Umar

Wednesday, 16 January 2013

Sahabat Nabiyullah Umar Bin Khattab RA..FLV (Trailler Film of Omar)

Taj Tarik Bey and DR.Umar ABDULLAH Johnson 2011

#MBC1 - #OmarSeries - Ep1 - English Subtitles

DR. UMAR Abdullah Johnson Exposes Obama and Many More!!!

Professor Griff and Dr. Umar Abdullah Johnson FULL LECTURE DVD 2 of 2

Solah Baras Ki Baali Umar - Kamal Hasan & Rati Agnihotri - Ek Duje Ke Liye

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Amsar
Amsar is a village and municipality in the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 2,475.

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Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.

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Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīrat al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب Ǧazīrat al 'Arab‎) is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km² (1,250,000 mi²). The area is an important part of the Asian continent and plays a critical geopolitical role of the Middle East and Arab World due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56-23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
The Arabian Peninsula is located in the Asia continent and bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest, and the Red Sea on the southwest and west. The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

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Armenia
Armenia ⁱ/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.

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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (ⁱ/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.

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Basra
Basra (Arabic: البصرة‎; BGN: Al Baṣrah) is the capital of Basra Governorate, in southern Iraq near Kuwait and Iran. It had an estimated population of two million as of 2009. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is handled at the port of Umm Qasr.
The city is part of the historic location of Sumer, the home of Sinbad the Sailor, and a proposed location of the Garden of Eden. It also played an important role in early Islamic history, being built in 636 CE, or 14 AH. It is Iraq's second largest and most populous city after Baghdad.
The city was called by many names throughout its history, Basrah being the most common. Although some Chaldean Christians argue that the name has Akkadian roots, other sources claim that the name is derived from the Persian word Bas-rah, which means "where many paths meet". During the pre-Islamic era, the area was known to the Arabs as al-Khariba due to the existence of an ancient city called al-Kharba. After the present city was built, it was called by many names, including "the mother of Iraq", "the reservoir of Arabs", "the prosperous city", and "al-Faiha".

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Battle of Badr
The Battle of Badr (Arabic: غزوة بدر‎), fought Saturday, 13 March 624 AD (17 Ramadan, 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. Most contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, recorded in written form some time after the battle.
Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624, as the Muslim ghazawāt (prophet-led battles) had become more frequent. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including Muhammad's chief antagonist, 'Amr ibn Hishām.^{[citation needed]} For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims.^{[citation needed]} The Muslim victory also signalled other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad’s position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina.^{[citation needed]}

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Battle of Hunayn
The Battle of Hunain was fought between Muhammad and his followers against the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin and its subsection the Thaqif in 630 in a valley on one of the roads leading from Mecca to al-Ta'if. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims, who captured enormous spoils. The Battle of Hunayn is one of only two battles mentioned in the Qur'an by name, in Sura ^{[Quran 9:25]}.
The conquest of Makkah astounded both the Arabs and other tribes, who realized that they were doomed and had to submit. Some of the fierce, powerful proud tribes did not submit to Islam and favoured resistance. Ahead of these were the septs of Hawazin and Thaqif. Nasr, Jashm and Sa‘d bin Bakr and people of Bani Hilal. According to the Muslim scholar Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri "They thought that they were too mighty to admit or surrender to such a victory". So they met Malik bin ‘Awf An-Nasri and made up their mind to proceed fighting against the Muslims.
The Hawazin and their allies, the Thaqif, began mobilizing their forces when they learnt from their spies that Muhammad and his army had departed from Medina to begin an assault on Mecca. The confederates apparently hoped to attack the Muslim army while it besieged Mecca. Muhammad, however, uncovered their intentions through his own spies in the camp of the Hawazin, and marched against the Hawazin just two weeks after the conquest of Mecca with a force of 12,000 men. Only four weeks had elapsed since quitting Medina.

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Battle of Tabouk
The Battle of Tabouk (also called the Battle of Tabuk) was a military expedition, which, according to Muslim biographies, was initiated by the Prophet Muhammad in October, AD 630. Muhammad led a force of as many as 30,000 north to Tabouk in present-day northwestern Saudi Arabia, with the intention of engaging the Byzantine army. Though not a battle in the typical sense, if historical the event would represent the opening conflict in the coming Byzantine-Arab wars. There is no contemporary Byzantine account of the events, and much of the details come from later Muslim sources. Noting this, as well as the fact that the armies never met, some Western scholars have questioned the authenticity of the details surrounding the event; though in the Arab world it is widely held as historical.
According to Ar-Rahīq al-Makhtum, a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Saif ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, the reason for war against the Byzantine Empire, was that one of Muhammad's ambassadors was killed by Sharhabeel bin ‘Amr Al-Ghassani (the governor of Al-Balqa). This immediately led to the Battle of Mutah. But Mubarakpuri also claims that event was one of the reasons of the Battle of Tabouk also. Mubarakpuri further mentions that the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Heraclius was preparing a force to demolish the growing Muslim power in the region.

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Byzantine Armenia
Byzantine Armenia is the name given to the Armenian part of the Byzantine Empire. The size of the territory varied over time, depending on the degree of control the Byzantines had over Armenia.
The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires divided Armenia in 387 and in 428. Western Armenia fell under Byzantine rule, and Eastern Armenia fell under Sassanid control. Even after the establishment of the Bagratid Armenian Kingdom, parts of historic Armenia and Armenian-inhabited areas were still under Byzantine rule.
The Armenians had no representation in the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451, because they were struggling against the Sassanids in an armed rebellion. For that reason, there appeared a theological drift between Armenian and Byzantine Christianity.
Regardless, many Armenians became successful in the Byzantine Empire. One out of five Byzantine emperors and empresses were ethnically Armenian or half-Armenian; although culturally Greek. The best example of this is Emperor Heraclius, whose father was Armenian and mother Cappadocian. Emperor Heraclius began the Heraclean Dynasty (610-717). Basil I is another example of an Armenian beginning a dynasty; the Macedonian dynasty. Other great emperors were Romanos I, John I Tzimiskes, and Nikephoros II.

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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة‎ al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر‎), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.

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Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia (for endonyms, see below), is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, which contain Europe's highest mountain, Mt. Elbrus. Politically, the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts.
The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus.
The Ciscaucasus contains the larger majority of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range, also known as the Major Caucasus mountains. It includes Southwestern Russia and northern parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
The Transcaucasus is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by the Black Sea and Turkey, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the south by Iran. It includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan (excluding the northern parts) and Georgia (excluding the northern parts) are in South Caucasus.

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Cyrenaica
Cyrenaica ( /saɪrɨˈneɪ.ɨkə/ SY-rə-NAY-ə-kə; Ancient Greek: Κυρηναϊκή, after the city of Cyrene; Arabic: برقة‎ Barqah; Berber: Berqa) is the historical name of the eastern region in Libya, which self-declared autonomy. In a tribal meeting the National Federal Bloc party declared Cyrenaica as self-autonomous region, but no actual authority has been observed on the ground, as the National Transitional Council still the defacto authority in all of Libya. Also known as Pentapolis in antiquity, it was part of the Creta et Cyrenaica province during the Roman period, later divided in Libia Pentapolis and Libia Sicca. During the Islamic period, the area came to be known as Barqa, after the city of Barca.
Cyrenaica was the name of an administrative division of Italian Libya from 1927 through 1943, then under British military and civil administration from 1943 through 1951, and finally in the Kingdom of Libya from 1951 through 1963. In a wider sense, which is still used, Cyrenaica is composed of all of the eastern part of Libya, including the Kufra District. Cyrenaica is adjacent to Tripolitania in the northwest and Fezzan in the southwest. The region that used to be Cyrenaica officially through 1963 is now divided up into several shabiyat, the administrative divisions of Libya.

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Fars Province
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E / 29.617; 52.533
Fars Province (Persian: استان فارس‎ Ostān-e Fārs pronounced [fɑː(r)s]), originally spelled Pars (پارس), is one of the 31 provinces and known as Cultural Capital of Iran. It is in the south of the country and its center is Shiraz. It has an area of 122,400 km². In 2006, this province had a population of 4.57 million people, of which 61.2% were registered as urban dwellers, 38.1% villagers, and 0.7% nomad tribes. The etymology of the word "Persian" (Pārs-ian : پارسیان) is derived from the cultural capital of Iran and found in many ancient names associated with Iran.
Fars or Pars is the original homeland of the Persian people. The native name of the Persian language is Fârsi or Pârsi. Persia and Persian both derive from the Hellenized form Πέρσις Persis of the root word Pârs. The Old Persian word was Pârsâ.
The word Fars is derived from 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 Pârsa, the Old Persian name for Persia and its capital, Persepolis. Fars is the Arabized version of Pârs, as Arabic has no [p] phoneme.

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Fezzan
Fezzan ( /fɛˈzɑːn/; Arabic: فزان‎ Fizzān, Berber: Fezzan, Turkish: Fizan, Latin: Phasania) is a south western region of modern Libya. It is largely desert but broken by mountains, uplands, and dry river valleys (wadis) in the north, where oases enable ancient towns and villages to survive deep in the otherwise inhospitable Sahara.
Fezzan derives from the region's Latin Roman name Phasania or Phazania, which may mean "the country of the pheasants" or is related to the Biblical name Phut.
Fezzan is crossed in the north by the Ash-Shati Valley (Wadi Al Shatii) and in the west by the Wadi Irawan. These two areas, along with portions of the Tibesti Mountains crossing the Chadian border and a sprinkling of remote oases and border posts, are the only parts of the Fezzan able to support settled populations. Large dune seas known as ergs cover much of the remaining land.
From the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE, Fezzan was home to the Garamantian Empire, a state which operated the Trans-Saharan trade routes successively between Carthage and the Roman Empire in North Africa and Sahelian states of west and central Africa.

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Homs
Homs (Arabic: حمص‎ Ḥimṣ), previously known as Emesa (Greek: Ἔμεσα, Emesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is 501 metres (1,644 ft) above sea level and is located 162 kilometres (101 mi) north of Damascus. Located on the Orontes River, Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast.
Homs is a major industrial center, and with a population of at least 652,609 people (2004 census), it is the third largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south. Its population reflects Syria's general religious diversity, composed mostly of Arabic-speaking Sunni Muslims and Alawite and Christian minorities. The city boasts a number of historic mosques and churches and is close to the Krak des Chevaliers, a world heritage site.
Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st-century BCE at the time of the Seleucids. It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesani dynasty who gave the city its name. Originally a center of worship for the sun god El-Gabal, it later gained importance in Christianity under the Byzantines. Homs was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th-century and made capital of a district that bore its current name. Throughout the Islamic era, Muslim dynasties contending for control of Syria sought after Homs due to the city's strategic position in the area. Homs began to decline under the Ottomans and only in the 19th century did the city regain its economic importance when its cotton industry boomed. During French Mandate rule, the city became a center of insurrection and, after independence in 1946, a center of Baathist resistance to the first Syrian governments. Homs has played a central role in the ongoing Syrian uprising against the Baathist government and since May 2011 has been under siege by the Syrian Army.

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Indus river
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind‎; Arabic: السند Al-Sind‎; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km² (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km³ (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.

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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق‎ al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.

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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎‎ Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس‎ al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km² (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.

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Khaybar
Khaybar (Arabic,خيبر) is the name of an oasis some 153 km to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib), Saudi Arabia. It was inhabited by Jews before the rise of Islam, and was conquered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 629 AD.
In 567, Khaybar was invaded and vacated of its Jewish inhabitants by the Ghassanid Arab Christian king Al-Harith ibn Jabalah. He later freed to the captives upon his return to the Levant. A brief account of the campaign is given by Ibn Qutaybah , and confirmed by the Harran Inscription. See Irfan Shahid's Byzantium and the Arab in the six century for full details.
In the 7th century, Khaybar was inhabited by Jews, who pioneered the cultivation of the oasis and made their living growing date palm trees, as well as through commerce and craftsmanship, accumulating considerable wealth. Some objects found by the Muslims when they entered Khaybar — a siege-engine, 20 bales of Yemenite cloth, and 500 cloaks — point out to an intense trade carried out by the Jews. In the past some scholars attempted to explain the siege-engine by suggesting that it was used for settling quarrels among the families of the community. Today most academics believe it was stored in a depôt for future sale, in the same way that swords, lances, shields, and other weaponry had been sold by the Jews to Arabs. Equally, the cloth and the cloaks may have been intended for sale, as it was unlikely that such a quantity of luxury goods were kept for the exclusive use of the Jews.^{[citation needed]}

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Kufa
Kufa (Arabic,الكوفة al-Kūfah) is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000.
Along with Samarra, Karbala, Kadhimiya and Najaf, Kufa is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shia Muslims. The city was the final capital of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, and was founded within the first hundred years of the 622 Hijra^{[citation needed]}.
The city contains the Great Mosque of Kufa, one of the earliest mosques in Islam, built in the 7th century.
File:Kufa masjid.pdf
See Ancient Mesopotamia.
Ruled by Sassanian Empire as part of Suristan province. See Middle Bih-Kavad.
The Arabs, led by Caliph ʻUmar ibn Khattāb, conquer Iraq and begin ruling Suristan around 637.
ʻUmar ibn Khattāb became the second caliph in 634. After the Arab victory against the East Roman Empire at Battle of Yarmouk in 636, Kūfah was founded and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra. The Companion of the Prophet Saʻd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmid Arab city of al-Hīrah, and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. The city was alternately known to non-Arabs as Hīrah and Aqulah before the consolidations of ʻAbdu l-Mālik in 691.

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Kumayl ibn Ziyad
Kumayl bin Ziyad an-Nakha'i (Arabic: كُميل بن زياد النخعي‎) a companion of Muhammad, and later Ali, the final Sunni Rashidun Caliph and first Shi'a Imam. He is best known for the du'a or supplication in the Shi'a anthologies that bears his name, du'a al-Kumayl .
Kumayl fought alongside Sa'id ibn Jubayr at the battle of Jamājim in 82 AH (699-701 CE) against the provincial governor of the Iraqi region, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi. Kumayl commanded the ‘Battalion of Qur’an Reciters’^{[citation needed]}.
The shrine of Kumayl is in Kufa, Iraq.

Coordinates: 32°00′25″N 44°20′19″E / 32.00694°N 44.33861°E / 32.00694; 44.33861

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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ‏ليبيا‎ Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.

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Makran
Makran (Persian: مکران‎) (pronounced [mæk'rɑːn]) is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Sindh and Balochistan, in Pakistan and Iran, along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The name Makran derives from Maka, borne by an overlapping satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.
Maka was an important early eastern satrapy of Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Makra corresponds to modern day Bahrain, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates, plus the northern half of Oman as well as Balochistan and the Sindh province of Pakistan.Cyrus the Great united several ancient Iranian tribes to create an empire.

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Mecca
Mecca ( /ˈmɛkə/; Arabic: مكة‎, Makkah, pronounced [ˈmækːɐ]) is a city in the Hejaz and the capital of Makkah province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its resident population in 2012 was 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during Hajj period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
As the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the composition of the Quran, Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory upon all able Muslims. The Hijaz was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger empires. It was absorbed into Saudi Arabia in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure. Because of this Mecca has lost many thousand years old buildings and archaeological sites. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan and diverse cities in the Muslim world, although non-Muslims remain prohibited from entering the city.

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Medina
Medina (/mɛˈdiːnə/; Arabic: اَلْمَدِينَة اَلْمَنَوَّرَة‎, al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, “the radiant city” (officially), or اَلْمَدِينَة al-Madīnah; also transliterated as Madinah, or madinat al-nabi "the city of the prophet") is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and serves as the capital of the Al Madinah Province. It is the second holiest city in Islam, and the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Medina is historically significant for being Muhammad's home after the Hijrah. Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib, but was personally renamed by Muhammad.
Medina is home to the three oldest mosques in Islam, namely Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque), Quba Mosque (the first mosque in Islam's history), and Masjid al-Qiblatain (the mosque where the qibla was switched to Mecca).
Because of the Saudi government's religious policy and concern that historic sites could become the focus for idolatry, much of Medina's Islamic physical heritage has been destroyed since the beginning of Saudi rule.^{[citation needed]}

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Mount Arafat
Coordinates: 21°22′0″N 40°0′10″E / 21.366667°N 40.00278°E / 21.366667; 40.00278
Mount Arafat or Mount Arafah (Arabic: جبل عرفات‎; transliterated Jabal ‘Arafāt) is a granite hill east of Mecca. It is also known as the Mount of Mercy (Jabal ar-Rahmah). The hill is the place Muslims believe the Islamic prophet Muhammad stood and delivered the Farewell Sermon to the Muslims who had accompanied him for the Hajj towards the end of his life. It reaches about 70 m in height.
According to Islamic tradition, it was on Mount Arafah that Adam and Eve, separated for 200 years following their expulsion from the Garden of Eden, met and recognized each other and were reunited^{[citation needed]}. Here too they were forgiven by Allah for their transgression after offering their repentance. A main reason of the ritual of pilgrimage is the renewal of that Prayer of Repentance every year standing on the hill of mercy, the climax of Hajj. The pilgrims will spend the whole day on Arafah supplicating to Allah to forgive their sins and praying for personal strength in the future.

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Najran
Najran (Arabic: نجران‎ Naǧrān), formerly known as Aba as Sa'ud, is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the border with Yemen. It is the capital of Najran Province. Designated a New town, Najran is one of the fastest-growing cities in the kingdom; its population has risen from 47,500 in 1974 and 90,983 in 1992 to 246,880 in 2004 and to 1200000 in 2011. The population belongs mostly to the ancient tribe of Yam.
Due to its long history, the inhabitants of Najran are made up of many races, religions and backgrounds. Islam is the religion of all of the Najranis, with Ismaili Shia forming the plurality of the religious adherents. Hanbali, Shafii and Maliki Sunnis form the second largest ethno-religious group in the city, while Zaydi Shia froms the smallest ethno-religious group.

Najran in Arabic has at least two meanings. It is a term used to describe the wooden frame on which a door opens and is also a synonym for thirsty. Local tradition also has it that the land derived its name from the first man to settle in the area, Najran ibn Zaydan ibn Saba ibn Yahjub ibn Yarub ibn Qahtan.

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Riyadh
Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/; Arabic: الرياض‎ transliterated Ar Riyāḍ pronounced [ʔɑrːiˈjɑːdˤ], English: The Gardens) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 5,254,560 people, and the urban center of a region with a population of close to 7 million people. The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the Governor of Riyadh Province, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz. The current mayor of Riyadh is Abdul Aziz ibn Ayyaf Al-Miqrin, appointed in 1998. Riyadh has the largest female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University.. It has been designated as Beta World City.
During the Pre-Islamic era, the settlement at the site was called Hajr (Arabic: حجر‎), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.

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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (ⁱ/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or ⁱ/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية‎ as-Su‘ūdīyah^{[citation needed]} or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية‎ al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km² (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.

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Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس‎ Qanāt al-Sūwais), also known by the nickname "The Highway to India", is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows transportation by water between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point.
When first built, the canal was 164 km (102 mi) long and 8 m (26 ft) deep. After multiple enlargements, the canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km/14 mi, the canal itself of 162.25 km/100.82 mi and the southern access channel of 9 km/5.6 mi.
The canal is single lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.

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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية‎ Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).

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Tigris
The Tigris River (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/; Arabic: دجله) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.
The Tigris is 1,850 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km through Turkish territory before becoming the border between Syria and Turkey. This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria. The remaining 1,418 km are entirely within the Iraqi borders.
The Tigris unites with the Euphrates near Basra, and from this junction to the Persian Gulf the mass of moving water is known as the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.
Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2400 BC.

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Tripolitania
Tripolitania /trɨpɒlɨˈteɪniə/ or Tripolitana (Arabic: طرابلس‎ Ṭarābulus, Berber: Ṭrables, from Latin Regio Tripolitana) is a historic region and former province of Libya.
Tripolitania was a separate Italian colony from 1927 to 1934. From 1934 to 1963, Tripolitania was one of three administrative divisions within Italian Libya and the Kingdom of Libya, alongside Cyrenaica to the east and Fezzan to the south.
In the old system, Tripolitania included Tripoli, the capital city of Libya and a vast northwestern portion of the country; in the subsequent systems, the sha'biyah of Tripoli has become much smaller than the original Tripolitania, including merely the city of Tripoli and its immediate surroundings. Because the city and the sha'biyah are nowadays almost coextensive, the term "Tripolitania" has more historical than contemporary value. In Arabic the same word (طرابلس) is used for both the city and the region, and that word, used alone, would be understood to mean only the city; in order to designate Tripolitania in Arabic, a qualifier such as "state", "province" or "sha'biyah" is required.

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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemen ⁱ/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن‎ al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.

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Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains (Arabic: جبال زغروس, Aramaic: ܛܘܪ ܙܪܓܣ, Kurdish: زنجیره‌چیاکانی زاگرۆس, Lurish: کو یه لی زاگروس, Persian: رشته كوه زاگرس‎‎) are the largest mountain range in Iran and Iraq. With a total length of 1,500 km (932 mi), from northwestern Iran, and roughly correlating with Iran's western border, the Zagros range spans the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau and ends at the Strait of Hormuz. The highest points in the Zagros Mountains are Zard Kuh-bakhtiari and Dena. The Hazaran massif in the Kerman province of Iran forms an eastern outlier of the range, the Jebal Barez reaching into Sistan.
The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by collision of two tectonic plates — the Eurasian and Arabian Plates. Recent GPS measurements in Iran have shown that this collision is still active and the resulting deformation is distributed non-uniformly in the country, mainly taken up in the major mountain belts like Alborz and Zagros. A relatively dense GPS network which covered the Zagros in the Iranian part also proves a high rate of deformation within the Zagros. The GPS results show that the current rate of shortening in SE Zagros is ~10 mm/yr and ~5mm/yr in the NW Zagros. The NS strike-slip Kazerun fault divides the Zagros into two distinct zones of deformation. The GPS results also show different shortening directions along the belt, i.e. normal shortening in the South-East and oblique shortening in the NW Zagros.

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Abbad ibn Bishr
Abbad ibn Bishr (Arabic: عباد بن بشر‎) (c.606–632) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was known for his devotion to worship, knowledge and courage in battle.
He was enthralled by the Qur'an after first hearing it recited by Musab ibn Umayr before the hijra when Abbad was about fifteen years old. The Qur'an had a special place in his heart, and he became renowned for his recitation so much so that he was known among the companions as the friend of the Qur'an. Muhammad's wife Aishah bint Abi Bakr once said: "There are three persons among the Ansar whom no one could excel in virtue: Sad ibn Muadh, Usayd ibn Khudayr, and Abbad ibn Bishr."
In 625 (4 years after hijra), Muhammad received news that the Najd tribes were planning to attack Medina. In preemption, he assembled a detachment of over four hundred men including Abbad ibn Bishr. Arriving at Najd, they found the men of the tribes had fled to the hills. When the time of salatul asr came, Muhammad feared an ambush so he arranged the Muslims in ranks and divided them into two groups and performed salatul-khawf (the Prayer of Fear). Seeing their disciplined ranks, the hostile tribesmen became uneasy. After Muhammad made his presence known, he felt a conflict was unnecessary and decided to depart. On the way back to Medina, the Muslims pitched camp in a valley for a night. The responsibility of guarding the camp was assumed by Abbad ibn Bishr and Ammar bin Yasir, whom Muhammad had paired as brothers following his arrival in Medina.

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Abdullah ibn Umar

Abdullah ibn Umar (Arabic: عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب‎) (ca.614-693) was the son of the second Caliph Umar ibn Khattab. He was a prominent authority in hadith and law, and was known for his neutrality toward factions engaged in the first civil war within the Muslim community (656-661).
Muhammad (proclaimed his prophethood in 610).
Abd-Allah ibn Umar was born to Umar ibn al-Khattab and his wife Zaynab bint Madh'uwn (sister of Uthman bin Madh'uwn) sometime around 614.
Prior to his conversion to Islam, Umar had three wives, however, after he became Muslim only Zainab joined her husband in accepting the new faith. Abdullah also accepted Islam at a young age, but he was not allowed to join Muhammad in battle until he was fifteen. The first battle he fought in was against the forces of Abu Sufyan during the Battle of the Trench, which occurred during 627.
It was recorded from Salim ibn Abd-Allah, from his father, that Muhammad said to his father, "Abdullah would be a good man if he would pray the tahajjud prayers (late night prayers)." Salim said: "After that, 'Abdullah would not sleep during the night save for a small amount at a time." Abdullah was 18 at the end of Muhammad's life in 632.

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Abdur Rahman bin Awf
Abdel Rahman bin Awf, (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن عوف‎) (Born: 10the year after the Year of the Elephant ) (died: 31 AH / 652^{[citation needed]} Being 72 Years Old) was one of the Sahaba.
His name has also by as Abdel Rahman Ibn Awf, Abdur-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf and Abdel-Rahman ibn Awf.
Ibrahim bin 'Abdur-Rahman, Yahya and Abu Salamah were from among the sons of Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf. He was married to Umm Kulthum bint Uqbah and Tamadur
He was one of the first eight people to accept Islam. He was one of the ten people (al-asharatu-l mubashshirin) who were assured of entering Paradise. During the difficult times in Mecca, when the pagans started abusing and treating the Muslims unjustly , Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf along with others migrated to Abyssina.
He was one of the six people chosen by Umar to form the council of shura to choose the Khalifah after his death. His name in Jahiliyyah days was Abdu-Amr - the servant of Amr. But when he accepted Islam Mohammed called him Abdur-Rahman - the servant of the Most Merciful.

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Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, Transliteration: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Quḥāfah, c. 573 CE - 634 CE) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq (Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. He was called Al-Siddiq (The Truthful) and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims.
As a young man, Abu Bakr became a cloth merchant and he traveled extensively in Arabia and neighboring lands in the Middle East, through which he gained both wealth and experience. He eventually came to be recognized as the chief of his clan. On his return from a business trip to Yemen, he was informed that in his absence Muhammad had openly declared his prophethood. Not long after, Abu Bakr accepted Islam and was the first person outside the family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim. He was instrumental in the conversion of many people to the Islamic faith and early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was married to Muhammad, strengthening the ties between the two men.

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Abu Darda
Abu Darda was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Abu Darda was a trader in Medina and belonged to the al-Ḥārith clan of the Banu Khazraj tribe. He converted to Islam after the Battle of Badr. He was declared the brother of Salman the Persian and served as a judge in Syria during the caliph Uthman's reign.
He died in 652 AD (AH 32) in Damascus, where the tombstones of his and his wife Umm al-Dardāʾ may still be seen.
An hadith transmitted by him states that Muhammad enjoined to him three things: to fast three days every month, to offer the Witr salat before sleep, and to offer two rakat sunnah of Fajr. From Tabarani and Majma uz-Zuwaid
Abu Darda's own preaching focused on the insignificance of worldly wealth and the minor details of life. According to him, this life was comparable to a loan.
It is said of Abu Darda that once a friend went to visit him at his home. On reaching there, the friend noticed, with grave concern, the appalling condition of Abu Darda's house. According to the friend, Abu Darda's house was shorter than the full height of a standing man. It was also as narrow as it was short, and the household utilities were less than basic. When the friend inquired from Abu Darda why he lived in such dire conditions, Darda's response was: "Do not worry my friend, this is just my temporary shade. I am building a proper house somewhere, slowly putting good things deserving thereof." When, on another occasion, the friend went back and found the same deprived shade, he demanded to know why Abu Darda had not moved to his better house. It was then that Abu Darda revealed to him that the house he referred to was the Kabr (the grave).

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Abu Dujana
Abu Dujana Simak bin Kharasha (died 632) was a sahaba and a skilled swordsman who is mentioned in Hadith narrations from the six major Hadith collections of Sunni Islam.
Abu Dujana is remembered as being one of Prophet Muhammad most skilled companions in the battlefield, highly excelling in melee combat. He frequently distinguishing himself in battle by wearing a red band on his head, and engaged in bravado before fighting by strutting in front of his adversaries. In the Battle of Uhud, Prophet Muhammad gave Abu Dujana his sword as the often cited hadith narration reads:
During the Battle of Uhud, Abu Dujana pierced into the enemy's lines, and even came within striking distance to the notorious Quraish leader, Hind bint Utbah who was encouraging others to mutilate the body of dead Muslims. According to various accounts, Abu Dujana spared her since he did not want to stain Muhammad's sword with the blood of a woman.
Abu Dujana, during the Battle of Uhud, received several wounds in his back after placing himself around Prophet Muhammad so as to act as a protection from arrows.

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Abu Fuhayra
Amir ibn Fuhayra (عامر بن فهيرة) was among the slaves freed by Abu Bakr and was a sahaba (companion) of Mohammed.
He helped Muhammad and Abu Bakr during the Hijrah by herding his sheep all the way up to mount Thawr so the tracks they had left in the sand had been covered by the goat tracks.
He was amongst the 70 Quraa sent to teach Banu Lihyan, but they betrayed and killed them all.

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Abu Hurairah
Abu Hurairah (Arabic: أبو هريرة‎), (also known as `Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Al-Azdi (Arabic: عبدالرحمن بن صخر الأزدي‎), Abu Hurayrah, or Abu Horaira) (603 – 681) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the narrator of Hadith most quoted in the isnad by Sunnis.^{[citation needed]}
Abu Hurairah spent 3 years in the company of the Prophet and went on expeditions and journeys with him It is estimated that he narrated around 5,375 ahadith.
Abu Hurairah was born in Baha, Yemen into the Banu Daws tribe from the region of Tihamah on the coast of the Red Sea. His father had died, leaving him with only his mother and no other relatives. His name at birth was Abd al-Shams (servant of the sun). However, as a child, he had a cat and became known as "Abu Hurairah" (which literally means "Father of the Kitten" or more idiomatically "Of the kitten").
Another recognized fact^{[citation needed]} is that after embracing Islam Abu Hurairah looked after the mosque and Prophet Muhammad. He made it a regular habit to give the left over food to the wandering cats. Gradually the number of cats around the mosque increased. He loved to caress and play with them. Hence he got the name Abu Hurairah - Father (care taker) of kitten.

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Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
Sakhr ibn Harb (Arabic: صخر بن حرب‎), more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (1 September 560 - 1 August 650) was a leader of the Quraish tribe of Mecca. He was a staunch opponent of the Islamic prophet Muhammad before accepting Islam later in his life.
Abu Sufyan was the chieftain of the Banu Abd-Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, which made him one of the most powerful in Mecca. Abu Sufyan viewed Muhammad as a threat to Mecca's social order, a man aiming for political power and a blasphemer of the Quraish gods.
Abu Sufyan's brother Musab was among several people who migrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution in Mecca.
After Muhammed and other Muslims had migrated to Medina in 622, the Quraish confiscated the belongings they had left behind. During that period of time, caravans were accompanied by military escorts of varying strength.
Due to the hospitality Muhammad received in Medina, the Meccans feared the growing influence of the Muslims and thus were contriving to safeguard their trade routes by eliminating the religion of Islam. The Muslims of Medina were aware of such activities and began to make preparations for self-defense.

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Akib ibn Usaid
Akib ibn Usaid, a sahaba of Muhammad, was the first governor of Mecca. It was the first permanent civil appointment made in Islam. Akib took charge of his duties as governor of Mecca in January 630.

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Albert Hourani
Albert Habib Hourani (Arabic: ألبرت حبيب حوراني‎; March 31, 1915 – January 17, 1993) was a British-Lebanese historian, specializing in the Middle East.
Hourani was born in Manchester, England, the son of Soumaya Rassi and Fadlo Issa Hourani, immigrants from Marjeyoun in what is now South Lebanon. His brothers were George Hourani and Cecil Hourani. His family had converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Scottish Presbyterianism and his father was an elder of the local church in Manchester. Hourani himself, however, converted to Catholicism in adulthood. One of his family members was here, Selina Issa Hourani.
Fadlo Hourani tried to enroll Albert into a local preparatory school in Manchester but it did not accept him as it did not take 'foreigners', he instead opened an alternative school in which Albert studied in until the age of fourteen. He later studied in London before attending Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Philosophy, Politics, Economics and History (with an emphasis on international relations in the politics section of the degree), graduating first in his class in 1936. During World War II, he worked at the Royal Institute of International Affairs and in the office of the British Minister of State in Cairo. After the war's end, he worked at the Arab Office in Jerusalem and London, where he helped prepare the Arab case for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry.

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Ali
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13^thRajab, 24 BH–21^stRamaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661). The son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam.Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.

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Aminah bint Wahb
Aminah bint Wahb (Arabic: آمنة بنت وهب‎ ʼĀminah bint Wahb) (died 577) was the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
The daughter of Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah ibn Kilab ibn Murrah, Aminah was born in Mecca. She was a member of the Banu Zuhrah clan in the tribe of Quraysh who claimed descent from Ibrahim (Abraham) through his son Ismail (Ishmael). Her ancestor Zuhrah was the elder brother of Qusayy ibn Kilab, who was also an ancestor of 'Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib. Qusayy ibn Kilab became the first Quraysh custodian of the Ka'aba. Abdul Mutallib, father of 'Abd Allah, fixed the marriage of his youngest son 'Abd Allah with Aminah. She was eventually married to 'Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was said that a light shone out of his forehead and that this light was the promise of a Prophet as offspring. Countless woman of Arabia approached 'Abd Allah, which according to several traditions, was a handsome man; so that they might gain the honour of producing the offspring. However everyone believes that as decided by God, the light was destined to be transferred to Aminah through 'Abd Allah after consummating the marriage.[.

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Ammar ibn Yasir
ʻAmmār ibn Yāsir b. ʿĀmir b. Mālik Abū l-Yaqẓān (Arabic: عمار بن یاسر‎) was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was one of the Muhajirun, and referred to as by Shia Muslims as one of the Four Companions.
Ammār was born in the Year of the Elephant, which was the same year as Muhammad. ʻAmmār was a friend of Muhammad even before conversion and was one of the intermediaries in Muhammad's marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. His mother was Sumayyah bint Khayyat and his father was Yasir ibn Amir. Yasir and Sumayyah were pagan converts to Islam who were tortured and crucified in the last year before the Hijra . ʻAmmār and his family were repeatedly tortured by Meccan polytheists . Once when ʻAmmār was being tortured, it is reported that he spoke idolatrously and contradicted his faith. This incident is often used as an example of taqiyya (“the concealment of one’s true beliefs in times of adversity” ) because ʻAmmār only denounced his beliefs because he was being tortured so horribly. After the persecution of Muslims was over, Hamza and the Muhammad's other companions went to the location where the torture and persecution took place; they found every persecuted Muslim dead except ʻAmmār, who had survived the torture. ʻAmmār’s parents were both among the group of persecuted Muslims who did not survive. Abu Jahl killed his mother Sumayyah, who is considered the first Muslim martyr.

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Amr ibn Hishām
Amr ibn Hishām (died Wednesday, March 17, 624) (Arabic: عمرو بن هشام‎), better known as Abu Jāhil, was one of the Meccan pagan Qurayshi leaders known for his hostility against and persecution of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca.
He was known as Abū l-Hakam, translated to English as "Father of Wisdom", meaning he was considered a wise man amongst the Quraysh. Abu Jahl was the bitterest opponent against the budding monotheistic religion and thus his belligerent stance earned him the name Abū Jahil أبو جهل, the Father of Ignorance. He was a member of the Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh and one of the leaders in Mecca prior to the city's surrender to Muhammad's army. Abu Jahl had a son, Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, who later converted to Islam. He disliked Muhammad and would at any opportunity rebuke and publicly humiliate him.
‘Amr was among the chieftains that in varying degrees kept a relentless hostility towards the Muslims.
When a Muslim convert was discovered among the hierarchy of a tribe, ‘Amr would reprimand the convert and then ridicule him in front of his fellow tribesmen so that the convert lost their respect.

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Anas ibn Malik
Anas bin Malik ibn Nadar al-Khazraji Al-Ansari (Arabic: أنس بن مالك الخزرجي الأنصاري‎, c.612-712^{[citation needed]}, or died 709) was a well-known sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
He was an Ansar of the Banu Khazraj^{[citation needed]}. He is not to be confused with Malik ibn Anas. Anas ibn Malik, the last of the Companions of the Prophet died at al-Basrah in 93 AH aged 103.
Name: Anas ibn Malik Year of Birth: 606 CE Year of Death: 93 AH (714 CE)
He was born to Umm Sulayem (of the Banu Najjar) and Malik ibn Nadr. After the father of Anas died a non-Muslim, his mother remaried a new convert (Abu Talha ibn Thabit), and he gained a half-brother, Abdullah ibn Abu Talha.
He had been presented to Muhammad by his mother at an early age.
After Muhammad's death in 632, he participated in the wars of conquest, and went to Damascus and later settled in Basra^{[citation needed]}.
He was one of the longest living companions of Muhammad^{[citation needed]}.
On February 25, 2006, his tomb west of Basrah was attacked and vandalized^{[citation needed]}.

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Aqeel ibn Abi Talib
Aqeel ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عقيل بن أبي طالب‎) was born in the year 590.
Aqeel was second of four sons of Abu Talib, who was the uncle and protector of Muhammad and brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Aqeel's nickname was Abu Yazid. He fought in the Battle of Mu'tah and became blind late in life, dying at the age of 96.
Aqeel had five sons, Muslim ibn Aqeel, Muhammad ibn Aqeel, Yazid ibn Aqeel, Isa ibn Aqeel, Al-Hasan ibn Aqeel, and a daughter, Ramlah bint Aqeel.
Aqeel was the man who found Umm ul-Banin to marry Imam Ali.

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Asim ibn Umar
Asim ibn Umar (Arabic: عاصم بن عمر‎) (Born 7 AH, Died 70 AH.) is the son of Umm Kulthum bint Asim and Umar, the second Sunni Caliph.
This article is not about Asim ibn Umar ibn Qatada ibn al-Nu`man al-Ansari's (d. 120 or 129).
Asim ibn Umar was one of the Tabi‘in and one of the narrators of hadith.
A narration attributed to Malik from Yahya ibn Said reports:
Among his children are

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Banu Hashim
Banū Hāshim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraysh tribe. Muhammad, was a member of this clan; his great-grandfather was Hashim, for whom the clan is named. Members of this clan are referred to by the Anglicised version of their name as Hashemites, Hussaini or Hasani. Descendants of Muhammad usually carry the titles Sayyid or Sharif.
Amongst pre-Islamic Arabs people classified themselves according to their Confederation, their tribe, their clan, and then their house/family. There were two Tribal Confederations; the Adnani (originating from "Adnan", the traditional ancestor of the Arabs of northern, central and western Arabia), and the Qahtani (originating from "Qahtan", the traditional ancestor of the Arabs of southern and south eastern Arabia). Banu Hashim is one of the clans of the Quraysh tribe, of the Adnani confederation. It derives its name from Hashim, the great-grandfather of Muhammad, and along with the Banu Abd Shams, Banu Al-Muttalib, and Banu Nawfal clans comprises the Banu Abd al-Manaf section of the Quraysh.

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Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (27 April 1737 – 16 January 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788. The Decline and Fall is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its open criticism of organized religion.
Edward Gibbon was born in 1737, the son of Edward and Judith Gibbon at Lime Grove, in the town of Putney, Surrey. He had six siblings: five brothers and one sister, all of whom died in infancy. His grandfather, also named Edward, had lost all of his assets as a result of the South Sea Bubble stock market collapse in 1720, but eventually regained much of his wealth, so that Gibbon's father was able to inherit a substantial estate.
As a youth, his health was under constant threat. He described himself as "a puny child, neglected by my Mother, starved by my nurse." At age nine, Gibbon was sent to Dr. Woddeson's school at Kingston upon Thames (now Kingston Grammar School), shortly after which his mother died. He then took up residence in the Westminster School boarding house, owned by his adored "Aunt Kitty," Catherine Porten. Soon after she died in 1786, he remembered her as rescuing him from his mother's disdain, and imparting "the first rudiments of knowledge, the first exercise of reason, and a taste for books which is still the pleasure and glory of my life." By 1751, Gibbon's reading was already extensive and certainly pointed toward his future pursuits: Laurence Echard's Roman History (1713), William Howel(l)'s An Institution of General History (1680–85), and several of the 65 volumes of the acclaimed Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time (1747–1768).

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Fadl ibn Abbas
Fadl ibn Abbas was a brother of Abdullah ibn Abbas and was a cousin of Prophet Muhammad.
He is well regarded by Shi'as since he refused to give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr, unless Ali did so, Fadl was very beautiful and handsome he was well known with this and as a very wealthy man, he also took part in many battles of the Muslims against Europeans and Persians. He died in Syria.

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Farooqi
Farooqui (Arabic: فاروقي ‎) (also spelt as Farooki,Faroqui, Farooqi, Faruki, Farouki or Faruqi), is a distinctt name or surname or last name.
The name purportedly signifies ancestry from Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattāb (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب‎), the second Caliph of Islam. Caliph Umar was also titled 'Umar al-Farooq' (the Redeemer).
Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Adham, who was the great grandson of Umar ibn al-Khattāb, travelled up to modern day Afghanistan in around the 9th century AD
One of his great grandsons, Farooq Shah Kabuli, was the ruler of Kabul and Ghazni. Farooq Shah's son died fighting Hulagu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. The family got uprooted and most moved to the area which is now the modern day Punjab. There, one of the great grandsons Baba Farid made a name as a Sufi Saint and also travelled to Dehli Farooqui's(Ghazi) in India (Meeruth,Doraha,Jhalod,Depalpur,Mungavli). Khawja abu-alfateh Daood Farooqui Qadiri, grandfather of Mai Safoora, who migrated from Levant area to Afghanistan as merchant and later settled in riyasat of Jhang which was under the control of Nawab muzafar khan, governor of riyasat appointed by Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Farooqui clan also moved in under the Ottoman rule during the late 16th century and eventually lost their name under the title of Ghazi. They employed Sipahi under the casted families including Sayyid, Mughal, Qureshi, Shaikh, Pathan, Parmar, Ghori, Rathore, Kokwana, Bhelim, Khokhar and Soomra.
The name "Farooqi" or "Farooqui" reappeared from time to time as the Nizam family grew too large, as Farooqui was more or less of a title of reference (to Umar ibn al-Khattāb) rather than a Family name until the mid 19th century. They're official residence was Chowmahalla Palace. It later grew to Falaknuma Palace, Bashir Bagh Palace, etc., under the Jah title.

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Fatimah
Fatimah (Arabic: فاطمة‎; fāṭimah; pronounced /ˈfɑːtˤɪma/; born c. 605 or 615 – d. 633) was a daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Husain, and one of the five members of Ahl al-Bayt. She became the object of great veneration by all Muslims, because she lived closest to her father and supported him in his difficulties and because of historical importance of her husband and her two sons, and that she is the only member of Muhammad's family that gave him descendants, numerously spread through the Islamic world.
She was involved in three significant political actions, each recorded in almost all sources. First, after the conquest of Mecca, she refused her protection to Abu Sufian; Second, after Muhammad's death, she courageously defended Ali’s cause, fiercely opposed the election of Abu Bakr, and had violent disputes with him and particularly with Umar; Third, she laid claim to the property rights of her father and challenged Abu Bakr’s categorical refusal to cede them, particularly Fadak and a share in the produce of Khaybar.

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Hafsa bint Umar
Ḥafsah bint ‘Umar (Arabic: حفصة بنت عمر‎; literally: Daughter of a Lion; born c. 609^{[citation needed]} - AH 45 (665/666) was the daughter of Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab) and wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and therefore a Mother of the Believers.
She was married to Khunais ibn Hudhaifa, but became a widow when she was eighteen and according to Islamic tradition her father offered her hand to Abu Bakr and Uthman Ibn Affan. They both refused to marry her because Muhammad had told them that he was interested in her, which they failed to mention to Umar. When her father, Umar, went to Prophet Muhammad to complain about their behavior, Muhammad replied, "Hafsa will marry one better than Uthman and Uthman will marry one better than Hafsa."
Muhammad married her after the battle of Badr in 2 AH. At the time of the marriage, Hafsa was around twenty years old and Muhammad fifty-six. With this marriage, Muhammad strengthened his ties to Umar, who now became his father-in-law.
According to Islamic tradition, Hafsa had memorized the Qur'an. The copy of Zayd ibn Thabit which was recorded by the instructions of Abu Bakr was given to Hafsa. Uthman Ibn Affan, when he became Caliph, used Hafsa's copy when he authorized a single text of the Qur'an to be designated.

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Hasan ibn Ali
Al-Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib (Arabic: الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب‎)‎ ( born March 1, 625 CE (Ramadhān 15th, 3 AH) – died 669CE (Safar 7th or 28th, 50 AH) aged 47) is an important figure in Islam, the son of Fatimah the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib. Hasan is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt and Ahl al-Kisa. He briefly succeeded his father Ali ibn Abi Talib as the righteous Caliph following the latter's death, before retiring to Madinah and entering into an agreement with the first Umayyad ruler, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, who assumed the Caliphate. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims regard Hasan as a martyr.
According to Shia and Sunni sources, Muhammad, upon the birth of his grandson in 3 AH, was ordered by the archangel Gabriel to name him Hasan - a name not used in the pre-Islamic period.Muhammad also honoured his grandson by reciting the Adhān in his right ear, the Iqāmah in his left ear, shaving his head, and sacrificing a ram for the sake of his birth.

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Heraclius
Heraclius (Latin: Flavius Heraclius Augustus, Greek: Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος, c. 575 – February 11, 641) was Byzantine Emperor from 610 to 641.
He was responsible for introducing Greek as the Eastern Empire's official language. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.
Heraclius' reign was marked by several military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. Heraclius immediately took charge of the ongoing war against the Sassanids. The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus. However, because Constantinople was protected by impenetrable walls and a strong navy, Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. The Persian king Khosrau II was assassinated soon after and peace was restored to the two deeply strained empires.

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Hormuzan
Hormuzan (Persian: هرمزان‎) was the satrap of Susiana, a noble and a Marzban as well as one of the spahbods at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. He was taken as prisoner by the Muslims.
Hormuzan was a wealthy satrap of Susiana. Form one of the seven houses. He was related to the Parthians. Being proud of this rich heritage Hormuzan was permitted to wear a crown upon his head. However, it was smaller than the Kings. During the advent of Islam, Hormuzan was checking if his province was safe (due to the fact that it was one of the richest in Iran). At the battle of al-Qādisiyyah he commanded the right flank of the army. Homuzan however regrouped and fought at the battle of Jaula. He then fought and escaped capture in the region, while many of his forces were killed by the Arab Muslims. He finally surrendered in 642 AD and was taken to Medina where he tricked the Caliph Omar into sparing his life. He embraced Islam and was given a pension. While in Medina he advised Caliph Umar in making important fiscal and institutional changes. He was killed by the son of Umar after involvement in a plot to kill Umar Caliph. His killing was ignored by Uthman, but Ali strongly protested to Uthman and threatened that he would carry out legal punishment for murder if he ever gained the position to do so.

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Hujr ibn Adi
Hujr ibn Adi (Arabic: حجر بن عدي ‎) (died 660 CE) was a supporter of Ali ibn Abi Talib.
Sunni scholar Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi in his book Caliphs and Kings writes:
His mausoleum is in Adra with his son Humaam ibn Hajar' - a small town just north of Damascus, Syria. A mosque has been built around his grave and is a pilgrimage site for Shī‘a Muslims.
Hajar or Hijir ia an old Arabic name meaning wisdom (like 'Aqal'). The name is sometimes incorrectly spelt as; Hajr which means stone or Hujr which means chamber or Hijr which means to migrate. The correct name of the companion was Hajar or Hijir ibn Adiy.

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Ibn Asakir
Ibn 'Asakir (Arabic: ابن عساكر‎) (1106–1175) was a Sunni Islamic scholar.
His full name was Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Hibat Allah ibn `Abd Allah, Thiqat al-Din, Abu al-Qasim, known as Ibn `Asakir al-Dimashqi al-Shafi`i al-Ash`ari.

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Ibn Ishaq
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār (according to some sources, ibn Khabbār, or Kūmān, or Kūtān,Arabic: محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار بن خيار‎, or simply ibn Isḥaq ابن إسحاق, meaning "the son of Isaac") (died 767, or 761) was an Arab Muslim historian and hagiographer. Under the aegis of the 'Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, Ibn Ishaq collected oral traditions that formed the basis of the most important biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Born in Medina, ibn Isḥaq was the grandson of a Christian man, Yasār, who had been captured in one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's campaigns and taken to Medina as a slave. His grandfather became the slave of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy and, having accepted Islam, was manumitted and became his mawlā, thus acquiring the nisbat al-Muṭṭalibī. Yasār's three sons, Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq, were all known as transmitters of akhbār, who collected and recounted tales of the past. Isḥāq married the daughter of another mawlā and from this marriage ibn Isḥāq was born.

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Ibn Kathir
Ismail ibn Kathir (Arabic: ابن كثير‎) (1301–1373) was a Muslim muhaddith, faqīh, mufassir, historian, and commentator.
His full name was Abu Al-Fida, 'Imad Ad-Din, Isma'il bin 'Umar bin Kathir, Al-Qurashi, Al-Busrawi. He was born in 1301 in Busra, Syria (hence Al-Busrawi) and was taught by Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Mizzi, Ibn Al Firkah,‘Isa bin Al-Mutim, Ahmed bin Abi-Talib, Ibn Al-Hajjar, Baha Ad-Din Al-Qasim bin Muzaffar bin ‘Asakir, Ibn Ash-Shirazi, Ishaq bin Yahya Al-Ammuddi, Zahriyyah Shaykh, and Muhammad bin Zarrad.
Upon completion of his studies he obtained his first official appointment in 1341, when he joined an inquisitorial commission formed to determine certain questions of heresy. Thereafter he received various semi-official appointments, culminating in June/July 1366 with a professorial position at the Great Mosque of Damascus.
Ibn Kathir wrote a famous commentary on the Qur'an named Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adhim which linked certain Hadith, or sayings of Muhammad, and sayings of the sahaba to verses of the Qur'an, in explanation. Tafsir ibn Kathir is famous all over the Muslim world, and among Muslims in the Western world is one of the most widely used explanations of the Qu'ran today.

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Khattab ibn Nufayl
Khattab ibn Nufayl was an Arab from the tribe of Quraish. He lived during the 6th century and was a contemporary of Muhammad. He was also the father of Umar ibn al-Khattab, who would later become Muslim and is regarded by Sunni Muslims as the second "Rightly guided Caliph" (Arabic "Rashidun"), thus he was a Sahaba's ancestor.
One time, his nephew Said ibn Zayd taunted him for worshiping idols. At that, he seethed with anger and strode up to Zayd, slapped him on the face and shouted:
He had a son, Umar, who would accompany him in persecuting the Muslims. His other child, a daughter, was Fatimah bint al-Khattab. The daughter married the hanif Said ibn Zayd, and later would both become Muslims. However, they hid their new faith from Khattab and Umar due to fear of persecution. [1]. Eventually, Umar discovered their faith, and Umar became a Muslim that very day.
^ 1) Al Maarif, by Ibn Qutaybah page 77, Chapter "Dhikr Umar" [2]

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Khunais ibn Hudhaifa
Khunais ibn Hudhaifa (خنيس بن حذيفة) (d. 3 AH/ 625-6) was a sahaba (companion) of Muhammad, from the Banu Sahm of Quraish.^{[dead link]}
He was married to Hafsa bint Umar. According to Sunni sources:

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Khuzaima ibn Thabit
Khuzaima ibn Thabit Dhu'sh-Shahadatain al-Ansari (Arabic: خزيمة بن ثابت ذو الشهادتين الأنصاري‎; died July 657 CE) was one of the companions of Muhammad.
He was an Ansar.
He is among those on whose authority the Hadith of the pond of Khumm was reported.
He was among those who initially refused to give allegiance to Abu Bakr.
Uthman bin Affan told the sahaba to gather the Quran so they can compile it into an official book. Up to that point, it was memorized by the sahaba and kept together written on various materials. The following is an account of the situation from Sahih Bukhari:
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
Hudhaifa bin Al-Yaman came to Uthman at the time when the people of Sham and the people of Iraq were Waging war to conquer Arminya and Adharbijan. Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to 'Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book (Quran) as Jews and the Christians did before." So 'Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts of the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you." Hafsa sent it to 'Uthman. 'Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, 'Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As and 'AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. 'Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, "In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur'an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur'an was revealed in their tongue." They did so, and when they had written many copies, 'Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. 'Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur'anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt."

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Kumayl ibn Ziyad
Kumayl bin Ziyad an-Nakha'i (Arabic: كُميل بن زياد النخعي‎) a companion of Muhammad, and later Ali, the final Sunni Rashidun Caliph and first Shi'a Imam. He is best known for the du'a or supplication in the Shi'a anthologies that bears his name, du'a al-Kumayl .
Kumayl fought alongside Sa'id ibn Jubayr at the battle of Jamājim in 82 AH (699-701 CE) against the provincial governor of the Iraqi region, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi. Kumayl commanded the ‘Battalion of Qur’an Reciters’^{[citation needed]}.
The shrine of Kumayl is in Kufa, Iraq.

Coordinates: 32°00′25″N 44°20′19″E / 32.00694°N 44.33861°E / 32.00694; 44.33861

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List of Sahaba
Ṣaḥāba (Arabic: الصحابة‎, "The Companions") The companions of Muhammad, who had met or had seen him while in a state of īmān, and then died in that state.
Shurahbîl ibn Hassana

== Shi'a critique of the Sahaba == This is not the view of Muslims and teachings of Islam thought by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) but from evil Shia scholars.
There is no standardized guideline of status according to the Shia school of thought; a Shia consensus cannot be established regarding a detailed list based on rank. However there is a general consensus on an approximate view of each Sahaba. Most disagreements between the Shi'as sects start after Husayn ibn Ali's era. Shi'as can in general be expected to have a certain view on each Sahaba after having understood what relevant actions the specific Sahaba have accomplished during his or her life. Egyptian and Saudi Arabian Sunni scholars have in general different views on, for example, Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan, one more favorable and the other more dim, however, both are within the Sunni doctrines that claim the uprightness of all Sahaba and go to heaven.

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Lubaynah
Lubaynah was a sahābia of Muhammad and among the slaves freed by Abu Bakr.
Lubaynah was a slave girl of Umar ibn al-Khattab. Before Umar's conversion to Islam his harsh treatment of his convert slaves was well known. Zinnira was her companion in slavery.
Lubaynah accepted Islam, and Umar who had not accepted Islam by that time would beat her mercilessly until he was tired. He would then say,
Lubaynah held on strongly to her belief and said after her severe beating,
He asked her to renounce Islam, but she stuck to her faith. When Abu Bakr came to know of her sad state, he paid for her, and set her free.

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Malik ibn Nuwayrah
Malik ibn Nuwaira (Arabic: مالك بن نويرة‎), also spelled as Malik ibn Nuwera, was a chief of the Bani Yarbu', a large section of the powerful tribe of Bani Tamim which inhabited the north-eastern region of Arabia, Between Bahrain and Najd. The tribe was pagan until Islam came to Arabia. The centre of Malik's clan was Butah.
Famous for his generosity and hospitality, Malik is said to have kept a light burning outside his house all night so that any traveller passing that way would know where to find shelter and food. He would get up during the night to check the light. A strikingly handsome man, he had a thick head of hair and his face, a contemporary has said, was "as fine as the moon." He was skilful in the use of weapons and noted for his courage and chivalry, and he was an accomplished poet. Malik possessed all the qualities which the Arabs looked for in the perfect male. He was married to Layla bint al-Minhal who was considered to be one of the most beautiful women in Arabia.
In view of his distinguished position in the tribe and his unquestionable talents, Muhammad appointed him as an officer over the clan of Bani Handhalah. His main responsibility was the collection of taxes and their despatch to Madinah. Later, when news of the Muhammed's death reached Butah, Malik had just collected a good deal of tax but not yet despatched it to Madinah. He at once opened the coffers and returned the money to the taxpayers. "O Bani Handhalah!" he announced, "your wealth is now our own.".

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Michael Bonner
Michael Bonner is a scholar of Islam. He is currently at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

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Miqdad ibn Aswad
Miqdad ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi (Arabic: مقداد بن الأسود الكندي) was one of the Sahabah of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Miqdad is venerated by Shi'a Muslims as one of the Four Companions, early Muslims who were followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Miqdad ibn Aswad is among Shi'as regarded as one of the most respected Sahaba. He is mentioned in one Hadith regarding the perfect Shia, he was one of the Muhajirun and he is also among the List of Sahabah not giving Bay'ah to Abu Bakr.
Miqdad ibn Aswad Al-Kindi belonged to the an Arabian tribe named Kendah. He escaped from his tribe and inhabited Mecca. In Mecca, Miqdad belonged to a man named Al-Aswad bin Abid Yaqut. So, people started calling him Miqdad ibn Aswad. Islam rose from the top of the Hira Mount. Miqdad ibn Aswad Al-Kindi became twenty-four years old. He heard about the Islamic Prophet Muhammad’s mission. He hurried to believe in the new religion. He kept his Islam a secret. He met the Islamic Prophet Muhammad secretly. Thus, he was among the earlier Muslims. He always felt the Muslims' sufferings.

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Muadh ibn Jabal
Muadh ibn Jabal is considered in Islam a sahaba (a person who knew the Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime, believed in him and died upon the believe in Muhammad).
Muadh was a young boy when Muhammad started preaching the message of Islam. He was a native of Medina and was there during most of Muhammad's lifetime. He was noted for his intelligence, quick wit, potency in speech, and for his prominent standing between people.^{[clarification needed]} He was also described as a very attractive looking individual with dark eyes and eyelashes. His teeth were extremely white and he had an afro . Books referring to his physical appearance say that the onlooker would be stunned by his good looks.
He became a Muslim at the hands of Musab bin Umair, who was sent to Medina as a missionary before the Hijra. He traveled to Mecca to participate in Bayatul Aqabah with 71 other people. In the Bayaa, he embraced Muhammad and pledged to uphold the religion of Islam. When he came back from Mecca, he formed a small posse of youth from his community and they vowed to destroy the idols that were kept in Medina. It was because of him and his posse that one of the most respectable people of Medina converted to Islam. That person was Amr ibn al-Jamuh, and he was one of the leaders of the tribe of Banu Salamah.

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Muawiyah I
Muawiyah I (Arabic: معاوية ابن أبي سفيان‎ Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Sufyān; 602 – 6 May 680) was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH. Muawiyah became a scribe for Muhammad, and during the first and second caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar, fought with the Muslims against the Byzantines in Syria.
When Uthman ibn Affan, a cousin of Muawiyah, became the third caliph, he appointed Muawiyah Governor of Syria. However when Ali was appointed the fourth and final Rashidun Caliph, he expelled Muawiyah from the Governorship. Muawiyah refused to obey Ali, and had some level of support from the Syrians in his rebelliousness, amongst whom he was a popular leader. Ali called for military action against Muawiyah, but the reaction of the political classes in Medina was not encouraging, and thus Ali deferred. Eventually Ali marched on Damascus and fought Muawiyah's supporters at the inconclusive Battle of Siffin (657 CE).

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Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد‎), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ‎) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.

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Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid
Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid was one of the Non-Muslims who interacted with Muhammad.
He was nicknamed the "lion of the Quraysh" and at one time he bound Abu Bakr and Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah with a rope. Due to this, those two became known as the "Al-Qareenayn", "the two tied together".
He "was well known for his physical strength and bravery"
He was killed by Imam Ali Bin Ibi Taleb during the battle of Badr.

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Philip Khuri Hitti
Philip Khuri Hitti (فيليب خوري حتي in Arabic),(1886 - 1978), born in Shimlan, Ottoman Syria, now modern day Lebanon), was a scholar of Islam and introduced the field of Arab culture studies to the United States. He was of Maronite Christian religion.
Hitti was educated at an American Presbyterian mission school at Suq al-Gharb and at the American University of Beirut. After graduating in 1908 he taught at the American University of Beirut before moving to Columbia University where he taught Semitic languages and got his PhD in 1915. After World War I he returned to American University of Beirut and taught there until 1926. In February 1926 he was offered a Chair at Princeton University which he held until he retired in 1954. He was both Professor of Semitic Literature and Chairman of the Department of Oriental Languages. After formal retirement he accepted a position at Harvard. He also taught in the summer schools at the University of Utah and George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He subsequently held a research position at the University of Minnesota. Philip Hitti almost single handedly created the discipline of Arabic Studies in the United States.

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Rashidun
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs (الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafā’u r-Rāshidūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs who established the Rashidun Caliphate. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the Abbasid Dynasty. It is a reference to the Sunni tradition, "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).
The first four Caliphs who ruled after the death of Muhammad are often quoted as the Khulafah Rashidun.
The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see The election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or chosen based on the wishes of their predecessor. In the order of succession, the rashidun were:
Hasan ibn Ali was appointed as Caliph in 661 following the death of Ali and is also regarded as a righteous ruler by Sunni Muslims, although he was recognized by only half of the Islamic state and his rule was challenged and eventually ended by the Governor of Syria, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan.

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Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الراشدية‎ al-khilāfat ar-Rāshidīyah), (c. 632-661) comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (Year 10 A.H. in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. At its greatest extent it was one of the largest empires in history. It is also known as the Patriarchal Caliphate.
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his burial. Umar (a Quraish) and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraish soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. First, though, he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had gone back on their oaths of allegiance to Islam and the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title nor did his three successors do so.

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Saeed bin Zaid
Sa'īd bin Zayd, (Arabic: سعيد بن زيد), was one of the Ṣaḥābah (Arabic: الصحابة‎ "companions"), the companions of Muhammad. He is also nicknamed "Abu-al-Aawar". He was born in 593-4 AD and was an early convert to Islam "Said (Saīd) was not yet twenty when he embraced Islâm." that was before 613. His young and steadfast wife Fatimah, daughter of al-Khattab and sister of Umar, also accepted Islâm early.He was from the one of The Ten Promised Paradise. He died in 673.

He was a great man and is also the one of the best role models in islam.

In his early career, he served as the secretary of the Prophet and recorded the verses of the Quran which were revealed to the Prophet. History record that Sa'īd bin Zayd was a pious man and he never did anything throughout his life against the teachings of Muhammad. It is a said that ‘Sa'īd always covered Muhammad keeping himself ahead and in front of him in battle and always stood behind him in prayers. He took part in a number of battles, even after the death of Muhammad, for the sake of Islam, and fought very bravely.

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Salman the Persian
Salman the Persian or Salmān al-Fārsī (Arabic: سلمان الفارسي‎ Salman al-Farsi; in Persian: روزبه‎ Rouzbeh) was one of Muhammad's companions.
During some of his later meetings with the other Sahabah, he was referred to as Abu Abdullah ("Father of Abdullah").
Salman the Persian was born either in the city of Kazerun in Fars Province, or Isfahan in Isfahan Province, Iran.
It was Salman who came up with the idea of digging a great trench around the city of Medina to defend the city and its people from the army of 10,000 non-Muslims of Arabia. Muhammad and his companions agreed and accepted Salman's plan because it was safer and there would be a better chance that the non-Muslim army of Arabia would have a larger number of casualties. Salman came up with the idea from remembering the same thing happening in Persia; when the Persians learned that their enemies planned to invade their territory, they dug a trench around them to be safe. The attack that the Muslims had expected, is known as the Battle of the Trench.

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Sunni view of Umar
Umar (580-644 AD) was the second Sunni caliph, regarded by Sunnis as the second of the four Rashidun and one of the greatest personalities of the history of Islam. Sunni and Shi'a hold diametrically opposite views of `Umar, the Shi'a viewing that he and Abu Bakr usurped authority that properly belonged to Ali.
Umar was one of the prominent companions sahaba of Muhammad. With the conversion of Umar, Islam strengthened and Muslims openly preached Islam. In the annals of mankind, Umarرضي الله عنه occupies a unique position. Human history is studded with the names and exploits of great conquerors, empire builders, administrators, and statesmen, but Umar is the greatest of them all. During the short space of ten years, Umar succeeded in building the largest empire in the history. Under his leadership the Muslims emerging from the deserts of Arabia overthrew the empire of Persia in the east and shattered the empire of Byzantine in the west.
Umar set standards of republican and democratic behaviour which have not been surpassed so far. He was the Head of the largest State in the world, and yet he lived the life of a common man. Of simple habits, austere and frugal, he was always accessible to the meanest of his subject, and yet he was a cause of terror for the wrong doer. He would wander about at night to enquire into the condition of the people without any guard or escort. He did not live in any palace, and yet the rulers of the day trembled at the very mention of his name.

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Umamah bint Zainab
Umamah bint Abu al-'As bin al-Rabi' (Arabic: أمامة بنت ابو العاص بن الربيع) was a daughter of Zainab and granddaugher of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. She is also numbered among the Sahaba of Muhammad.
After the death of her aunt Fatimah, she married Muhammad's cousin Ali ibn Abu Talib. They had a son, Hilal ibn Ali. She died in 66 AH (circa 685 CE).

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Umar
Umar (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب, Transliteration: `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb, Umar Son of Al-Khittab, c. 586–590 CE– 7 November 644), also known as Omar, Farooq the Great was the most powerful of the four Rashidun Caliphs and one of the most powerful and influential Muslim rulers in history. He was a sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert jurist and is best known for his justice, that earned him the title Al-Farooq (The one who distinguishes between right and wrong). Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. His brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years. His legislative abilities and firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. It was Umar, who for the first time in 500 years since their expulsion from the Holy Land, allowed Jews to practice their religion freely and live inside Jerusalem.^{[citation needed]}

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Umm Kulthum bint Ali
Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Arabic: أم كلثوم بنت علي) was the fourth child of Ali ibn Abu Talib (the fourth Rightly Guided Caliph and first Shi’a Imam) and Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad.

Umm Kulthūm bint Ali was the fourth child and second daughter of ‘Ali and Fatima. She was the granddaughter of the Prophet and wife of Umar bin al-Khattab and after his passing away, Awn ibn Ja‘far-e-Tayyar.
The shi'a authors Muhammad Al-Hassun and Umm ‘Ali Mashkur stated in their book "A'lam al-Nisaa al-Mu'minat": “ The marriage of Umm Kulthum to ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab is counted amongst the important issues presented to us by Islamic history, and as one of those matters around which debate and research has continued at length—and still continues. Those who regard this marriage as an authentic fact use it to prove the righteousness of her husband ‘Umar and ‘Ali’s acceptance of him. Otherwise, why would he give him his daughter in marriage? As for those who reject the historic occurrence of the marriage, or are of the opinion that it took place under pressure which ‘Umar brought to bear upon ‘Ali use this issue to justify the unrighteousness and viciousness of ‘Umar, and that ‘Ali did not approve of him. ”

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Umm Shareek
Umm Shareek (Arabic: أم شريك‎) was a female Companion of Muhammad.
During the 620s, when Islam was new, the ruling class of Mecca used to torture people who accepted Islam in order to have them renounce their new faith.
Umm Shareek, a lady who accepted Islam, was made to stand under the hot sun for three days and was not allowed to drink water.

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Umm Ubays
Umm Umais (Arabic: أم أبيس‎), Umm Ubais or Umm Ubays was among the slaves freed by Abu Bakr.
Umm Ubays was the daughter of Al-Nahdiah.
Umm Ubays had also a sister, Harithah bint al-Muammil, however it is not established if they shared the same mother in the sources this article uses.

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Uqbah ibn Amir
Uqbah ibn Amir was a companion of Muhammad and well known member of the early Muslim community.
He participated in the battle of Uhud and in all the military engagements thereafter. He also fought in the Battle of Damascus in 634. In recognition for his services, the Muslim commander Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, despatched Uqbah to Medina to convey the liberation of Damascus to Umar ibn al-Khattab.
Uqbah was also one of the commanders of the Muslim forces that took Egypt. For three years he was the governor of Egypt after which he received orders from the caliph Muawiyah to mount a naval expedition to the island of Rhodes.
He memorized numerous hadith on the subject of jihad and became a specialist in their narraton. Uqbah also left a Mushaf of the Quran written in his own hand, which existed until recently in Egypt in the well-known mosque named after him.
After becoming ill he died in Cairo and was buried at the foot of the Muqattam hills.

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Usama ibn Zayd
Usama bin Zayd (also spelled Osama)(Arabic: أسامة بن زيد‎) was the son of Zayd ibn Harithah, the Islamic prophet, Muhammad's freed slave, adopted son and one of the first Muslims. Umm Ayman (Barakah) was his mother.
Usamah ibn Zayd was born in the seventh year before Hijra (615 G.). Because of his father's status as a foster-child of Muhammad, and his mother's role in the life of Aminah, Usamah was considered almost a grandson, and Muhammad love for him was not very different from his love for al-Hasan and al-Husayn. During Usamah's youth, Muhammad was presented with an expensive gown. After wearing it once to the Friday Jumu'ah Prayers, he gave it as a gift to Usamah. When Usamah was ten years old, he requested to fight in the Battle of Uhud, but was not allowed. His first experience participating in a battle was at the age of seventeen, in the Battle of the Trench. During the Battle of Hunayn, in which the Muslim army was ambushed, Usamah was among the few men who continued to fight with Muhammad, helping turn the near-defeat into victory.

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Utbah ibn Ghazwan
Utbah ibn Ghazwan (عُتبة بن غَزْوان) (died 639) was a well known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the seventh person to convert to Islam and participated in the hijra to Abyssinia, but returned to stay with Muhammad in Mecca before making the second hijrah to Medina. He fought at the battle of Badr (624), the battle of Uhud (625), the Battle of the Trench (627) and many others, including the battles of Yamamah.
During the caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644), Utbah commanded a force of 2,000 men in a campaign against Ubullah which lasted from June through September 635. Once Uballah was occupied, Utba sent a force across the Tigris River which occupied the district of Furat, followed by Meisan and Abarqubaz. He was soon appointed governor of Basra (Iraq) by the caliph. In 639 Utba left for the Hijaz to perform hajj and to request Umar to relieve him of his office as governor. Umar refused, but while returning to Basra, Utbah fell from his camel and died. He was succeeded by al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah as governor.

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Uthman Ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎, strict transliteration: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān) (c. 579 – 17 July 656) was one of the companions of Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs.
Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of Mecca, a powerful family of the Quraish tribe. He was a companion of Muhammad who assumed the role of leader (caliph) of the Muslim Empire at the age of 65 following Umar ibn al-Khattab. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. Some of Uthman's notable achievements were the economic reforms he introduced, and the compilation of the Qur'an into the unified, authoritative text that is known today.
Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill, and the presumption is that he was born during the summer months, since wealthy Meccans usually spent the hot summers in the cooler climate of Ta’if. He was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, seven years after Muhammad. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and his business flourished, making him one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe.

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Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎, strict transliteration: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān) (c. 579 – 17 July 656) was one of the companions of Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs.
Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of Mecca, a powerful family of the Quraish tribe. He was a companion of Muhammad who assumed the role of leader (caliph) of the Muslim Empire at the age of 65 following Umar ibn al-Khattab. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. Some of Uthman's notable achievements were the economic reforms he introduced, and the compilation of the Qur'an into the unified, authoritative text that is known today.
Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill, and the presumption is that he was born during the summer months, since wealthy Meccans usually spent the hot summers in the cooler climate of Ta’if. He was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, seven years after Muhammad. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and his business flourished, making him one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe.

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Uthman ibn Hunaif
Uthman ibn Hunaif was one of the companions of Muhammad. According to Shia belief, he did not give allegiance to Abu Bakr, until Ali supposedly did so. He narrated the Hadith of the blind man.
Qadi Yusuf says that Uthman bin Hunaif was an authority in all Arabia on taxation, assessment of land revenue and land reclamation. He was employed by Umar as a land revenue expert, the Umar and the Sahaba

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Washington Irving
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving also served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846.
He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle, written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. After moving to England for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in 1819. He continued to publish regularly—and almost always successfully—throughout his life, and completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death, at age 76, in Tarrytown, New York.

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Wilferd Madelung
Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. He was born in Stuttgart, Germany, where he completed his early education at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium.
His family moved to the United States in (or after?) 1947, and he studied at Georgetown University. In 1952, he went to Egypt and stayed there for a year. During his stay the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, initiated by the Free Officers, occurred. He also met Ihsan Abbas, the famous scholar of Islamic History, there.
On leaving Egypt he went back to Germany and completed his Ph.D in 1957, working with Spuler. In 1958 he was sent to Iraq by the German government to work at its embassy there. Shortly after his arrival in Baghdad, Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim overthrew the regime in the bloody military coup known as the 14 July Revolution. Madelung stayed in Iraq two more years. Subsequently, he taught at the University of Chicago.
Madelung was Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford from 1978 to 1998. He has written extensively on the early history of Islam, as well as on Islamic sects such as the Shi'a and the Ismailis. He has served on the editorial boards of several academic journals including the Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. He is currently a Senior research fellow at the Institute for Ismaili Studies in London

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William Muir
Sir William Muir, KCSI (27 April 1819 – 11 July 1905) was a Scottish Orientalist and colonial administrator.
He was born at Glasgow and educated at Kilmarnock Academy, at Glasgow and Edinburgh Universities, and at Haileybury College. In 1837 he entered the Bengal Civil Service. Muir served as secretary to the governor of the North-West Provinces, and as a member of the Agra revenue board, and during the Mutiny he was in charge of the intelligence department there. In 1865 he was made foreign secretary to the Indian Government. In 1867 Muir was knighted (K.C.S.I.), and in 1868 he became lieutenant-governor of the North Western Provinces.
Having been criticized for the poor relief effort during the Orissa famine of 1866, the British began began to discuss famine policy, and in 1868 Muir issued an order stating that:
In 1874 Muir was appointed financial member of the Viceroy's Council, and retired in 1876, when he became a member of the Council of India in London.James Thomason served as Muir's mentor with respect to Imperial administration; Muir later wrote an influential biography of Thomason.

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Yazdegerd III
Yazdegerd III or Yazdgerd III (also spelled Yazdiger or Yazdigerd, Persian: یزدگرد, "made by God") was the twenty-ninth and last king of the Sassanid dynasty of Iran and a grandson of Khosrau II (590–628). His father was Shahryar, whose mother was Miriam, the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice. Yazdegerd III ascended the throne on 16 June 632 after a series of internal conflicts.
Yazdegerd was born in central Iran, reigned as a youth and had never truly exercised authority. The Muslim conquest of Persia began in his first year of reign, and ended with the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. Yazdegerd sought an alliance with Emperor Heraclius, who was an old rival of the Persian Empire.
Following the battle of al-Qādisiyyah, the Arabs occupied Ctesiphon, and the young king fled eastward into Media going from one district to another, until at last he was killed by a local miller for his purse at Merv in 651.
The legend is that he was killed by a miller who robbed him of his clothes and jewellery, but there is a strong suspicion that the governor of Merv, was the real culprit.

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Zayd ibn Arqam
This is a Sahaba of Muhammad
When Zaid was older, he retold the hadith of the two weighty things, during the Banu Umayyad rule. One version is quoted in Sahih Muslim where he, after being asked several times, tells about the event and unwillingly concludes that Muhammad's wives are not part of the Ahl ul-Bayt. In another version, he gives a more vague answer. He was the first person in Islam to give his home for the first namaz/salah in Islam, which was led by Muhammad. It was in his house where Caliph Umar converted to Islam.
He gave allegiance to Abu Bakr, when Ali did so .

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Zayd ibn Harithah
Zayd ibn Harithah (Arabic: زيد بن حارثة‎) or Zayd mawla Muhammad (c. 588-629 CE) was a prominent figure in the early Islamic community and the only one of sahaba whose name appears in the Qur'an (33:37). As he was the adopted son of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, before Islam abolished adoption in exchange of Kafala. He was an early convert to Islam and later, a military leader. He died c. 629 CE at the Battle of Mu'tah.
Zayd bin Harith was the son of Harith, of the Makhdhoom tribe that lived to the north of Mecca. During a raid, raiders had captured the boy, Zayd. He was taken as a slave and sold at the great fair of Ukaz. At the festival of Ukaz, Zayd along with a few other slaves were purchased by Hakim bin Hizam and taken back to Mecca. Hakim bin Hizam then offered to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the wife of Muhammad, to choose any slave for herself. She chose Zayd, who was then taken to her household. On the occasion of her marriage to Muhammad, Muhammad had set free his slave Baraka. Baraka was a slave woman who was owned by the late father of Muhammad, Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib. After the passing away of his father, this slave Baraka, had come into the custody of Muhammad. He had set her free on the occasion of marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. He often referred to (Baraka) her as his ummi (mother) in later days. Also on the occasion of marriage, Khadijah had given Zayd as a gift to her new husband.

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Zayd ibn Suhan
Zayd ibn Suhan (Arabic: زيد بن صوحان‎) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is revered by Shia Muslims. He was the brother of Sa'sa'a bin Sohan. He is mentioned in Sahih al-Bukhari. He was killed in the Battle of the Camel by Amr Al Yathribi.
Zayd was a Bahrani from the city of Qatif, Saudi Arabia.
His grave and shrine lies in the village of Malkiya in Bahrain. He is sometimes referred to as "Ameer Zayd"

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Zaynab bint Ali
Zaynab bint Ali (Arabic: زينب بنت علي‎) was the daughter of the Rashid Caliph and first Shi'i Imam, Ali and granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.
In Muslim views, she is a great figure of sacrifice and strength. In Iran, her birthday is recognized as Nurse's Day.
Zaynab was the third child of Ali and Fatimah. She was born in Medina on the 5th of Jumada al-awwal (although some traditions say she was born on the 1st of Sha'aban) (of the Islamic calendar). Zaynab was named by Muhammad just as with her two elder brothers, Imam Hassan and Imam Hussain. Zaynab means "the adornment of her father" as a reference to Imam Ali. Zaynab lost her mother when she was only seven years old. She grew extremely close to her full brothers, the Imams Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.
When Zaynab came of age, she was married to her cousin Abdullah ibn Ja'far, a nephew of Ali, in a simple ceremony. Although Zaynab's husband was a man of means, the couple is said to have lived a modest life. Much of their wealth was devoted to charity. Abdullah was sometimes called "the sea of munificence" or "the cloud of munificence".^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Zaynab_bint_Ali

Sahabat Nabiyullah Umar Bin Khattab RA..FLV (Trailler Film of Omar)

This film have being played in Indonesia... this Ramadhan so much message from this Film.....

published: 25 Jul 2012

author: ino kir

Taj Tarik Bey and DR.Umar ABDULLAH Johnson 2011

...

published: 10 Oct 2011

author: BlackandNobel Books

Asia Star- Umar think he tough part 3

Asia Star- Umar think he tough prt3...

published: 28 Dec 2011

author: Lamont Butts

Umar Sharif - Stage Sitcom 1

Umar Sharif and Bade Nawab !!!...

published: 07 Mar 2007

author: nitinonweb

Umar Pachpan Ki Dil Bachpan Ka

Super Hit Comedy movie Umar Pachpan Ki Dil Bachpan Ka (1992), starring Anupam Kher, Kadar ...

published: 16 Feb 2010

author: UltraHindi

Habib Umar 2010 Malaysia's Tour

The Most Outstanding Islamic Scholar...

published: 20 Jan 2010

author: wisdommediaproductio

#MBC1 - #OmarSeries - Ep1 - English Subtitles

Omar Series www.mbc.net www.facebook.com twitter.com MBC1 www.mbc.net www.facebook.com twi...

published: 07 Aug 2012

author: mbc

DR. UMAR Abdullah Johnson Exposes Obama and Many More!!!

...

published: 12 Mar 2012

author: BlackandNobel Books

STRATEGIES - DR. UMAR ABDULLAH JOHNSON

STRATEGIES - DR. UMAR ABDULLAH JOHNSON...

published: 10 Apr 2012

author: AgAzA8

Part 2 Hidden Colors Umar Johnson

This is part 2of a 3 part series from SouLutions Radio. Host Tamara Westwood and Umar John...

published: 13 Jun 2011

author: Soulutionsradio

Professor Griff and Dr. Umar Abdullah Johnson FULL LECTURE DVD 2 of 2

blackandnobel.com THIS IS THE FIRST LECTURE OUT OF THE BLACK NOBEL LECTURE SERIES. PROFFES...

published: 26 Jul 2011

author: BlackandNobel Books

Solah Baras Ki Baali Umar - Kamal Hasan & Rati Agnihotri - Ek Duje Ke Liye

Watch this beautiful song "Sola Baras Ki Baali Umar" in which beautiful Rati Agnihotri is ...

published: 29 Jan 2008

author: rajshri

Umar Akmal & Adnan Akmal Dance

cricket fancs join this page on facebook........ www.boomcric.blogspot.com http...

published: 21 Feb 2010

author: Ali Asadullah

Aku Hanya Umar.wmv

...

published: 21 Nov 2010

author: matpijan88

Lil' Wayne, Eminem, Drake & Travis Barker - Grammy Peformance HD

Lil' Wayne, Eminem, Drake and Travis Barker peforming Drop The World and Forever at the Gr...

published: 21 Feb 2010

author: Umar

K.I.N.G Music Video

Shot in 3 countries, this is the exclusive music video for the 'K.I.N.G' track featured on...

published: 11 Feb 2011

author: Three Records

Lil' Wayne - Lollipop Live @ SNL [HD]

Lil' Wayne peforming Lollipop at Saturday Night Live. Copyright NBC. No copyright infringe...

published: 30 Jul 2010

author: Umar

The 10 Days Of Dhul-Hijjah - Sheikh Sajid Ahmed Umar

The 10 Days Of Dhul-Hijjah Meet Sheikh Sajid Umar who gives us a timely reminder on the v...

published: 03 Nov 2009

author: AlKauthar

Interview with Omar Peñalber and Eesa Puentispina (Part 1 of 2)

For live chat and queries on Islam, visit: www.islamforall.cc Umar Negroprado of Kalemah C...

published: 26 Mar 2011

author: concerningislam

Kirsten Seymour interviews Mullah Omar's teacher, Maulana Sami ul Haq

Kirsten Seymour interviews America's most wanted man, Mullah Omar's teacher, Maulana Sami ...

published: 31 Jul 2011

author: theexpresstribune

3.Mirwaiz Umar Farooq interview on CNN IBN with Karan Thapar by 9211SHABAB

Mirwaiz Umar Farooq interview on CNN IBN with Karan Thapar...

published: 12 Dec 2010

author: Shabab Ahmed Mir

Umar Akmal Interview

Umar Akmal, Pakistan's young cricket stars, talks about Pepsi Cricket Stars...

published: 16 Sep 2010

author: PepsiPakistan

1.Mirwaiz Umar Farooq interview on CNN IBN with Karan Thapar by 9211SHABAB

Mirwaiz Umar Farooq interview on CNN IBN with Karan Thapar...

published: 12 Dec 2010

author: Shabab Ahmed Mir

Babra Sharif Latest Interview with Umar Sharif (Part 4)

babra Sharif appears on Tv after long time with faisal rehman on Umar Sharif Show. She sti...

published: 01 Jul 2010

author: alliony2k

MUEEN AKHTAR PASSES AWAY INTERVIEW WITH DILIP KUMAR, part,1

the great dilip kumar ;UMAR SHARIF INTERVIEW MOHAMMAD ALI MOEEN MUEEN AKHTAR umar shree sh...

published: 21 Mar 2009

author: adilsohawi

Kamran Akmal & Umar Akmal interview part 1.mp4

...

published: 15 Jun 2010

author: Daniyal Hassan

Babra Sharif Latest Interview with Umar Sharif (Last part)

babra Sharif appears on Tv after long time with faisal rehman on Umar Sharif Show. She sti...

published: 01 Jul 2010

author: alliony2k

Dr. Umar Johnson interview

The following is an interview conducted by award-winning filmmaker Claude Parker with Dr U...

published: 05 Dec 2011

author: Claude Parker

Umer Sharif interview with Air Hostess

...

published: 29 Jul 2010

author: Asghar zehri

MOIN AKHTAR PASSED AWAY,DILIP KUMAR LIVE INTERVIEW PART2 IN DUBAI WITH

DILIP KUMAR MUEEN AKHTER IN DUBAI LIVE PART 2 UMAR SHARIF INTERVIEW MOHAMMAD ALI MOEEN MUE...

published: 05 Apr 2010

author: adilsohawi

Umar Gul Interview In Pashto 2/3

╚═► FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com ╚═► TWITTER: www.twitter.com ╚═► NEW CHANNEL: www.youtube.c...

published: 25 Nov 2011

author: IbrahimKhanzTV

Umer Sharif interview with Traffic Constable

...

published: 09 Sep 2009

author: indulge1000

Lil' Wayne, Eminem, Drake & Travis Barker - Grammy Peformance HD

Lil' Wayne, Eminem, Drake and Travis Barker peforming Drop The World and Forever at the Gr...

published: 21 Feb 2010

author: Umar

K.I.N.G Music Video

Shot in 3 countries, this is the exclusive music video for the 'K.I.N.G' track featured on...

published: 11 Feb 2011

author: Three Records

Lil' Wayne - Lollipop Live @ SNL [HD]

Lil' Wayne peforming Lollipop at Saturday Night Live. Copyright NBC. No copyright infringe...

published: 30 Jul 2010

author: Umar

The 10 Days Of Dhul-Hijjah - Sheikh Sajid Ahmed Umar

The 10 Days Of Dhul-Hijjah Meet Sheikh Sajid Umar who gives us a timely reminder on the v...

published: 03 Nov 2009

author: AlKauthar

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photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD

This Sunday Jan.13, 2013 photo provided by the French Army Monday Jan.14, 2013 shows a French Rafale jetfighter landing after a mission to Mali in N'Djamena, Chad.

France strikes Mali rebels

Independent online (SA)

14 Jan 2013

Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)

photo: AP / Kevin Frayer

Indian Hindu holy men, or Naga Sadhus, run naked into the water at Sangam, the confluence of the rivers Ganges, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati, during the royal bath on Makar Sankranti at the start of the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, India, Monday, Jan. 14, 2013.

Pilgrims Flock to India's Ganges for World's Biggest Festival

Jakarta Globe

14 Jan 2013

Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)

photo: WN / Jamal Penjweny

US military in side hummer on the Ramadia road and an the duty in Ramadia present

2012 military suicides hit a record high of 349

Ohio

15 Jan 2013

WASHINGTON. Suicides in the U.S. military surged to a record 349 last year, far exceeding American combat deaths in Afghanistan, and some private experts are predicting the dark trend will grow worse this year. The Pentagon has struggled to deal with the suicides, which Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and others have called an epidemic ... Last year’s total is the highest since the Pentagon began closely tracking suicides in 2001 ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)

photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama talks with Chief of Staff Jack Lew and Rob Nabors, Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs, in the Oval Office, Nov. 28, 2012.

Obama On Debt Ceiling: 'We Are Not A Deadbeat Nation'

Huffington Post

14 Jan 2013

WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama issued a strong warning to Republicans on Monday that he will not negotiate over the debt ceiling or allow Republicans to use it as a bargaining chip. "To even entertain the idea of the United States of America not paying our bills is irresponsible. It's absurd," Obama said in a press conference ... "They will not collect a ransom in exchange for not crashing the economy," Obama said ... Also on HuffPost ... ....(size: 10.3Kb)

photo: AP / Arshad Butt

Pakistani Shiite Muslims sit next to the bodies of their relatives awaiting burial, who were killed in Thursday's deadly bombings, during a protest in Quetta, Pakistan, Saturday, Jan. 12, 2013.

Pakistan's Deathly Nonviolent Protest

WorldNews.com

15 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Desperate times call for desperate measures. In the case regarding Pakistani Shias, a minority population in Pakistan, some are refusing to bury their dead until the government deepens its commitment to protect them and the army provides better security. This comes on the heels of another suicide terrorist attack that killed 92 people and wounded more than 100 ... (1) Crilly, Rob ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)

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Al Qaeda Country

Foreign Policy

16 Jan 2013

The Tukulor Empire's first important conquest had come decades earlier, in the early 1850s, when its fanatical founder, El Hajj Umar Tall, led Koranic students and hardened soldiers to topple the Bambara kingdoms along the banks of the Niger. Umar imposed a strict brand of Islamic law, reportedly enslaving or killing tens of thousands of non-believers over a half century....(size: 5.6Kb)

Pakistan's pace attack lacks one fast bowler, says skipper Hafeez

Newstrack India

16 Jan 2013

Tweet. Islamabad, Jan. 16 (ANI) ... Pacemen Umar Gul and Junaid Khan will be assisted by uncapped fast bowlers - 7-foot-1 Mohammad Irfan and Ehsan Adil - in a four-man attack against the No. 1 ranked Proteas, reports The Dawn ... The squad was announced by selectors last week ... (ANI). Read More. Mohammad Rafi ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.7Kb)

MF councillors fail to stave off misconduct inquiry

Independent online (SA)

16 Jan 2013

Two Minority Front councillors have failed in their attempt to prevent the party from holding an inquiry into their alleged misconduct ... The inquiry relates to the party’s national conference held in Chatsworth last November ... The men have been charged with bringing the MF into disrepute, acting in a manner unbecoming of a member of the party, and showing contempt for its structures ... rizwana.umar@inl.co.za. ....(size: 3.5Kb)

Secret Marriage - VP Sambo's Aide Denies Nkiru

All Africa

15 Jan 2013

Sani Umar, secretly marrying Nollywood actress, Miss Nkiru ......(size: 0.3Kb)

Hurriyat decries Army chief's stand on AFSPA

The Times of India

15 Jan 2013

SRINAGAR. Moderate Hurriyat Conference led by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq said on Tuesday Army chief General Bikram Singh's stand on AFSPA was like "rubbing salt into the wounds" of Kashmiri people ... Gen Singh had on Monday said there should be no dilution in AFSPA ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)

Hurriyat decries Army chiefs stand on AFSPA

Deccan Herald

15 Jan 2013

Moderate Hurriyat Conference led by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq on Tuesday said Army Chief General Bikram Singh’s stand on AFSPA was like rubbing salt into the wounds of Kashmiri people ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)

Four arrested for attacking police officer

The Times of India

15 Jan 2013

CHENNAI ... Police decided to take him to the places where he had sold the stolen cellphones ... Based on a complaint from Kennedy, police arrested four traders - Saleem, Umar, Sahul Hameed and Khaja Mohideen . ....(size: 1.0Kb)

Beleaguered New Zealanders flogged again

Toronto Sun

15 Jan 2013

TORONTO - . Pity the International Cricket Association doesn’t have a mercy rule in place for Test cricket ... EXPECT A RUN FEST ... They will be backed by the experienced Umar Gul and Junaid Khan, another fast bowling prodigy ... The selectors dropped a bombshell by leaving out the three Akmal brothers Kamran, Adnan and Umar and it will be the first time in years that Pakistan will field a team without one of them in the lineup ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)

You can count on these kids!

Independent online (SA)

15 Jan 2013

Five KwaZulu-Natal pupils recently returned with accolades from the 2012 International Pama (Pan Pacific Abacus and Mental Arithmetic Association) Abacus and Mental Arithmetic Championships held in Taiwan ... By using the beads and rods, each of which has a value, pupils are able to solve complicated sums in a matter of seconds ... Multiplication and division papers have 30 questions each and add/subtract sums 20. ... rizwana.umar@inl.co.za. ....(size: 4.1Kb)

Grudges under the spotlight

New Straits/Business Times

15 Jan 2013

SUPER LEAGUE. Kelantan-Darul Takzim, Terengganu-Selangor ties expected to be fiery.   K. GURUSAMY will make his first start for Selangor today while teammate Forkey Deo is eager to shine against his former club Terengganu in a Super League match in Kuala Terengganu ... Kunanlan,” Irfan said. Irfan has a full strength squad to choose from except for injured rightback Mahalli Jasuli, who will be replaced by Bunyamin Umar ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)

Xavity™ Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Arrives on Altera® FPGAs

PR Newswire

15 Jan 2013

Lab X demonstrates video networking capabilities of AVB first on Altera FPGAs.   Google. Download image. Loading... ROCHESTER, N.Y., Jan ... (Photo. http.//photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130115/CG42307) ... "As Altera develops programmable solutions to support today's essential digital video and audio connectivity standards, we relish working with leader Lab X Technologies," said Umar Mughal , senior manager, broadcast business unit at Altera....(size: 7.0Kb)

Green Books, red herring and the LoC war

The Hindu

15 Jan 2013

Brigadier Umar Farooq Durrani’s “Treatise on Indian-backed Psychological Warfare Against Pakistan,” asserts that the Research and Analysis Wing “funds many Indian newspapers and even television channels, such as Zee Television, which is considered to be its media headquarters to wage psychological war.” The ......(size: 9.4Kb)

TV programme listings (16/01/2013)

The Hindu

15 Jan 2013

Timings. Programmes CHILDREN. Cartoon Network. 06-00. The Powerpuff Girls. 06-30. Courage The Cowardly Dog. 07-00, 12-00. Bas Karo Henry. 08-00,13-00, 20-00. Roll No. 21. 09-00, 15-00, 18-00. Oggy And The Cockroaches. 09-30, 16-30. Adventure Time. 10-00. Ben 10. 11-00, 14-00, 22-00. Tom and Jerry Tales. 17-00. Ben 10.Omniverse. Chutti TV. 06-00. Chinnavanay Periyavanay. 06-55. Dick Tracy. 07-00, 17-30. George of the Jungle. 07-30 ... Kim ... Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte....(size: 56.3Kb)

timeline:
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For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation).

'Umar bin al-Khattab
Caliph Umar's empire at its peak, 644
Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin)
Reign	23 August 634 – November 7 644
Full name	'Umar bin al-Khattab
Titles	al-Farooq ("Distinguisher between truth and false") Amir al-Mo`mineen ("Commander of the Faithful)
Born	c.586-590 Mecca, Arabia
Died	7 November 644 Medina, Arabia
Buried	Jannat baqi next to Prophet Muhammad Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Madinah
Predecessor	Abu Bakr
Successor	Uthman

v t e Campaigns of Umar

Campaign Umar took part in during time of Muhammad Badr Banu Qaynuqa Uhud Banu Nadir Trench Banu Qurayza Hudaybiyyah Khaybar Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk Campaigns Umar led during time of Muhammad Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab Campaigns Umar ordered Military conquests of Umar's era

Wars of
Caliph Umar

Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire

Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire

Umar (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب, Transliteration: `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb, Umar Son of Al-Khittab, c. 586–590 CE– 7 November 644), also known as Omar, Farooq the Great was the most powerful of the four Rashidun Caliphs and one of the most powerful and influential Muslim rulers in history.^[1] He was a sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert jurist and is best known for his justice, that earned him the title Al-Farooq (The one who distinguishes between right and wrong). Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.^[2] His brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years. His legislative abilities and firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. ^[3] It was Umar, who for the first time in 500 years since their expulsion from the Holy Land, allowed Jews to practice their religion freely and live inside Jerusalem.^{[citation needed]}

Early life [link]

Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitrations among the tribes. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Fatima bint Hasham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. He is said to have belonged to a middle class family. In his youth he used to tend to his father’s camels in the plains near Mecca. His father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. He was a middle class merchant and is believed to be a ruthless man and emotional polytheist who often treated Umar badly. As obvious from Umar's own statement regarding his father during his later political rule, Umar said, "My father Al-Khittab was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."^[4]

Despite literacy being uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and write in his youth. Though not a poet himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature.^[5] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall and physically powerful and was soon to became a renowned wrestler.^[5]^[6] Umar was also a gifted orator, and due to his intelligence and overwhelming personality, he succeeded his father as an arbitrator of conflicts among the tribes.^[7]

In addition, Umar followed the traditional profession of Quraish. He became a merchant and had several journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is said to have met the various scholars and analyzed the Roman and Persian societies closely. However, as a merchant he is believed to have never been successful.^[8]^[9] Drinking alcohol was very common among the Quraish, and Umar was also fond of drinking in his pre-Islamic days.^[10]

During Muhammad's era [link]

Umar's hostility to Islam [link]

In 610 Muhammad started delivering the message of Islam. Umar, alongside others in Mecca, opposed Islam and threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional, polytheistic religion of Arabia. He was most adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims.^[11] Umar was the first man who resolved that Muhammad had to be murdered in order to finish Islam.^[12] Umar firmly believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord among the Quraish.^[11]

Due to the persecution at the hands of the Quraish, Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. As a small group of Muslims migrated Umar felt worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.^[13].

Converting to Islam [link]

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah; On the way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nuaim who had secretly been converted to a Muslim but he did not tell Umar anything about it. When Umar told him that he was going to kill Muhammad he was afraid. He knew Umar will attempt what he said. So just to divert his attention he told him to set his own house in order first, as his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found his sister and brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin), reciting the verses of the Qur'an(Surah Taha).^[14] He started quarreling with his brother-in-law . When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. When he saw what he did to his sister now, out of guilt he calmed down and asked his sister to give him what she was reciting. She gave him the paper on which was written the verses of the chapter Ta-Ha. He was so struck by the beauty of the verses that he accepted Islam that day. He then went to Muhammad with the same sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 27 when he accepted Islam ^[15]. Following his conversion, Umar went to inform the chief of Quraish, Amr ibn Hishām, about his acceptance of Islam. According to one account, Umar thereafter openly prayed at the Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Amr ibn Hishām and Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, reportedly watched in anger.^[16] This further helped the Muslims to gain confidence in practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar’s conversion to Islam gave power to the Muslims and the faith in Mecca. It was after this that Muslims offered prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first time. Abdullah bin Masoud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success and his reign a blessing from Allah, we didn't offer prayers in Al-Haram Mosque until Umar accepted Islam, when he accepted Islam Quraish were compelled to let us pray in the Mosque.^[17]

Migration to Medina [link]

In 622 due to the growing popularity of Islam in the city of Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina) Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Muslims usually migrated at night due to fear of Quraish's resistance to that migration, but Umar is reported to have migrated openly during the day time saying; Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphan^[18].^[19] should come and meet me there behind that cliff." Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[15].

Life in Medina [link]

Medina became the new center of Islam and the religion spread rapidly across Arabia. When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off each immigrant (Muhajir) with one of the residents of the city (Ansari), joining Muhammad ibn Maslamah with Umar making them brothers in faith. Later in Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah would be assigned the office of chief inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624 Umar participated in the first Battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e. Battle of Badr.In 625 he participated in the Battle of Uhud. In the second phase of Battle when Khalid ibn Walid's Cavalry attacked Muslims at the rear changing the victory of Muslims to defeat, rumors of Muhammad’s death were spread many Muslim were warriors routed from the battle field, Umar too was initially routed but hearing that Muhammad was still alive he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defenses of the hill to keep the Quraishi army down the hill.^[20]. Later in the year Umar was a part of campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. In 625 Umar’s daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad ^[21]. Later in 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.^[22] In 628 Umar participated in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and was made one of the witness over the pact.^[22]. In 628 he was a part of Muslims' campaign to Khaybar. In 629 Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal from where he called for reinforcement and Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcement, serving under him were Abu Bakr and Umar, they attacked and defeated the enemy ^[23]. In 630 when Muslim armies rushed for the Conquest of Mecca he was part of that army. Later in 630 he was part of Battle of Hunayn and Siege of Ta'if. He was part of Muslim's army that went for the campaign of Tabuk under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in a farewell Hajj of Muhammad in 631.^[24].

Death of Muhammad [link]

Muhammad died on 8 June 632. Umar was full of grief upon hearing the news, Umar, the devoted disciple, could not accept the reality that the "Messenger of God" has died.^[25] According to the Qur'an, "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before", i.e. died or killed. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. At this point Abu Bakr is reported to have come out to the Muslim community and gave his famous speech which included:

"Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, and whoever worshipped God, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies."

Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?".

Hearing this from Abu Bakr, the most senior disciple of Muhammad, Umar then fell down on his knees in great sense of sorrow and acceptance of the reality. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.^[25]

Foundation of the Caliphate [link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Letter to Usama bin Zaid

Umar's political genius first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died in 8 June 632.^[26] While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[26] Umar found out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded to the meeting, presumably to head off the Ansar's plans for political domination. Arriving at the meeting Umar was faced with a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of the Muhajirs.^[26] However Umar was undeterred in his belief the caliphate should be under the control of the Muhajirs.^[27] Though they Khazraj were in disagreement, Umar after strained negotiations lasting up to one or two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes, Umar resolved the divisions by placing his hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah, most others gathered at the Saqifah followed suit with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, whose tribe was ostracized. The Khazraj tribe is said to have posed no significant threat as there were sufficient men of war from the Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[26]

The creation of the islamic caliphate would be one of Umar's most enduring legacies, and its significance to world history is hard to overestimate. However Umar himself was characteristically guarded about his own creation, Dr. Wilferd Madelung in his book The Succession to Muhammad summarising Umar's contribution:^[28]

Umar judged the outcome of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a precipitate and ill-considered deal'^[29] because of the absence of most of the prominent Muhajirun, including the Prophet's own family and clan, whose participation he considered vital for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). It was, he warned the community, to be no precedent for the future. Yet he also defended the outcome, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one else. He apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to press for an immediate oath of allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted to wait for a legitimate consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of the Mekkans. Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent and undignified end, as he and his followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not to kill him, for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule. This violent break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed by the wisdom and eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech and have accepted him as the best choice for the succession, as suggested by Caetani. There would have been no sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the Muhajirun.^[28]

According to various shia sources and some western scholars, Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against Ali at the Saqifah ^[26] According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. It has been reported that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an armed contingent to Fatimah’s house where Ali and his supporters are said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire, with its inhabitants ablaze,^[27] and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. This belligerent version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who in view of other reports in their literature believe that Ali gave oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance, while others believe that Ali was reluctant to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr and gave his allegiance six months later after the death of his wife Fatimah.

Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear mandate to politically succeed Muhammad, but offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by Umar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters, for instance, Dr. Wilferd Madelung in his book The Succession to Muhammad, discounts the possibility of use of force and argues that:

Isolated reports of use of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refuse to swear alligence for six months are probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough to restrain Umar from any violence against them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoked the sense of solidarity of majority of Abdul Mannaf who’s acquiescence he needed.^[30] His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

Caliph Abu Bakr's era [link]

During Abu Bakr's short reign as caliph Umar served as a chief secretary and advisor, and during the Ridda Wars Umar, along with Khalid ibn Walid, served the caliph as a military strategist and advisor. Due to the delicate political situation in Arabia Umar initially opposed military operations against the rebel tribes in Arabia, hoping to gain their support in the event of invasion by Romans or Persians. Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion by force. By late 632 Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia after consecutive victories gainst the rebels. During his own reign, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the conquered land rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.^[31] Prior to the Battle of Yamamah, Umar pressured Abu Bakr to recall Khalid, who had killed Malik ibn Nuwayrah, a rebel chief and state criminal. Umar was reportedly misguided by Malik's brother that Malik was a Muslim and Khalid killed him because he wanted to marry his wife Layla bint al-Minhal, a renowned beauty in Arabia. Abu Bakr refused to accept Umar's opinion, and Umar continued to insist on Khalid's removal even after Khalid's conquest of Iraq. This became a major issue between Abu Bakr and Umar and a spacious chapter in Islamic history.^{[citation needed]} Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of a book, after 300 memorizers of the Quran died in the Battle of Yamamah. Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor prior to the caliph's death in 634.

Appointment as a Caliph [link]

Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure among the notables of Madinah and members of Majlis al Shura, accordingly succession of Umar was initially discouraged by high ranking companions of Abu Bakr.^[32]^[33] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar, his successor. Umar, still was well known for his extraordinary will power, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, justice and care for poor and underprivileged people.^[34] Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked by the God to whom I have appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your men.^[35]

Abu Bakr was fully aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. Succession of Umar was thus not as troublesome as any of the others. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions to power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands.^[36] Abu Bakr before his death called Uthman to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on Iraq and Syrian fronts. Abu Bakr's decision would prove to be crucial in the strengthening of the nascent Islamic empire.

Reign as Caliph [link]

Sword of Caliph Umar, with later hilt.

On 22 August Caliph Abu Bakr died. The same day Umar assumed the office of Caliphate. After the assumption of office as the Caliph, Umar addressed the Muslims in his Inaugural address as:

"O ye faithful! Abu Bakr is no more amongst us. He has the satisfaction that he has successfully piloted the ship of the Muslim state to safety after negotiating the stormy sea. He successfully waged the apostasy wars, and thanks to him, Islam is now supreme in Arabia. After Abu Bakr, the mantle of Caliphate has fallen on my shoulders. I swear it before God that I never coveted this office. I wished that it would have devolved on some other person more worthy than me. But now that in national interest, the responsibility for leading the Muslims has come to vest in me, I assure you that I will not run away from my post, and will make an earnest effort to discharge the onerous duties of the office to the best of my capacity in accordance with the injunctions of Islam. Allah has examined me from you and you from me, In the performance of my duties, I will seek guidance from the Holy Book, and will follow the examples set by the Holy Prophet and Abu Bakr. In this task I seek your assistance. If I follow the right path, follow me. If I deviate from the right path, correct me so that we are not led astray.

Initial challenges [link]

Umar was already not an endearing figure in Medina. Although almost all of the Muslims had given pledge of loyalty to him, nevertheless he was rather more feared than loved. The first challenge for Umar was to win out his subjects and members of Majlis al Shura.^[37] Umar was a gifted orator, and he would use his ability to get a soft corner in the hearts of people.^[38] On Friday prayers Umar addressed the people as follow:

Brethren, it has come to my notice that the people are afraid of me..... they say that he (Umar) has become the Caliph now, God knows how hard he will be. Whoever has said this is not wrong in his assessment...... know ye brethren that you will feel a change in me.^[39] For those who practise tyranny and deprive others of their rights, I will be harsh and stern, but for those who follow the law, I will be most soft and tender.

Umar's addresses greatly moved the people. Next time he addressed the people as:

I will be harsh and stern against the aggressor^[40], but I will be a pillar of strength for the weak.

I will not calm down until I will put one cheek of a tyrant on the ground and the other under my feet, and for the poor and weak, I will put my cheek on the ground.

There could be no better definition of the democracy and justice, then the historic words of Umar,^[41] over which he laid foundation of his rule:

By God, he that is weakest among you shall be in my eye the strongest,^[42] until I have vindicated for him his rights; he that is strongest I will treat as the weakest, until he complies with the law.

Umar's stress was on the well being of poor and underprivileged people, as this class made a bulk of any community, the people were soundly moved by Umar's speeches and his popularity grew rapidly and continuously over the period of his reign.^[43] In addition to this Umar, in order to improve his reputation and relation with Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, delivered to him his disputed estates in Khayber. Though he followed Abu Bakr's decision over the dispute of land of Fidak, continued its status as a state property. In Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel and apostate tribes were taken away as slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered the general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.^[44] This made Umar quite a popular among the budoiene tribes. With necessary public support with him, Umar took a bold decision of retrieving Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on Roman front.^[45]

Political and civil administration [link]

The government of Umar was more or less a unitary government, where the sovereign political authority was the Caliph. The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some autonomous territories like in some regions Azerbaijan and Armenia, that had accepted the suzerainty of the Caliphate. The provinces were administered by the provincial governors or Wali. The selection of which was made personally by Umar, who was very fastidious in it. Provinces were further divided into districts, there were about 100 districts in the empire. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Wali, usually appointed by Umar himself, but occasionally they were also appointed by the provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial level were:

Katib, the Chief Secretary.
Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military officers, though the Governor (Wali) was in most cases the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province. Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the conduct of Governors. On assuming office, the Governor was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, and read the instrument of instructions before them.^[46].

Umar's general instructions to his officers were:

"Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them."

Various other strict code of conducts were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal officers were required to come to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff. Provincial governor received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief of the army of their sector). Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces.

Arabia was divided into two provinces, Mecca and Medina;
Iraq was divided into two provinces, Basra and Kufa;
In the upper reaches of the Tigris and the Euphrates, Jazira was a province;
Syria was a province;
Umar divided Palestine in two provinces Aylya and Ramlah;
Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt;
Persia was divided into three provinces, Khorasan; Azarbaijan and Fars.

Umar was first to established a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State. This department acted as Administrative court, where the legal proceedings were personally led by Umar.^[47] The Department was under the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most trusted man. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasions the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court. One of Umar's most powerful department was his intelligence department of secret services^{[dubious – discuss]}. Umar's iron fist rule on his empire, is often credited to this institution . His agents were everywhere, in the army, in the bureaucracy and in the enemy land. For the officials of Umar it was said to be the most fearsome department^{[dubious – discuss]}.

Umar was a pioneer in some affairs:

Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system that had the messages he sent to Governors and heads of states.
He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order.
He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered.^[48]

Reforms [link]

Main article: Reforms of Umar's era

Main article: Covenant of Umar I

Umar is regarded as one of the greatest political geniuses in history.^[3] While under his leadership, the empire was expanding at a unprecedented rate, he also began to build the political structure that would hold together the vast empire that was being built. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy. He established an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.^[49] Umar also ordered the expulsion of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar allowing them to reside in Syria or Iraq. He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims to reside in the Hejaz for longer than three days.^[50] He was first to establish army as a state department. Umar was founder of Fiqh, the Islamic jurisprudence.^[51] He is regarded by Sunni Muslims to be one of the greatest Faqih. Umar as a jurist started the process of codifying Islamic Law. In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started annual allowance for the Muslims. A year later he also started allowance for the poor, underprivileged and old non-Muslim citizens of the empire. As a leader, 'Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In 639, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year 17 since the Hijra, he decreed that the Islamic calendar should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Madinah.

Military expansion [link]

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

Wars of
Caliph Umar

Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire

Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire

It is widely believed that Umar stressed more on consolidating his power and political influence in the conquered land, rather than pursuing conquests. Nevertheless under Umar, The Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate. In 638, after the conquest of Syria, Umar dismissed Khalid, his most successful general due to his every growing fame and influence. Later however Umar regretted over his decision. The military conquest were partially terminated between 638–639 during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant respectively. During his reign Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost whole of Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to Islamic Empire. Accordiong to one estimate more than 4050 cities were captured during these military conquest.^[52] Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in Egypt and newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, domain of his rule extended from present day Libya in west to Indus river in east and Oxus river in north.

The great famine [link]

In the year 638 Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Bedouin people began to die because of hunger and epidemic disease. Hundreds of thousands^{[citation needed]} of people from all over Arabia gathered at Madinah where food was rationed. Soon the reserves of food at Madinah began to decline, and Umar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine and Iraq for aid. A state of emergency was declared in Madinah and Arabia. The timely aid of Umar's governors saved the lives of thousands of people throughout Arabia. The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of Rashidun army. He sent a historic letter to Umar saying

I am sending you the Caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and the other will be at Madinah.

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Madinah and acted as an officer of Disaster management cell, which was headed personally by Umar. Once an adequate supply of rations reached Madinah, Umar dispatched his men to the routes of Iraq, Palestine and Syria to take the supply caravans to the desert settlements deeper into Arabia, which in turn saved millions from starvation. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Madinah, which according to one estimate had attendance of more than hundred thousand people.^[53] By early 639 conditions begun to improve. Arabia received precipitation and as soon as the famine ended, Umar personally supervised the rehabilitation of the displaced people. They were given adequate amounts of rations and were exempted from payment of zakat for that year and the next year.

The great plague [link]

While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by plague. While Umar was on his way to visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about plague and its intensity and he was suggest to go back to Madinah. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Madinah but he denied to leave his troops in that critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 due to plague, which also cost the life of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague had weakened in late 639 Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of plague.^[54]

Assassination [link]

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Tombstone of Caliph Umar, in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina. The first window from the right gives a view of Umar's grave.

In 644, at zenith of his power, Umar was assassinated. His assassination was carried out by Persians, in response to the Muslim conquest of Persia.^[55] The assassination was planned several months earlier. In October 644 Umar went for Hajj in Mecca, the assassins started the hoopla of Umar's possible death that year, and the massive crowd of the congregation was used by the conspirators as a veil to hide themselves. It is related that when Umar stood at Mount Arafat he heard a voice saying:

"O Caliph, never again will you stand on the Mount of Arafat".

A companion of Umar, Jabir bin Mutaam is reported to have said:

We saw a man standing at the top of the hill and crying 'Verily that is the last Hajj of Umar. He will never come here again.

During one of rituals of Hajj, the Ramy al-Jamarat (stoning of the Devil), some one threw a stone on Umar that wounded his head, a voice was heard that Umar will not attend the Hajj ever again. Amongst the conspirators was:

Hormuzan, the alleged mastermind of the plot. He was Persian Commander in Chief and was captured and brought to Umar at Madinah where to save his life he apparently converted to Islam.
One of Umar's advisors, Ka'ab al-Ahbar, a former Jewish Rabbi, who had converted to Islam.
Jafinah, the Christian Arab from Iraq, who was also a foster brother of Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, former governors of Busra.
Piruzan, popularly known as Abu Lulu, he was slave of Mughira ibn Shu'ba the then governor of Busra.

It was Abu Lulu who was assigned the mission of assassinating Umar. According to the plan, before the Fajr prayers (the morning prayers before the dawn) Abu Lulu will enter Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, the main mosque of Madinah where Umar led the prayers and will attack Umar during the prayers, and will flee or will mix with the congregation at mosque. There were Persian children slaves in Madina. Seeing them, Firoz is quoted saying:

You have been enslaved at such a tender age. This Umar sees eaten my heart. I will take his heart out".

Abu Lulu brought a conjectural complaint to Umar about the high tax charged from him by his master Mughirah. Umar wrote to Mughirah and inquired about the tax, Mughirah's reply was satisfactory Umar held that the tax charged from Abu Lulu was reasonable, owning the to his daily income. Umar than is reported to have asked Abu Lulu:

I heard that you make windmills; make one for me as well. In a sullen mood, Firoz said, " Verily I will make such a mill for you, that whole world would remember it ".

On 3 November 644, Umar was attacked, while leading the morning prayers, Abu Lulu stabbed him six times in the belly and last on the navel, that proved fatal. Umar was left profusely bleeding while Abu Lulu tried to flee but people from all sides rushed to capture him, he in his efforts to escape is reported to have wounded twelve other people, six or nine of them later died. At last he was captured but committed suicide from the same dagger. Umar died of the wounds three days later on Sunday, 7 November 644.^[56] Umar is reported to have left the following testament:

Be kind and generous to the Muhajirun and the Ansar. Those out of them who are good, be good to them; those who are bad overlook their lapses. Be good to the people of the conquered lands. They are the outer line of our defense; they are the target of the anger and distress of our enemies. They contribute to our revenues. They should be taxed only on their surplus wealth. Be gracious to the Bedouins as they are the backbone of the Arab nation. I instruct you to be good to the Dhimmis for they are your responsibility. Do not tax them beyond their capacity. Ensure that they pay the Jizya without undue inconvenience. Fear God, and in all that you do keep His pleasure in view. In the matter of people fear God, and in the matter of Allah do not be afraid of the people. With regard to the people, I enjoin upon you to administer justice with an even hand. See that all the legitimate requirements of the people are met. Be concerned for their welfare. Ensure the safety of their person and property. See that the frontiers of our domains are not violated. Take strong steps to guard the frontiers. In the matter of administration do not prefer the rich to the poor. Be hard against those who violate the law. Show them no mercy. Do not rest content until you have brought the miscreants to book. Treat all the people as equal. Be a pillar of strength for those who are weak and oppressed. Those who are strong but do wrong, make them pay for their wrong-doings. In the distribution of booty and other matters be above nepotism. Let no consideration of relationship or selfish interest weigh with you. The Satan is at large; it may tempt you. Rise above all temptations and perform your duties in accordance with the injunctions of Islam. Get guidance from the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Freely consult the wise men around you. Apply your own mind in difficult cases, and seek light from God. Be simple in your living and your habits. Let there be no show or ostentation about you. Lead life as a model Muslim. As you are the leader of the Muslims, justify your leadership by being the best among them all. May God bless you.

As per Umar's will, he was buried next to Al-Masjid al-Nabawi alongside Muhammad and Caliph Abu Bakr by the permission of Aisha.

Aftermaths [link]

On his death bed Umar vacillated to appoint his successor, however it has been reported that he said that if Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Khalid ibn Walid or Salim, the mawali and freed Persian slave, were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor. Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons comprising,

Their task was to chose a caliph from amongst them. Umar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding. Until the appointment of the next caliph Umar appointed a notable Sahabi, a mawali, Suhayb ar-Rumi (Suhayb the Roman) as a caretaker Caliph. While the historic meeting for selection of caliph was preceding, Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr and Abdur Rahman bin Awf revealed that they saw the dagger used by Abu Lulu, the assassin of Umar. A night before Umar's assassination, reported Abdur Rahman bin Awf, he saw Hormuzan, Jafina and Abu Lulu, while they were suspiciously discussing some thing, bewildered by his presence, the dagger fell, it was the same two sided dagger used in the assissination. Abudulrehman ibn Abu Bakr, son of late caliph Abu Bakr also confirmed that few days before Umar's assassination, he once saw this dagger with Hurmazan. After the mystery of assassination got uncovered by the two of the most notable governmental figures, it seemed clear that the assassination was planned by the Persians residing in Medina. Infuriate by this Umar's younger son Ubaidullah ibn Umar sought to kill all the Persians in Madinah. He killed Hormuzan, Jafinah, and daughter of Umar's assassin Abu Lulu, who is believed to be a Muslim. Ubaidullah was intercepted by the people of Madinah and withholding him from the massacre. Amr ibn al-Aas is said to have intercepted him, convinced him to handover his sword. The murder of Jafinah, enraged Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, his foster brother, and he assaulted Ubaidullah ibn Umar and again the companions intervened. It is also believed that Umar daughter Hafsa bint Umar provoked Ubaidullah to take the punitive action. When Umar was informed about the incident, he ordered that Ubaidullah should be imprisoned and the next Caliph should decide his fate.^[57] Umar died on 7 November 644; on 11 November Uthman succeeded him as the Caliph. After prolonged negotiations the tribunal decided to give blood money to the victims and released Umar's son Ubaidullah, on the ground that after the tragic incident of Umar's assassination people will be further infuriated by execution of his son the very next day.

Legacy [link]

Umar is regarded as one of the most influential figures in Islamic history. He was in a true sense the architect of the Islamic Empire. As a leader, 'Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.

Physical Appearance [link]

Umar is said to be blessed with a strong physique. He could travel on foot for miles. From contemporary sources it appears that Umar had attained perfection in the art of wrestling. He was an athlete and a wrestler. He is said to have participated in the wrestling matches on the occasion of the annual fair of Ukaz.^[58] From first hand accounts of his physical appearance Umar is said to be vigorous, robust and a very tall man, in markets he would tower above the people. The front part of his head was bald, always A'sara Yusran (working with two hands),^[59] both his eyes are black, with yellow skin, however, ibn Sa'ad in his book The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra) stated that he never knew that 'Umar had yellow skin, except if the people took into criterion a certain part of his life where his color changed because he always ate oil at that part of his life,^[60] Others say he has reddish-white skin. His teeth were ashnabul asnan (very white shining). He would always color his beard and take care of his hair using a type of plant.^[60]^[61]

Early Muslim historians Ibn Saad and Al-Hakim have recorded a description of Umar mentioning that Abu Miriam Zir, a native of Kufa described Umar as:

I went forth with the people of Medina on a festival day, and I saw Umar walking barefoot. He was advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour- a left handed man, tall and towering above the people.

^[62] Umar's eldest son Abdullah described the physical appearance of his father as follows:

He was a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey.

an other historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said about him:

Umar was ambidexter, he could use both his hands equally well.

Ibn Asakir records on the authority of Abu Raja al-U'taridi that:

Umar was a man tall, stout, very bald, very ruddy with scanty hair on the cheeks, his moustaches large, and the ends thereof reddish.

^[63]

Political legacy [link]

Umar is considered as a political genius, as an architect of Islamic Empire he is regarded as 52nd most influential figure in history.^[64] Umar remained politically stagnant during Prophet Mohammad's era, however after his death, it was Umar's brilliance that Abu Bakr was elected Caliph, despite of massive initial confrontations at Saqifah. Umar successfully broke the alliance of the tribes of Madinah who claim Caliphate to be their right in addition cleverly sidelined Ali, paving the way for the succession of Abu Bakr. during Abu Bakr's era, he actively participated as his secretory and main adviser. After succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar win over the hearts of Baudouin tribes by emancipating all their prisoners and slaves taken during Ridda wars, his excellent oratory skills helped him to heightened his popularity graph, mostly among the poor and underprivileged people. He proved himself as a excellent manager during the year of the great Famine when his dynamic abilities saved millions from starvation. He is best known to built up an efficient administrative structure of the empire, that held together his vast realm. He organized an effective network of intelligence, partly a reason for his strong grip on his bureaucracy.^[65] His judicial reforms were fairly modern and advance in nature when compared to contemporary systems of his era. He opposed the construction of present day Suez Canal, as it posed threat to the security of Madinah. Twelve hundred years later Great Britain opposed the construction of the canal for the same reason as it then posed threat to its colonies in Indian subcontinent. One of the reason of the compactness of his political rule in the conquered lands is reputed to his policy of tolerance to their religious believes and imposition of far lower taxes on them as compared to Sassanid Persian empire and Byzantine Empire. Their local administration was kept un-touched and several of the former Byzantine and Persian official were retained on their services under Umar's governors.

Umar was very painstaking in every matter. His meticulous was evident from his appointment of governors and judges that never let him lose his grip on the government. He never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might get influence in their county. He dismissed his most successful general Khalid ibn Walid, due to his immense popularity and growing influence that he saw menace to his authority. Rather than tenacious conquest he stressed more on consolidating his rule in the conquered land, a fact that saved Byzantine empire from complete disappearance. Umar is reported to have wished an official tour across his domain to personally examine the condition of his subjects. In 641, before the conquest of Persian empire, Umar is reported to have said:

If I would live few more years, I wish to visit Syria next year, then next Iraq and then the next year Egypt to personally check the conditions of the subjects and inquire whether my mandate is followed or not.

It should be noted that at the time, Umar made this statement, Persia was not yet conquered (conquest of Persia begun in 642). He would walk the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, and it is said that Umar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. He is famous for covert night tour of the city to know the secret life of his domain, the tradition that later be followed by some of the Abbasid Caliphs and even Mughul rulers of Indian subcontinent. Saeed M.Mohtsham cites from Caliph Umar's rule in his research paper Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective:

"He used to monitor very closely the public policy and had kept the needs of the public central to his leadership approach. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of the thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his subjects. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, His vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach.

If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the River Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for dereliction of duty.

—(Umar)

The author further wrote that:

He also knew that just having a vision is not enough unless it is supported by effective strategies. He didn’t only have a vision; he truly transformed his vision into actions. For example, to ensure that nobody sleeps hungry in his empire, he used to walk through the streets almost every night to see if there is any one needy or ill."^[66]

In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gibbon refers to Umar in the following terms:

"Yet the abstinence and humility of Umar were not inferior to the virtues of Abu Bakr: his food consisted of barley bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places; and a Persian satrap, who paid his homage as to the conqueror, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of the mosque of Muslims."

Military legacy [link]

It has been reported that Umar was a champion wrestler of his time, and though not distinguished as a swordsman, he would later attain prominence as a master strategist. Along with Khalid, he is said to be one of the key figures in the collapse of the Arabian rebellion, the greatest triumph of Abu Bakr. One of his greatest strategic marvels was his brilliant fission of Persio-Roman alliance in 636, when Emperor Heraclius and Emperor Yazdegerd III allied against their common enemy Umar. He was lucky in that the Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III couldn't synchronize with Heraclius as planned. Umar fully availed the opportunity and successfully tackled the minefield by straining the Byzantines to jump in the battle. This was contrary to the orders of Empreror Heraclius, who presumably wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Umar did this by sending reinforcements to the Roman front with instructions that they should appear in the form of small bands, one after the other, giving the impression of a continuous stream of reinforcements that finally lured the Byzantines to an untimely battle. On the other hand Yazdegerd III of Persia was engaged in negotiations that further gave Umar time to transfer his troops from Syria to Iraq. These troops proved decisive in the Battle of Qadisiyyah. Both the battles thus fought proved decisive and are noted as two of the most decisive battles in history.

His strategic dimensions were the prime reason of Muslim victory at 2nd Battle of Emesa in 638. Where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of Jazira, aided by Byzantine Emperor, making an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to Emesa (Homs). Umar's brilliance was behind this Muslim victory and was achieved without firing a single shot.

Umar's orders to invade the very homeland of the Christian Arab forces besieging Emesa, the Jazirah. A three prong attack against Jazirah was launched from Iraq. To further pressurize the Christian Arab armies, Umar instructed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to sent reinforcement to Emesa, Umar himself led a reinforcement from Madinah and marched towards Emesa. Under this unprecedented press-gang, Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslims reinforcement could reach their. This incursion from Byzantines however resulted in Muslim annex Mesopotamia and parts of Byzantine Armenia.

Nonetheless the greatest triumph of Umar remained Conquest of Persian empire. After years of non-offensive policy according to which Umar wished the Zagros Mountains to be the frontiers between Muslims and Persians, after Battle of Nahavand Umar launched a whole scale invasion of Sassanid Persian Empire. The invasion was a series of well coordinated multi-prong attacks that was based on the principle of isolating and then destroying the target. Umar launched the invasion by attacking the very heart of Persia aiming to isolate Azerbaijan and eastern Persia. It was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. In the final secession Sistan and Kirman and captured thus isolating the stronghold of Persian, the Khurasan. The final expedition was launched against Khurasan where after Battle of Oxus river Persian empire ceased to exist, and emperor Yazdegerd III fled to Central Asia. He founded the city of Cairo, conquered 36,000 cities or castles, and built 1400 mosques ^[67].

Religious legacy [link]

Sunni views [link]

Main article: Sunni view of Umar

Sunnis remember Umar as a rigid Muslim of a sound and just disposition in matters of the religion of Allah, a man they title Farooq, meaning "leader, jurist and statesman", and the second of the rightly-guided Caliphs. He patched his clothes with skin, took buckets on his two shoulders, always riding his donkey without the saddle, rarely laughing and never joking with anyone. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' 'Umar".^[68] He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the ummah. The general Sunni sentiment for Umar is summarized by one of Muhammad's companions, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud:

Umar's submission to Islam was a conquest, his migration was a victory, his Imamate (period of rule) was a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at the Kaabah until Umar submitted, when he submitted to Islam, he fought them (the pagans) until they left us alone and we prayed.

—Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, ^[69]

Umar made the pilgrimage to Mecca nine times. Mohammed had the highest esteem for Umar. He said that:

If God had wished to give another prophet to the world, His choice would have fallen upon Umar

—Mohammed, ^[67]

Shia views [link]

Main article: Shi'a view of Umar

Umar is viewed very negatively in Shi'a literature and is regarded as a traitor to Muhammad, a usurper of Ali's rights, and a murderer. Some Shi'a writers have accused him of killing Muhammad's daughter Fatimah (see Fatimah's death). According to Shia Muslims, Fatimah, wife of Ali and daughter of Muhammad, was physically abused by him. These sources report that the event caused her to miscarry her child and eventually led to her death soon after.^[70]^[71] (see Umar at Fatimah's house).

Western views [link]

In his book Mahomet and His Successors, Washington Irving estimates the achievements of Umar in the following terms:

The whole history of Omar shows him to have been a man of great powers of mind, inflexible integrity, and rigid justice. He was, more than any one else, the founder of the Islam empire; confirming and carrying out the inspirations of the prophet; aiding Abu Beker with his counsels during his brief caliphate; and establishing wise regulations for the strict administration of the law throughout the rapidly-extending bounds of the Moslem conquests. The rigid hand which he kept upon his most popular generals in the midst of their armies, and in the most distant scenes of their triumphs, gave signal evidence of his extraordinary capacity to rule. In the simplicity of his habits, and his contempt for all pomp and luxury, he emulated the example of the prophet and Abu Beker. He endeavored incessantly to impress the merit and policy of the same in his letters to his generals. 'Beware,' he would say, 'of Persian luxury, both in food and raiment. Keep to the simple habits of your country, and Allah will continue you victorious; depart from them, and he will reverse your fortunes.' It was his strong conviction of the truth of this policy which made him so severe in punishing all ostentatious style and luxurious indulgence in his officers. Some of his ordinances do credit to his heart as well as his head. He forbade that any female captive who had borne a child should be sold as a slave. In his weekly distributions of the surplus money of his treasury he proportioned them to the wants, not the merits of the applicants. 'God,' said he, 'has bestowed the good things of this world to relieve our necessities, not to reward our virtues: those will be rewarded in another world.'^[72]

In his book The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall Sir William Muir says as follows about Umar:

Omar's life requires but few lines to sketch. Simplicity and duty were his guiding principles; impartiality and devotion the leading features of his administration. Responsibility so weighed upon him that he was heard to exclaim, 'O that my mother had not borne me; would that I had been this stalk of grass instead!' In early life of a fiery and impatient temper, he was known, even in the later days of the Prophet, as the stern advocate of vengeance. Ever ready to unsheathe the sword, it was he that at Bedr advised the prisoners to be all put to death. But age, as well as office, had now mellowed this asperity. His sense of justice was strong. And excepting the treatment of Khalid, whom he pursued with an ungenerous resentment, no act of tyranny or injustice is recorded against him; and even in this matter his enmity took its rise in Khalid's unscrupulous treatment of a fallen foe. The choice of his captains and governors was free from favouritism, and (Moghira and Ammar excepted) singularly fortunate. The various tribes and bodies in the empire, representing interests the most diverse, reposed in his integrity implicit confidence, and his strong arm maintained the discipline of law and empire. ... Whip in hand, he would perambulate the streets and markets of Medina, ready to punish slanders on the spot; and so the proverb,-'Omar's whip more terrible than another's sword.' But with all this he was tender-hearted, and numberless acts of kindness are recorded of him, such as relieving the wants of the widow and the fatherless.^[73]

In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gibbon refers to Umar in the following terms:

Yet the abstinence and humility of Omar were not inferior to the virtues of Abubeker: his food consisted of barley-bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places; and a Persian satrap, who paid his homage as to the conqueror, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of the mosch of Medina. Oeconomy is the source of liberality, and the increase of the revenue enabled Omar to establish a just and perpetual reward for the past and present services of the faithful. Careless of his own emolument, he assigned to Abbas, the uncle of the prophet, the first and most ample allowance of twenty-five thousand drams or pieces of silver. Five thousand were allotted to each of the aged warriors, the relics of the field of Beder, and the last and the meanest of the companions of Mahomet was distinguished by the annual reward of three thousand pieces. ... Under his reign, and that of his predecessor, the conquerors of the East were the trusty servants of God and the people: the mass of public treasure was consecrated to the expenses of peace and war; a prudent mixture of justice and bounty, maintained the discipline of the Saracens, and they united, by a rare felicity, the dispatch and execution of despotism, with the equal and frugal maxims of a republican government.^[74]

In his book History of the Arabs Professor Philip Khuri Hitti has assessed the achievements of Umar in the following terms:

Simple and frugal in manner, his energetic and talented successor, 'Umar (634–44), who was of towering height, strong physique and bald-headed, continued at least for some time after becoming caliph to support himself by trade and lived throughout his life in a style as unostentatious as that of a Bedouin sheikh. In fact 'Umar, whose name according to Moslem tradition is the greatest in early Islam after that of Muhammad, has been idolized by Moslem writers for his piety, justice and patriarchal simplicity and treated as the personification of all the virtues a caliph ought to possess. His irreproachable character became an exemplar for all conscientious successors to follow. He owned, we are told, one shirt and one mantle only, both conspicuous for their patchwork, slept on a bed of palm leaves and had no concern other than the maintenance of the purity of the faith, the upholding of justice and the ascendancy and security of Islam and the Arabians. Arabic literature is replete with anecdotes extolling 'Umar's stern character. He is said to have scourged his own son to death for drunkenness and immorality. Having in a fit of anger inflicted a number of stripes on a Bedouin who came seeking his succour against an oppressor, the caliph soon repented and asked the Bedouin to inflict the same number on him. But the latter refused. So 'Umar retired to his home with the following soliloquy: 'O son of al-Khattab! humble thou wert and Allah hath elevated thee; astray, and Allah hath guided thee; weak, and Allah hath strengthened thee. Then He caused thee to rule over the necks of thy people, and when one of them came seeking thy aid, thou didst strike him! What wilt thou have to say to thy Lord when thou presentest thyself before Him?' The one who fixed the Hijrah as the commencement of the Moslem era, presided over the conquest of large portions of the then known world, instituted the state register and organized the government of the new empire met a tragic and sudden death at the very zenith of his life when he was struck down (November 3, 644) by the poisoned dagger of a Christian Persian slave in the midst of his own congregation.^[75]

Encyclopedia Britannica remarks about Umar:

To 'Omar's ten years' Caliphate belong for the most part the great conquests. He himself did not take the field, but remained in Medina; he never, however, suffered the reins to slip from his grasp, so powerful was the influence of his personality and the Moslem community of feeling. His political insight is shown by the fact that he endeavoured to limit the indefinite extension of Moslem conquest, and to maintain and strengthen the national Arabian character of the commonwealth of Islam; also by his making it his foremost task to promote law and order in its internal affairs. The saying with which he began his reign will never grow antiquated: 'By God, he that is weakest among you shall be in my sight the strongest, until I have vindicated for him his rights; but him that is strongest will I treat as the weakest, until he complies with the laws.' It would be impossible to give a better general definition of the function of the State.^[76]

On the other hand, David Samuel Margoliouth offers this assessment of Umar:

Yet we have no record of any occasion on which Omar displayed remarkable courage, though many examples are at hand of his cruelty and bloodthirstiness; at the battle of Hunain he ran away, and on another occasion owed his life to the good nature of an enemy.

^[77]

Family [link]

Main article: Family tree of Umar

Umar married a total of 9 women in his lifetime and had 14 children, 10 sons and 4 daughters.

The details are as follow:

Wife: Zaynab bint Mazh'un (at the time of Jahiliyyah [Days of Ignorance])

Son: Abdullah ibn Umar

Son: Abdulrahman ibn 'Umar (The Older)

Son: Abdulrahman ibn 'Umar

Daughter: Hafsa bint Umar

Wife: Umm Kulthum bint Jarwila Khuzima (divorced)^[78]

Son: Ubaidullah ibn Umar

Son: Zayd ibn 'Umar^[78]

Wife: Quraybah bint Abi Umayyah al-Makhzumi (divorced, married by Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr)

Wife: Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham (after her husband, a former ally of 'Umar and a companion Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl was killed in Battle of Yarmouk, later divorced but al-Madaini says he did not divorce her)^[79]

Daughter: Fatima bint 'Umar

Wife: Jamilah bint Ashim ibn Thabit ibn Abi al-Aqlah (from the tribe of Aws)^[78]^[80]^[81]

Son: Asim ibn Umar

Wife: Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nifayl (cousin of Umar and former wife of Abdullah ibn Abu Bakr^[80]^[82] married 'Umar in the year 12 AH and after 'Umar was murdered, she married az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam)

Son: Iyaad ibn 'Umar

Wife: Umm Kulthum bint 'Ali (the daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib).^[83] ^[84] ^[85]

Son: Zayd ibn 'Umar, (famously known as Ibnul Khalifatayn; the son of the two Caliphs i.e Umar and Ali).

Daughter: Ruqayyah bint 'Umar

Wife: Luhyah (a woman from Yemen (Yaman) who's marital status with 'Umar is disputed, al-Waqidi said that she was Umm Walad, meaning a slave woman)^[78]

Son: Abdulrahman ibn 'Umar (the youngest Abdulrehman while some say the middle Abdulrehman from Luhyah)

Wife: Fukayhah (as Umm Walad)^[68]

Daughter: Zaynab bint 'Umar (the smallest child of 'Umar from Fukayhah)

Another son is, az-Zubayr ibn Bakkar, called Abu Shahmah, though from which wife is unknown.^[78]

Notes [link]

^ Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.
^ Hourani, p. 23.
^ ^a ^b http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Caliphate.html
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal.chapter no:1 page no:45
^ ^a ^b Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal Chapter no:1
^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:1 page no:40-41
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal, chapter no:1
^ Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Chapter: Umar ibn Khittab.
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal, chapter no:1 page no:47
^ ^a ^b Al Farooq, Umar by Muhammad Husayn Haykal.chapter no:1 page no:51
^ Armstrong, p. 128.
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal Chapter no: 1 page no: 53
^ as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), p. 107-108.
^ ^a ^b Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by ibn Kathir, published by Dar al-Wathan publications , Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1422 Anno hegiræ (2002) compiled by Dr. Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, page 170, ISBN 979-3407-19-6
^ Armstrong, p. 35.
^ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, Mohammad Allias Aadil, page no:30
^ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, Mohammad Allias Aadil, page no:119
^ Armstrong, p. 152.
^ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, Mohammad Allias Aadil, page no:40-41
^ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, Mohammad Allias Aadil, page no:42-42, Sahih al bukhari
^ ^a ^b Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, page no:62
^ Sahih-al-Bhukari book of Maghazi, Ghazwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal
^ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, Mohammad Allias Aadil, page no:56
^ ^a ^b as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), p. 54 – 61.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b The History of al-Tabari. State University of New York Press. 1990.
^ ^a ^b Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
^ Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
^ Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
^ Medieval Islamic political thought, Patricia Crone, page 18
^ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, by Mohammad Allias Aadil, page no:58-59
^ K. Y. Blankinship, The History of al-Tabari: vol. XI, p. 157
^ Early caliphate, Muhammad Ali, Muḥammad Yaʻqūb K̲h̲ān page 85
^ Umar Farooq-i-Azam, Mohammad Hussain Haikal, chapter no:4 page no:112-113
^ K. Y. Blankinship, The History of al-Tabari: vol. XI, p. 145-153.
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:119
^ Modern Islamic political thought, Hamid Enayat, page no:6
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:123
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:124
^ Encyclopedia Britannica
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:125
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:130
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:135
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:5 page no:140
^ The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970
^ Commanding right and forbidding wrong in Islamic thought, M. A. Cook, page no:79
^ "The Precious Pearls" Muhammad Ayub Sipra, Darussalam publishers and distributors, 2002 p.57
^ Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, E. P. Mathers, page no: 471
^ Giorgio Levi Della Vida and Michael Bonner, Encyclopaedia of Islam, and Madelung, The Succession to Prophet Muhammad, p. 74
^ The origins of Islamic jurisprudence, Harald Motzki, Marion
^ Medieval Islamic Civilization, Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach page no:844
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:22
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:21
^ Modern reformist thought in the Muslim world. By Mazheruddin Siddiqi, Adam Publishers & Distributors. pg.147
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no: Death of Umar
^ Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. chapter no:death of Umar
^ HADRAT UMAR FAROOQ by PROF. MASUD-UL-HASAN
^ Lisan al-Arab 4/196
^ ^a ^b The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra) 3/ 324 by ibn Sa'ad
^ History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk) 4/ 196 by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
^ HADRAT UMAR FAROOQ BY PROF. MASUD-UL-HASAN
^ HADRAT UMAR FAROOQ by PROF. MASUD-UL-HASAN
^ The 100, Michael H. Hart
^ Islamic Imperialism, Efraim Karsh, page no: 25
^ Mohtsham, Saeed M., Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective
^ ^a ^b The American Encyclopedia of 1851
^ ^a ^b Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah by ibn Kathir, published by Dar al-Wathan publications, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1422 AH (2002) compiled by Dr. Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, page 168, ISBN 979-3407-19-6
^ as-Suyuti, The History of the Khalifas Who Took the Right Way, p. 112
^ http://books.google.com/books?id=zot5IK1csp0C&pg=PA19&dq=&lr=
^ http://books.google.com/books?id=vGhp8Obm3bgC&pg=PA45&dq=&lr=
'^ Mahomet and His Successors
^ The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall
^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
^ History of the Arabs
^ Encyclopedia Britannica
^ Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, pg 164
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nasab Qurayshi page 349 by az-Zubayri
^ Finding the Truth in Judging the Companions (al-Isaba fi tamyiz as-Sahaba) 8/ 193 by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
^ ^a ^b History of the Prophets and Kings 4/ 199 by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
^ The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra ibn Sa'd) 3/ 265 by ibn Sa'ad
^ al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah 6/352 by ibn Kathir
^ Musannaf 'Abd al-Razzâq 6/163-64 #10354
^ Sahih al-Bukhari vol.4 bk.52 #132
^ Tarikh al-Tabari 2/343

References [link]

Donner, Fred, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955.
Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, Faber and Faber, 1991.
Madelung, Wilferd, The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
"G.LeviDellaVida and M.Bonner "Umar" in Encyclopedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands 1999"
Previte-Orton, C. W (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
How Many Companions Do You Know? By Ali Al-Halawani

External links [link]

Excerpt from The History of the Khalifahs by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab (r.a.a.) by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy.

Sunni Islam titles
Umar Banu Adi
Preceded by Abū Bakr	Rashidun Caliph 634–644	Succeeded by `Uthmān

lez:Умар ибн Гьаттаб

http://wn.com/Umar

http://de.wn.com/Umar ibn al-Chattab

http://es.wn.com/Umar ibn al-Jattab

http://ru.wn.com/Умар ибн Хаттаб

http://cs.wn.com/Umar ibn al-Chattáb

http://pt.wn.com/Omar

http://pl.wn.com/Umar ibn al-Chattab

http://hi.wn.com/उमर

http://it.wn.com/ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb

http://id.wn.com/Umar bin Khattab

http://nl.wn.com/Omar ibn al-Chattab

http://fr.wn.com/Omar ibn al-Khattâb

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Professor Griff is an American rapper and spoken word artist. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy and head of the Security of the First World.

1 Early years in Public Enemy
2 Controversy and departure from Public Enemy
3 Afrocentrism
4 Discography
5 Official Website
6 Footnotes

Early years in Public Enemy [link]

After returning from the army, he started a security service to work the local party circuit, calling it Unity Force. At the time, Carlton Ridenhour (a.k.a. Chuck D) was part of the Spectrum City DJ-for-hire service led by Hank Shocklee, and Spectrum and Unity Force frequently worked side-by-side at local events. When Public Enemy was formed and signed to Def Jam, Ridenhour invited Griffin to be a sideman. Unity Force was renamed "The Security of the First World", or S1W for short. The S1W's were brought along, and became a curious combination of bodyguards/dancers for the band. Their stage routines were a loose combination of martial arts, military drill and "step show" dances lifted from black college fraternities.

His role was also that of road manager and "Minister of Information", the intellectual public face of the band for interviews et cetera, as Flavor Flav was the "fun" one. He was rarely MC'ing, except between songs. Professor Griff has started to emerge on the conspiracy theory scene, typically New World Order conspiracy theory. He is known for linking these allegations to past and present celebrities.

Controversy and departure from Public Enemy [link]

Before the release of It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Professor Griff, in his role as Minister of Information, gave interviews to UK magazines on behalf of Public Enemy, during which he made homophobic and anti-Semitic remarks.^[1]^[2] However, there was little controversy until May 22, 1989, when Griffin was interviewed by the Washington Times. At the time, Public Enemy enjoyed unprecedented mainstream attention with the single "Fight the Power" from the soundtrack of Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing.

During the interview with David Mills, Griffin made numerous statements such as "Jews are responsible for the majority of the wickedness in the world".^[3]^[4] When the interview was published, a media firestorm emerged, and the band found themselves under intense scrutiny.^[2]^[5]

In a series of press conferences, Griffin was either fired, quit, or never left. Def Jam co-founder Rick Rubin had already left the label by then; taking his place alongside Russell Simmons was Lyor Cohen, the son of Israeli immigrants who had run Rush Artist Management since 1985. Before the dust settled, Cohen claims to have arranged for a Holocaust Museum to give the band a private tour.^[6]

In an attempt to defuse the situation, Ridenhour first expressed an apology on his behalf,^[7] and fired Griffin soon thereafter. Griffin later rejoined the group, provoking more protests, causing Ridenhour to briefly disband the group. When Public Enemy reformed, due to increasing attention from the press and pressure from Def Jam hierarchy, Griffin was no longer with the band.

Griffin later publicly expressed remorse for his statements after a meeting with the National Holocaust Awareness Student Organization in 1990.^[8]

In his 2009 book, titled Analytixz,^[9] Griff once again admitted the faults in his alleged 1989 statement: "To say the Jews are responsible for the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe, I would have to know about the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe, which is impossible...I'm not the best knower—[God] is. Then, not only knowing that, I would have to know who is at the crux of all of the problems in the world and then blame Jewish people, which is not correct." Griff also pointed out that not only were his words taken out of context, but that the recording was never released to the public for an unbiased listen.

Afrocentrism [link]

Although himself partly Native American,^{[citation needed]} Griffin embraced a radical form of Afrocentrism. "Muslim, Christian, Jew / Here's a little somethin' I thought you knew / There is only one God and God is one / The rich praises none."

After his departure from Public Enemy, Griffin formed his own group, the Last Asiatic Disciples. Griffin's albums were of an Islamic and Afrocentric style, combined with increasingly spoken word lyrics.

He is a member of the Nation of Islam and the Nation of Gods and Earths, which his lyrics and record titles as a solo artist referenced. Another general theme in his lyrics is New World Order conspiracy.

Discography [link]

Year	Album	Chart Positions
Year	Album	US	US Hip-Hop
1990	Pawns in the Game	127	24
1991	Kao's II Wiz7Dome	—	70
1992	Disturb N Tha Peace	—	—
1998	Blood of the Profit	—	—
2001	And The Word Became Flesh	—	—
— - denotes the album failed to chart or was not released

Official Website [link]

Professor Griff - Official Website http://www.pgriff.info

Footnotes [link]

^ Robert Christgau (1989). "The Shit Storm". LA Weekly. http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/music/pe-law.php. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ ^a ^b "Today in Music History". http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/music_blog/archive/2009/05/today_in_music_52.shtml. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ Robert Christgau (1989). "The Shit Storm". LA Weekly. http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/music/pe-law.php. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ Toop, David. Rap Attack 2: African Rap To Global Hip Hop. Serpent's Tail 1992, pp. 177. ISBN 978-1-85242-243-1
^ Robert Christgau (1990-01-16). "Jesus, Jews, and the Jackass Theory". The Village Voice. http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/pe-90.php. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
^ Rich Cohen (2001-06-21). "Little Lansky and the Big Check". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5932745/little_lansky_and_the_big_check/print. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ Pareles, John (1989-08-11). "Public Enemy Rap Group Reorganizes After Anti-Semitic Comments". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/11/arts/public-enemy-rap-group-reorganizes-after-anti-semitic-comments.html. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ Baker, Greg (1990-07-11). "The Education of Professor Griff". Miami New Times. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/1990-07-11/news/the-education-of-professor-griff/. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ Professor Griff. Analytixz: 20 Years of Conversations and Enter-views with Public Enemy's Minister of Information. Atlanta: RATHSI Publishing, 2009, p. 12.

v t e Public Enemy

Chuck D Flavor Flav Professor Griff DJ Lord S1W Terminator X Sister Souljah

Studio albums	Yo! Bum Rush the Show It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back Fear of a Black Planet Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age He Got Game There's a Poison Goin' On Revolverlution New Whirl Odor Rebirth of a Nation How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?

Live releases	Fight the Power… Live! The Enemy Strikes Live Tour of a Black Planet It Takes a Nation: London Invasion 1987 Fight the Power: Greatest Hits Live!

Compilations	Greatest Misses Power to the People and the Beats: Public Enemy's Greatest Hits Beats and Places

Singles	"Public Enemy No. 1" "You're Gonna Get Yours" "Rebel Without a Pause" "Bring the Noise" "Don't Believe the Hype" "Night of the Living Baseheads" "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos" "Fight the Power" "Welcome to the Terrordome" "Brothers Gonna Work It Out" "911 Is a Joke" "Can't Do Nuttin' For Ya Man" "Can't Truss It" "Shut 'Em Down" "Nighttrain" "Hazy Shade of Criminal" "Give It Up" "I Stand Accused" "So Watcha Gonna Do Now" "He Got Game" "Do You Wanna Go Our Way???" "Black is Back" "Harder Than You Think"

Related articles	Discography The Bomb Squad BTN 2000 360 Degrees of Power East Coast hip hop

Persondata
Name	Griff, Professor
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Professor_Griff

http://fr.wn.com/Professor Griff

http://de.wn.com/Professor Griff

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Rati Agnihotri
Rati Agnihotri at son Tanuj Virwani's Luv U Soniyo Event
Born	Rati Agnihotri (1960-12-10) December 10, 1960 (age 51) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Other names	Rati Virwani
Occupation	Model, Actress
Years active	1979–1981 1983–1985 1988–1990 2001–present
Spouse	Anil Virwani (1985–present)

Rati Agnihotri (Hindi: रति अग्निहोत्रि, Urdu: رتِ اَگنِہوترِ, born 10 December 1960) is a veteran Indian actress. Her portfolio mainly includes films in Hindi-Urdu, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. She was born to a Sikh family.

1 Film career
2 End of career
3 Return
4 Awards and nominations
5 Trivia
6 Filmography
7 References
8 External links

Film career [link]

Although she came from a traditional, conservative Punjabi family, she was allowed to model at age 10.^[1] When she was a teenager, her father relocated the family to Madras, Tamil Nadu because of his job. There, she attended Good Shepherd's Convent School and acted in a school play. Bharathiraja, one of Tamil film's famous directors, was in the audience and was searching for a heroine to star in his new film. He met with Rati's father and promised the film would wrap in a month. Her father reluctantly agreed, and a sixteen-year-old Rati was very excited to star in her first film, Pudhiya Varpukal (1979).

It was also her hero Bhagyaraj's first film, and he coached her with her lines by teaching her Tamil. The film became a blockbuster, with Rati an overnight sensation. Bharathiraja soon directed her in her second film, Niram Marada Pookkal (1979).^[2] Even though she was Punjabi, South Indian audiences embraced her as one of their own. She reciprocated by calling herself "Tamilian at heart" and calling Madras her home.^[3] She also starred in Telugu and Kannada films and made 32 films in just three years.

She worked with big banners and top stars, such as Kamal Hassan and Rajinikanth. Ironically, her entry into Hindi films came from her strong connection to South Indian cinema. She had worked with director K. Balachander once before and had been Kamal Hassan's leading lady in many South Indian films, so she wasn't surprised when they approached her for the Hindi remake of their Telugu blockbuster Maro Charithra (1979). Now re-titled Ek Duje Ke Liye (1981), the film was about passionate lovers who are torn apart by their parents in the storytelling tradition of Romeo and Juliet. It became the top grossing hit of 1981 and marked the debut into Hindi films of five stars of the South Indian film industry: director K. Balachander, hero Kamal Hassan, heroine Rati Agnihotri, supporting actress Madhavi, and playback singer S.P. Balasubramaniam. Although all received Filmfare nominations, only Rati and S.P. Balasubramaniam became top stars in their field. The unforgettable musical score by Laxmikant-Pyarelal rose the film to soaring heights, and there were rumors about how the film's content of tragic lovers inspired real life lovers to take their own lives. Rati's father, who was managing her career, shielded her from the hysteria as she was young.^[4] He effectively kept her starring in only Hindi films after Ek Duje Ke Liye, and she ended the decade starring in over 43 Hindi films. Her biggest hits were Farz Aur Kanoon (1982), Coolie (1983) opposite megastar Amitabh Bachchan, Tawaif (1985) for which she received her second Filmfare nomination as Best Actress, and Hukumat (1987) opposite the Bollywood icon Dharmendra.

End of career [link]

Rati's marriage to businessman and architect Anil Virwani on 9 February 1985,^[5] coupled with her father's death,^[6] convinced Rati to leave Hindi films when she was at the top.^[7] In 1987, she gave birth to her only child, Tanuj Virwani, and she concentrated on raising him and focusing on other creative interests like architectural creations for her husband. She received a degree in Reiki, where she distantly heals people. Even though she retired she would appear at film events looking beautiful and glamorous with continued film offers.

Return [link]

After 16 years of saying no to films, Rati finally said yes realizing that her son is growing up and she had more time for herself. Her family supported her decision. Her comeback started with playing Kajol's glamorous mother in Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001). More film offers came in, and she took them, such as Yaadein (2001) and Dev (2004). After a 20-year absence from South Indian films, she returned in the Tamil film Majunu (2001). She made her Malayalam debut in Anyar (2003), English debut in An Ode to Lost Love (2003), and Bengali debut in Aaina-te (2008).^[8] She has acted on stage in plays such as Please Divorce Me Darling (2005) and television serials, such as Sixer (2005). Besides acting, she devotes time to social causes like cancer and AIDS.^[9]

Awards and nominations [link]

Filmfare Nomination as Best Actress for Ek Duje Ke Liye (1981)
Filmfare Nomination as Best Actress for Tawaif (1985)^[10]

Trivia [link]

She has acted in ten languages, including, but not limited to Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Punjabi^[11] and English.^[12]

Her cousin is actor-writer-director Atul Agnihotri, and she played a part of a cardiac surgeon in his film Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004).

In 2006, Rati and her husband opened a shopping mall called Virwani Plaza in Pune, where one of the stores, Om to Home – Candles and More in the Mall, houses artefacts, exclusive fashion accessories, and candles all personally designed by the actress.

Rati played Nayantara Pratap Singh in a serial named Kaajjal on SET Asia. She recently quit the show because of problems with the production company.

Her sister Anita Agnihotri (Miss India) lives in Szczecin, Poland and owns an Indian restaurant, "Bombay".

Filmography [link]

Diary Of A Butterfly (2012) .... Shobha
Chatur Singh Two Star (2011) .... Gulshan Grover's wife
Bin Bulaye Baraati (2011) .... Koki (commissioner's wife)
Jaanleva (2010) .... Kiran Jaitley (Post-Production)
Vardi - The Uniform (2010) (Post-Production)
Admissions Open (2010) .... Radhika
Aao Wish Karein (2009)
Blue Oranges (2009) .... Uma Dixit
Chal Chalein (2009) .... Navneet Mother
Luck (2009) .... Ram's Mother
Hum Phirr Mileinge... (2009) .... Rahul Mother
Karma Aur Holi (2009) .... Vani
Phir Kabhi (2009) .... Lakshmi H. Singh
Love Has No Language (2008) .... Mrs. Roy
Ru Ba Ru (2008) .... Meera
Aaina Te (2008) [BENGALI]
Jimmy (2008) .... Mrs. Pushpa
Rama Rama Kya Hai Dramaaa (2008) .... Shraddha
My Wife's Husband (2007)
Mai Baap (2007)
Hot Money (2006) .... Sunita Sanyal
Kaajjal - Sabbki Aankhon Mein Basi (2006/07) [TV Series] .... Nayantara Pratap Singh
Aisa Kyon Hota Hain (2006) .... Kiran
Pehchaan: The Face of Truth (2005) .... Uttara D. Khanna
Socha Na Tha (2005) .... Aditi's aunt
Ho Jaata Hai Pyaar (2005) .... Asha B. Roy
Kis Kis Ki Kismat (2004) .... Mrs. Kokila Hasmukh Mehta
Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart (2004) .... Sandhya K. Jindal
Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004) .... Dr. Shashi Rawat
Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na (2004) .... Meenakshi, Arjun's mum
Dev (2004) .... Dr. Bharati Singh
Hum Tum (2004) .... Anju Kapoor, Karan's mother
Dukaan: Pila House (2004) .... Wahidanbai
Krishna Cottage (2004) .... Sunita Menon
Anyar (2003) [MALAYALAM]
Chupke Se (2003) .... Almera Kochar
Kaante (2002) .... Major's wife
Yeh Hai Jalwa (2002) .... Smita Mittal
Na Tum Jaano Na Hum (2002) .... Maya Esha's Bua/aunt
Tumse Achcha Kaun Hai (2002) .... Naina's mother
Kranti (2002) .... Sushma Singh
Majunu (2001) [TAMIL]
Yaadein (2001) .... Shalini Singh Puri (Special Appearance)
Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001) .... Archana Khanna
Jaan-E-Wafa (1990)
Albela (1989)
Zalzala (1988) .... Radha Shiv Kumar
Hukumat (1987)
Itihaas (1987) .... Shobha
Dadagiri (1987) .... Deepa (Special Appearance)
Dil Tujhko Diya (1987) .... Rati
Mera Suhag (1987)
Ek Aur Sikander (1986) .... Doctor
Zindagani (1986) .... Anuradha 'Annu'
Aap Ke Saath (1986) .... Deepa/Salma
Babu (1985) .... Pinky
Bepanaah (1985) .... Bhavna Bhardwaj
Tawaif (film) (1985) .... Sultana
Bhawani Junction (1985) .... Shakun
Dekha Pyar Tumhara (1985) .... Anu
Ek Se Bhale Do (1985) .... Jenny
Jaanoo (1985) .... Kanchan
Karishma Kudrat Kaa (1985) .... Radha (Vijay's sister)
Triveni (1985)
Ulta Seedha (1985) .... Shobha Roy
Zabardast (1985) .... Sunita
John Jani Janardhan (1984) .... Madhu
Mashaal (1984) .... Geeta
All Rounder (1984) .... Ritu
Boxer (1984) .... Rajni Khatau
Mera Faisla (1984) .... Rati Verma
Paapi Pet Ka Sawaal Hai (1984)
Rakta Bandhan (1984) .... Roopa
Shrimad Virat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra (1984)
Coolie (1983) .... Julie D'Costa
Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye (1983) .... Malati
Main Awara Hoon (1983) .... Archana G. Prasad
Mazdoor (1983) .... Smita Batra/Smita Ramesh Saxena
Pasand Apni Apni (1983) .... Geeta
Rishta Kagaz Ka (1983) .... Aarti A. Sharma
Shubh Kaamna (1983) .... Sujata
Star (1982) .... Maya
Waqt Ke Shehzade (1982)
Ayaash (1982) .... Mrs. Jaswant Singh
Farz Aur Kanoon (1982)
Johny I Love You (1982) .... Seema
Kaliyuga Ramudu (1982) .... Sandhya
Sumbandh (1982) .... Kiran H. Mathur
Swami Dada (1982) .... Seema
Shaukeen (1982) .... Anita
Sahhas (1981) .... Radha V. Singh
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) .... Sapna
Tirugu Leni Manishi (1981)
Do Dil Diwane (1981)
Jeene Ki Arzoo (1981)
Satyam Shivam (1981) .... Rekha
Bhogimanthulu (1981)
Jagamondi (1981)
Jeevitha Ratham (1981)
Kazhugu (1981) [TAMIL]
Prema Pichchi (1981)
Murattu Kaalai (1980) [TAMIL]
Maayadhaari Krishnudu (1980)
Kalinga (1980) [KANNADA]
Punnami Naagu (1980)
Anbukku Naan Adimai (1980)
Murattu Kaalai (1980) .... Kannamma
Ullasa Paravaigal (1980)
Andala Raasi (1980)
Niram Maaratha Pookkal (1979)
Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979) .... Jyothi

References [link]

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Agnihotri, Rati
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	10 December 1960
Place of birth	Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Rati_Agnihotri

http://it.wn.com/Rati Agnihotri

http://pl.wn.com/Rati Agnihotri

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rati_Agnihotri

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Umar Akmal
عمر اکمل
Personal information

Umar Akmal in December 2010
Full name	Umar Akmal
Born	(1990-05-26) 26 May 1990 (age 22) Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Batting style	Right hand bat
Role	Batsman
Career statistics
Competition	Test	ODI	T20I
Matches	16	56	26
Runs scored	1,003	1,612	641
Batting average	35.82	38.38	30.52
100s/50s	1/6	1/12	0/4
Top score	129	102*	64
Catches/stumpings	12/–	18/–	18/1
Source: Cricinfo, 18 February 2012

Umar Akmal (Urdu: عمر اکمل; born 26 May 1990) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his ODI debut on 1 August 2009 against Sri Lanka and made his Test debut against New Zealand on 23 November 2009. He is a right-handed batsman and a part time spinner. Like his two brothers, Adnan and Kamran, Umar has kept wicket for the national team.

1 Personal life
2 Early career
- 2.1 Australia A tour
3 Test career
4 ODI and Twenty20 career
5 Twenty20 International fifties
6 References
7 External links

Personal life [link]

Umar is the youngest brother of Adnan Akmal and Kamran Akmal who are also cricketers, both wicket-keepers.

Early career [link]

Umar represented Pakistan in the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. After his success at the U-19 level he earned himself a first class contract and played the 2007-08 season of the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy, representing the Sui Southern Gas team. He is considered a future asset for Pakistan cricket. He is an aggressive style cricketer. In only his sixth first class match he smashed 248 off just 225 deliveries, including four sixes.^[1] He followed that up with an unbeaten 186 in his 8th first class match, off just 170 balls. He fared less well in his second season of first class cricket, with a string of low scores batting at number 3. He found form in the final few matches of the 2008/09 season and then in the RBS T20 tournament thus getting the selectors nod to play for Pakistan A side on their tour to Australia A.

Australia A tour [link]

Umar came to prominence during the Australia A tour in June/July 2009. In the two Test matches he recorded scores of 54, 100*, 130, 0. In the ODI series that followed Umar continued his fine form with a century in the opening ODI encounter off just 68 deliveries. These performances made him gather considerable praise from the media who were there to witness him and calls began to grow about his inclusion in the ODI series for the main Pakistan side against Sri Lanka.^[2]

Test career [link]

Umar Akmal at the University Oval in 2009.

Umar made his Test debut against New Zealand at Dunedin on 23 November 2009. On the third day of his debut test, Umar Akmal hit 129 runs from 160 balls becoming only the second Pakistani to score a hundred on debut away from home after Fawad Alam. This feat also made him the first Pakistani batsman to score both his maiden Test and ODI century away from home, following his ODI century against Sri Lanka. The innings was noted as special due to Pakistan's tough position in the match and the hundred partnership which Akmal was involved in alongside his elder brother Kamran. He followed up the century in the first innings with a fifty in the second innings.

In only his second Test match he was moved up the order to the crucial spot of number 3, where he struggled initially but managed to counter-attack the hostile bowling with his natural flair, making 46 before he was undone by an inswinger by Daryl Tuffey. In the second innings he was moved down the order to his usual batting spot of number 5 as captain Mohammed Yousuf chose to bat at number 3 himself, and Akmal looked his usual aggressive self throughout his innings of 52 which came off only 33 balls. He had his first failure in the first innings of the third test at Napier where he was caught in the gully for a duck but scored a rearguard 77 in the second, promoting him to the leading run scorer of the series. Akmal finished the tour with 400 runs at an average of 57.14.

Umar Akmal's early success was briefly tarnished by a controversy during Pakistan's 2009–10 tour of Australia. It was widely reported that Umar had feigned an injury to protest the dropping of older brother Kamran for the final Test match against Australia. Umar denied such rumors and played in the final match without his brother. He was later fined 2-3 million rupees by the PCB for breaching his contract and speaking to the media without approval.^[3]

ODI and Twenty20 career [link]

In an interview, Umar said "My own dream is to one day play for Pakistan alongside Kamran Bhai (Brother) and I'm working hard to try and achieve that goal".^[4] Akmal was selected in Pakistan's squad for the One Day International Series against Sri Lanka in July/August 2009. Having missed out on the first ODI Umar made his debut in the second match of the series replacing Mohammad Yousuf in the middle order. In only his second career ODI Umar scored his maiden ODI fifty. Umar followed up his maiden fifty by scoring a century in the very next match. For this match winning effort he was awarded his first career Man of the Match award.^[5] His exploits in Sri Lanka earned him a place in Pakistan's champions trophy squad. He played two good innings. His 41 not out against West Indies was a match winning knock and landed him his second career Man of the Match award.^[6] His next big innings came in the semi final against New Zealand, where he scored a brisk 55 in a losing effort, before he was wrongly given out by umpire Simon Taufel, who later apologized.^[7] Despite the fact that Umar Akmal is not a wicket-keeper he kept wicket for Pakistan temporarily in the third ODI against England in 2010 from the 27th over onwards because his elder brother Kamran was being diagnosed for an injury to his finger. Umar Akmal scored 71 runs from 52 balls in his debut World Cup match and was named Man of the Match.^[8]

In February 2012 Pakistan faced England in four ODIs. Pakistan's brittle batting meant the team management chose to play Umar as a wicket-keeper based on his batting, though his brother Adnan was considered the better 'keeper. The result of choosing the less accomplished glovesman was that in the first two matches Umar Akmal missed opportunities to dismiss Ravi Bopara and Alastair Cook early in their innings, and they respectively went on to score a half-century and a century.^[9]

Twenty20 International fifties [link]

Umar Akmal's T20I 50s
#	Runs	Match	Against	City/Country	Venue	Year	Result
[1]	56*	3	New Zealand	Dubai, UAE	DSC Cricket Stadium	2009	Won
[2]	51	11	South Africa	Gros Islet, St. Lucia	Beausejour Stadium	2010	Won
[3]	56*	12	Australia	Gros Islet, St. Lucia	Beausejour Stadium	2010	Lost
[4]	64	13	Australia	Birmingham, England	Edgbaston	2010	Won

References [link]

^ Umer Akmal 248 for Sui Southern Gas
^ Umer Akmal praise on Australia A tour
^ Top Pakistan players face fines, bans Cricinfo
^ Pakpasion.net Exclusive Interview Pakpassion.net
^ Umar and Iftikhar script crushing win Cricinfo
^ Young guns impress Alam Cricinfo
^ Simon Taufel apologizes to Umar Akmal Times of India
^ "a21209 wc309 o3105 Kenya v Pakistan: ICC World Cup 2010/11 (Group A)". Cricket Archive. http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/261/261425.html. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ Dobell, George (17 February 2012). "Misbah troubled by wicketkeeper issue". Cricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan-v-england-2012/content/story/554091.html. Retrieved 2012-02-18.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Umar Akmal

Cricinfo profile

v t e Pakistan squad – 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Semi-Finalists

1 Shahid Afridi (c) 2 Abdul Razzaq 3 Abdur Rehman 4 Fawad Alam 5 Hammad Azam 6 Kamran Akmal (wk) 7 Khalid Latif 8 Misbah-ul-Haq 9 Mohammad Amir 10 Mohammad Asif 11 Mohammad Hafeez 12 Mohammad Sami 13 Saeed Ajmal 14 Salman Butt 15 Umar Akmal Coach: Waqar Younis

Umar Gul and Yasir Arafat were named in the original squad but injuries led to them being withdrawn. Abdur Rehman and Mohammad Sami were sent as their replacements.

v t e Pakistan squad – 2011 Cricket World Cup Semi-Finalists

8 Mohammad Hafeez 10 Shahid Afridi (c) 12 Abdul Razzaq 14 Shoaib Akhtar 19 Ahmed Shehzad 22 Misbah-ul-Haq 23 Kamran Akmal (wk) 36 Abdur Rehman 47 Wahab Riaz 50 Saeed Ajmal 55 Umar Gul 75 Younus Khan 81 Asad Shafiq 96 Umar Akmal 99 Junaid Khan Coach: Waqar Younis

Sohail Tanvir was named in the original squad but injuries led to him being withdrawn. Junaid Khan was sent as his replacement

Persondata
Name	Akmal, Umar
Alternative names
Short description	Cricketer
Date of birth	1990-05-26
Place of birth	Lahore, Punjab
Date of death
Place of death

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Adnan Akmal

عدنان اکمل
Personal information

Full name	Adnan Akmal
Born	(1985-03-13) 13 March 1985 (age 27) Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Batting style	right-handed
Bowling style	Right Arm Medium
Role	Wicket-keeper
Relations	Kamran Akmal (brother), Umar Akmal (brother)
International information
National side	Pakistan
Test debut (cap 203)	12 November 2010 v South Africa
Last Test	3 February 2012 v England
ODI debut (cap 186)	8 September 2011 v Zimbabwe
Last ODI	14 September 2011 v Zimbabwe
Domestic team information
Years	Team
2007-present	SNGPL
2006-2007	Lahore Ravi
2003-2007	ZTBL
2005-2006	Multan
2004-2005	Lahore Blues
2003-2004	Lahore
Career statistics
Competition	Test	ODI	FC	LA
Matches	13	3	93	59
Runs scored	327	51	2,934	770
Batting average	25.15	51.00	23.10	22.00
100s/50s	0/2	0/0	2/11	0/2
Top score	61	27	120	70
Catches/stumpings	43/6	2/0	334/13	71/21
Source: Cricinfo, 7 February 2012

This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Biography may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2008)

Adnan Akmal (Urdu: عدنان اکمل), born March 13, 1985, is a Pakistani cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who plays for Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd Cricket Team and has represented his country at U-17 level. Most recently, he was called up for Pakistan's tour against South Africa in the UAE, as a replacement for the first choice keeper, Zulqarnain Haider. His brothers, Kamran Akmal and Umar Akmal, both have central contracts with the Pakistan Cricket Board, and are regular fixtures in the national side. Adnan made his Test debut against South Africa on November 12, 2010.

International career [link]

Adnan was added to the Pakistan Test squad in place of Zulqarnain Haider, who announced his retirement from international cricket after allegedly receiving threats from bookies. In the series against New Zealand he performed well to occupy his place in the future. He is regular part of test side now. ^[1]^[2]

Persondata
Name	Akmal, Adnan
Alternative names
Short description	Cricketer
Date of birth	March 13, 1985
Place of birth	Lahore, Punjab
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Akmal

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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