A sample of Miorcani flint from the Cenomanian chalky marl layer of the Moldavian Plateau. (ca. 7.5 cm wide)

Pebble beach made up of flint nodules eroded out of the nearby chalk cliffs, Cape Arkona, Rügen

Neolithic flint axe, about 31 cm long

Detail of flint used in a building in Wiltshire, England.

Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz,^[1][2] categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones.^[3][4] Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey, black, green, white, or brown in colour, and often has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture. From a petrological point of view, "flint" refers specifically to the form of chert which occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Similarly, "common chert" (sometimes referred to simply as "chert") occurs in limestone.

The exact mode of formation of flint is not yet clear but it is thought that it occurs as a result of chemical changes in compressed sedimentary rock formations, during the process of diagenesis. One hypothesis is that a gelatinous material fills cavities in the sediment, such as holes bored by crustaceans or molluscs and that this becomes silicified. This theory certainly explains the complex shapes of flint nodules that are found. The source of dissolved silica in the porous media could arise from the spicules of silicious sponges.^[3] Certain types of flint, such as that from the south coast of England, contain trapped fossilised marine flora. Pieces of coral and vegetation have been found preserved like amber inside the flint. Thin slices of the stone often reveal this effect.

Puzzling giant flint formations known as paramoudra and flint circles are found around Europe but especially in Norfolk, England on the beaches at Beeston Bump and West Runton.^[5]

Flint sometimes occurs in large flint fields in Jurassic or Cretaceous beds, for example in Europe.

Uses[link]

Tools or cutting edges[link]

Flint was used for the manufacture of flint tools during the Stone Age as it splits into thin, sharp splinters called flakes or blades (depending on the shape) when struck by another hard object (such as a hammerstone made of another material). This process is referred to as knapping.

In Europe, some of the best toolmaking flint has come from Belgium (Obourg, flint mines of Spiennes),^[6] the coastal chalks of the English Channel, the Paris Basin, Thy in Jutland (flint mine at Hov), the Sennonian deposits of Rügen, Grimes Graves in England, the Upper Cretaceous chalk formation of Dobruja and the lower Danube (Balkan flint), the Cenomanian chalky marl formation of the Moldavian Plateau (Miorcani flint) and the Jurassic deposits of the Kraków area and Krzemionki in Poland. Flint mining is attested since the Palaeolithic, but became more common since the Neolithic (Michelsberg culture, Funnelbeaker culture).

To ignite fire or gunpowder[link]

Assorted reproduction firesteels typical of Roman to Medieval period.

When struck against steel, a flint edge will produce sparks. The hard flint edge shaves off a particle of the steel that exposes iron which reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere and can ignite the proper tinder. Prior to the wide availability of steel, rocks of iron pyrite would be used along with the flint, in a similar (but more time-consuming) way. These methods are popular in woodcraft, bushcraft, and among those who wish to use traditional skills.

Fragmentation[link]

While flints may be used in fire-lighting they should not be exposed to heating by fire. Stone fracturing can result from uneven molecule expansion, causing fragmentation when cohesion is exceeded.^[7]

To combat fragmentation, flint/chert may be heat-treated, being slowly brought up to a temperature of 150 to 260 °C (300 to 500 °F) for 24 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature. This makes the material more homogenous and thus more "knappable" and produces tools with a cleaner, sharper cutting edge.

Flintlocks[link]

A later, major use of flint and steel was in the flintlock mechanism, used primarily in flintlock firearms, but also used on dedicated fire-starting tools. A piece of flint held in the jaws of a spring-loaded hammer, when released by a trigger, strikes a hinged piece of steel ("frizzen") at an angle, creating a shower of sparks and exposing a charge of priming powder. The sparks ignite the priming powder and that flame, in turn, ignites the main charge, propelling the ball, bullet, or shot through the barrel. While the military use of the flintlock declined after the adoption of the percussion cap from the 1840s onward, flintlock rifles and shotguns remain in use amongst recreational shooters in Great Britain and the United States.

Comparison with ferrocerium[link]

Use of flint and steel should not be confused with use of ferrocerium (aka "mischmetal", "hot spark", "metal match", or "fire steel"). This man-made material, when scraped with any hard, sharp edge, produces sparks that are much hotter than obtained with natural flint and steel, allowing use of a wider range of tinders. Because it can produce sparks when wet and can start hundreds or thousands of fires when used correctly, ferrocerium is a common item included in survival kits. Called "flint", ferrocerium is also used in many cigarette lighters.

As a building material[link]

Flint, knapped or unknapped, has been used since antiquity (for example at the Late Roman fort of Burgh Castle in Norfolk) up to the present day as a material for building stone walls, using lime mortar, and often combined with other available stone or brick rubble. It was most common in parts of southern England, where no good building stone was available locally, and brick-making not widespread until the later Middle Ages. It is especially associated with East Anglia, but also used in chalky areas stretching through Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey and Kent to Somerset. Flint was used in the construction of many churches, houses, and other buildings, for example the large stronghold of Framlingham Castle. Many different decorative effects have been achieved by using different types of knapping or arrangement and combinations with stone (flushwork), especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries.

• 

  Close-up of the wall of the Roman shore fort at Burgh Castle, Norfolk, showing alternating courses of flint and brick

• 

  Elaborate 15th century flint and limestone flushwork at Long Melford

• 

  A typical medieval wall (with modern memorial) at Canterbury Cathedral - knapped and unknapped ("cobble") flints are mixed with pieces of brick and other stones

• 

  Ruins of Thetford Priory show flints and mortar through the whole depth of the wall

• 

  Elaborate patterned flushwork at top (restored in 19th century) and flint and limestone chequers below. Norwich Cathedral

A flint church - the Parish Church of Saint Thomas, in Cricket Saint Thomas, Somerset, England. The height of the very neatly knapped flints varies between 3 and 5 inches (7.6 and 13 cm).

Ceramics[link]

Flint pebbles are used as the media in ball mills to grind glazes and other raw materials for the ceramics industry. The pebbles are hand-selected based on colour; those having a tint of red (indicates iron content) are discarded. The remaining blue-grey stones have a low content of chromophoric oxides and so impart lesser amounts of colouring contaminants.

In the UK, flint pebbles were traditionally an important raw material for clay-based ceramic bodies. After calcination to remove organic impurities and induce certain physical reactions, and milling to fine particle size, flint was added as a filler to pottery bodies. However, flint is no longer used and has been replaced by quartz as is used in other countries.^[8] Because of this historical use, the word "flint" is used by US potters to refer to siliceous materials which are not flint.^[9]

Jewellery[link]

Flint bracelets were known in Ancient Egypt and several examples have been found.^[10]

See also[link]

• Mineralogy
  • Agate
  • Chalcedony
  • Chert
  • Eolith
  • Jasper
  • Nodule (geology) not to be confused with Concretion
  • Obsidian
  • Onyx
  • Opal
  • Whinstone

• Archaeology
  • Clovis Points, archaeological artefacts of the Clovis culture in New Mexico
  • Grimes Graves, a prehistoric flint mine in Norfolk, England
  • Flint Ridge State Memorial, a Native American flint quarry in Hopewell Township, Licking County, Ohio
  • Flint mine

References[link]

1. ^ General Quartz Information - Webmineral.com (page contains java applets depicting 3d molecular structure)
2. ^ Flint and Chert - quartzpage.de
3. ^ ^{a b} The Flints from Portsdown Hill
4. ^ Flint vs Chert Authentic Artefacts Collectors Assn.
5. ^ Museums.norfolk.gov.uk
6. ^ Neolithic Flint Mines of Petit-Spiennes Official web site
7. ^ Scout Notebook - Building a cooking fire
8. ^ Changes & Developments Of Non-plastic Raw Materials. Sugden A. International Ceramics Issue 2 2001.
9. ^ Ceramic Glazes. 3rd edition. Parmelee C. W. The Maple Press Company. 1973; Dictionary of Ceramics. 3rd edition. Dodd A. The Institute of Materials. 1994; The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques, Hamer, F. and Hamer, J., London, A & C Black, 2004.
10. ^ Graves-Brown, Carolyn. "AB29 Flint bracelet". Swansea University. http://www.swan.ac.uk/egypt/infosheet/AB%2029%20flint%20bracelet.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2011. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flint

• Flint Architecture of East Anglia Book by Stephen Hart
• Flintsource.net European Artefacts - detailed site
• Flint circles and paramoudra - Beeston Bump
• Paramoudras and flint circles photograph collection
• Winchester Cathedral Close

v t e Firecraft Tinder Kindling Wood fuel/Firewood Ember/Spark Campfire Wood ash Topics Combustion Friction fire Autoignition temperature (kindling point) Smoulder Early starters Hand drill Bow drill (Pump drill) Fire saw Fire plough Burning glass (parabolic mirror) Flint & Fire striker Fire piston Modern starters Match (lucifer) (Black match) Lighter Electric match Flint spark lighter Ferro rod (Ferrocerium) Other equipment Tinderbox Char cloth Fire ring Fire pan Punk (fireworks) Related articles Control of fire by early humans Native American use of fire Pyrolysis Survival skills Portal:Fire

James Coburn
Coburn in Charade (1963)
Born	(1928-08-31)August 31, 1928 Laurel, Nebraska
Died	November 18, 2002(2002-11-18) (aged 74) Beverly Hills, California
Cause of death	Heart Attack
Resting place	Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Residence	Beverly Hills, California
Nationality	American
Education	Compton Junior College
Alma mater	Los Angeles City College
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1958–2002
Home town	Compton, California
Spouse	Beverly Kelly (1959–1979) Paula Murad (1993–2002)
Children	James Coburn IV
Parents	James Harrison Coburn, Jr. Mylet S. Coburn

James Harrison Coburn III^[1] (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002)^[2] was an American film and television actor. Coburn appeared in nearly 70 films and made over 100 television appearances during his 45-year career,^[3][4] and played a wide range of roles and won an Academy Award for his supporting role as Glen Whitehouse in Affliction.^[5]

A capable, rough-hewn leading man, his toothy grin and lanky body made him a perfect tough-guy in numerous leading and supporting roles in Westerns and action films, ^[6] such as The Magnificent Seven, Hell Is for Heroes, The Great Escape, Major Dundee, Our Man Flint, Duck, You Sucker, Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid and Cross of Iron.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s he would cultivate an image synonymous with "cool",^[7] and along with such contemporaries as Lee Marvin, Steve McQueen and Charles Bronson, became one of the prominent "tough-guy" actors of his day.

Early life[link]

Coburn was born in Laurel, Nebraska, the son of Mylet S. (née Johnson) and James Harrison Coburn, Jr., who had a garage business that was wiped out by the Great Depression.^[8] Coburn was of Scotch-Irish and Swedish descent.^[1] He was raised in Compton, California, attended Compton Junior College and enlisted in the United States Army in 1950, serving as a truck driver and an occasional disc jockey on an Army radio station in Texas. Coburn also narrated Army training films in Mainz, Germany.^[9] He attended Los Angeles City College, where he studied acting alongside Jeff Corey and Stella Adler, then made his stage debut at the La Jolla Playhouse in Billy Budd.^[10] Coburn was selected for a Remington Products razor commercial in which he was able to shave off 11 days of beard growth in less than 60 seconds,^[11] while joking that he had more teeth to show on camera than the other 12 candidates for the part.^[12]

Career[link]

Coburn's film debut came in 1959 as the sidekick of bad guy Pernell Roberts in the Randolph Scott western Ride Lonesome.^[13] Coburn also appeared in dozens of television roles including, with Roberts, several episodes of Bonanza. He appeared at least twice on John Payne's NBC western The Restless Gun in episodes entitled "The Pawn" and "The Way Back", the latter with Bonanza's Dan Blocker.^[14] Coburn and Ralph Taeger co-starred with Joi Lansing in Klondike on NBC in the 1960–1961 season. When Klondike, set in the Alaskan gold rush town of Skagway, was cancelled, Taeger and Coburn were regrouped as detectives in Mexico in NBC's equally short-lived Acapulco.

Coburn became well known in the 1960s and the 1970s for his roles in several action and western films, first primarily with Steve McQueen and Charles Bronson in two John Sturges films: The Magnificent Seven and The Great Escape. Playing the parts of a villainous Texan in the hugely successful Charade (1963), a glib naval officer in The Americanization of Emily (1964) and a one-armed Indian tracker in Major Dundee (1965) gained him much notice. In 1966 Coburn became a bona fide star with the release of Our Man Flint, a James Bond spoof released by 20th Century-Fox. In 1971 he starred in the spaghetti western Duck, You Sucker!, directed by Sergio Leone, as an Irish explosives expert and revolutionary who has fled to Mexico during the time of the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century. He teamed with director Sam Peckinpah for the 1973 film Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (they had worked together in 1965 on Major Dundee; the film's producer, Jerry Bresler, took editing responsibilities away from Peckinpah during post-production, resulting in Peckinpah's becoming furious over what he claimed was the producer's deliberate sabotage of his film, and he threatened the studio with a lawsuit. Columbia relented--mainly because of a promise made to them by star Charlton Heston that he would never work for the studio again if they didn't let Peckinpah edit the film the way he wanted--and acceded to some of Peckinpah's demands, but the finished product was still not satisfactory to him and he disowned it). Peckinpah and Coburn were greatly disappointed and turned next to Cross of Iron, a critically acclaimed war epic that performed poorly in the U.S. but was a huge hit in Europe. They remained close friends until Peckinpah's death on December 28, 1984. In 1973 Coburn was one of the featured celebrities dressed in prison gear on the cover of the album Band On The Run made by Paul McCartney and his band Wings.

Coburn returned to television in 1978 to star in a three-part mini-series version of a Dashiell Hammett detective novel, The Dain Curse, tailoring his character to bear a physical resemblance to the author. Due to severe rheumatoid arthritis, Coburn appeared in very few films in the 1980s. Although his hands were visibly gnarled in film appearances within the final two decades of his career, Coburn continued working. He spent much of his time writing songs with British singer-songwriter Lynsey De Paul^{[citation needed]} and doing television series as his work on Darkroom. He claimed to have healed himself with pills containing a sulfur-based compound.^{[citation needed]} Coburn returned to film in the 1990s, and appeared in supporting roles in Young Guns II, Hudson Hawk, Sister Act 2, Maverick, Eraser, The Nutty Professor, Affliction and Payback. Coburn's performance in Affliction earned him an Academy Award, and he was also nominated for the Screen Actors Guild and the Independent Spirit Awards.

Cars[link]

Coburn’s interest in fast cars began with his father’s garage business and continued throughout his personal life, as he exported rare cars to Japan. ^[15] He's credited with turning Steve McQueen on to Ferraris, and in the early 1960s owned two at that time. One was a Ferrari 250 GT Lusso, the other the Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California SWB. His Spyder was the thirteenth of just fifty-six built. Coburn imported the pre-owned car in 1964, shortly after completing The Great Escape. ^[16] The car was restored and sold for $10,894,400.00 to English broadcaster Chris Evans, setting a new world record for the highest price ever paid for an automobile at auction.^[17]

Cal Spyder #2377 was repainted several times during Coburn's ownership; it has been black, silver and possibly burgundy. He kept the car at his Beverly Hills-area home, where it was often serviced by Max Balchowsky, who also did the suspension and frame modifications on those Mustang GTs used in the filming of McQueen’s "Bullitt." Coburn sold the Spyder in 1987 after 24 years of ownership. Over time he also owned the above-noted Lusso, a Ferrari Daytona, at least one Ferrari 308 and a 1967 Ferrari 412P sports racer. ^[18]

Death[link]

James Coburn's bench

Coburn died of a heart attack on November 18, 2002, while listening to music in his Beverly Hills, California, home. He was survived by his widow Paula (née Murad), son James IV and a stepdaughter. His ashes were interred in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, and marked by a stone bench inscribed with his name. By the time of his death, Coburn was the voice of the "Like a Rock" Chevrolet television ad campaign. James Garner succeeded Coburn for the remainder of the campaign.

Critical analysis[link]

In his New Biographical Dictionary Of Film, American-based British Film critic David Thomson stated that "Coburn is a modern rarity: an actor who projects lazy, humorous sexuality. It is the lack of neurosis, an impression of an amiable monkey, that makes him seem rather dated: a more perceptive Gable, perhaps, or even a loping Midwest Grant. He has made a variety of flawed, pleasurable films, the merits of which invariably depend on his laconic presence. Increasingly, he was the best thing in his movies, smiling privately, seeming to suggest that he was in contact with some profound source of amusement". ^[19]

Legendary film critic Pauline Kael remarked on Coburn's unusual characteristics, stating that "he looked like the child of the liaison between Lt Pinkerton and Madame Butterfly". ^[20] George Hickenlooper, who directed Coburn in The Man From Elysian Fields called him "the masculine male".^[21] Andy Garcia called him "the personification of class, the hippest of the hip", and Paul Schrader noted "he was of that 50's generation. He had that part hipster, part cool-cat aura about him. He was one of those kind of men who were formed by the Rat Pack kind of style." ^[22]

Filmography[link]

Films[link]