Order of Battle. These formations have been rapidly equipped with assets needed for mechanised capability. These reserve formations are dual-capable, meaning they can be used for offensive as well as defensive (holding) purposes. Pakistan has also increased its ammunition, fuel and other military stockpiles to last for 45 days in case of a conflict. During the 1965 war for instance, Pakistan only had 13 day reserves which hampered its military operations.
The possibility of a major war of the sort against which earlier doctrines had eveolved came in to question after May 1998 when both sides overtly demonstrated their nuclear capability. The Kargil conflict and the military standoff with India in 2002 led to various stability theories being viewd with scepticism on both sides. India realised the need to drastically reduce the time taken to build up its forces from all over the country towards its western borders and strike early while Pakistani defences on the one hand and diplomatic manoeuvre on the other were still unprepared. To this end, the Cold Start Doctrine and its tactical extension, proactive operations were developed and practiced by the Indian Army and later the Navy and the Airforce variants thereof. Against cold start and proactive operations, Pakistan began developing its response at the joint services level with notable changes in how the land forces viewed existential and future threat. The intellectual powerhouse for this was led by the Chielf of the Army Staff, the commandant of the Armed Forces War College, selected corps commanders and a team of senior brigadiers. The Azm-e-Nau (New Resolve) [32][33] series of war games were conducted and a new doctrine evolved. These exrcises and war-games culminated in to the massive Azm-e-Nau 3 which was conducted in the deserts of Bahawalpur and upper Punjab in April and May 2010. The Army set up a doctrines concepts and development division under a top brigadier to evelove high, mid and low level doctrines for the army. The Pakistan Army Doctrine, Pakistan Defence Doctrine and a series of subordinate publications were developed between 2010 and 2011.
Involvement in Pakistani Society[link]
See also: 2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan
The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the government of Pakistan, almost since its inception.
In times of natural disaster, such as the great floods of 1992 or the October 2005 devastating earthquake, army engineers, medical and logistics personnel, and the armed forces played a major role in bringing relief and supplies.
The army also engaged in extensive corporate activities. Most of these enterprises, such as stud and dairy farms, were for the army's own use, but others performed functions in local civilian economy such as bakeries, security services and banking. Army factories produced such goods as sugar, fertiliser, and brass castings and sold them to civilian consumers albeit at prices higher than those charged from military personnel.[34]
Several army organisations operate in the commercial sector across the country. For example, the National Logistics Cell was responsible for trucking food and other goods across the country; the Frontier Works Organization built the Karakoram Highway to China; and the Special Communication Organization maintained communications networks in remote parts of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army has been involved in relief activities not only in Pakistan but also in many other countries of the world, such as the relief activities after Bangladesh was recently hit by floods. The Army also despatched relief to Indonesia, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka after they were hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the resulting tsunami. Both the Pakistan Army and Navy sent ships and helicopters to assist in the tsunami relief operation.
Personnel[link]
According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) the Pakistan Army has an active force of 550,000 personnel in 2010.[3] In addition there were around 500,000 reserves.
Personnel training[link]
Enlisted ranks[link]
Most enlisted personnel used to come from rural families, and many have only rudimentary literacy skills, but with the increase in the literacy level the requirements have been raised to Matriculate level (10th Grade). Recruits are processed gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, taught the official language, Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.
In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village. Enlisted men usually serve for eighteen years, during which they participate in regular training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance.
Officer ranks[link]
Each year, about 320 men and women enter the army bi-annually through the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul in Abbottabad in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; a small number—like doctors and technical specialists—are directly recruited, and are part of the officer corps. The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the officer corps have completed twelve years of education and spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided about equally between military training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includes English-language skills.
Academic institutions[link]
The army has twelve other training and educational establishments, including schools concentrating on specific skills such as infantry, artillery, intelligence, engineering, or mountain warfare. The National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has been established which has absorbed the existing colleges of engineering, signals, electrical engineering and medicine. At the apex of the army training system is the Command and Staff College at Quetta, one of the few institutions inherited from the colonial period. The college offers a ten-month course in tactics, staff duties, administration, and command functions through the division level. Students from foreign countries, including the United States, have attended the school but reportedly have been critical of its narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.[citation needed]
The senior training institution for all service branches is the National Defence University, Islamabad. Originally established in 1971 at Rawalpindi, to provide training in higher military strategy for senior officers, the institution was relocated to Islamabad in 1995. It also offers courses that allow civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security. In a program begun in the 1980s to upgrade the intellectual standards of the officer corps and increase awareness of the wider world, a small group of officers, has been detailed to academic training, achieving master's degrees and even doctorates at universities in Pakistan and abroad.
Pakistani officers were sent abroad during the 1950s and into the 1960s for training in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, and the United States, where trainees numbering well in the hundreds attended a full range of institutions ranging from armoured and infantry schools to the higher staff and command institutions. After 1961 this training was coordinated under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, but numbers varied along with the vicissitudes of the United States-Pakistan military relationship. Of some 200 officers being sent abroad annually in the 1980s, over two-thirds went to the United States, but the cessation of United States aid in 1990 entailed suspension of the IMET program. In 1994 virtually all foreign training was in Commonwealth countries. However, after the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan again has begun sending officers to US Army schools. Today there are more than 400 officers serving in foreign countries. Officers retire between the ages of fifty-two and sixty, depending on their rank.
Science and Technology[link]
Apart from conducting military operations, exercises, and military ethics, the Army maintains its own science and technology corps and organisations. Most notable science and engineering corps including Military Engineering Service (MES) Corps of Engineers, Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME), and Frontier Works Organisation. Its Army Army Strategic Forces Command served as the primary military organisation in the matters of conducting and directing research on nuclear and space (such a s military satellites) and antiquities. The army cadets and officers who wished to study science and technology are given admission at the College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME) and the Military College of Engineering where the scientific and military education are being taught by the colleges. The admissions of engineering colleges are not restricted to civilians as they can also gain admission and graduated with engineering and science degrees from there.
Uniforms[link]
Pakistan Army uniforms closely resemble those of the British armed services. The principal colour is greenish brown. Dress uniforms were worn mostly on formal occasions. The service uniform was worn for daily duty. The service uniform for the ground forces was khaki (sand/tan) cotton. Officers purchased their uniforms, but enlisted personnel received a standard uniform issue, which consisted of service and field uniforms, fatigues, and in some cases, dress uniforms. The uniforms consisted of shirt, trousers, sweater, jacket or blouse, and boots. There is also a white dress uniform. The fatigues were the same for winter and summer. Heavy winter gear was issued as needed. Headgear included a service cap for dress and semi-dress and a field cap worn with fatigues. Army personnel also wear berets, usually worn in lieu of the service cap.
Brown and black and more recently former US BDU style camouflage fatigues are worn by army troop units. The uniform of a Pakistan army soldier exhibits much information i.e. The qualification badges, the decorations & awards conferred and finally the rank.
Ethnic Composition[link]
Traditionally, the army was a predominantly Punjabi force because of its dominant Population (Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 45% of the country's total population). In British India, three districts: Jhelum, Rawalpindi, and Campbellpur (now Attock) dominated the recruitment flows. By 2007 the percentage representation in the Pakistan Army as a whole (officers and Other Ranks or soldiers) was as follows: Punjabis (including Punjabi Pathans): 51%,Pashtuns: 21%, Sindhis: 13.5%,, Kashmiris: 9.11%, Balochis: 3.2%, and Minorities: 0.72%. Extensive efforts have been made to bring Balochis and Sindhis on par with other ethnicities, presently the army recruitment system is enlisting personnel district-wise irrespective of provincial boundaries. This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the army, as per census records. Large numbers of men from Sind and Balochistan have joined the ranks of the army and have proved their commitment and bravery to the national cause in Kargil and the ongoing global war on terrorism.[34][35]
Women and minorities[link]
Women have served in the Pakistan Army since its foundation. Currently, there is a sizeable number of Women serving in the army. Most women are recruited in the regular Army to perform medical and educational work. There is also a Women's Guard section of Pakistan's National Guard where women are trained in nursing, welfare and clerical work and there are also women recruited in very limited numbers for the Janbaz Force. Only recently has Pakistan began to recruit women for combat positions and the Elite Anti-Terrorist Force In 2007, several female graduates were nominated to be Sky Marshals for Pakistan based airlines.[36] In addition recently eight of the 41 cadets from the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul became the first women guards of honour.[37] Pakistan is the only country in the Islamic world to have female Major Generals in the Army.[38]
Recruitment is nationwide and the army attempts to maintain an ethnic balance but most enlisted recruits, as in British times, come from a few districts in northern Punjab Province and the adjacent Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan's Officer Corps are also mostly from Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and of middle-class, rural backgrounds.[citation needed]
Minorities in Pakistan are allowed to sit in all examinations, including the one conducted by Inter Services Selection Board however the proportion of religious minorities in the Pakistan Army is still considerably less.
There have been numerous Christians who have risen to the rank of Brigadier; and in the 1990 the first Christian promoted to the rank of Major General was Julian Peters who commanded the 14th Div in Okara Cantt. In 2009 brigadier Noel Israel, was also promoted to rank of Major General.
Recipients of Nishan-e-Haider[link]
File:Nishan-e-haider.jpg
Nishan-e-Haider; Pakistan's highest military award.
The Nishan-e-Haider (Urdu: نشان حیدر) (Sign of the Lion) is the highest military award given by Pakistan, ranking above the Hilal-i-Jur'at (Crescent of Courage). Nishan-e-Haider recipients receive an honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr for deceased recipients.
Similar to the American Medal of Honor or the British Victoria Cross, it has only been awarded 10 times since 1947:
| Name | Unit | Conflict | Date | Place of Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Captain Muhammad Sarwar | 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment | War of 1947 | 27 July 1948 | Uri, Kashmir |
| Major Tufail Mohammad | 16th Battalion of the Punjab Regiment | 1958 Border clash with India | 7 August 1958 | Lakshmipur District |
| Major Aziz Bhatti | 17th Battalion of the Punjab Regiment | War of 1965 | 10 September 1965 | Lahore District |
| Major Mohammad Akram | 4th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment | War of 1971 | 1971 | East Pakistan |
| Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed | No. 2 Squadron Minhas | War of 1971 | 20 August 1971 | Thatta, Sindh, West Pakistan |
| Major Shabbir Sharif | 6th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment | War of 1971 | 6 December 1971 | Kargil, Indian administered Kashmir |
| Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz | 15th Battalion of the Punjab Regiment | War of 1971 | 8 December 1971 | Wagah-Attari |
| Sawar Muhammad Hussain | 20th Lancers, Armoured Corps | War of 1971 | 10 December 1971 | Zafarwal-Shakargarh |
| Captain Karnal Sher Khan | 12th Battalion of the Northern Light Infantry | Kargil War | 5 July 1999 | Kargil, Indian administered Kashmir |
| Havaldar Lalak Jan | 12th Battalion of the Northern Light Infantry | Kargil War | 7 July 1999 | Kargil, Indian administered Kashmir |
Recipients of Foreign awards[link]
Two Pakistani pilots belonging to the army aviation branch of Pakistan army who carried out a daring rescue of a mountaineer are to be given Slovenia's top award for bravery. Slovenian, Tomaz Humar got stranded on the western end of the 8,125m Nanga Parbat mountain where he remained for around a week on top of the world's ninth-highest peak. The helicopter pilots plucked the 38-year-old from an icy ledge 6,000m up the peak known as "killer mountain".
The Slovenian president has presented Lt Col Rashid Ullah Beg and Lt Col Khalid Amir Rana with the Golden Order for Services in the country's capital, Ljubljana, for risking their lives during the rescue mission, a Pakistan army statement said.[39]
Beating hundreds of soldiers from major armies of the world, Pakistan Army has won the coveted Gold Medal at the prestigious Cambrian Patrol Exercise held in Wales with participation from armies of India, Australia, Canada, United States and France among others. 750 soldiers across the world descended on the Brecon Beacons in Wales to suffer through one of the toughest exercises ever devised. The Cambrian patrol tested the soldiering skills of the teams as they crossed some of the most arduous terrain one can imagine. According to ISPR, "Rawalpindi Corps team represented Pakistan Army in Exercise Cambrian Patrol – 2010, held from 11–13 October 2010 and by the Grace of Allah, the team showed an excellent performance by winning a Gold Medal in the event, which is a big honour not only for Army but for the country as a whole."[40][41][42][43][44]
Equipment[link]
The equipment currently in use by the Pakistan Army is divided into the following main sections: small arms, armour, artillery, aircraft and air defence systems.
Arms[link]
| Weapon | Comments | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Handguns | |||
| Glock 17 | |||
| Glock 26 | |||
| HK P7 | |||
| Steyr M9A1 | Recently acquired by the SSW. | ||
| Tokarev | |||
| Sub-machine guns (SMG) and carbines: | |||
| Heckler & Koch MP5 | Manufactured by POF | ||
| Heckler & Koch MP5K | Also in use by Airport Security Force and personal security detail of VIPs, manufactured by POF. | ||
| FN P90 | |||
| Battle rifles | |||
| Heckler & Koch G3 | The PA's service rifle. G3A3, G3P4 variants in service. | ||
| Assault rifles | |||
| Type 56 | Chinese-manufactured AK-47.[45] | ||
| Steyr AUG | |||
| FN F2000 | |||
| Grenades | |||
| M67 grenade | |||
| Sniper rifles | |||
| Dragunov SVD | [46] | ||
| HK PSG1 | [45] | ||
| M82 Barret | |||
| Steyr SSG 69 | [45] | ||
| Machine guns | |||
| FN MAG | |||
| FN Minimi Para | |||
| MG3 | Manufactured under license by Pakistan Ordnance Factories.[47] | ||
| RPD | |||
| Grenade launchers | |||
| Carl Gustav recoilless rifle | |||
| Mk 19 grenade launcher | |||
| RPG-7 | Manufactured under license by Pakistan Ordnance Factories | ||
| RPG-29 | |||
| Milkor MGL | |||
Armour[link]
| Vehicle/System/Aircraft | Firm Number in Service | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main Battle Tanks (MBT) | ||||
| Al-Khalid | 500[48][49] | In service, production and deliveries ongoing. 300 Al-Khalid ordered initially, later orders for upgraded Al-Khalid I.[50] | ||
| T-80UD | 320[48][51] | 320[52] delivered by Ukraine between 1997 and early 2002, incorporating re-designed T-84 turret.[51] | ||
| Type 85-IIAP | 275[48][53] | 500[citation needed] Type 85-IIAP built under license at Heavy Industries Taxila, later upgraded to Type 85-III. | ||
| Al-Zarrar | 900[51] | Upgraded form of Type 59-II.[50] | ||
| Type 69-II | 250,[48] 400[51] | Produced under license, armed with 105 mm guns.[54] | ||
| Type 59 | 1100,[51] 1200[48] | |||
| T-54/55 | 54[51] | Some sources say all in reserve storage[48] | ||
| Armoured Personnel Carriers (APC) | ||||
| Hamza Infantry Fighting Vehicle[citation needed] | – | |||
| Al-Fahd Infantry fighting vehicle[citation needed] | – | In Service[citation needed] | ||
| Talha[citation needed] Armoured Personnel Carrier | – | Final number to be around 2,000[citation needed] | ||
| Sa'ad Armoured Personnel Carrier[citation needed] | – | Currently in production[citation needed] | ||
| M113 Armoured Personnel Carrier | 1,600[51] | In Service | ||
| BTR-70/BTR-80 Armoured Personnel Carrier | 720[51] | In Service[55] | ||
| Mohafiz Light Armoured Personnel Carrier | ???[51] | In Service & Additional APCs being procured | ||
| Otokar Akrep Light Jeep | 1,260 | In Service[citation needed] | ||
| Al Qaswa Logistical Vehicle | 500 | Being procured | ||
| M88 ARV Armoured Recovery Vehicle | - | In Service | ||
| Armoured Bridging Vehicles | ||||
| M60A1 AVLB Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge | – | In Service | ||
| M48 Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge | – | In Service | ||
Artillery inventory[link]
.jpg)
| Vehicle/System | Calibre | Quantity | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-propelled artillery | ||||
| M110 | 203 mm | 860[51] | Tracked chassis.[51] | |
| M109 (A2/A3/A4/A5) howitzer | 155 mm | 500[51] | Tracked chassis.[51][56] | |
| NORINCO SH1[citation needed] | 155 mm | 213 | 6×6 wheeled chassis.[57] | |
| MRLS-Multiple Launch Rocket System | ||||
| A-100 | 300mm | Confirmed during the recent Azm-e-Nau-3. | ||
| KRL-21 | 155 mm | Truck-mounted. | ||
| Towed artillery | ||||
| M115 | 203 mm | 356[51] | ||
| MKEK Panter[citation needed] | 155 mm | 30 | Auxiliary power unit can propel the gun at up to 18 km/h.[citation needed] | |
| M198 | 155 mm | 348[51] | 95 plus 24 delivered in 1997.[58] | |
| M114 | 155 mm | 244[51] | ||
| Type 59I | 130 mm | 410[51] | ||
| Type 54 | 122 mm | 490[51] | ||
| M56 | 105 mm | 113[51] | ||
| M101 | 105 mm | 216[51] | ||
Aircraft inventory[link]
Pakistan Army operates nearly 400 helicopters alongside several aircraft.
| Aircraft/System | Role | Quantity | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| AH-1F/S Cobra | Attack helicopter | 40[59] | One squadron supplied in 2010.[60] |
| IAR 330 | utility helicopter | 4 | |
| Harbin Y-12 | Utility aircraft | 2 | |
| Cessna Citation Bravo | Transport aircraft | 2[59] | |
| Aero Commander 840 | Transport aircraft | 2[59] | |
| Mil Mi-17 | Transport helicopter | 85[59] | |
| Bell 206 Jet Ranger | Utility helicopter | 9[59] 13[61] | |
| Bell 412 | Utility helicopter | 95[62] | |
| Bell UH-1 Huey | Utility helicopter | 200[63] | |
| Eurocopter AS350 | Utility helicopter | 10[59] | |
| Eurocopter AS355 | Utility helicopter | ||
| Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma | Utility helicopter | 60[59] | |
| Aerospatiale SA.316 Alouette III | Utility helicopter | 10[59] | Being phased out. |
Anti-tank missiles[link]
- Anti-tank
Air defence systems[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
- Anza Mk I, Anza Mk II, Anza Mk III (MANPAD)
- SA-7 Grail
- General Dynamics FIM-92 Stinger
- General Dynamics FIM-43 Redeye
- Bofors RBS-70 short-range SAM system
- Mistral Man-portable air defence systems
- Medium altitude air defence systems
- Spada-2000, Advanced Air Defence System
- Bofors RBS 23 medium range, all-weather capable air defence system
- High altitude air defence systems
- Anti-aircraft guns
References[link]
- ^ "Pakistan Army". "Pakistan Army" (2009-09-01). Retrieved on 4 June 2011.
- ^ Walsh, Declan (31 May 2007). "Book shines light on Pakistan military's '£10bn empire'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/31/books.pakistan.
- ^ a b IISS 2010, pp. 366
- ^ [Chapter 2. Armed Forces] of [Part XII: Miscellaneous]. Pakistani.org.
- ^ "[Chapter 2. Armed Forces] of [Part XII: Miscellaneous]". Pakistani.org. http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965". Memory.loc.gov. 5 July 1977. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+pk0152%29. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ Sarmila Bose Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971: Military Action: Operation Searchlight Economic and Political Weekly Special Articles, 8 October 2005
- ^ U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp
- ^ Telegram 978 From the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, 29 1971 March 1130Z[dead link]
- ^ Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal, Time, 2 August 1971
- ^ Ṣiddīq Sālik (1977). Witness to surrender. Oxford University Press. pp. 63, 228, 229. ISBN 978-0-19-577257-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ewxuAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, pp. 2–3
- ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, table 8.1
- ^ Major (Ret) A.H. Amin, The Pakistan Army from 1965 to 1971, Defence Journal, November 2000
- ^ Masood, Salman (1 August 2009). "Musharraf Decree in '07 Was Illegal, Court Rules". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/01/world/asia/01pstan.html?ref=world.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Huge search for trapped Pakistani soldiers". Al Jazeera English. 7 April 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/20124755454785414.html. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "UN Mission in Democrative Republic of Congo (MONUC)". Web.archive.org. 26 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070926231955/http://www.ispr.gov.pk/Multimedia/UN%20Peace%20Keeping/MONUC.htm. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ Iftikhar A. Khan. "Kayani shakes up army command" Dawn, 30 September 2008
- ^ :: India Strategic::. Indiastrategic.in.
- ^ Pakistan Army Order of Battle – Corps. Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Pakistan Army Order of Battle – Corps. Globalsecurity.org (20 May 2009).
- ^ Army Air Defence Command. Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ History. Army Air Defence. Pakistanarmy.gov.pk.
- ^ Army Aviation. Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Army Strategic Forces Command (ASFC). Global Security.
- ^ Military. Northern Area Command. Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ a b Pakistan Army Order of Battle – Divisions. Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ "Special Service Group (Army)". PakDef. http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/army/regiments/ssg.html.
- ^ General Mirza Aslam Beg. 50 Years of Pakistan Army: A Journey into Professionalism, Pakistan Observer, 21 August 1997.
- ^ a b BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(6). Bharat-rakshak.com.
- ^ "Pakistan Army Exercise Azm e Nau 3 2010 HD !!!!". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEHqfVLhf8M. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Pakistan Army, Air Force biggest Fire Power Demonstration during Azm-e-Nau-3 - Part 2". YouTube. 21 April 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dM9GbqkhXI. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ a b Pakistan Army. Globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Punjab’s dominance in army being reduced: ISPR -DAWN – Top Stories; 14 September 2007. Archives.dawn.com (14 September 2007).
- ^ "Pakistan Female Sky Marshals". BBC News. 23 July 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2144140.stm. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
- ^ "Pakistan Female honour guards". http://www.ibnlive.com/news/pak-army-soon-have-women-officers/29471-2.html. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
- ^ "Pakistan is the only country in the Islamic world to have women Major Generals". http://zahranaqvi.wordpress.com/2007/03/08/international-women%E2%80%99s-day-and-pakistan/. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
- ^ BBC: Pakistan pilots get bravery award. BBC News (15 June 2007).
- ^ "Pakistan Army Wins Gold Medal @ International Cambrian Patrols Exercise - Page 3 - Iran Defense Forum". Irandefence.net. http://www.irandefence.net/showthread.php?p=923283. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Pakistan Army Pictures & Videos - III [Archive] - PakDef Forums". Pakdef.info. http://www.pakdef.info/forum/archive/index.php/t-10826.html. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 21 October 2010. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\10\21\story_21-10-2010_pg7_18. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Inter Services Public Relations - PAKISTAN". ISPR. http://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=1553. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ Times of Pakistan. "When going gets tough, tough get going | Times of Pakistan". Timesofpakistan.pk. http://timesofpakistan.pk/editorials/2010-10-23/when-going-gets-tough-tough-get-going/9298/. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ a b c Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info (29 May 1989).
- ^ Dragunov SVD – Sniper Rifle – History, Specs and Pictures – Military, Security and Civilian Guns and Equipment. Militaryfactory.com (24 October 2009).
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities & Operations Handbook. USA: International Business Publications. 2006. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7397-1194-1.
- ^ "Al Khalid MBT-2000". Pakistan's MBTs. GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/mbt-2000.htm. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b Usman Ansari, "Pakistan Pushes Armour Upgrades". Published 20 April 2009 by defence News. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Pakistan Army Equipment. Globalsecurity.org (16 February 2009).
- ^ KMDB – T80UD Main Battle Tank. Morozov.com.ua.
- ^ Global Security T-80UD"
- ^ Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info.
- ^ Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info.
- ^ SP howitzer (USA) – 155-mm M109 – Military Periscope. Periscope.ucg.com.
- ^ SH1 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer. Military-Today.com.
- ^ Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Directory: World Air Forces." Flight International, 11–17 November 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.
- ^ ONLINE – International News Network. Onlinenews.com.pk.
- ^ "Army Aviation Corps Equipment". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/aviation-corps-equipment.htm. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ "More Bell 412s for Pakistan’s Military". Defenseindustrydaily.com. 23 September 2010. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2-More-Bell-412s-for-Pakistans-Military-06371/. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004).
- ^ Foreign Military Sale: Pakistan – TOW-2A Anti-Armor Guided Missiles. Spacewar.com.
- ^ Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info.
Bibliography[link]
- International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (3 February 2010). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-557-5.
External links[link]
- Official websites
- Official website of Pakistan Army launched on 6 April 2009
- Official website of Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR)
- Official website of International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS)
- YouTube
- Web resources
- PakDef.info – Pakistan Military Consortium
- GlobalSecurity.org
- defence.pk – Pakistan Defence
- PakSoldiers.Com – Pakistan Military & Defence News
|
||||||||||||||||
| Comparative military ranks (Pakistan) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flag Rank Officers | |||||
| Army | Navy | Air Force | |||
| General (4-star general) | Admiral (4-star admiral) | Air Chief Marshal (4-star air marshal) | |||
| Lieutenant-General (3-star general) | Vice-Admiral (3-star admiral) | Air-Marshal (3-star air marshal) | |||
| Major-General (2-star general) | Rear-Admiral (2-star admiral) | Air-vice Marshal (2-star air marshal) | |||
| Brigadier (1-star officer) | Commodore (1-star officer) | Air Commodore (1-star officer) | |||
| Commissioned Officers | |||||
| Colonel | Captain | Group Captain | |||
| Lieutenant Colonel | Commander | Wing Commander | |||
| Major | Lieutenant Commander | Squadron Leader | |||
| Captain | Lieutenant | Flight Lieutenant | |||
| Lieutenant | Sub Lieutenant | Flying Officer | |||
| Second Lieutenant | Midshipman | Pilot Officer | |||
| Junior Commissioned Officers |
|||||
| Subedar Major | N/A | Chief Warrant Officer | |||
| Subedar | N/A | N/A | |||
| Naib Subedar | N/A | N/A | |||
| Other ranks |
|||||
| Battalion Havildar Major | Master Chief Petty Officer | Warrant Officer | |||
| Battalion Quartermaster Havildar | Fleet Chief Petty Officer | Assistant Warrant Officer | |||
| Company Havildar Major | Chief Petty Officer | Senior Technician | |||
| Company Quartermaster Havildar | Petty Officer | Corporal Technician | |||
| Havildar | Leading Rate | Junior Technician | |||
| Naik | Able Seaman Tech-I | Senior Aircraftman | |||
| Lance Naik | Ordinary Rate Tech-II | Leading Aircraftman | |||
| Jawan | N/A | Aircraftman | |||
| Template source: "Pakistani Army Ranks". http://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=298. Retrieved 2009-06-05. "Pakistani Navy Ranks". http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pn_ranks.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-05. "Pakistani Air Force Ranks". http://www.uniforminsignia.net/?option=com_insigniasearch&Itemid=53&result=2502. Retrieved 2009-06-05. | |||||
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]
http://wn.com/Pakistan_Army
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Сухопутные войска Пакистана
http://pt.wn.com/Exército do Paquistão
http://it.wn.com/Pak Fouj
http://id.wn.com/Angkatan Darat Pakistan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Pakistan (disambiguation).
| Islamic Republic of Pakistan
اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان
Islāmī Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Faith, Unity, Discipline[1] Urdu: ایمان ، اتحاد ، تنظیم Iman, Ittehad, Tanzeem |
||||||
Anthem: Qaumī Tarāna
 |
||||||
.svg) Area constituting Pakistan in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled territory in light green
|
||||||
| Capital | Islamabad 33°40′N 73°10′E / 33.667°N 73.167°E / 33.667; 73.167 |
|||||
| Largest city | Karachi | |||||
| Official language(s) | Urdu English (Pakistani) |
|||||
| Regional languages | Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Saraiki, Hindko, Brahui[2][3] | |||||
| Demonym | Pakistani | |||||
| Government | Federal Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Asif Ali Zardari (PPP) | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP) | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Iftikhar Chaudhry | ||||
| - | Chair of Senate | Nayyar Hussain Bukhari (PPP) | ||||
| - | House Speaker | Fahmida Mirza (PPP) | ||||
| Legislature | Majlis-e-Shoora | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | National Assembly | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Conception of Pakistan | 29 December 1930 | ||||
| - | Pakistan Declaration | 28 January 1933 | ||||
| - | Pakistan Resolution | 23 March 1940 | ||||
| - | Independence | from the United Kingdom | ||||
| - | Declared | 14 August 1947 | ||||
| - | Islamic Republic | 23 March 1956 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 796,095 km2 [a](36th) 307,374 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 3.1 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 177,100,000[5] (6th) | ||||
| - | 1998 census | 132,352,279[6] | ||||
| - | Density | 214.3/km2 (55th) 555/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $488.580 billion[7] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $2,787[7] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $210.566 billion[7] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $1,201[7] | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 31.2 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.504[8] (low) (145th) |
|||||
| Currency | Pakistani Rupee (Rs.) (PKR) |
|||||
| Time zone | PST (UTC+5) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC+6) | ||||
| Drives on the | left[9] | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | PK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .pk | |||||
| Calling code | 92 | |||||
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. With a population exceeding 170 million people, it is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the largest Muslim population after Indonesia. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. It has a semi-industrialised economy which is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 47th largest in terms of nominal GDP. Pakistan's post-independence history has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including terrorism, poverty, illiteracy and corruption.
A regional and middle power,[10][11] Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed forces in the world and is a declared nuclear weapons state, being the first and only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It is designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States and a strategic ally of China. Pakistan is a founding member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and the G20 developing nations.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Pakistan literally means "Land of (the) Pure" in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never,[12] using it as an acronym ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN") referring to the names of the five northern regions of the Indian subcontinent: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan".[13][14][15] The letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct name.[16]
History[link]
Main articles: History of Pakistan and History of South Asia
Early and medieval age[link]
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan. The earliest known inhabitants in the region were the Soanians, who settled in the Soan Valley of Punjab.[17] The Indus region, which covers most of Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh[18] and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (2800–1800 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.[19][20]
The Vedic Civilization (1500–500 BCE), characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, which would become well established in the region.[21][22] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre.[23] The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, now Taxila in Punjab.[18] Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BCE, Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE[24] and the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BCE.[18] The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region.[18] [25] Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world.[26][27][28][29]
The Medieval period (642–1219 CE) is defined by the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.[30] The Rai Dynasty (489–632 CE) of Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[31]
The Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in 711CE.[32] The Pakistan government's official chronology identifies this as the point where the "foundation" of Pakistan was laid.[32] This conquest set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region.[33]
Colonial period[link]
The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century enabled Sikh rulers to control large areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.[34] The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's major armed struggle against the British.[35] The largely non-violent freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s .[36][37]
The All-India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Muhammad Iqbal called for "the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan.[38] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.[34] In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.[39]
The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar) in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India, where there was a Muslim majority. It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh.[34][39] The partition of the Punjab and Bengal provinces led to communal riots across India and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.[40] Dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War in October 1947.[41][42]
Independence and Modern Pakistan[link]
From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations,[43] under two monarchs. In 1947, King George VI relinquished the title of Emperor of India and became King of Pakistan. He retained that title until his death on 6 February 1952, after which Queen Elizabeth II became Queen of Pakistan.[43] Pakistan became an Islamic and Parliamentary republic in 1956,[44] but civilian rule was stalled by a military coup led by the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Ayub Khan. The country experienced exceptional growth until a second war with India took place in 1965 and led to economic downfall and internal instability.[45][46] Ayub Khan's successor, General Yahya Khan (President from 1969 to 1971), had to deal with a devastating cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan.[47]
In 1970, Pakistan held its first democratic elections since independence. They were meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won, Yahya Khan and the ruling elite in West Pakistan refused to hand over power.[48][49] There was civil unrest in the East, and the Pakistan Army launched a military operation on 25 March 1971, aiming to regain control of the province.[48][49] The targeting of civilians and other atrocities during this operation led to a declaration of independence and to the waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan, with support from India.[49][50] Independent estimates of civilian deaths during this period range from 1 million to 3 million.[51] Attacks on Indian military bases by the Pakistan Air Force in December 1971 sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which ended with the formal secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.[49]
With Pakistan's defeat in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977.[52] During this period Pakistan began to build nuclear weapons; the country's first atomic power plant was inaugurated in 1972.[53][54] Civilian rule ended with a military coup in 1977, and in 1979 General Zia-ul-Haq became the third military president. Military government lasted until 1988, during which Pakistan became one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[55] Zia consolidated nuclear development and increased Islamization of the state.[56] During this period, Pakistan helped to subsidise and distribute US resources to factions of the Mujahideen movement against the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[57][58]
Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was followed by Nawaz Sharif, and over the next decade the two leaders fought for power, alternating in office while the country's situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by political instability, misgovernance and corruption.[59][60] In May 1998, while Sharif was Prime Minister, India tested five nuclear weapons and tension with India heightened to an extreme: Pakistan detonated six nuclear weapons of its own in the Chagai-I and Chagai-II tests later in the same month. Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999, after which General Pervez Musharraf took over through a bloodless coup d'état and assumed vast executive powers.[61][62]
Musharraf ruled Pakistan as head of state from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008, a period of extensive economic reform[63] and Pakistan's involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. On 15 November 2007, Pakistan's National Assembly became the first to completed its full five-year term, and new elections were called.[64] After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December 2007, her Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the largest number of seats in the 2008 elections, and party member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister.[65] Musharraf resigned from the presidency on 18 August 2008 when threatened with impeachment, and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari, the current President.[66][67][68] By its own estimates, Pakistan's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to $67.93 billion,[69][70] thousands of casualties and nearly 3 million displaced civilians.[71]
Politics[link]
Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic with Islam as the state religion. The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958. The Constitution of 1973—suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985—is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.[72]
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The President is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is elected by an electoral college. The prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. Each province has a similar system of government, with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or alliance becomes Chief Minister. Provincial governors are appointed by the President.[72] The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's political history. Presidents brought in by military coups ruled in 1958–1971, 1977–1988 and 1999–2008.[73]
Pakistan's foreign policy focuses on security against threats to national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with Muslim countries. A 2004 briefing on foreign policy for Pakistani Parliamentarians says, "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."[74] The country is an active member of the United Nations. It is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), in which it has promoted Musharraf's concept of "Enlightened Moderation".[75][76][77] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[78] the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO)[79][80] and the G20 developing nations.[81] India's nuclear tests were seen as a threat to Pakistan and led it to establish itself as a nuclear power.[82] Pakistan now maintains a policy of "credible minimum deterrence".[83]
Pakistan maintains good relations with all Arab and most other Muslim countries. Since the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Pakistan's closest strategic, military and economic ally has been China. The relationship has survived changes of governments and variations in the regional and global situation.[84][85][86] Pakistan and India continue to be rivals. The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of rift; three of their four wars were over this territory.[87] Pakistan has had mixed relations with the United States. As an anti-Soviet power in the 1950s and during Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the US,[74][88] but relations soured in the 1990s when the US imposed sanctions because of Pakistan's possession and testing of nuclear weapons.[89] The US war on terrorism led initially to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to terrorism.[90][91][92][93] Since 1948, there has been an ongoing, and at times fluctuating, violent conflict in the southwestern province of Balochistan between various Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan.[94]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Administrative units of Pakistan and Districts of Pakistan
Pakistan is a federation of four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, as well as the Islamabad Capital Territory and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in the northwest, which include the Frontier Regions. The government of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region, organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). The Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order of 2009 assigned a province-like status to the latter, giving it self-government.[95]
Local government follows a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected body at each tier.[96] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[97] and Gilgit–Baltistan seven.[98] The Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts.[99]
Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories of Pakistan.
Law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by federal and provincial police agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory. At the federal level, there are a number of civilian agencies with nationwide jurisdictions; including the Federal Investigation Agency, the National Highways and Motorway Police, and several paramilitary forces such as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.[100]
The court system of Pakistan is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts, Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts and Civil Courts. Pakistan's penal code has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.[100][101]
Military[link]
Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces
The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about 617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists in 2010.[102] They came into existence after independence in 1947, and the military establishment has frequently been involved in the politics of Pakistan ever since.[73] The three main branches are the Army (headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani[103]), the Navy and the Air Force, and they are supported by a number of paramilitary forces.[104] The National Command Authority is responsible for employment, for control of the development of all strategic nuclear organisations and for Pakistan's nuclear doctrine. Pakistan's defence forces maintain close military relations with China and the United States and import military equipment mainly from them.[105] The defence forces of China and Pakistan carry out joint military exercises.[104][106][107] Conscription may be introduced in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed.[108]
Since independence, Pakistan has been involved in four wars with neighbouring India, beginning in 1947 with the First Kashmir War, when Pakistan gained control of present-day Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. The two countries were at war again in 1965 and in 1971,[109] and most recently in the Kargil War of 1999.[61] The Army has also been engaged in several skirmishes with Afghanistan on the western border: in 1961, it repelled a major Afghan incursion.[110] During the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Pakistan shot down several intruding pro-Soviet Afghan communist aircraft and provided covert support to factions of the Afghan mujahideen through the Inter-Services Intelligence agency.[111]
Apart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent.[112][113][114] Pakistani armed forces are the largest troop contributors to UN peacekeeping missions.[115]
_Shahjahan_%26_Tippi_Sultan.jpeg)
Pakistan maintained significant numbers of troops in some Arab countries in defence, training and advisory roles.[116][117] During the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, PAF pilots volunteered to go to the Middle East to support Egypt and Syria, which were in a state of war with Israel; they shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six-Day War.[112] In 1979, at the request of the Saudi government, commandos of the Pakistani Special Service Group were rushed to assist Saudi forces in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque Seizure.[118] In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.[119]
Pakistani armed forces have been engaged in a war in North-West Pakistan since 2001, mainly against the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[120][121] Major operations undertaken by the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[122][123]
Kashmir conflict[link]
Main article: Kashmir conflict
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the most northwesterly region of South Asia. The two countries have fought at least three wars over Kashmir—the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1999—and several skirmishes over the Siachen Glacier.[87] India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and administers approximately 45.1% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claim is contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of Kashmir, consisting of Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan.[87][124]
The conflict of Kashmir has its origin in 1947, when British India was separated into the two states of Pakistan and India. As part of the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be allowed to opt for membership of either Pakistan or India, or in special cases to remain independent.[125] India claims Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of Accession, a legal agreement with Kashmir's leaders executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, then ruler of Kashmir, agreeing to accede the area to India.[126][127] Pakistan claims Kashmir on the basis of a Muslim majority and of geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.[128][129] India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948.[130] In a resolution in 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove most of its troops. A plebiscite would then be held. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region. A ceasefire was reached in 1949 and a Line of Control was established, dividing Kashmir between the two countries.[125]
Pakistan's position is that the people of Jammu and Kashmir have the right to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations.[131] India has stated that it believes that Kashmir is an integral part of India, referring to the 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that elections take place regularly.[132] Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[87]
Geography and climate[link]
Main articles: Geography of Pakistan and Climate of Pakistan
See also: Geology of Pakistan and Extreme points of Pakistan
Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the 36th largest nation by total area, although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south[133] and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.[72] It shares a marine border with Oman,[134] and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor.[135] Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia.[136]
Geologically, Pakistan overlaps the Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate, mainly on the Iranian plateau. Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes. Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills and plateaus .[137]
Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain and the Balochistan Plateau.[138] The northern highlands contain the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges (see mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft).[139] The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in Punjab and Sindh.[140]
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.[34] Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.[141]
Flora and fauna[link]
Main articles: Flora of Pakistan and Fauna of Pakistan
The diversity of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains, through deciduous trees in most of the country (for example the mulberry-like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms such as coconut and date in southern Punjab, southern Balochistan and all of Sindh. The western hills are home to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants. Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south.[143]
Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 metres in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date palm and Ephedra are common. In most of Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus.[144] About 2.2% or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2) of Pakistan was forested in 2010.[145]
The fauna of Pakistan reflects its varied climates too. Around 668 bird species are found there:[146][147] crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons, and eagles commonly occur. Palas, Kohistan, has a significant population of Western Tragopan.[148] Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and India.[149]
The southern plains are home to mongooses, civets, hares, the Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the Indus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards.[150][151] The lack of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in Cholistan. A small number of nilgai are found along the Pakistan-India border and in some parts of Cholistan.[150][152] A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies of wild sheep), Markhor and Ibex goats, the Asian black bear and the Himalayan brown bear.[150][153][154] Among the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard,[153] the Asiatic cheetah[155] and the blind Indus river dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh.[153][156] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.[146][147]
The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world. This, along with hunting and pollution, is causing adverse effects on the ecosystem. The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with these issues.[146][147]
Infrastructure[link]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Pakistan
File:Jinnahavenuenight.png
Blue Area, the commercial hub of Islamabad
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country[157][158][159] and is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential to become the world's largest economies in the 21st century.[160] The economy is semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.[161][162][163] The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centres coexist with less developed areas in other parts of the country.[162] Pakistan's estimated nominal GDP as of 2011 is US$202 billion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,197, GDP (PPP) per capita is US$2,851 (international dollars), and debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.5%.[164][165] A 2010 report by RAD-AID positioned Pakistan's economy at 27th largest in the world by purchasing power and 45th largest in absolute dollars.[163] It is South Asia's second largest economy, representing about 15 percent of regional GDP.[166][167]
Pakistan's economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of civilian rule, but excellent during the three periods of military rule, although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed.[46] The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid reform; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.[72][168] The economy cooled again from 2007.[72] Inflation reached 25% in 2008[169] and Pakistan had to depend on an aggressive fiscal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid possible bankruptcy.[170][171] A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistan's economic crisis was easing.[172] The inflation rate for the fiscal year 2010–11 was 14.1%.[173]
Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in the world. Around 600,000 Pakistanis went abroad to work in 2009. Expatriate workers send remittances of close to US$8 billion annually—the largest source of foreign exchange apart from exports.[174] According to the World Trade Organization Pakistan's share of overall world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.128% in 2007.[175] The trade deficit in the fiscal year 2010–11 was US$11.217 billion.[176]
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture now[when?] accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP. Even so, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons).[177] The service and industrial sectors account for 52.4% and 26.4% of GDP respectively.[178] Between 2002 and 2007 there was substantial foreign investment in Pakistan's banking and energy sectors.[179] Other important industries include clothing and textiles (accounting for nearly 60% of exports), food processing, chemicals manufacture, iron and steel.[180] There is great potential for tourism in Pakistan, but it is severely affected by the country's instability.[181]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Pakistan
The transport sector accounts for 10.5% of Pakistan's GDP.[182] Its road infrastructure is better than those of India, Bangladesh and Indonesia, but the rail system lags behind those of India and China, and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement.[183] There is scarcely any inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local requirements.[184]
Road form the backbone of Pakistan's transport system; a total road length of 259,618 km accounts for 91% of passenger and 96% of freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector, which handles around 95% of freight traffic. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north–south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and NWFP. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road length, it carries 85 percent of the country's traffic.[183][185]
Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways, operates the railroad system. Railway was the primary means of transport till 1970. In the two decades from around 1990, there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways. Now the railway's share of inland traffic is only 10% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic. The total rail track decreased from 8,775 km in 1990–91 to 7,791 km in 2011.[183][186] Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign trade with China, Iran and Turkey.[187][188]
Pakistan had 35 airports in 2007–8. The state-run Pakistan International Airlines is the major airline; it carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight. Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, although Islamabad and Lahore also handle significant amounts of traffic. Pakistan's major seaports are Karachi, Muhammad bin Qasim and Gwadar, which is still[when?] under construction.[183][186]
Science and technology[link]
Main articles: Science and technology in Pakistan and List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries
Pakistan is active in physics research. Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[190] Pakistan hosted a international seminar on Physics in Developing Countries for International Year of Physics 2005.[191] Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction.[192]
In medicine, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of the Neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists.[193] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Ommaya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[194]
Pakistan has an active space program led by its space research agency, SUPARCO. Polish-Pakistani aerospace engineer W. J. M. Turowicz developed and supervised the launch of the Rehbar-I rocket from Pakistani soil, making Pakistan the first South Asian country to launch a rocket into space.[195] Pakistan launched its first satellite, Badr-I, from China in 1990, becoming the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space.[196] In 1998, Pakistan became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and its own nuclear weapons.[197]
Pakistan is one of a small number of countries that have an active research presence in Antarctica. The Pakistan Antarctic Programme was established in 1991. Pakistan has two summer research stations on the continent and plans to open another base, which will operate all year round.[198]
Electricity in Pakistan is generated and distributed by two vertically integrated public sector utilities: the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) for Karachi and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for the rest of Pakistan.[199] Nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by three licensed commercial nuclear power plants under Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).[200] Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to embark on a nuclear power program.[201] Commercial nuclear power plants generate roughly 3% of Pakistan's electricity, compared with about 64% from thermal and 33% from hydroelectric power.[199]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Pakistan
File:Hostels.jpg
The Lahore University of Management Sciences, one of Pakistan's top ranking business management universities
The constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free primary and secondary education.[202] At the time of independence Pakistan had only one university, the University of the Punjab.[203] As of September 2011[update] it has 136 universities, of which 74 are public universities and 62 are private universities.[204] It is estimated that there are 3193 technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan,[205] and there are also madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society.[206] After criticism over terrorists' use of madrassahs for recruitment, efforts have been made to regulate them.[207]
Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: pre-primary (preparatory classes); primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate degrees.[205] Pakistani private schools also operate a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations. Some students choose to take the O level and A level exams conducted by the British Council.[208]
Government is in development stage[timeframe?] of extending English medium education to all schools across the country.[209] By 2013 all educational institutions in Sindh will have to provide Chinese language courses, reflecting China's growing role as a superpower and Pakistan's close ties with China.[210]
Around 57.7% of adult Pakistanis are literate. Male literacy is 69.3%, female literacy 45.2%.[173] Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; for instance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3%.[211] The government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children.[212] Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of 86% among people aged over 10.[213]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan and Pakistani people
See also: Ethnic groups in Pakistan and Religion in Pakistan
With 177.1 million residents reported in 2011, Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world, behind Brazil and ahead of Bangladesh. Its 2.03% population growth rate is the highest among the SAARC countries and gives an annual increase of 3.6 million. The population is projected to reach 210.13 million by 2020 and to double by 2045. In 1947, Pakistan had a population of 32.5 million.[174][214] From 1990 to 2009 it increased by 57.2%.[215] By 2030 it is expected to overtake Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in the world.[216][217][218] Pakistan is a 'young' nation, with a median age of about 20 and 104 million people under 30 in 2010.[174]
The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. Karachi is its most populous city.[219] In the northern half of the country, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia.[72][174] Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[220]
Expenditure on health was 2.6% of GDP in 2009.[221] Life expectancy at birth was 65.4 years for females and 63.6 years for males in 2010. The private sector accounts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately 19% of the population and 30% of children under five are malnourished.[163] Mortality of the under-fives was 87 per 1,000 live births in 2009.[221] About 20% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.[222]
More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu, the lingua franca and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity, is the national language and is understood by over 75% of Pakistanis.[136][223] English is the official language of Pakistan, used in official business, government, and legal contracts;[72] the local dialect is known as Pakistani English. Punjabi is the commonest native language in Punjab and has many native speakers. Saraiki is mainly spoken in South Punjab. Pashto is the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindhi is the provincial language of Sindh, while Balochi is dominant in Balochistan.[3][34][224]
|
Largest cities or towns of Pakistan 2010 estimate[225] |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | ||
 Karachi |
1 | Karachi | Sindh | 13,205,339 | 11 | Sargodha | Punjab | 600,501 |  Faisalabad |
| 2 | Lahore | Punjab | 7,129,609 | 12 | Bahawalpur | Punjab | 543,929 | ||
| 3 | Faisalabad | Punjab | 4,880,675 | 13 | Sialkot | Punjab | 510,863 | ||
| 4 | Rawalpindi | Punjab | 3,991,656 | 14 | Sukkur | Sindh | 493,438 | ||
| 5 | Multan | Punjab | 5,506,481 | 15 | Larkana | Sindh | 456,544 | ||
| 6 | Hyderabad | Sindh | 1,578,367 | 16 | Sheikhupura | Punjab | 426,980 | ||
| 7 | Gujranwala | Punjab | 1,569,090 | 17 | Jhang | Punjab | 372,645 | ||
| 8 | Peshawar | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1,439,205 | 18 | Rahim Yar Khan | Punjab | 353,112 | ||
| 9 | Quetta | Balochistan | 896,090 | 19 | Mardan | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 352,135 | ||
| 10 | Islamabad | Capital Territory | 689,249 | 20 | Gujrat | Punjab | 336,727 | ||
The population comprises several ethnic groups. As of 2009, the Punjabi population dominates with 78.7 million (44.15%), followed by 27.2 million (15.42%) Pashtuns, 24.8 million (14.1%) Sindhis, 14.8 million (10.53%) Seraikis, 13.3 million (7.57%) Muhajirs and 6.3 million (3.57%) Balochs. The remaining 11.1 million (4.66%) belong to various ethnic minorities.[226] There is also a large worldwide Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million.[227]
Pakistan's census does not include immigrant groups such as the 1.7 million registered refugees from neighbouring Afghanistan, who are found mainly in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA areas, with small numbers in Karachi and Quetta.[228][229] As of 1995, there were more than 1.6 million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, 2,320 Iranians and Filipinos and hundreds of Nepalese, Sri Lankans and Indians living in Karachi.[230][231] Pakistan hosts more refugees than any other country in the world.[232]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Pakistan
Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority country[233] and has the second largest Shi'a population in the world.[234] About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunni, with an estimated 5–20% Shi'a.[34][235][236] A further 2.3% are Ahmadis,[237] who are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of a 1974 constitutional amendment.[238] There are also several Quraniyoon communities.[239][240] Although the Muslim denominations usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically.[241]
Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, 5 in 2010 that killed 64 people.[242][243]
After Islam, Hinduism and Christianity are the largest religions in Pakistan, each with 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents in 2005.[34] They are followed by the Bahá'í Faith, which has a following of 30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism and Parsis, each claiming 20,000 adherents,[235] and a very small community of Jains.
Culture and society[link]
Main article: Culture of Pakistan
Pakistani society is largely hierarchical, emphasising local cultural etiquettes and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the extended family,[244] although there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families for socio-economic reasons.[245] The traditional dress for both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez; trousers and shirts are also popular among men.[23] The middle class has increased to around 30 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million in recent decades, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.[246] Pakistani festivals like Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Ramadan are mostly religious in origin.[244] Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[247]
Media and entertainment[link]
State-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation for radio were the dominant media outlets until the start of the 21st century. The end of PTV's monopoly led to a boom in electronic media, which gained greater political influence. There are now numerous private television channels that enjoy a large degree of freedom of speech.[248] In addition to the national entertainment and news channels, foreign television channels and films are also available to most Pakistanis via cable and satellite television.[248][249] There is a small indigenous film industry based in Lahore and Peshawar, known as Lollywood. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained important in popular culture.[250][251]
Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the blend of Qawwali and western music by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.[252][253] Pakistan has many famous folk singers, such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.[254]
Literature[link]
Main article: Literature of Pakistan
Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi, Persian, English and many other languages.[255] Before the 19th century it consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry, mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial age, native literary figures influenced by western literary realism took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.[256][257]
The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and is read in Afghanistan, Iran, Indonesia, India and the Arab world. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims binding all over the world to bring about successful revolution.[258][259][260]
Well-known representatives of contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sadequain is known for his calligraphy and paintings.[257] Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh and Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan.[261] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[262]
Architecture[link]
Main article: Pakistani architecture
Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,[263] an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[264] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.[139] The rise of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached at the peak of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[265]
The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Persian-style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Persian-style Wazir Khan Mosque, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.[266]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Pakistani cuisine
Pakistani cuisine is a blend of cooking traditions from different regions of the Indian subcontinent, originating from the royal kitchens of sixteenth-century Mughal emperors. It has similarities to North Indian cuisine, although Pakistan has a greater variety of meat dishes. Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilli and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin flat bread made from wheat, is a staple food, served with curry, meat, vegetables and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain or fried with spices and is also used in sweet dishes.[136][267][268] Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is taken daily by most of the population.[23][269]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Pakistan
The national sport of Pakistan is hockey, in which it has earned 8 of its 10 Olympic medals,[270] including three gold medals (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[271]
Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the country.[272] The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), been runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the tournament twice (in 1987 and 1996). Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa and won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. Lately, however, Pakistani cricket has suffered severely because teams have refused to tour Pakistan for fear of terrorism. No teams have toured Pakistan since March 2009, when militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan cricket team.[273]
Squash is another sport in which Pakistanis have excelled in international competition. Successful world-class squash players such as Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan won the World Open Squash Championship several times during their careers.[274] Jahangir Khan also won the British Open a record ten times.[275] Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting.[276] Pakistan's Olympic medal tally stands at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey.[277] The Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies stand at 65 and 160 respectively.[citation needed][278]
At national level, football and polo are popular, with regular national events in different parts of the country. Boxing, billiards, snooker, rowing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and Pakistan has produced regional and international champions in these sports.[21][274][276]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Excludes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit–Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[4] Including these territories would produce an area figure of 881,912 km2 (340,508 sq mi)."
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Further reading[link]
 |
This article contains Urdu text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Urdu script. |
File:Pakistan Smart Book v1.pdf
- Hafeez Malik (2006) The Encyclopedia of Pakistan Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6
- Anatol Lieven (2012) Pakistan: A Hard Country PublicAffairs ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0
- Akbar Ahmed (1997) Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2
- Matthew McCartney (2011), Pakistan – The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 Routledge ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2
- Stephen Philip Cohen (2006) The Idea of Pakistan, Brookings Institution Press ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0
- Iftikhar Malik (2005) Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8
- Spear, Percival (2007) India, Pakistan and the West. Read books publishers ISBN 1-4067-1215-9
- Masood Ashraf Raja (2010) Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity 1857–1947 Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2
External links[link]
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official website
- Pakistan entry at The World Factbook
- Pakistan at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan
- Pakistan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from International Futures
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| Najam Sheraz | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Najam Sheraz |
| Born | (1969-08-02) August 2, 1969 (age 42) Multan, Pakistan |
| Origin | Karachi, Pakistan |
| Genres | Pop, Rock |
| Occupations | Singer Musician |
| Instruments | Guitar, Drums |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Labels | Sadaf, FrankFinn India, Fire Records Pakistan |
| Associated acts | Brother Rhythm Wet Metal Karvan |
| Website | www.najamsheraz.com |
Najam Sheraz (Urdu: نجم شیراز) is a Pakistani pop singer, [song writer,music producer], composer and a peace activist. Najam Sheraz is an international singer/songwriter, composer and peace activist with 10 albums and numerous hits, such as Bollywood chart busters “Bheegay Hont Tere(Murder)’’ and Tere Bina(Shaapit) “Tera Hi Bas Hona Chahoon(Haunted 3D).”
For the last 15 years he has been touring, performing for huge audiences around the world, and an entire generation has grown up listening to his songs. He is known for his spirited and powerhouse vocals, and for songs that create social awareness.
Sheraz’s first Urdu nasheed(Spiritual a cappella), the best seller “Na Tera Khuda Koi Aur Hae,” changed his perspective about life; consequently, he has dedicated his voice to uniting people for peace and brotherhood. He is the official singer and producer of the national anthem of Pakistan, and has represented the country at events like the Beijing Olympics, SAF games and international cricket events.
He has appeared on numerous documentaries and talk shows discussing domestic and international social issues, and was part of an important documentary on Islam by BBC World, Battle for Islam, as a voice for peace. In the past decade, he has been invited to world peace concerts and conferences, such as 2005-2010 Global Peace and Unity Event in London with Yousaf Islam, Jermaine Jackson and Imran Khan, 2008 World Peace for Life Concert in Los Angeles with Christina Applegate and Michael Beckwith, 2005 Reviving the Spirit of Islam in Toronto along with Sami Yousaf, and 2011 ISNA in Chicago, along with renowned singers of peace. For his services to the community on the platform of he was presented two congressional awards in 2006 and 2007 in the USA. He is also the goodwill ambassador for ANF (Anti Narcotics Force) of Pakistan. His powerful “Hum Bolain Mohabbat Ki Zuban” was used as the ‘’Face of Pakistan’’ on CNN World by the Pakistan government. . Currently he is working on his first English spiritual album in Canada and promoting his world peace song “Only Love,” co-written with hit songwriter Chris Eaton (number 1s for Cliff Richard and Janet Jackson).
“I believe that the Muslim world and the West both have a lot to share and offer, so it’s vital to develop common grounds and evolve together for a better and peaceful future for our children for generations to come.” - Najam Sheraz
Contents |
History[link]
Najam Sheraz was born in Multan, Pakistan on August 2, 1969. A natural sportsman, he played professional cricket with cricketing legends such as Inzamam-ul-Haq, Waqar Younis, and Mushtaq Ahmed. He is graduate of University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore where he studied and graduate in B. Tech. in civil engineering. He formed his first band with his elder brothers Booby (Dr. Zubair Adnan in Rawalpindi Pakistan) and Joji (Salman Nadeem in Brampton, ON, Canada) called Brother Rhythm in 1987. Both brothers till date seriously consider themselves better, more sophisticated music lovers and musicians than the much famous younger brother.
His second band came together in 1989. Wet Metal was at that time considered the best live band in the circuit. Performing in almost 1,000 shows all over the country, Najam Sheraz established himself as one of the strongest voices on stage. He has given a mega hit Bheegay Hont Tere(Menu tere Naal) to Bollywood who back then changed the style of music in the Bollywood films in a big way for Mahesh Bhatt's film Murder. Bheegay Hont Tere also put an end to stealing songs from across the border after a long time. Vishesh films signed a contract with Najam Sheraz on his request to make it a legal transaction between the two parties though it was originally used in the movie without his permission.Najam sheraz is also responsible for introducing Atif Aslam to vishesh films to get him his first break Wo Lamhae Bheegay Hont Tere opened the gate for Pakistani music and singers in the Bollywood films in a major way
He was signed by Frankfinn Music later for his upcoming album to be produced in the UK. He also sang and composed for the new Vikram Bhatt's Movie Shaapit, titled "TERE BINA JIYA NA JAYE" in 2011 set up a production company Coconut Island and produced/arranged two songs for Vikram Bhatt's Haunted 3D Sau Baras and Tera Hee Bas Hona chahoon
Solo career[link]
In December 1993 the band members parted ways and Najam Sheraz began working on his solo career. His first solo single, 'In Sae Nain', was released in September 1994. It was an instant hit, selling more than 300,000 copies nationwide. 'Sohna Chata Hoon' his second single, received critical acclaim with its release in March 1995. It was soon followed by the release of his first solo album 'Khazana' in February 1996 and the video release of 'Larki', which brought him to the forefront of the musical mainstream. 'Khazana' sold a million copies, supported by the videos 'Aajana' 'Yeh Baat Kise Maloom Nahin' and 'Pyar Ki Piyas'. This album took Najam on his first foreign tour to Bahrain where he achieved huge success.
The lyrics of the song "Pyar Ki Pyas" were penned by Tahir Gul Hasan for a pop band named Wet Metal that had Najam Sheraz as the lead singer. The music was composed, played (except the lead guitar), recorded and mixed by Tahir at his own studios: Sound On Sound, Karachi.
Wet Metal's entire album's lyrics, music and recording came from Tahir Gul Hasan but the group disbanded before the album was finished. In 1993, "Pyar Ki Piyas" became the band's first single on TV. Najam Sheraz would later use "Pyar Ki Pyas" in his successful studio album: Khazana. For more details read "Pyar Ki Piyas (پیاس کی پیار):
His next project was an experimental album, an eastern classical-rock fusion called 'Rakh Aas' with the band Karavan in November 1997.
His second solo album, 'Roop Nagar', was released in 1999 in Pakistan. Its first video release, 'Pal Do Pal Ki Chahat', was the first 35 mm music video to ever be produced in Pakistan. Najam was instantly signed by Pepsi Cola International in Pakistan and BMG-Cresendo in India. This album took him on his first North American tour to more than 10 cities. He also performed in Kuwait, where he was the first ever live act from Pakistan, and was especially well received.He has worked intensively in Europe and India with frequent visits to North America as well. His song for Anti Narcotics Force in 2006 became the Force's anthem and he has been acclaimed as an Ambassador-at-large by the ANF for his work with youth and deprived classes.
Breakout[link]
Sheraz's first international release in 2000 was 'Pal Do Pal Ki Chahat'. In the same year, 20th Century Fox launched the film Split Wide Open. Sheraz's song 'Mera Jee Nahin Laage' was included on the soundtrack along with Air Supply, Asha Bhosle and Garbage. With this achievement, Najam Sheraz became the second Pakistani artist after Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan to be included on the soundtrack of an international film.
In February 2000, Sheraz released his first Punjabi album, 'Pyar Karannu Dil Karda', which produced hits like 'Pyar Karannu Dil Karda', 'Rabba', and 'Kajla'.
In February 2002 he released his fifth album, 'Jaisay Chaho Jiyo', which produced hits like 'Jaisay Chaho Jiyo', 'Ahista Ahista' and the huge success 'Aao Wahan Chalen'.
The Cricket World Cup of 2003 saw the success of 'Jeeto Mere Laal', which was also dedicated to the Pakistani Blind Cricket World Cup Champions.
In the Ramadan of 2002, the hamd 'Yeh Mamla Koi Aur Hai' became a major hit. The intensity and spirit of the song became so popular that it precedes every concert performance and audiences of every age and creed join voices in its recitation.
On 14 August 2003 saw the launch of 'Hamari Pehchan' and 'Gillay Shikway Sub Bhula Do'. 'Hamari Pehchan' was directed towards raising nationalistic spirit, whereas 'Gillay Shikway Sub Bhula Do' focused on reuniting towards peace and brotherhood.
'Shahpar', a song about the Pakistan Air Force, was released on 6 September 2003.
The Ramadan of 2003 saw the release of the album 'Yeh Mamla Koi Aur Hai'. Its release was imminent due to the success of the single of the same name in 2002. It included other naats such as 'Rahain Bhatakne Walay', 'In Fizaon Sae Aage', 'Gillay Shikway Sub Bhula Do', 'Shahpar', 'Aae Watan Pyare Watan', Allama Iqbal's 'Lab Pae Aati Hai Dua' and 'Kar Liya Sauda'.
Discography[link]
Early experience:
- Brother Rhythm – 1987
- Wet Metal – 1989 performed more than 1000 shows around the country Pyar Ki Piyas 1993 first single on TV
- Solo Career began in 1994 – to date * In say Nain 1994 no 1
- Sona Chahta hoon 1995 no 2 was banned from National Radio-Reason given: Lyrics and vocal performance too wild for the youth
- Hawa Ka sipahi 1995 official Airforce song
- Yeah Baat 1996 was censored on National TV Reason given: Against Establishment was aired heavily on satellite a few years later
Solo Albums: Album: Khazana – 1996 – Lips Records sold more than one Million copies Singles:
- Larki 1996 no 1
- Aajana 1996 no 1
- Ae Aurat 1997 sound track of a special play for the Airforce Shahpar
- Karavan The Rock Band Project:
- Rakh Aas 1997 Pop music was banned on TV Reason given: long hair and jeans give a bad impression of the youth
- In Fizaon Say Agay 1997 Official Golden jubilee song for the Airforce
- Signed up with Pepsi Cola International 1999
Album: Roop Nagar – 1999 – Sonic/BMG Singles:
- Mahia 1999 was censored on National TV Reason given : intense visuals
- Amar Kahani 1999 World Cup Cricket song with Pepsi Cola was censored Reason given: Performance too wild for National TV
- Pyar Karannu Dil Karda – 2000 – Lips Records first album in Punjabi language
- Pal do Pal Ki Chahat – 2000 – BMG Cresendo (India)
- Mera Ji Naheen Lagae 2000 became the soundtrack of 20th Century Fox's movie "Split Wide Open" along with Air Supply, Garbage, Asha Bhoslay..and a few others
- Signed up with the No 1 Tea Company Tapal Tea Pvt.LTD.
Album: Jaisay Chaho Jiyo – 2002 – Sadaf Stereo Singles:
- Jaisay chaho Jiyo 2002 no 1
- Aao Wahan Chalain 2002 no 1
- Aahista Aahista 2003
- Rakh Aas – Karavan – 1997 – VCI Records
- Mera Jee Nahin Laage – Included on the Soundtrack of 20th Century Fox film “Split Wide Open” –March 2000
- Title song “Suraj Girhan” for PTV Drama Serial “ Suraj Girhan” – 2000
- 2 songs included in a UK released compilation album “Love Rocks-The Beginning” released by Gladiator Records- 28 October 2002
- Jeeto Mere Laal 2002 –World cup cricket song later on dedicated to the Blind Cricket World Cup winners sponsored by Tapal Tea Pvt. Ltd.
- Yeah mamla Koi Aur Hai 2002 a message of world peace and brotherhood first ever spiritual a cappella Hamd by any popstar in the Muslim world no 1
Album :Yeah Mamla Koi Aur Hai 2003 - Label Event Records/Sadaf - Best seller in Pakistan, UK, US, Canada, South Africa. Album :Najam 2008 - FrankFinn Music India and Fire Records Pakistan - The album features Chris Eaton, Dan Wheeler, Natalia Williams, UK's famous Jazz Singer, Signe Anderson etc. Singles:
- Yeah Mamla Koi Aur Hai 2002
- Rahain Bhataknae Walay 2002
- Kar Liya Soda 2003
- Gilay shikway 2003 against War and terrorism
- Shapar 2003 Official song for the Airforce
- Ae Watan 1997 Tribute to the legendary Classical Maestro " Amanat Ali Khan
National Song “Hamari Pehchaan” – Dedicated to the nation on 14 August 2003 - Sponsored by Tapal Tea Pvt. Ltd.
- Song “Jaise Tu (Harjaee)” for the soundtrack of GEO TV's Drama Serial “Daira” 2003
- Shahpar – Air force Day Song – 6 September 2003
- 9th SAF Games 2004 3 songs for the 9th SAF Games opening and closing ceremonies in Pakistan “Rising Above - Buland Saab Taasubaat Sae” “Peace For All” and “Remember We Will”
- Janbaz 2004 A tribute to Armed Forces sponsored by the largest tobacco company Lackson Tobacco Pvt.LTD.
- Composed the song “Bheegay Hont Tere” for the Bollywood Film “Murder” produced by Mahesh Bhatt and Directed by Mukesh Bhatt which won all the film and music awards in 2005
- Album "Menu Tere Naal 2004 Ten years of Najam Sheraz
Singles:
- In Say nain 2004 version featuring 15 of Pakistan's top Musicians and Artists no 1
- Menu Tere Naal OST of the Bollywood movie Murder no 1
- Hamari Pehchan no 1
- Rabba no 1
- Peace for all
- Song "Aa Mere Paas Aa" for the soundtrack of Hum TV's Drama serial Malika 2005
- National Anthem of Pakistan reproduced for the first time since 1947 launched from the Presidency at 12AM on the 14th of August the Independence Day of Pakistan on all the TV Networks
- Yeah Pal 2005 OST for the Bollywood Film Kalyug
- Tribute song Jan Nisar to the Police Department of Pakistan.
- Tribute Song Salam dedicated to the Armed Forces for their efforts during the Kashmir Earthquake 2005 also performed for UN and NATO forces in Kashmir.
- Tribute song Zinda Qaum dedicated to the Nation for their united efforts during the Kashmir earthquake 2005.
- Aa Mere Piyar Ki Khushbu Ost for the ARY TV's Drama Serial Aa Mere Piyar Ki Khushbu 2005
- Signed up with the Largest Telecom Company Mobilink/Orascom for their biggest campaign to date to promote National harmony and tolerance also celebrating 20 million customers nationwide
- Mohabbat Ki Zuban 2006 no 1 wrote, composed and performed the theme song of the campaign. The video of the song is also the largest budgeted video made in Pakistan to date. The song has also become a mobitune for the Telecom's 20 million customers.
- I love you more than Anything 2006 no 1 Single from the upcoming Album featuring International singing and dancing group Heartbeat and Hisham (Reef)
- Currently working on the 8th solo Album in UK with Chris Eaton as co-producer featuring the musical talents of Dan Wheeler, Mark Edwards, Miles Bould,Matt Weeks, Collin, Paul Burton (aka Paulie Poppadom) Natalie Williams and Signe Andersen.
Sponsorships:
- Pepsi Cola International signed Najam Sheraz up for the year 1999
- Tapal Tea Pvt. Ltd. signed Najam Sheraz up for the years 2001- 2003
- Composed, sang and Produced the 50th Anniversary song for Coca Cola International - 2003
- Mobilink/Orascom signed Najam Sheraz for their biggest campaign to date to promote National harmony and tolerance also celebrating 20 million customers nationwide. Acting Experience: * Long Play “Qurbani”. Played an aspiring music director in search of a break into the film industry. -1998
- 1 Episode of “Seth And Company” a comedy serial. Played a double role – as self and that of “Jabbar Plumber” - 1999
- 2 part Comedy Serial “Kirkit”. Played the role of the Captain of a street cricket team - 1999
- 2 Episodes of PTV Comedy Serial “Ahista Ahista”. Played self. Song “Ahista Ahista” from the album “Jaisay Chaho Jiyo” was used as the tile song-2002
Comparing Experience:
- Toshiba Bomba Show – BBCL Productions A musical showcase and game show of 13 episodes in which various Artists were invited to perform and interact with myself– 1999/2000
- Ramzan on the Streets – GEO TV A 4 episode game show based on the spirit and essence of Ramzan
Tours:
- Bahrain – December 1996
- US/Canada – October/November 1998
- Kuwait – December 1998
- India – May 1999
- India – March 2000
- Norway – August 2003
- UAE - Dubai – November 2003
- UAE - Dubai – March 2004
- Bahrain – April 2004
- UAE - Dubai – May 2004
- US – June 2004
- US/Canada – August/September 2004
- India - August 2004
- UK - December 2004
- Dubai - Bollywood Music Awards - February 2005
- UK - Bradford Festival - June 2005
- UK - July 2005
- Norway - Oslo Festival - August 2005
- UK - August 2005
- US - New York Pakistan Independence Day Parade - August 2005
- India - September 2005
- Kashmir - Earthquake Relief and Rehab Program - October 2005
- UAE - Dubai - December 2005
- UK - East London - Global Peace and Unity Event 2005 - December 2005
- Canada - Toronto - Reviving The Islamic Spirit Conference 2005 - December 2005
- UK - May 2006
- India - Mumbai - June 2006
- UK - London - June 2006
- UK - Manchester August 2006
- UK - London October 2006
- UK - East London - Global Peace and Unity Event 2006 - November 2006
- Manchester - UK - December 2006
- UK- February 2007
- UK- July 2007
- USA-August 2007
- India Nov 2007
- UK Nov/Dec. 2007
- India April/May 2008
- USA June 2008
- Thailand June–August 2008
- UK Oct 2008
- India Nov.2008
- Italy Jan.2009
- Bulgaria Jan 2009
- UK Feb 2009
- USA March 2009
- UK March 2009
- India July 2009
- USA July 2009
- Dubai August2009
- USA August 2009
- India Jan-March 2010
- USA August 2010
- UK Oct-Dec.2010
- India March 2011
- USA/Canada Jun-Dec.2011
- Bangladesh Feb.2012
Awards:
- Best New Artist of the Year – Pro Audio Show 1996 – Karachi
- Best Music Album of the Year – Yeh Mamla Koi Aur Hai – Lux Style Awards 2004 – Dubai
- Best Male Artist of the year – Indus Music Awards – 2004
- Maymar-e-Watan Award 2004 - Sindh Provincial Assembly - Karachi
- Special Award for the Hamd “Yeh Mamla Koi Aur Hai” – Indus Music Awards – 2004
- Indo-Pak Celebrity Peace Cricket Match - March 2004 – Sharjah. Received the Man of the Match and Best Bowler Awards
- Best OST Award for a Bollywood Film Murder Song Menu Tere Naal -Bollywood Music Award 2005
Best song of the year 2009 at Lux style Awards khabon Ke Rishtay
See also[link]
- soundtrack for the movie Split Wide Open
External links[link]
- Najam Sheraz at the Internet Movie Database
- www.najamsheraz.com - Official Site
- Najam Sheraz Pakistani Pop Icon - Pakistan Television
- Najam Sheraz @ Myspace.com
- Video Interview of Najam Sheraz
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sheraz, Najam |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 2 August 1969 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Najam_Sheraz
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Najam Sheraz
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najam_Sheraz
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
