Schnittke, April 6, 1989, Moscow. Photo by © Dmitri N. Smirnov.

Alfred Schnittke (Russian: Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке (Al'fred Garrievič Šnitke); Engels, November 24, 1934 – Hamburg, August 3, 1998) was a Soviet and German composer. Schnittke's early music shows the strong influence of Dmitri Shostakovich. He developed a polystylistic technique in works such as the epic First Symphony (1969–1972) and First Concerto Grosso (1977). In the 1980s, Schnittke's music began to become more widely known abroad with the publication of his Second (1980) and Third (1983) String Quartets and the String Trio (1985); the ballet Peer Gynt (1985–1987); the Third (1981), Fourth (1984), and Fifth (1988) Symphonies; and the Viola (1985) and 1st Cello (1985–1986) Concertos. As his health deteriorated, Schnittke's music started to abandon much of the extroversion of his polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, bleak style.

Life and career[link]

Schnittke's father, Harry Viktorovich Schnittke (1914–1975, rus.), was Jewish and born in Frankfurt.^[1] He moved to the USSR in 1927 and worked as a journalist and translator from the Russian language into German. His mother, Maria Iosifovna Schnittke (née Vogel, 1910–1972), was a Volga German born in Russia. Schnittke's paternal grandmother, Tea Abramovna Katz (1889–1970), was a philologist, translator, and editor of German-language literature.

Alfred Schnittke was born in Engels in the Volga-German Republic of the RSFSR, Soviet Union. He began his musical education in 1946 in Vienna where his father had been posted. It was in Vienna, Schnittke's biographer Alexander Ivashkin writes, where "he fell in love with music which is part of life, part of history and culture, part of the past which is still alive."^[2] "I felt every moment there," the composer wrote, "to be a link of the historical chain: all was multi-dimensional; the past represented a world of ever-present ghosts, and I was not a barbarian without any connections, but the conscious bearer of the task in my life."^[3] Schnittke's experience in Vienna "gave him a certain spiritual experience and discipline for his future professional activities. It was Mozart and Schubert, not Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff, whom he kept in mind as a reference point in terms of taste, manner and style. This reference point was essentially Classical ... but never too blatant."^[2]

In 1948, the family moved to Moscow. Schnittke completed his graduate work in composition at the Moscow Conservatory in 1961 and taught there from 1962 to 1972. Evgeny Golubev was one of his composition teachers. Thereafter, he earned his living chiefly by composing film scores, producing nearly 70 scores in 30 years.^[4] Schnittke converted to Christianity and possessed deeply held mystic beliefs, which influenced his music.

A portrait of Alfred Schnittke by Reginald Gray (1972). Russian Academy of Music, London, U.K.

Schnittke and his music were often viewed suspiciously by the Soviet bureaucracy. His First Symphony was effectively banned by the Composers' Union. After he abstained from a Composers' Union vote in 1980, he was banned from travelling outside of the USSR. In 1985, Schnittke suffered a stroke that left him in a coma. He was declared clinically dead on several occasions, but recovered and continued to compose.

In 1990, Schnittke left Russia and settled in Hamburg. His health remained poor, however. He suffered several more strokes before his death on August 3, 1998, in Hamburg, at the age of 63. He was buried, with state honors, at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, where many other prominent Russian composers, including Dmitri Shostakovich, are interred.

Music[link]

Schnittke's early music shows the strong influence of Dmitri Shostakovich, but after the visit of the Italian composer Luigi Nono to the USSR, he took up the serial technique in works such as Music for Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1964). However, Schnittke soon became dissatisfied with what he termed the "puberty rites of serial self-denial." He created a new style which has been called "polystylism", where he juxtaposed and combined music of various styles past and present. He once wrote, "The goal of my life is to unify serious music and light music, even if I break my neck in doing so." His first concert work to use the polystylistic technique was the Second Violin Sonata, Quasi una sonata (1967–1968). He experimented with techniques in his film work, as shown by much of the sonata appearing first in his score for the animation short The Glass Harmonica. He continued to develop the polystylistic technique in works such as the epic First Symphony (1969–1972) and First Concerto Grosso (1977). Other works were more stylistically unified, such as his Piano Quintet (1972–1976), written in memory of his recently deceased mother.

In the 1980s, Schnittke's music began to become more widely known abroad, thanks in part to the work of émigré Soviet artists such as the violinists Gidon Kremer and Mark Lubotsky. Despite constant illness, he produced a large amount of music, including important works such as the Second (1980) and Third (1983) String Quartets and the String Trio (1985); the Faust Cantata (1983), which he later incorporated in his opera Historia von D. Johann Fausten; the ballet Peer Gynt (1985–1987); the Third (1981), Fourth (1984) and Fifth (1988) Symphonies (the last of which is also known as the Fourth Concerto Grosso) and the Viola (1985) and 1st Cello (1985–1986) concertos.

As his health deteriorated, Schnittke started to abandon much of the extroversion of his polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, bleak style. The Fourth Quartet (1989) and Sixth (1992), Seventh (1993) and Eighth (1994) symphonies are good examples of this. Some Schnittke scholars, such as Gerard McBurney, have argued that it is the late works that will ultimately be the most influential parts of Schnittke's output. After a stroke in 1994 left him almost completely paralysed, Schnittke largely ceased to compose. He did complete some short works in 1997 and also a Ninth Symphony; its score was almost unreadable because he had written it with great difficulty with his left hand. The Ninth Symphony was first performed on 19 June 1998 in Moscow in a version deciphered – but also 'arranged' – by Gennadi Rozhdestvensky, who conducted the premiere. After hearing a tape of the performance, Schnittke indicated he wanted it withdrawn.

After Schnittke's death, others worked to decipher his score. Nikolai Korndorf died before he could complete the task, which was continued and completed by Alexander Raskatov. In Raskatov's version, the three orchestral movements of Schnittke's symphony may be followed by a choral fourth, which is Raskatov's own Nunc Dimittis (in memoriam Alfred Schnittke). This version was premiered in Dresden, Germany June 16, 2007. Andrei Boreyko also has a version of the symphony.^[5]

Selected works[link]

Orchestra[link]

Symphonies[link]

• Symphony No. 0 (1957)
• Symphony No. 1 (1969–74)
• Symphony No. 2 "St. Florian" (1979)
• Symphony No. 3 (1981)
• Symphony No. 4 (1983)
• Symphony No. 5 [Concerto Grosso No. 4] (1988)
• Symphony No. 6 (1992)
• Symphony No. 7 (1993)
• Symphony No. 8 (1994)
• Symphony No. 9 (1996–97; reconstructed by Alexander Raskatov)

Other orchestral[link]

• Pianissimo (1968)
• In Memoriam... (1977–78) (orchestral version of the Piano Quintet)
• Passacaglia (1979–80)
• Gogol Suite [Suite from 'The Census List'] (1980)
• Ritual (1984–85)
• (K)ein Sommernachtstraum (1985)
• Symphonic Prelude (1994)
• For Liverpool (1994)

Concertos[link]

Concerti grossi[link]

• Concerto Grosso No. 1, for two violins, harpsichord, prepared piano and strings (1976–77)
• Concerto Grosso No. 2, for violin, violoncello and orchestra (1981–82)
• Concerto Grosso No. 3, for 2 violins, harpsichord and strings (1985)
• Concerto Grosso No. 4 [Symphony No. 5], for violin, oboe, harpsichord and orchestra (1988)
• Concerto Grosso No. 5, for violin, offstage piano and orchestra (1990-91)
• Concerto Grosso No. 6, for piano, violin and strings (1993)

Violin concertos[link]

• Concerto No. 1 for Violin and Orchestra (1957, revised 1963)
• Concerto No. 2 for Violin and Chamber Orchestra (1966)
• Concerto No. 3 for Violin and Chamber Orchestra (1978)
• Concerto No. 4 for Violin and Orchestra (1984)

Piano concertos[link]

• Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (1960)
• Music for Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1964)
• Concerto for Piano and Strings (1979)
• Concerto for Piano Four Hands and Chamber Orchestra (1988)

Cello concertos[link]

• Concerto No. 1 for Violoncello and Orchestra (1986) – shares a theme with the String Trio from 1985
• Concerto No. 2 for Violoncello and Orchestra (1990)

Viola concertos[link]

• Concerto for Viola and Orchestra (1985)
• Monologue for Viola and Strings (1989)
• Concerto for viola and small orchestra (1997)

Other instruments[link]

• Double Concerto for Oboe, Harp, and Strings (1971)
• Konzert zu Dritt, for violin, viola, violoncello and strings (1994)

Choral music[link]

• Nagasaki — oratorio (1958)
• Voices of Nature (1972)
• Requiem (1974–75)
• Minnesang, for 52 voices (1981)
• Seid Nüchtern und Wachet... [Faust Cantata] (1983)
• Three Sacred Hymns (1983–84)
• Concerto for Mixed Chorus (1984–85)
• Psalms of Repentance / Penitential Psalms (1988)^[6]

Chamber music[link]

• Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano (1963; orchestrated, 1968)
• Dialogue, for violoncello and 7 instruments (1965)
• String Quartet No. 1 (1966)
• Serenade for violin, clarinet, double-bass, piano and percussion (1968)
• Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano "Quasi una Sonata" (1968; orchestrated, 1987)
• Canon in Memoriam Igor Stravinsky, for string quartet (1971)
• Suite in the Old Style, for violin and piano or harpsichord (1972)
• Gradulationsrondo, for violin and piano (1973)
• Hymns I-IV, for violoncello and ensemble (1974–79)
• Prelude in Memoriam Dmitri Shostakovich, for 2 violins (1975)
• Quintet for piano and strings (1972–76)
• "Stille Nacht", arr. for violin and piano (1978)
• Sonata No. 1 for violoncello and piano (1978)
• Stille Musik, for violin and violoncello (1979)
• Hommage to Stravinsky, Prokofiev and Shostakovich, for piano six hands (1979)
• String Quartet No. 2 (1981)
• Septet (1981–82)
• String Quartet No. 3 (1983)
• String Trio (1985, also arranged as Piano Trio, 1992) - shares a theme with the Cello Concerto No. 1 from 1986
• String Quartet No. 4 (1989)
• Madrigal in Memoriam Oleg Kagan, for solo violin or violoncello (1990)
• Musica nostalgica, for violoncello and piano (1992)
• Peer Gynt: Epiloque, for violoncello, piano and tape (1993)
• Sonata No. 2 for violoncello and piano (1994)
• Sonata No. 3 for violin and piano (1994)

Solo instrumental[link]

• Fuga for solo violin (1953)
• A Paganini, for solo violin (1982)
• Piano Sonata No. 1 (1987)
• Klingende Buchstaben for solo cello (1988)
• Five Aphorisms, for piano (1990)
• Piano Sonata No. 2 (1990)
• Piano Sonata No. 3 (1992)
• Improvisation, for solo cello (1993)

Operas[link]

• Life with an Idiot, opera in 2 acts, libretto by Viktor Yerofeyev (1992)
• Historia von D. Johann Fausten, opera in 3 acts and an epilogue, libretto by Jörg Morgener (Jürgen Köchel) and Alfred Schnittke (1991–1994)
• Gesualdo, opera in 7 tableaus, a prologue and an epilogue, libretto by Richard Bletschacher (1993)

Ballets[link]

• Labyrinths, ballet in five episodes. Libretto by Vladimir Vasilyev. (1971)
• Sketches, ballet in one act. “Choerographic fantasia” by Andrei Petrov after the themes by Nikolai Gogol. (1985)
• Peer Gynt, ballet in three acts by John Neumeier based on Henrik Ibsen’s drama (1988)

Soundtracks[link]

• Adventures of a Dentist, motion picture directed by Elem Klimov (1965, material reused in Suite in the Old Style)
• The Glass Harmonica, animated film directed by Andrei Khrzhanovsky (1968, much material reused in Second Violin Sonata)
• Sport, Sport, Sport, motion picture directed by Elem Klimov (1971)
• Butterfly, animated film directed by Andrei Khrzhanovsky (1973)
• The Agony, two-part motion picture directed by Elem Klimov (1974, main theme reused in the finale of the Second Cello Concerto)
• Little Tragedies, three-part TV film directed by Mikhail Shvejtser (1979)
• Ekipazh (Air Crew), motion picture directed by Alexander Mitta (1979)
• Skazka Stranstviy (The Fairytale of the Voyages), motion picture directed by Alexander Mitta (1982)
• The Last Days of St. Petersburg (1992, new score for 1927 motion picture, co-written with the composer's son Andrey)
• The Master and Margarita, motion picture directed by Yuri Kara (1994)

Further reading[link]

• Alexander Ivashkin (1996). Alfred Schnittke. Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-3169-7. 
• Alfred Schnittke (2002). Alexander Ivashkin. ed. A Schnittke Reader. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33818-2. 
• Альфред Шнитке (2003). Александр Ивашкин. ed. Беседы с Альфредом Шнитке. Классика XXI. ISBN 5-89817-051-0. 
• Peter J. Schmelz (2009). Such freedom, if only musical: The beginning of unofficial Soviet music during the Thaw. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534193-5. 
• Amrei Flechsig, Christian Storch (Ed.) (2010). Alfred Schnittke. Analyse, Interpretation, Rezeption. Olms. ISBN 978-3-487-14464-1. 
• Christian Storch (2011). Der Komponist als Autor. Alfred Schnittkes Klavierkonzert. Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20762-5. 
• Enzo Restagno (Ed.) (1993). Schnittke, EDT, ISBN 978-88-7063-177-7

References[link]

External links[link]

• Alfred Schnittke @ Boosey & Hawkes
• Alfred Schnittke on IMDB
• Biography
• Schnittke at his original publisher Sikorski (German)
• Site for fans of music of Alfred Schnittke (Russia)
• Works list
• Works list (with hypothetical opus numbers)
• Chronology of the composer's life
• http://www.artmajeur.com/grayportraits Two portraits of Alfred Schnittke by Reginald Gray.

Gidon Kremer
Born	(1947-02-27) February 27, 1947 (age 65) Riga, Latvia, Soviet Union
Genres	Classical
Notable instruments
Violin Nicolo Amati 1641 Guarneri del Gesù 1730 Baron Feilitsch Stradivarius 1734

Gidon Kremer (Latvian: Gidons Krēmers; born February 27, 1947) is a Latvian violinist and conductor. In 1980 he left the USSR and settled in Germany.

Biography[link]

Kremer was born in Riga to parents of German-Jewish (his father being a Holocaust survivor) and Latvian-Swedish origins.^[1] He began playing the violin at the age of four, receiving instruction from his father and his grandfather, who were both professional violinists. He went on to study at the Riga School of Music and with David Oistrakh at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1967, he won third prize at the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels; then, in 1969, second prize at the Montreal International Violin Competition (shared with Oleh Krysa) followed by first prize at the Paganini Competition in Genoa; and finally first prize again in 1970 at the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.

Kremer's first concert in the West was in Germany in 1975, followed by appearances at the Salzburg Festival in 1976 and in New York City in 1977. In 1981, Kremer founded a chamber music festival in Lockenhaus, Austria, with a focus on new and unconventional programming, serving as artistic director for 30 years.^[2] In 1996 Kremer founded the Kremerata Baltica chamber orchestra, composed of young players from the Baltic region. He was also among the artistic directors of the festival "Art Projekt 92" in Munich and is director of the Musiksommer Gstaad festival in Switzerland. In 2008, he and Kremerata Baltica toured with the classical musical comedy duo Igudesman & Joo. He also made regular appearances at the Verbier Festival until the summer of 2011, when he withdrew, issuing a public complaint of excessive hype.^[3]

Kremer is known for his wide-ranging repertoire, extending from Antonio Vivaldi and J.S. Bach to contemporary composers. He has championed the work of composers such as Ástor Piazzolla, George Enescu, Alban Berg, Philip Glass, Alfred Schnittke, Leonid Desyatnikov, Alexander Raskatov, Alexander Voustin, Lera Auerbach, Pēteris Vasks, Arvo Pärt, Victoria Poleva, Roberto Carnevale and John Adams. Among the many composers who have dedicated works to him are Sofia Gubaidulina (Offertorium) and Luigi Nono (La lontananza nostalgica utopica futura). His partners in performance include Valery Afanassiev, Martha Argerich, Oleg Maisenberg, Mischa Maisky, Yuri Bashmet and Vadim Sakharov. He has a large discography on the Deutsche Grammophon label, for which he has recorded since 1978; he has also recorded for Philips Records, as well as Decca Records, ECM and Nonesuch Records.

Kremer played the role of Paganini in Peter Schamoni's 1983 movie, Frühlingssinfonie [Spring Symphony].

Kremer has numbered in his collection of antique violins a Guarneri del Gesù violin made in 1730; and the Antonio Stradivari violin of 1734 often referred to by its sobriquet, Baron Feititsch-Heermann. His current violin is a Nicolo Amati violin dating from 1641.^[4]

Kremer married three times: to violinist Tatiana Grindenko, pianist Elena Bashkirova and photographer Alexandra Kremer-Khomassouridze.

Honours and awards[link]

• Queen Elisabeth Music Competition (third prize) (1967; Brussels)
• Paganini Competition (first prize) (1969; Genoa)
• International Tchaikovsky Competition (first prize) (1970; Moscow)
• Ernst von Siemens Music Prize (1972)
• Léonie Sonning Music Prize (1989; Denmark)
• Latvian Great Music Award (1995, 2004; Latvia)
• Officer of the Order of the Three Stars (12 March 1997; Latvia)^[5]
• Lithuanian Great Duke Gediminas Medal (2000; Lithuania)
• IMC-UNESCO International Music Prize (2001, performers category, jointly awarded to Oumou Sangaré)^[6]
• Rolf Schock Prize (2008; Sweden)

Sources[link]

• Apinis, Pēteris (2006). A Hundred Great Latvians.. Riga: Nacionālais apgāds. ISBN 9984-26-288-X. OCLC 238892134. 

References[link]

External links[link]

• Gidon Kremer at Allmusic
• Kremerata Baltica official website
• Igudesman and Joo