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A chief technology officer (or chief technical officer; CTO) is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupant is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization. The role became prominent with the ascent of the information technology (IT) industry, but has since become prevalent in technology-based industries of all types (e.g. biotechnology, energy, etc.). As a corporate officer position, the CTO typically reports directly to the chief executive officer (CEO) and is primarily concerned with long-term and "big picture" issues (while still having deep technical knowledge of the relevant field). Depending on company structure and hierarchy, there may also be positions such as director of R&D and vice president of engineering whom the CTO interacts with or oversees. The CTO also needs a working familiarity with regulatory (e.g. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Consumer Product Safety Commission, as applicable) and intellectual property (IP) issues (e.g. patents, trade secrets, license contracts), and an ability to interface with legal counsel to incorporate those considerations into strategic planning and inter-company negotiations.

Contrast with chief information officer (CIO)[link]

The focus of a CTO may be contrasted with that of a CIO. A CIO is likely to solve organizational problems through acquiring and adapting existing technologies (especially those of an IT nature), whereas a CTO principally oversees development of new technologies (of various types). Many large companies have both positions.

Another major distinction is between technologies that a firm seeks to actually develop to commercialize itself vs. technologies that support or enable a firm to carry out its ongoing operations. A CTO is focused on technology integral to products being sold to customers or clients, while a CIO is a more internally oriented position focused on technology needed for running the company (and in IT fields, for maintaining foundational software platforms for any new applications). Accordingly, a CTO is more likely to be integrally involved with formulating intellectual property (IP) strategies and exploiting proprietary technologies.

In an enterprise whose primary technology concerns are addressable by ready-made technologies (which, by definition, is not the case for any companies whose very purpose is to develop new technologies), a CIO might be the primary officer overseeing technology issues at the executive level. In an enterprise whose primary technology concerns do involve developing (or marketing) new technologies, a CTO is more likely to be the primary representative of these concerns at the executive level.

Contrast with chief science officer (CSO)[link]

In some organizations, the CTO may also hold the chief science officer (CSO) title. Alternatively, a company could have one or the other, or both occupied by separate people. Often, a CSO exists in heavily research-oriented companies, while a CTO exists in product-development-focused companies. The typical category of research and development that exists in many science and technology companies could be led by either post, depending on which area is the organization's primary focus.

A CSO almost always has a basic or pure science background and an advanced degree, whereas a CTO often has a background in engineering - and possibly business development.

Genesis of the CTO[link]

In many older industries (whose existence may predate IT automation) such as manufacturing, shipping or banking, an executive role of CIO would often arise out of the process of automating existing activities; in these cases, any CTO-like role would only emerge if and when efforts would be made to develop truly novel technologies (either for facilitating internal operations or for enhancing products/services being provided), perhaps through "intrapreneuring."

CTO of the United States[link]

In March of 2012, Todd Park took over the role of Chief Technology Officer, after Aneesh Chopra had stepped down.
Previously, U.S. President Barack Obama appointed Chopra the United States' first chief technology officer in April 2009.

References[link]

^[1]

Bruce Schneier
Born	(1963-01-15) January 15, 1963 (age 49)[1] New York City, New York
Residence	United States
Citizenship	American
Fields	Computer science
Institutions	Counterpane Internet Security Bell Labs United States Department of Defense BT Group
Alma mater	American University University of Rochester
Known for	Cryptography, security

Bruce Schneier ( /ˈʃnaɪər/; born January 15, 1963^[1]) is an American cryptographer, computer security specialist, and writer. He is the author of several books on general security topics, computer security and cryptography, and is the founder and chief technology officer of BT Managed Security Solutions, formerly Counterpane Internet Security, Inc.

A son of Martin Schneier, a Brooklyn Supreme Court judge, Bruce grew up in Flatbush, attending P.S. 139 and Hunter High School.^[2] After receiving a physics bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester in 1984,^[3] he went to the American University in Washington, D.C. and got his master's degree in computer science in 1988.^[4] He was awarded an honorary Ph.D from the University of Westminster in London, England in November 2011. The award was made by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science in recognition of Schneier's 'hard work and contribution to industry and public life'.

Writings on computer security and general security[link]

In 1994, Schneier published "Applied Cryptography", which details the design, use, and implementation of cryptographic algorithms. More recently he published "Cryptography Engineering", which is focused more on how to use cryptography in real systems and less on its internal design. He has also written books on security for a broader audience. In 2000, Schneier published Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World. In 2003, Schneier published Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World.

Schneier writes a freely available monthly Internet newsletter on computer and other security issues, Crypto-Gram, as well as a security weblog, Schneier on Security.^[5] The weblog started out as a way to publish essays before they appeared in Crypto-Gram, making it possible for others to comment on them while the stories were still current, but over time the newsletter became a monthly email version of the blog, re-edited and re-organized.^{[6][citation needed]} Schneier is frequently quoted in the press on computer and other security issues, pointing out flaws in security and cryptographic implementations ranging from biometrics to airline security after the September 11 attacks. He also writes "Security Matters", a regular column for Wired Magazine.^[7]

Schneier revealed on his blog that in the December 2004 issue of the SIGCSE Bulletin, three Pakistani academics, Khawaja Amer Hayat, Umar Waqar Anis, and S. Tauseef-ur-Rehman, from the International Islamic University in Islamabad, Pakistan, plagiarized an article written by Schneier and got it published.^[8] The same academics subsequently plagiarized another article by Ville Hallivuori on "Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) security" as well.^[8] Schneier complained to the editors of the periodical, which generated a minor controversy.^[9] The editor of the SIGCSE Bulletin removed the paper from their website and demanded official letters of admission and apology. Schneier noted on his blog that International Islamic University personnel had requested him "to close comments in this blog entry"; Schneier refused to close comments on the blog, but he did delete posts which he deemed "incoherent or hostile".^[8]

Viewpoints[link]

Cryptography[link]

To Schneier, peer review and expert analysis are important for the security of cryptographic systems.^[10] Mathematical cryptography is usually not the weakest link in a security chain; effective security requires that cryptography be combined with other things.^[11]

DRM[link]

Schneier is critical of digital rights management (DRM) and has said that it allows a vendor to increase "lock in."^[12] Proper implementation of control-based security for the user via trusted computing is very difficult, and security is not the same thing as control.^[12]

Homeland security[link]

Schneier has said that homeland security money should be spent on intelligence, investigation, and emergency response.^[13] Defending against the broad threat of terrorism is generally better than focusing on specific potential terrorist plots.^[13] According to Schneier, analysis of intelligence data is difficult but is one of the better ways to deal with global terrorism.^[14] Human intelligence has advantages over automated and computerized analysis, and increasing the amount of intelligence data that is gathered does not help to improve the analysis process.^[14] Agencies that were designed around fighting the Cold War may have a culture that inhibits the sharing of information; the practice of sharing information is more important and less of a security threat in itself when dealing with more decentralized and poorly funded adversaries such as al Qaeda.^[15]

Regarding PETN- the explosive that has become the terrorists’ weapon of choice- Schneier has written that only swabs and dogs can detect it. He also believes that changes to airport security since 11 September 2001 have done more harm than good and defeated former head of the Transportation Security Administration, Kip Hawley, in an Economist online debate by 87% to 13% regarding the issue.^[16]

System design[link]

Schneier has criticized security approaches that try to prevent any malicious incursion, instead arguing that designing systems to fail well is more important.^[17] The designer of a system should not underestimate the capabilities of an attacker; technology may make it possible in the future to do things that are not possible at the present.^[10] Under Kerckhoffs's Principle, the need for one or more parts of a cryptographic system to remain secret increases the fragility of the system; whether details about a system should be obscured depends upon the availability of persons who can make use of the information for beneficial uses versus the potential for attackers to misuse the information.^[18]

"Secrecy and security aren't the same, even though it may seem that way. Only bad security relies on secrecy; good security works even if all the details of it are public."^[19]

Full disclosure[link]

Schneier is a proponent of full disclosure, i.e. making security issues public.

"If researchers don’t go public, things don’t get fixed. Companies don't see it as a security problem; they see it as a PR problem."^[20]

Other writing[link]

Schneier and Karen Cooper were nominated in 2000 for the Hugo Award, in the category of Best Related Book, for their Minicon 34 Restaurant Guide, a work originally published for the Minneapolis science fiction convention Minicon which gained a readership internationally in science fiction fandom for its wit and good humor.^[21]

Cryptographic algorithms[link]

Schneier has been involved in the creation of many cryptographic algorithms.

Hash functions:

• Skein

Stream ciphers:

• Solitaire
• Phelix
• Helix

Pseudo-random number generators:

• Fortuna
• Yarrow algorithm

Block ciphers:

• Twofish
• Blowfish
• Threefish
• MacGuffin

Publications[link]

• Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, 1994. ISBN 0-471-59756-2
• Schneier, Bruce. Protect Your Macintosh, Peachpit Press, 1994. ISBN 1-56609-101-2
• Schneier, Bruce. E-Mail Security, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. ISBN 0-471-05318-X
• Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0-471-11709-9
• Schneier, Bruce; Kelsey, John; Whiting, Doug; Wagner, David; Hall, Chris; Ferguson, Niels. The Twofish Encryption Algorithm, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0-471-35381-7
• Schneier, Bruce; Banisar, David. The Electronic Privacy Papers, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. ISBN 0-471-12297-1
• Schneier, Bruce. Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. ISBN 0-471-25311-1
• Schneier, Bruce. Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World, Copernicus Books, 2003. ISBN 0-387-02620-7
• Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce. Practical Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN 0-471-22357-3
• Schneier, Bruce. Schneier on Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-39535-6
• Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce; Kohno, Tadayoshi. Cryptography Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-47424-2
• Schneier, Bruce. Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ISBN 978-1-118-14330-8

See also[link]

• Attack tree
• Failing badly
• Security theater
• Schneier's Law
• Snake oil (cryptography)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bruce Schneier

• Personal website, Schneier.com
• Talking security with Bruce Almighty
• Schneier at the 2009 RSA conference, video with Schneier participating on the Cryptographer's Panel, April 21, 2009, Moscone Center, San Francisco
• Bruce Schneier Facts (Parody)
• Bruce Schneier on Real Law Radio, Bruce talks with Bob DiCello on the legal news talk radio program, Real Law Radio, about the case involving a Philadelphia school that allegedly spied on its students via the webcam on their computers (Podcasts/Saturday February 27, 2010).

Dr. Werner Vogels
Werner Vogels
Born	(1958-10-03) October 3, 1958 (age 53) Ermelo, The Netherlands
Occupation	VP and CTO of Amazon.com

Werner Vogels is the Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Amazon.com in Seattle, Washington.

In charge of driving technology innovation within the company, Vogels has broad internal and external responsibilities. He is the only executive apart from Amazon’s CEO Jeff Bezos to speak publicly on behalf of Amazon.com.

Career[link]

From 1994 until 2004, Dr. Vogels was a research scientist at the Computer Science Department of Cornell University. He mainly conducted research in scalable reliable enterprise systems. From 1999 through 2002 he also held a Vice President and Chief Technology position at Reliable Network Solutions, Inc. From 1991 through 1994 he was a senior researcher at INESC in Lisbon, Portugal. Vogels received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, The Netherlands with Prof. Henri Bal and Prof. Andy Tanenbaum as his advisors.^[1] He is the author of many conference and journal articles, mainly on distributed systems technologies for enterprise computing systems.

He joined Amazon in September 2004 as the Director of Systems Research. He was named Chief Technology Officer in January 2005 and Vice President, World-wide Architecture in March of that year.

Vogels maintains a technology oriented weblog named “All Things Distributed” which he started in 2001 while he was still a scientist at Cornell.^[2] It was mainly used to discuss early results of his research. After he joined Amazon.com the nature of the weblog changed to more product oriented with some general technology and industry writings.

Vogels described the deep technical nature of Amazon's infrastructure work in a paper about Amazon's Dynamo, the storage engine for the Amazon Shopping Cart.^[3] He is in general regarded as one of the world's top experts on ultra-scalable systems and he uses his weblog to educate the community about issues such as eventual consistency.

During 2008 it became evident that Vogels was one of the architects behind Amazon’s approach to Cloud Computing, the Amazon Web Services (AWS). During that year Vogels was continuously on the road to promote Cloud Computing and AWS and its benefits to the industry.

Awards[link]

Information Week recognized Vogels for educational and promotional role in Cloud Computing with the 2008 CIO/CTO of the Year award.^[4] In an accompanying interview with Vogels provides some details of the history of his work at Amazon.^[5]

Other awards include the 2009 Media Momentum Personality of the Year Award.^[6] In 2010 readers of ReadWriteWeb voted on the "Cloud's Most Influential Executive" and selected Vogels with a double digit margin.^[7]

Private life[link]

Vogels is married to Annet Vogels, a former musician with the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra. They have two daughters, Laura Vogels and Kim Vogels, who both studied Drama and Theater Arts in London, UK and moved to New York City after completing their studies.

References[link]

1. ^ Scalable Cluster Technologies for Mission Critical Enterprise Computing
2. ^ All Things Distributed Weblog
3. ^ Dynamo: Amazon’s Highly Available Key-value Store, SOSP, 2007
4. ^ Chief of the Year; Amazon CTO Werner Vogels
5. ^ Q&A: Amazon CTO Werner Vogels
6. ^ "Europe’s fastest growing digital media companies 2009". Media Momentum. http://de.buyvip.com/mediadecorator/pdf/MML09.pdf. Retrieved 2 September 2011. 
7. ^ Williams, Alex. "Weekly Poll: Who is the Cloud's Most Influential Executive?". ReadWriteWeb. http://www.readwriteweb.com/cloud/2010/09/weekly-poll-who-is-the-clouds.php. Retrieved 2 September 2011. 

External links[link]

• A conversation with Werner Vogels, the CTO of Amazon, ACM Queue vol.4, no.4 - May 2006.
• A podcast interview with Vogels on architecture and distributed systems, Software Engineering Radio, Episode 40, Dec 2006.
• Discipline and Focus, ACM QueueCast Interview, 2006

Julian Rachlin, concert in Tel Aviv, December 2011

Julian Rachlin (born 8 December 1974) is a Lithuanian-born violinist and violist.

Biography[link]

Background and early life[link]

Born in Vilnius, he emigrated in 1978 with his musician parents to Austria. In 1983, he entered the Konservatorium Wien and studied violin in the Soviet tradition with Boris Kuschnir, while also receiving private lessons from Pinchas Zukerman. His career as a child prodigy began with his first public concert in 1984.

In 1988, he took the title of Eurovision Young Musician of the Year, which led to his being invited to appear at the Berlin Festival with conductor Lorin Maazel and to his becoming the youngest soloist to ever play with the Vienna Philharmonic, under the direction of Riccardo Muti.

His career[link]

In the development of his career, Rachlin has enjoyed collaborations with some of the most illustrious maestros in Europe and the United States, including Vladimir Ashkenazy, Bernard Haitink, James Levine, Zubin Mehta, and André Previn.

In 2000, he joined Rostropovich and Yuri Bashmet, among others, in the premiere of Krzysztof Penderecki's Sextet. The same year, Rachlin also founded his own music festival in Dubrovnik, "Julian Rachlin and Friends". Since 2000, he has also played the concerto and chamber repertoire for the viola.

In 2005, Rachlin made his Carnegie Hall debut when he performed with the New York Philharmonic under Maazel.^[1]

Other performances[link]

Besides performing violin concertos, Rachlin also performs chamber music with such artists as Martha Argerich, Itamar Golan, Natalia Gutman, Gidon Kremer, Mischa Maisky, and used to perform with Mstislav Rostropovich.

Rachlin's recordings of the violin concertos of Brahms, Sibelius, and Tchaikovsky, as well as of Shostakovich's Sonata for Viola and Piano, op. 147, have been lauded by music critics.

Rachlin's former girlfriend was the renowned Dutch violinist Janine Jansen.

He performed with The Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO)on April, 2009.^[2].

2009 he performed at the [Eilat] Festival in Israel, and shared stage with Aleksey Igudesman, Pavel Vernikov, Aisha Syed, Boris Kushnir, and Maxim Vengerov^[3]

In 2011, he declined the invitation to play in the Miyazaki Prefecture due to radiation concerns in Japan from Fukushima I nuclear accidents. However, Miyazaki Prefecture as well as much of Western part of Japan were not affected by the recent disasters or radiation. Proceeds from the concert went to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Victim^[4].

Awards[link]

In 2000, he was rewarded with the prestigious International Prize of the Accademia Musicale Chigiana of Siena.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• The Stars April 23, 2009 [1]
• The New Yorkj times [2]

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