Addison Cairns Mizner (December 12, 1872 – February 5, 1933) was an American resort architect whose Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style interpretations left an indelible stamp on South Florida, where it continues to inspire architects and land developers.^[1] In the 1920s Mizner was the best-known and most-discussed living American architect.^[2] Mizner was the visionary behind development of Boca Raton, Florida.

Early career[link]

Born in Benicia, California, he traveled as a child around the world with his father, Lansing Bond Mizner, a lawyer and the U. S. minister to Guatemala, who was recalled to the United States in 1891 by President Benjamin Harrison after the Barrundia Affair.

Little is known about Addison Mizner's sketches and artwork prior to his architectural career, but his subsequent work shows him to be a fine draftsman and an artist who painted beautiful watercolors.

Although he lacked formal university training, Mizner served a 3 year apprenticeship in the office of San Francisco architect, Willis Jefferson Polk, eventually becoming a partner.^[3][4] Later, while traveling in Hawaii, he co-authored a book with Ethel Watts Mumford entitled The Cynic's Calendar of Revised Wisdom for 1903.^[5][6] The book was an unexpected success and spawned seven sequels. Later, he also wrote with her The Limerick Up To Date Book (1903) and The Complete Cynic (1910).

He eventually relocated to New York City, where he designed numerous country houses across Long Island and the region. In 1907, he and William Massarene designed White Pine Camp, a retreat in the Adirondack Mountains, later used by U. S. President Calvin Coolidge as his "Summer White House".

Florida[link]

At age 46, Mizner moved for his health to Palm Beach, Florida, just at a time when the vast resort hotels were becoming less fashionable. His Mediterranean Revival designs won the attention and patronage of wealthy clients, who preferred to build their own individual ocean-front mansions. Constructed of stone, tile and stucco, his buildings were better suited to Florida's semi-tropical climate (and threat of hurricanes) than the wooden shingle-style resort architecture imported from the Northeast.

His houses were generally one room deep to allow cross ventilation, with kitchens located in wings to keep their heat away from living areas. Other characteristic features included loggias, colonnades, clusters of columns supporting arches, French doors, casement windows, barrel tile roofs, hearths, grand stairways and decorative ironwork. In West Palm Beach, he founded Mizner Industries to manufacture the tiles, cast stone trim and columns, wrought iron and, eventually, furniture for his buildings.

The 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m), 250-pound bon vivant epitomized the "society architect." Rejecting modern architecture for its "characterless copybook effect," he sought to "make a building look traditional and as though it had fought its way from a small, unimportant structure to a great, rambling house."

Selected buildings[link]

Everglades Club

• Mizner's first major Florida commission was the Everglades Club, a Spanish-mission-style convalescent retreat built in 1918, that became (and remains) a private club. It stands at 4 Via Parigi (off Worth Avenue) in Palm Beach.

• Mizner designed the 37-room El Mirasol ("the sunflower"), completed in 1919, for investment banker Edward T. Stotesbury,^[7] head of the town’s most notable family of the time. It included a 40-car garage, a tea house, an auditorium and a private zoo. The mansion stood at 348 N. Ocean Boulevard in Palm Beach, but was demolished in the 1950s.

• La Bellucia at 1200 South Ocean Boulevard was built in 1920 for Dr. Willey Lyon Kingsley.^[8] In 2009 it was Palm Beach's largest recorded sale at $24 million.^[9]

• Another fanciful Palm Beach mansion, Villa Flora, was built in 1923 for Edward Shearson. It stands at 110 Dunbar Road.^[10]

• La Guerida ("bounty of war") was built in Palm Beach in 1923 for Rodman Wanamaker of Philadelphia, heir to the Wanamaker's department store fortune. It was later purchased by Joseph Kennedy in 1933 during the depths of the Great Depression for a paltry $120,000, and eventually would become President John F. Kennedy's "Winter White House". It stands at 1095 N. Ocean Boulevard.

• Mizner's own Palm Beach home was built in 1925. It was called El Solano after the hot, oppressive wind which blows off the Mediterranean Sea in eastern Spain, but also for Solano County, California, his birthplace. Sold to Harold Vanderbilt, the estate was later purchased by John Lennon. It stands at 720 S. Ocean Boulevard.

• He designed and built the Riverside Baptist Church in Jacksonville, completed in 1926. Because he promised to build it in honor of his mother, Ella Watson Mizner, the architect refused payment for his services. The church stands at 2650 Park Street, and is Mizner's only work of religious architecture.

• In 1928, he designed the original Cloister Hotel at Sea Island, Georgia. It was demolished in 2003.

• William Gray Warden Residence (Warden House). 112 Seminole Ave, Palm Beach. 1922. On the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.^[11]

• La Ronda in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, Mizner's only Mediterranean Revival mansion north of the Mason-Dixon Line, was built in 1929. La Ronda was demolished on October 1, 2009. Some elements were saved for architectural salvage.

Boca Raton development[link]

Administration Buildings, Mizner Development Corporation, Boca Raton, Florida (1925).

In 1925 Addison Mizner embarked on his most ambitious project, the creation of a fabulous resort at Boca Raton. Unfortunately, this was at the end of the Florida land boom and it ended in bankruptcy in little more than a year. He began by forming the Mizner Development Corporation, a syndicate of prominent investors including Rodman Wanamaker, Paris Singer, Irving Berlin, William Kissam Vanderbilt II, Elizabeth Arden, Jesse Livermore, Clarence H. Geist, and T. Coleman du Pont as chairman. In March the corporation quietly bought up two miles (3 km) of ocean front property with an overall total of over sixteen hundred acres. On April 15, 1925 the syndicate announced this large development, labeled the "Venice of the Atlantic," which would feature a thousand room hotel, two golf courses, a polo field, parks, and miles of paved and landscaped streets which included a 160-foot-wide (49 m) grand boulevard called Camino Real.^[12] In an address before 100 salespeople, the architect declared:

"It is my plan to create a city that is direct and simple... To leave out all that is ugly, to eliminate the unnecessary, and to give Florida and the nation a resort city as perfect as study and ideals can make it."

On the first day of selling lots, May 14, 1925, $2 million was taken in with a further $2 million within the first month. Seeing that the large hotel would take a long time to build, Mizner immediately began work on a 100 room smaller hotel, the Ritz-Carlton Cloister Inn (now called the Boca Raton Resort & Club).^[13] Unfortunately for the development, problems with a railroad freight embargo and bad publicity began to appear over the summer. Investors began pulling out beginning with Du Pont in October. By the end of October over $25 million in lots had been sold. Although it was obvious to many that the boom had ended, Mizner doggedly carried on. The Ritz-Carlton Cloister Inn opened on February 6, 1926. Over the winter season an additional $6 million trickled in but sales came to a halt in the spring. Even worse, customers stopped making payments on their contracts and the cash flow ended. This led to Mizner's losing control of the corporation in July 1926 and to bankruptcy in September. The bankruptcy was resolved a year later in November 1927. As well as the Cloister Inn, the corporation had built two large Administration Buildings, a radio station, and twenty-nine homes.^[14]

Last years[link]

In 1927 Mizner built a house for John R. Bradley called Casa Serena in Colorado Springs. Several of Mizner's friends got together in 1928 to publish a folio monograph of his work. It was entitled Florida Architecture of Addison Mizner and featured 185 photographs of homes. Paris Singer contributed an introduction and Ida M. Tarbell wrote the text.^[15] After 1928 Mizner received several commissions but they came to a stop with the beginning of the world depression.

The one exception was the extensive Dieterich estate, 'Casa Bienvenida' (House of Welcome), on Park Lane in Montecito near Santa Barbara, California.^[16] He designed and directed its creation from 1929-1930.^[17] The significant new Mediterranean Revival estate's budget was unhindered by the 1929 Crash. The naturalistic landscape and formal gardens were designed by atmospheric painter and landscape designer Lockwood de Forest, Jr. (1850–1932). His water channels are replicas of those at Villa Lante at Bagnaia,near Viterbo in the Italian Tuscany region.^[18] Mizner integrated the principle indoor and outdoor rooms by a cloistered arcade with slender columns on three sides of a large courtyard. He linked that to the inclined axis with a pavilion in the form of a Palladian arch on a terraced stone pedestal at the vista terminus.^[19] Casa Bienvenida is extant and well maintained to the present day.

"The Spanish revival style here draws its forms and elements from medieval sources. Mizner used many high art details not generally found in this area....while maintaing the Santa Barbara characteristic of pure design."^[20]

In 1932 Mizner published The Many Mizners, an autobiography covering his youth, years in Alaska, and time in New York until the death of his mother. A second volume telling of his work in Florida was begun but never completed. Mizner died in 1933 of a heart attack in Palm Beach.^[21]

Legacy[link]

La Ronda (Percival E. Foerderer mansion), Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1929, demolished Oct. 2009).

Mizner's buildings were typically dismissed by Modernist critics for their eclectic historicist aesthetic. Many were torn down and redeveloped, but a number of those that survive are now on the National Register.

The Mizner name lives on. On the grounds of the Boca Raton Resort and Club is Mizner Lake Estates, an intimate 15-estate gated enclave of million dollar homes with 24 hour security. In Delray Beach can be found Addison Reserve Country Club, a golf and tennis community of 717 luxury single-family homes situated on 653 acres (2.64 km²). It consists of nineteen villages with names such as "Mirasol" and "Playa Rienta"^[22] Also in Boca Raton is Mizner Park an upscale lifestyle center with shops, rental apartments, and offices. In March 2005, an 11-foot-tall (3.4 m) statue of the architect by Colombian sculptor Cristobal Gaviria was erected in Boca Raton at Mizner Boulevard and U.S. 1 to commemorate his visionary contributions to both the city and Florida architecture. In addition, an elementary school in Boca Raton was named for him in 1968.

He was the brother and sometime partner of businessman, raconteur and playwright Wilson Mizner. The brothers' series of scams and picaresque misadventures were the inspiration for Stephen Sondheim's musical Road Show (2008). Previously, in 1952, Addison's friend, Irving Berlin, wrote a musical called Palm Beach which never got produced. It featured Addison, his friends, and his clients.^[23] In 1951 Theodore Pratt wrote a novel, The Big Bubble, which is a thinly veiled biography of Mizner.^[24]

Gallery[link]

• 

  White Pine Camp, gatehouse, Paul Smiths, New York (1907). Designed with William Massarene.

• 

  Everglades Club, Palm Beach, Florida (1918).

• 

  Riverside Baptist Church, Jacksonville, Florida (1926).

• 

  Memorial Fountain, Memorial Fountain Park, Palm Beach, Florida (1929).

• 

  La Ronda, Great Hall.

References[link]

Notes

Bibliography

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Addison Mizner

• Andree, Herb and McCall, Wayne, "Santa Barbara Architecture, From Spanish Colonial to Modern"; Santa Barbara, California: Capra Press, 1980
• Berlin, Irving and Robert Kimball and Linda Berlin Emmet. The Complete Lyrics of Irving Berlin. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
• Curl, Donald W. Mizner's Florida. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984.
• Curl, Donald W. and John P. Johnson. Boca Raton; A Pictorial History. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company, 1990.
• Lynfield, Geoffry. "Theodore Pratt (1901-1969) a Reassessment". The Spanish River Papers XII (3), 1984.[1] URL retrieved September 25, 2011
• Mizner, Addison. The Many Mizners. Chicago: Sears, 1932.
• Mizner, Addison with Ethel Mumford and Oliver Herford. The Cynic's Calendar of Revised Wisdom of 1903. San Francisco: P. Elder and M. Shepard, 1902.
• Mumford, Ethel Watts, Illustrated and Decorated by Ethel Watts Mumford and Addison Mizner. The Limerick Up to Date Book. San Francisco: Paul Elder, 1903
• Nolan, David. Fifty Feet in Paradise: The Booming of Florida. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1984
• Pratt, Theodore, The Story of Boca Raton; Great Outdoors, 1963
• Olendorf, William, Addison Mizner: A Sketchbook Raisonne of His Work; Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group, 1985
• Orr, Christina, Addison Mizner; Architect of Dreams and Realities (1872–1933); Palm Beach: Norton Gallery and School of Art, 1977.
• Seebohm, Caroline, Boca Rococo: How Addison Mizner Invented Florida's Gold Coast; New York: Clarkson Potter, 2001
• Addison Mizner and Resort Architecture
• Boca Raton -- Mizner's Dream
• Vogt, Elizabeth E., “Montecito, California’s Garden Paradise”; Santa Barbara, California: MIP Publishing, 1993

External links[link]

• A Boca Raton home by Addison Mizner
• El Mirasol and the Stotesburys
• The Ghosts of Palm Beach -- Mansions of Memory
• Boca Raton Historical Society
• Historical Society of Palm Beach County, Florida
• Palm Beach Daily News
• Society of the Four Arts: Philip Hulitar Sculpture Garden and the Four Arts Gardens - official site
• RockHall an Addison Mizner designed Colebrook, Connecticut B&B
• "The Cynic's Calendar 1904". http://www.books-about-california.com/Pages/Cynics_Calendar_1904/Cynics_1904_main.html. Retrieved 02 October 2009. 

• "Trouvais Blog, La Ronda recycle". http://trouvais.com/2010/01/06/la-ronda-news/. Retrieved 11 March 2010. 

John Werner Kluge  /ˈkluːɡi/
Born	(1914-09-21)September 21, 1914 Chemnitz, Germany
Died	September 7, 2010(2010-09-07) (aged 95)
Alma mater	Columbia University
Occupation	Chairman, Metromedia
Net worth	US$6.5 billion (2009)[1]

John Werner Kluge (September 21, 1914 – September 7, 2010^[2]) was a German-born American entrepreneur who was at one time the richest person in America.^[3] He was best known as a television industry mogul in the United States.

Early life[link]

Kluge was born in Chemnitz, Germany and emigrated to the United States in 1922. He earned his B.A. degree in economics from Columbia University in 1937. Prior to attending Columbia University, Kluge went to Wayne State University for two years.

Metromedia and Metromedia Company[link]

Kluge's former residence in Washington, D.C.

Kluge's major move into media was by purchasing stock in the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation in the mid-1950s. The Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation was the successor of the DuMont Television Network, which was spun off from DuMont Laboratories after the television network ceased operations in 1956. Metropolitan Broadcasting consisted of two stations, WABD in New York City and WTTG in Washington, D.C., both former DuMont outlets now operating as independent stations. Kluge joined the company as its board chairman and largest stockholder in 1958, acquiring the bulk of his shares from founder Allen B. DuMont for about USD $6,000,000.

After gaining control in 1959, Kluge began the company's expansion further into broadcasting, with holdings in television and radio. In the early 1960s, Kluge bought an outdoor advertising firm, and in 1961 the company's name was changed to Metromedia to reflect the diversity of its interests.

In 1986, Kluge sold the Metromedia television stations to the 20th Century Fox film studio, which is now controlled by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, for a reported USD $4 billion. Those stations would later form the core of what would become the Fox television network. The following year, Forbes Magazine placed Kluge at the top of its list as the richest man in America.

In retaliation for a lawsuit brought by Paul Winchell, who sought the rights to his children's television program, "Winchell-Mahoney Time", Metromedia management, under orders from Kluge, destroyed the video tapes. Winchell was later awarded nearly $18 million as compensation for Metromedia's capricious behavior.

Following the Fox disposal, Kluge's activities had been carried out through a private venture named Metromedia Company in which he was a partner with Stuart Subotnick. Metromedia's more recent activities have included Eastern European, Commonwealth of Independent States and China telecom/cable/radio ventures through Metromedia International Group and the ill-fated US telecom backbone operation Metromedia Fiber Network. In July 2008, the Metromedia Restaurant Group, part of the Metromedia Company, closed over 300 company-owned Bennigan's and Steak and Ale restaurants.^[4]

Philanthropy[link]

John W. Kluge Center[link]

In celebration of the 200th Anniversary of the Library of Congress, Kluge donated an unprecedented $60 million to create the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress. It was created as an academic center where accomplished senior scholars and junior post-doctoral fellows might gather to make use of the Library's incomparable collections and to interact with members of the United States Congress. In addition, his gift would establish a $1 million dollar prize to be given in recognition of a lifetime of achievement in the human sciences, comparable to the Nobel Prizes in literature and economics. The Kluge Prize would honor lifetime intellectual achievement in the same way as the Kennedy Center Honors recognize lifetime achievement in the performing arts.

Columbia University[link]

Kluge has given over $510 million to Columbia University. Acknowledging the scholarship funds that enabled him to attend, Kluge gave more than $110 million to Columbia University between 1987 and 1993, primarily to endow financial aid for undergraduates from underprivileged backgrounds. His donations also help many of these students pursue Ph.D.s after they graduate by financing their doctoral studies. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University's President Lee C. Bollinger announced a $400 million pledge from Kluge, which the university will receive upon the donor's death. The donation marks the fourth largest gift to an institution of higher learning in America, all designated for financial aid. This marks the largest pledge ever devoted exclusively to student aid to any single institution of higher education in the United States.^[5]

University of Virginia[link]

In 2001, Kluge donated his 7,378-acre (29.86 km²) estate in Albemarle County, Virginia to the University of Virginia. The estate, valued in excess of $45 million, was the largest gift in the University's history. ^[6] UVa has been holding classes and seminars in the various buildings and on the grounds of Morven Farm in an effort to incorporate the land grant into their various course offering. Many developments are in the works to improve the farm and make it part of the landscape of Charlottesville.

Personal[link]

Kluge was married four times. His first wife was Theodora Thomson Townsend, his second was Yolanda Galardo Zucco, the third was Patricia Maureen Rose, and his fourth was Maria Tussi Kuttner. Patricia Kluge has since filed for bankruptcy after taking on too much leverage during the recession.^[7] Kluge had three children, Joseph (whom he adopted), Samantha (with Zucco) and John Jr (adopted, with Rose). He had homes in Virginia and Florida with his fourth wife, Maria Tussi Kluge, at the time of his death in 2010. ^[8]

See also[link]

• List of billionaires

References[link]

1. ^ "#35 John Kluge – The Forbes 400 Richest Americans 2009". Forbes.com. 2009-09-30. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_John-Kluge_KOM2.html. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
2. ^ http://www.readthehook.com/blog/index.php/2010/09/08/john-kluge-business-titan-uva-donor-dies-peacefully-at-95/
3. ^ Miller, Stephen (September 9, 2010). "A One-Man Empire, From TV to Laundry". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704362404575480131568724578.html. 
4. ^ Mike Hughlett, "Bennigan's wake: Hard times for restaurants: Sour economy, rising costs plague industry", Chicago Tribune, July 30, 2008.
5. ^ "John Kluge, CC'37, Pledges $400 Million for Financial Aid". Columbia University. 2007-04-11. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/04-new/kluge.html. Retrieved 2007-04-17. 
6. ^ http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases2001/klugegift-may-25-2001.html
7. ^ The New York Times: "Patricia Kluge Loses Her Fortune in the Downturn"
8. ^ Berger, Marilyn (September 8, 2010). "John W. Kluge, the Founder of Metromedia, Dies at 95". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/business/media/09kluge.html?ref=john_w_kluge. 

External links[link]

• "John Kluge: Business titan, UVA donor dies peacefully at 95"
• Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2004
• Kluge, John, The Museum of Broadcast Communications
• Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of UVA
• John Kluge at Find a Grave