Front view of the pyramid structure known as "La Iglesia" in the Group B, or Cobá Group, complex. Stela 11 is in the foreground at the base of the pyramid's steps, under the thatched roofing.

Coba (Cobá in the Spanish language) is a large ruined city of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization, located in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It is located about 90 km east of the Maya site of Chichen Itza, about 40 km west of the Caribbean Sea, and 44 km northwest of the site of Tulum, with which it is connected by a modern road. The 2010 Mexican federal census reported a population of 1,278 inhabitants.^[1]

Site layout and description[link]

Map of the Cobá archeological site.

One of two ballgame courts at Cobá.

Coba is located around two lagoons. A series of elevated stone and plaster roads radiate from the central site to various smaller sites near and far. These are known by the Maya term sacbe (plural sacbeob). Some of these causeways go east to the Caribbean coast, and the longest runs over 100 kilometres (62 mi) westwards to the site of Yaxuna. The site contains several large temple pyramids, the tallest, in what is known as the Nohoch Mul group of structures, being some 42 metres (138 ft) in height.

Coba is estimated to have had some 50,000 inhabitants (and possibly significantly more) at its peak of civilization, and the built up area extends over some 80 km². The site was occupied by a sizable agricultural population by the 1st century. The bulk of Coba's major construction seems to have been made in the middle and late Classic period, about 500 to 900, with most of the dated hieroglypic inscriptions from the 7th century. However Coba remained an important site in the Post-Classic era and new temples were built and old ones kept in repair until at least the 14th century, possibly as late as the arrival of the Spanish.

Economy[link]

Coba traded extensively with other Mayan communities, particularly the ones further south along the Caribbean coast in what is now Belize and Honduras. It utilized the ports of Xcaret, Xel-Há, Tankah, Muyil, and Tulum.

History[link]

Archaeological evidence indicates that Cobá was first settled between 100 BC and 100 AD. At that time, there was a town with buildings of wood and palm fronts and flat platforms. The only archeological evidence of the time are fragments of pottery. After 100 AD, the area around Coba evidenced strong population growth, and with it an increase in its social and political status among Maya city states which would ultimately make Coba one of the biggest and most powerful city states in the northern Yucatán area. Between 200 and 600 AD, Coba must have dominated a vast area, including the north of the state of Quintana Roo and areas in the east of the state of Yucatán. This power resided in its control of large swaths of farmland, control over trading routes, and—critically for a Mayan city—control over ample water resources. Among the trading routes, Coba probably controlled ports like Xel Há.

Coba must have maintained close contacts with the large city states of Guatemala and the south of Campeche like Tikal, Dzibanché or Calakmul. To maintain its influence, Coba must have established military alliances and arranged marriages among their elites. It is quite noteworthy that Coba shows traces of Teotihuacan architecture, like a platform in the Paintings group that was explored in 1999, which would attest of the existence of contacts with the central Mexican cultures and its powerful city of the early Classic epoch.

After 600 AD, the emergence of powerful city states of the Puuc culture and the emergence of Chichén Itzá altered the political spectrum in the Yucatán peninsula and began eroding the dominance of Coba. Beginning around 900 or 1000 AD, Coba must have begun a lengthy power struggle with Chichén Itzá, with the latter dominating at the end as it gained control of key cities such as Yaxuná. After 1000 AD, Coba lost much of its political weight among city states, although it maintained some symbolic and religious importance. This allowed it to maintain or recover some status, which is evidenced by the new buildings dating to the time 1200-1500 AD, now built in the typical Eastern coastal style. However, power centers and trading routes had moved to the coast, forcing cities like Coba into a secondary status, although somewhat more successful than its more ephemeral enemy Chichén Itzá. Coba was abandoned at the time the Spanish conquered the peninsula around 1550.

Modern explorations[link]

Knowledge of this expansive site was never completely lost, but it was not examined by scholars until the 1920s. John Lloyd Stephens mentioned hearing reports of the site in 1841, but it was so distant from any known modern road or village that he decided the difficulty in trying to get there was too daunting. For much of the rest of the 19th century the area could not be visited by outsiders due to the Caste War of Yucatán. Teoberto Maler paid Coba a short visit in 1893 and took at least one photograph, but unfortunately did not publish at the time and the site remained unknown to the archeological community.

Amateur explorer Dr. Thomas Gann was brought to the site by some local Maya hunters in February 1926. Gann published the first first-hand description of the ruins later the same year. Gann gave a short description to the archeologists of the Carnegie Institution project at Chichen Itza, which sent out an expedition under J. Eric S. Thompson. Thompson's initial report of a surprisingly large site with many inscriptions prompted Sylvanus Morley to mount a more thorough examination of the site.

The Nohoch Mul pyramid.

Eric Thompson made a number of return visits to the site through 1932, in which year he published a detailed description.

The site remained little visited due to its remoteness until the first modern road was opened up to Coba in the early 1970s. As a major resort was planned for Cancún, it was realized that clearing and restoring some of the large site could make it an important tourist attraction.

The Mexican National Institute of Anthropology & History began some archeological excavations in 1972 directed by Carlos Navarrete, and consolidated a couple buildings. At the start of the 1980s another road to Coba was opened up and paved, and a regular bus service begun.

Coba became a tourist destination shortly thereafter, with many visitors visiting the site on day trips from Cancún and the Riviera Maya. Only a small portion of the site has been cleared from the jungle and restored by archaeologists.

As of 2005^[update] the resident population of Coba pueblo was 1,167.^[2] It grew to 1,278 by the 2010 census.

Tourism[link]

The archaeological site of Coba has increasingly become more visited by both national and international tourism in Mexico. One of the main attraction to visitors of Coba is the Ancient Pyramid which unlike Chichen Itza's Kukulkan Pyramid, is still open for the public to climb its 120 steps up to the top of the site. Additional to this, Coba has several Tour operators with excursions available to this site from almost any point within the closest and top Touristic destinations of Cancun and its Riviera Maya.

Panoramic view from the top of the Nohoch Mul pyramid.

See also[link]

• List of Mesoamerican pyramids

Notes[link]

References[link]

• COBA: A Classic Maya Metropolis. William J. Folan, Ellen R. Kintz, Laraine A. Fletcher. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
• The Ancient Maya. (Third Edition) Stanford University Press, Stanford. 1963
• A Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Coba, Quintana Roo, México. Washington, D.C. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 424. 1932
• "Conteo de población y vivienda 2005". INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. http://www.inegi.org.mx/lib/buscador/ConsumeCubo.aspx?texto=cob%E1&bd=E62A5522-9918-40D5-B626-CB8997588814&cubo=554BBA17-E6A9-4290-845A-99E1DD2E93AF&c=10401. Retrieved 2010-01-28.  (Spanish)

External links[link]

• Coba maya archaeological site, history and pictures
• Photo Gallery at the Science Museum of Minnesota
• New York Times: Lore Among The Ruins. April 27, 2003
• Frommers Destination Guide for Coba
• Photos of Coba site

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cobá

Coordinates: 20°29′41″N 87°44′10″W / 20.49472°N 87.73611°W / 20.49472; -87.73611

v t e Maya sites Belize Altun Ha Baking Pot Cahal Pech Caracol Cerros Chaa Creek Colha Cuello El Pilar K'axob Belize La Milpa Lamanai Louisville Lubaantun Marco Gonzalez Nim Li Punit Pusilha San Estevan Santa Rita Corozal Uxbenka Xnaheb Xunantunich Guatemala Aguateca Altar de Sacrificios Arroyo de Piedra Balberta Bejucal Cancuén Chitinamit Chocolá Cotzumalhuapa Dos Pilas El Baúl El Chal El Mirador El Tintal El Zotz Holmul Holtun Itzan Iximche Ixkun Ixlu Ixtonton Ixtutz Kaminaljuyu Kinal La Amelia La Blanca La Joyanca La Muerta Machaquila Mixco Viejo Montana Motul de San José Naachtun Nakbe Nakum Naranjo Pajaral Piedras Negras Punta de Chimino Quiriguá Q'umarkaj Río Azul Sacul San Bartolo San Mateo Ixtatán Seibal Takalik Abaj Tamarindito Tayasal Tikal Topoxte Tres Islas Uaxactun Ucanal Waka' Witzna Xultun Yaxha Zacpeten Zaculeu Zapote Bobal Honduras Copán El Puente Mexico Acanceh Aké Balamku Becan Bonampak Calakmul Chacchoben Chicanná Chinkultic Chichen Itza Chunchucmil Coba Comalcalco Dzibilchaltun Edzna Ek' Balam Izapa Jaina Kabah Kohunlich Komchen Labna Mayapan Maní Muyil Oxkintok Palenque Punta Sur Río Bec San Gervasio Sayil Toniná Tulum Uxmal Xcaret Xelha Xlapak Xpuhil Yaxchilan Yo'okop El Salvador Cara Sucia Casa Blanca Joya de Cerén San Andrés Tazumal See also: Pre-Columbian era

v t e  State of Quintana Roo Chetumal (capital) Municipalities (seats) Bacalar (Bacalar) Cozumel (San Miguel de Cozumel) Felipe Carrillo Puerto (Felipe Carrillo Puerto) Isla Mujeres (Isla Mujeres) Othón P. Blanco (Chetumal) Benito Juárez (Cancún) José María Morelos (José María Morelos) Lázaro Cárdenas (Kantunilkín) Solidaridad (Playa del Carmen) Tulum (Tulum) Places of interest Akumal Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Banco Chinchorro Chacchoben Coba Isla Contoy Isla Holbox Kohunlich Mahahual Muyil Puerto Morelos Punta Allen Punta Sur Riviera Maya San Gervasio Sian Ka'an Tulum Xcalak Xcaret Xelha Yo'okop

Coba Temple

Frank Marocco
Frank Marocco, May 2008
Background information
Born	January 2, 1931 Joliet, Illinois
Origin	Waukegan, Illinois, USA
Died	March 3, 2012(2012-03-03) (aged 81) San Fernando Valley, California
Genres	Jazz - Classical
Occupations	Musician, Arranger, Composer
Instruments	Accordion
Years active	1948 - 2012

Frank L. Marocco (January 2, 1931 – March 3, 2012) was an American piano-accordionist, arranger and composer. He was recognized as one of the most recorded accordionists in the world.^[1][2]

Background[link]

Born in Joliet, Illinois Frank Marocco grew up in Waukegan, near Chicago. At the age of seven years, his parents enrolled him in a six-week beginner class for learning to play the accordion.^[1]

Education[link]

Marocco's first teacher was George Stefani, who supervised the young accordionist for nine years. Although they began studying classical music, Stefani soon encouraged young Frank to explore other musical genres. In addition to the accordion, Frank studied piano and clarinet, as well as music theory, harmony, and composition. Later on, he studied with Andy Rizzo, a well-known American concert accordionist and teacher.^[1]

Career[link]

At the age of 17, Frank Marocco won the first prize in the 1948 Chicago Musicland festival, and was rewarded with a guest performance with the Chicago Pops Orchestra playing Chopin's Fantasie Impromptu. His success encouraged him to embark on a professional music career. He established a trio, which toured in the Midwestern states. After he met his wife, Anne, in Indiana, the couple moved to Los Angeles, California,^[1] in the early 1950s.^[3]

In the Los Angeles vicinity, Marocco created a new band, which toured hotels and clubs in Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe, and Palm Springs. Later on, he began working in Hollywood, where television studios and movie production companies provided him a successful career.^[1]

In the 1960s, Frank Marocco recorded a solo album released by Verve, a legendary jazz record label. In 1966, he worked together with Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys, and performed on the world-famous album Pet Sounds.^[3]

Marocco performed on a USO tour in Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Guam, and other countries in the Pacific, appearing onstage with Bob Hope. He also played in the Les Brown big band, during six Love Boat cruises.^[1] Marocco performed in collaboration with hundreds of world-famous artists and conductors during his career, both on stage as well as in studio. As a musician, he contributed to hundreds of movie soundtracks, television shows and TV-series. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences nominated him as the most valuable player eight years in a row.^[2]

In addition to his career as a musician, Marocco wrote and arranged music for solo, duet, and orchestra in a wide variety of musical styles, including jazz, popular standards, international, Latin, religious, and classical.^[1] He was the musical director and conductor of an annual "music camp", the Frank Marocco Accordion Event, which is held in Mesa, Arizona in January. The event brings together over 50 accordionists from around the U.S. and Canada, who, after three full days of instruction, rehearsal, and recreational activities, present a full concert of accordion music.

Frank Marocco also played with some of the best Jazz Musicians in America and Europe; Ray Brown, Jeff Hamilton, Zoot Sims, Joe Pass, Joey Baron, Herb Ellis, Ray Pizzi, Ivor Malherbe, Carlo Atti, Sam Most, Gian-Carlo Bianchetti, Jacob Fisher, Pekka Sarmanto, Martin Classen, Andy Martin, Tuomo Dahlblom, Ric Todd, Harold Jones, Gerry Gibbs, Mikko Hassinen, Conti Candoli, Philippe Cornaz, John Patitucci, Mats Vinding, Mogens Baekgaard Andersen, Marcel Papaux, Aage Tanggaard, Ron Feuer, Richard Galliano, Peter Erskine, Klaus Paier, Renzo Ruggieri, Massimo Tagliata, Pete Christlieb, Larry Koonse, Simone Zanchini, Andy Simpkins, Bob Shepard, Frank Rosolino, Jim Hall, Abraham Laboriel, Grant Geissman, Luis Conte and Stix Hooper just to name a few.

Private life[link]

Frank and Anne Marocco had three daughters, Cynthia, Lisa and Venetia. Cynthia pursued a music career. She studied the flute and at age 13, had the distinction of being the youngest player in the American Youth Symphony, a group of high school and college musicians directed by Mehli Mehta. Lisa, attracted to dance, became a professional pair skater and toured for several seasons with the Ice Capades. Venetia was a physical Therapy instructor and is now a school teacher. The three Marocco daughters are married. Frank and Anne had eight grandchildren in all.

Marocco died on March 3, 2012 at his home in California’s San Fer­nando Val­ley. He had been hos­pi­tal­ized ear­lier at Cedars-Sinai Med­ical Cen­ter in Los Ange­les for com­pli­ca­tions fol­low­ing hip replace­ment surgery, his daugh­ter Cyn­thia said.^[4] He was 81 years old.^[5]

Recordings[link]

Jazz and Evergreens[link]

• "Two for the Road", Artist Signed Records 2011, together with Daniele di Bonaventura
• "CHANGES", Artist Signed Records 2010
• "Jazz on the Road", Karthause-Schmülling 2009
• "Cammino dritto", con Marea 2008
• "Be-bop buffet", 2006, together with Simone Zanchini
• "Just Friends", 2006
• "Back in Time", 2006
• Frank Marocco "Beyond the Sea" 2004-1-CD (Acoustic accordion, including French and Italian music)
• Frank Marocco Group "Appassionato" 2003-1-CD
• Frank Marocco Group "Made in Germany" CD
• Frank Marocco Quartet "Freedom Flight" SAB-010-CD
• "Brazilian Waltz" -Discovery-DS949-CD
• "Ballad for Anne" -Discovery-DS950-CD
• "A Nite in Marocco" AMNFM-03-CD
• "Frank Marocco Quintet Live" CD
• "Turn out the Stars" AMNFM 04 CD
• "Evergreens" Frank Marocco-AMNFM 02-CD, 1992
• "Like Frank Marocco", Verve

In addition to his solo recordings, Frank Marocco performed on numerous studio recordings as accompanist to various artists. His best-known contributions include Pet Sounds by Brian Wilson in 1966, and Crossroads by Tracy Chapman in 1989.^[3]

Classical Recordings[link]

• Recorded Kammermusic #1 (Hindemith) Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra
• Gerard Schwarz conducting on Nonesuch #79077
• American Ballet Company - "The Informer" with Mikhail Baryshnikov
• Pavorotti concert - Pacific Symphony
• Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra concert, conducted by Gerard Schwarz
• Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra concert - Maxim Shostakovitch
• San Diego Symphony concert - Maxim Shostakovitch
• Hollywood Bowl Orchestra concerts - Johnny Green, conducted by John Mauceri
• Roger Wagner Chorale concerts - Los Angeles Music Center
• Recorded the Music for Chekov plays, - Amundson Theater Los Angeles Music center
• Recorded Classical / Jazz Chamber Group concert - Chistopher Calliendo, Shoenberg Hall, University of California, Los Angeles
• Three Penny Opera - Los Angeles Philharmonic - conducted by John Adams
• La Scala Ballet Co. "Amarcord" Ballet- Orange county performing Arts Center
• Kurt Weill concert - John Anson Ford Theater Hollywood with Roger Kelloway and Robin Ford
• PDQ Bach concert with Pasadena Symphony - conducted by George Mester

Videos[link]

• Jazz Accordion in Concert, 1990, 1992, 1996, 2003 Four volumes with Ken Olendorf and Merle Allen Sanders^[6]

References[link]

External links[link]

• www.frankmarocco.com
• Frank Marocco at the Internet Movie Database

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2010)

Richard Galliano
Galliano performing in Stockholm in July 2009
Background information
Born	(1950-12-12) 12 December 1950 (age 61) France
Genres	Jazz
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Accordion, trombone, piano, bandoneón
Years active	1964–
Associated acts	Claude Nougaro
Website	Galliano's home page

Photo by Andrea Colombara

Richard Galliano (born December 12, 1950, Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes) is a French accordionist.^[1]

Biography[link]

He was drawn to music at an early age, starting with the accordion at 4,^[2] influenced by his father Lucien, an accordionist originally from Italy, living in Nice.

After a long and intense period of study (he took up lessons on the trombone, harmony, and counterpoint at the Academy of Music in Nice), at 14, in a search to expand his ideas on the accordion, he began listening to jazz and heard on records the great trumpet player Clifford Brown. "I copied all the choruses of Clifford Brown, impressed by his tone and his drive, his way of phrasing over the thunderous playing of Max Roach." Fascinated by this new world, Richard was amazed that the accordion had never been part of this musical adventure.

Some later collaborations include George Mraz, Brigitte Fontaine, Al Foster, Juliette Greco, Charles Aznavour, Ron Carter, Chet Baker, Enrico Rava, Martial Solal, Miroslav Vitouš, Trilok Gurtu, Jan Garbarek, Michel Petrucciani, Michel Portal, Eddy Louiss, Ivan Paduart, Anouar Brahem, Wynton Marsalis, and Toots Thielemans. He was a key member of Claude Nougaro's band for several years as a pianist and accordionist.

Discography[link]

As leader[link]

• Flyin' the Coop (1991), with Jimmy Gourley, 52e Rue Est
• New Musette (1991), with Pierre Michelot, Phillip Catherine, Aldo Romano
• Viaggio (1993), with Charles Bellonzi, Pierre Michelot and Bireli Lagrene
• Laurita (1995), with Palle Danielsson and Joey Baron, and guests Michel Portal, Toots Thielemans and Didier Lockwood
• New York Tango (1996), with Bireli Lagrene, George Mraz and Al Foster
• Panmanhattan (re-release) (1996), with Ron Carter
• Blow Up (1997), with clarinet, soprano saxophone and bandoneon player Michel Portal
• French Touch (1998), with Michel Portal, Jean-François Jenny-Clark and Daniel Humair (first session; May 1998), and André Ceccarelli, Remi Vignolo and J. M. Ecay (second session; June 1998)
• Spleen (1999)
• Passatori (1999)
• Gallianissimo!—The best of Richard Galliano (2001)
• Face to Face (2001), with organist Eddy Louiss
• Piazzolla Forever (2003), with string quartet, piano and double bass
• Concerts (2004), with Michel Portal
• Ruby, My Dear (2005), with Larry Grenadier and Clarence Penn, as the New York Trio
• Luz Negra (2006)
• Mare Nostrum (2007), with Jan Lundgren and Paolo Fresu
• L'Hymne a l'amour (2007), with Gary Burton, George Mraz, Clarence Penn
• Love Day (2008)

As sideman[link]

With Anouar Brahem

• Khomsa (ECM, 1994)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Galliano's home page

Jang Geum (fl. early 16th century; family name unknown) was reputedly the only female Royal Physician in Korean history. She was mentioned about seven times in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, albeit with very vague and sketchy details. It is known, however, that King Jungjong was pleased with Jang Geum's medical knowledge and trusted her with taking care of royal family members. Henceforth, Jang Geum became the third highest ranking officer in the Court, and was granted the use of Dae (which means "great" in Korean) before her first names.

Scholars still debate on whether Jang Geum is a real person, but there are sources that attests to Jang Geum as a real person^[1][2][3] .

It is worth noting that Jang Geum is still, to this day, the only female physician of a Korean head of state or government.

Mentions in Annals of the Joseon Dynasty[link]

Mentions of Jang Geum, or a "female doctor", happened on these occasions:

• March-April of 1515, when Jungjong's second wife (Queen Janggyeong) died as a result of complications from childbirth. Imperial court officers were trying to persuade the king to punish all medical women who treated the king's wife (including Jang Geum) severely. King Jungjong refused, saying that:
  • "Jang Geum deserves a big credit for her role in the safe childbirth of palace ladies, but I have never awarded her for her actions until now, because of other affairs. Now you (the court officers) are telling me to punish her because the Queen is dead, but I won't do that as well as I won't reward her. That's enough."

• 1524, when The Annals noted that:
  • "Dae Jang Geum was better than any other medical women in the Palace. As a result, she was permitted to look after the King"

• 1533, when The Annals quoted a comment by the King on his health:
  • "I have recovered from several month's sickness. The Royal Doctors and Pharmacists deserve praise. Jang-geum and Kye-geum, the two medical women, also will be rewarded with 15 rice bags, 15 bean sacks, and 10 cloths, respectively."

• January 29, 1544, when The Annals quoted an order issued by the King:
  • "I haven't executed my duties for a long time since I caught a cold. A few days ago, I attended an academic seminar (to discuss philosophies), but the cold weather made my condition worse. I already told Bak Se-geo and Hong Chim, the royal doctors, and top medical woman Dae Jang-geum to discuss about the prescription. Let the Medical Minister know that."

• February 9, 1544, when The Annals said the King praised Dae Jang Geum for his recovery from a cold.

• October 25, 1544, when The Annals recorded a conversation between an Imperial Minister and Jang Geum on the King's health, which is rapidly deteriorating. Jang Geum was quoted for saying this:
  • "He (the King) slept around midnight yesterday, and has also slept for a short time at dawn. He just passed his urine, but has been constipated for more than 3 days."

• October 26, 1544, when The Annals quoted this from the King:
  • I'm still constipated. What prescription should be made is under discussion. The female doctor (Dae Jang Geum) knows all about my condition." Later, Jang-geum explained her prescription for the king's symptoms to the ministers.

• October 29, 1544, when The Annals reported that the King has recovered and he granted all his medical officers a holiday. (The 56 years old King eventually died 17 days later, on November 15, 1544.)

The entry on October 29, 1544 was the last entry regarding Jang Geum.

Mention in other medical annals[link]

Jang Geum was also mentioned in a book title " Yi dynasty Medical Officer's Journal". The following was a text regarding Jang Geum's origins and achievements, as recorded in the medical journal.

"Medical Lady Jang Geum, whose origins canot be traced, received the right to be called 'Dae Jang Geum" under an edict issued by the 11th King of Korea, Jungjong, in the 18th year of his reign [1524-1525]. At that time, there was no precedent of a Medical Lady treating a King, but the Emperor trusted in Jang Geum's method of treating illness with food. Jang Geum, with the granting of the right to use "Dae" in her name, is certainly an epic lady whose name will be recorded in the history books."

Portrayal in television[link]

Jang Geum was portrayed in the popular Korean drama series Dae Jang Geum (also known as Jewel in the Palace) by Lee Young Ae. The show was critically well received and was an incredible ratings success in many Asian countries. However, the portrayal of Jang Geum in this series is considered to be fictionalized because Jang Geum was portrayed as a Palace Chef-turned-Medical Lady. This is mainly because of the vague details on Jang-Geum's Life.

See also[link]

• Joseon Dynasty
• List of Koreans

References[link]

1. ^ "Daejanggeum (Jewel in the Palace)". Korea Tourism Organization. http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/CU/CU_EN_8_5_1_6.jsp. Retrieved 21 February 2012. "...only woman to serve as head physician to the King in the rigidly hierarchical and male-dominated social structure of the Joseon Dynasty." 
2. ^ "Daejanggeum spurs continuing interest in royal court cuisine". Hancinema. 8 January 2009. http://www.hancinema.net/daejanggeum-spurs-continuing-interest-in-royal-court-cuisine-17593.html. Retrieved 21 February 2012. "Janggeum was a real person, mentioned in Joseon Dynasty annals who lived in Korea some 500 years ago." 
3. ^ Shin, Myung-Ho (2008). "Annals of Joseon History Brought To Life by the Digital Era". http://koreana.kf.or.kr/pdf_file/2008/2008_AUTUMN_E022.pdf. Retrieved 21 February 2012. "When the producer Lee Byung Hoon was working on the historical drama “Heo Jun,” he came across a noteworthy passage while searching the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty for information about Heo Jun (1539-1615), a Joseon court physician who attended the royal family. It was a statement by King Jungjong (r. 1506-1544) who declared: “No one knows my illnesses as well as Jang Geum.”" 

Jim Carroll
Carroll in Seattle in 2000
Born	James Dennis Carroll (1949-08-01)August 1, 1949 United States
Died	September 11, 2009(2009-09-11) (aged 60) New York, New York, U.S.
Nationality	American
Occupation	Author, poet, musician, autobiographer
Years active	1967–2009
Known for	The Basketball Diaries
Influenced by	Rainer Maria Rilke, Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery, James Schuyler [1], Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs [2]
Influenced	Irvine Welsh, Danny Sugarman, James O'Barr, Harmony Korine, Pete Townshend [3]

James Dennis "Jim" Carroll (August 1, 1949^[1] – September 11, 2009) was an author, poet, autobiographer, and punk musician. Carroll was best known for his 1978 autobiographical work The Basketball Diaries, which was made into the 1995 film of the same name, starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Carroll.

Biography[link]

Carroll was born to a working-class family of Irish descent, and grew up on New York's Lower East Side, and when he was fifteen the family moved uptown to Inwood.^[2] He attended Roman Catholic grammar schools from 1955 to 1963. In fall 1963, he entered public school, but was soon awarded a scholarship to the elite Trinity School. He attended Trinity from 1964-1968.

Apart from being interested in writing, Carroll was an all-star basketball player throughout his grade school and high school career. He entered the "Biddy League" at age 13 and participated in the National High School All Star Game in 1966. During this time, Carroll was living a double life as a heroin addict who prostituted himself to afford his habit but he was also writing poems and attending poetry workshops at St. Mark's Poetry Project.

He briefly attended Wagner College and Columbia University.^[3]

Literary career[link]

While still in high school, Carroll published his first collection of poems, Organic Trains. Already attracting the attention of the local literati, his work began appearing in the Poetry Project's magazine The World in 1967. Soon his work was being published in elite literary magazines like Paris Review in 1968,^[2] and Poetry the following year. In 1970, his second collection of poems, 4 Ups and 1 Down was published, and he started working for Andy Warhol. At first, he was writing film dialogue and inventing character names; later on, Carroll worked as the co-manager of Warhol's Theater. Carroll's first publication by a mainstream publisher (Grossman Publishers), the poetry collection Living At The Movies, was published in 1973.^[4]

In 1978, Carroll published The Basketball Diaries, an autobiographical book concerning his life as a teenager in New York City's hard drug culture. Diaries is an edited collection of the diaries he kept between the ages of twelve and sixteen, detailing his sexual experiences, high school basketball career, and his addiction to heroin, which began when he was 13.

In 1987, Carroll wrote a second memoir entitled Forced Entries: The Downtown Diaries 1971-1973, continuing his autobiography into his early adulthood in the New York City music and art scene as well as his struggle to kick his drug habit.

After working as a musician, Carroll returned to writing full time in the mid-1980s and began to appear regularly on the spoken word circuit. Starting in 1991, Carroll performed readings from his then-in-progress first novel, The Petting Zoo.^[5]

Music career[link]

In 1978, after he moved to California to get a fresh start since kicking his heroin addiction, Carroll formed The Jim Carroll Band, a New Wave/punk rock group, with encouragement from Patti Smith, with whom he once shared an apartment in New York City along with Robert Mapplethorpe.^[6] The band was formerly called Amsterdam, based in the San Francisco Bay Area. The musicians were Steve Linsley (bass), Wayne Woods (drums), Brian Linsley and Terrell Winn (guitars). They released a single "People Who Died", from their 1980 debut album, Catholic Boy. The album featured contributions from Allen Lanier and Bobby Keys. The song appeared in the 1985 Kim Richards vehicle Tuff Turf starring James Spader and Robert Downey Jr. (which also featured a cameo appearance by the band), as well as 2004's Dawn of the Dead. It was also featured in the 1995 film The Basketball Diaries (based on Jim Carroll's autobiography), and was covered by John Cale on his Antártida soundtrack. A condensed, 2-minute, version of the song was made into an animated music video by Daniel D. Cooper, an independent filmmaker/animator, in 2010. The song's title was based on a poem by Ted Berrigan.^[7] Later albums were Dry Dreams (1982) and I Write Your Name (1983), both with contributions from Lenny Kaye and Paul Sanchez. Carroll also collaborated with musicians Lou Reed, Blue Öyster Cult, Boz Scaggs, Ray Manzarek of The Doors, Pearl Jam, Electric Light Orchestra and Rancid.

Death[link]

Carroll, 60, died of a heart attack at his Manhattan home on September 11, 2009.^[1] According to a report, he was at his desk working when he died.^[8]

His funeral Mass was held at Our Lady of Pompeii Roman Catholic Church on Carmine St. in Greenwich Village.

Books[link]

Poetry[link]

Jim Carroll in New York, NY (2005)

• Organic Trains (1967)
• 4 Ups and 1 Down (1970)
• Living at the Movies (1973)
• The Book of Nods (1986)
• Fear of Dreaming (1993)
• Void of Course: Poems 1994-1997 (1998) ISBN 0-14-058909-0

Prose[link]

• The Basketball Diaries (1978)
• Forced Entries: The Downtown Diaries 1971-1973 (1987)
• The Petting Zoo (2010),^[9][10]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Catholic Boy (1980)
• Dry Dreams (1982)
• I Write Your Name (1983)
• A World Without Gravity: Best of The Jim Carroll Band (1993)
• Pools of Mercury (1998)
• Runaway EP (2000)

Spoken word[link]

• Praying Mantis (1991) (Re-released 2008)
• The Basketball Diaries (1994)
• Pools of Mercury (1998)

Collaborations[link]

• Club Ninja, Blue Öyster Cult (1986)
• Other Roads, Boz Scaggs (1988)
• Between Thought and Expression: The Lou Reed Anthology, Lou Reed (1992)
• ...And Out Come the Wolves, Rancid (1995)
• Catholic Boy, [Pearl Jam] (1995)
• Feeling You Up, Truly (1997)
• Yes I Ram, Jon Tiven Group (1999)

Compilations and soundtracks[link]

• E.T. The Extra Terrestrial Soundtrack (1982)
• Tuff Turf Soundtrack (1985)
• Back to the Streets: Celebrating the Music of Don Covay (1993)
• Sedated in the Eighties (1993)
• New Wave Dance Hits: Just Can't Get Enough, Vol. 6 (1994)
• The Basketball Diaries (soundtrack) (1995)
• Put Your Tongue to the Rail: The Philly Comp for Catholic Children (Songs of the Jim Carroll Band) (1999)
• WBCN Naked 2000 (2000)
• Dawn of the Dead (2004)
• The Darwin Awards (2005)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jim Carroll

• CatholicBoy.com
• AP Obituary in the New York Times
• Internet Movie Database
• Jim Carroll's memorial at Find A Grave