- published: 03 Dec 2010
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- author: sennuh
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- Akkadian language
- Amanus
- Ancient Near East
- Ash Shatrah
- Characene
- Cuneiform
- Dhi Qar Governorate
- Diorite
- E (temple)
- Eannatum
- Elam
- En-anna-tum I
- Enshagkushana
- Entemena
- Euphrates
- GAL (cuneiform)
- Girsu
- Gudea
- Gudea cylinders
- Hammurabi
- Inanna
- Iraq
- Kaku (king)
- Kalgash
- Kish (Sumer)
- Kug-Bau
- Lagash
- Lebanon
- Logogram
- Louvre
- Lugalanda
- Lugalzagesi
- Mari, Syria
- New York University
- Ningirsu
- Nippur de Lagash
- Public domain
- Puzer-Mama
- Robert Koldewey
- Sargon of Akkad
- Scribe
- Seleucid
- Statues of Gudea
- Sumer
- Sumerian King List
- Sumerian language
- Syria
- Thorkild Jacobsen
- Tigris
- Umma
- Ur-Namma
- Ur-Nanshe
- Uruk
- Urukagina
- Zu (mythology)
-
Akkad
Coordinates: 33°6′N 44°6′E / 33.1°N 44.1°E / 33.1; 44.1
The Akkadian Empire (Akkadian URUAkkad KI, Hittite KUR A.GA.DÈ.KI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד Akkad) was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade) and its surrounding region in Mesopotamia.
During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate).
The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC). Under Sargon and his successors, Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.[citation needed]
The precise archaeological site of the city of Akkad has not yet been found.[citation needed] The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû ("of or belonging to Akkad") was likely derived from this. The etymology and meaning of Akkad (written a.ga.dèKI or URIKI) are unknown. Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his archaeological records that Ishtar's worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, whose shrine was at Sippar—suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade. Despite numerous searches, the city has never been found. One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates, and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar. Another theory is that the ruins of Akkad are to be found beneath modern Baghdad. Reputedly it was destroyed by invading Gutians with the fall of the Akkadian Empire.
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Amanus
The Nur Mountains (Turkish: Nur Dağları, "Mountains of Holy Light"), also known as Gâvur Mountains (Turkish: gâvur, "infidel"), the ancient Amanus (Ancient Greek: Ἁμανός), is a mountain range in the Hatay Province of south-central Turkey, which runs roughly parallel to the Gulf of İskenderun.
The range reaches a maximum elevation of 2,240 m (7,350 ft) and divides the coastal region of Cilicia from inland Syria. The highest peak is Bozdağ. A major pass through the mountains known as the Syrian Gates is located of the town of Belen.
Coordinates: 36°45′N 36°20′E / 36.75°N 36.333°E / 36.75; 36.333
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Ash Shatrah
Ash Shatrah is a town in the Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq, located on the Gharraf Canal at the intersection with Highway 7. It is 22.35 km west of the ancient city of Lagash. It has a 2009 population estimated between 65 and 90 thousand.
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S. troops, Ash Shatrah was infamous for having the body of a U.S. Marine dragged through the streets and hung up in the town square.
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Dhi Qar Governorate
Dhi Qar Province (Arabic: ذي قار Dhī Qār) (or Dhi Qar Governorate) is a province in southern Iraq. The provincial capital is Nasiriyah. Prior to 1976 the province was known as Muntafiq Province. Dhi Qar was the heartland of the ancient Iraqi civilization of Sumer and the ruins of Ur, Eridu, Lagash, Larsa, Girsu, Umma, and Bad-tibira are located here.
Dhi Qar governorate includes the towns of al-Rifai, Qalat Sukkar, Ash Shatrah, al-Gharraf, Suq al-Shuyouk, Khamisiyah and al-Chibayish
In the mid 1990s the governor was Tahir Jalil Habbush al-Tikriti, who later became police chief of the country, and in 1999, director of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.
An Nasiriyah witnessed some of the heaviest fighting and some of the stiffest resistance against invading U.S. forces in 2003.[citation needed]
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Elam
Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province, as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam is a transcription from Biblical Hebrew, corresponding to the Sumerian elam(a), the Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the ancient near east. In classical literature, Elam was more often referred to as Susiana, a name derived from its capital, Susa.
Situated just to the east of Mesopotamia, Elam was part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Mesopotamian history where writing was used slightly earlier. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire, especially during the Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally treated as an isolate language.
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Girsu
Coordinates: 31°37′N 46°9′E / 31.617°N 46.15°E / 31.617; 46.15 Girsu (cuneiform:?; Sumerian:Ĝirsu; Akkadian:?) is modern Tell Telloh, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq, and it was a city of ancient Sumer, situated some 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Lagash. Because of the initial nasal velar ŋ, the transcription of Ĝirsu is usually spelled as Ngirsu (also: G̃irsu, Girsu, Jirsu) to avoid confusion.
Girsu was possibly inhabited in the Ubaid period (5300-4800 BC), but significant levels of activity began in the Early Dynastic period (2900-2335 BC). At the time of Gudea, during the Second Dynasty of Lagash, Girsu became the capital of the Lagash kingdom and continued to be its religious center after political power had shifted to city of Lagash. During the Ur III period, Girsu was a major administrative center for the empire. After the fall of Ur, Girsu declined in importance, but remained inhabited until approximately 200 BC.
Telloh was the first Sumerian site to be extensively excavated, at first under the French vice-consul at Basra, Ernest de Sarzec, from 1877 to 1900, followed by his successor Gaston Cros from 1903–1909. Excavations continued under Abbé Henri de Genouillac in 1929–1931 and under André Parrot in 1931–1933. It was at Girsu that the fragments of the Stele of the Vultures were found. The site has suffered from poor excavation standards and also from illegal excavations. About 50,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Kish (Sumer)
Coordinates: 32°33′N 44°39′E / 32.55°N 44.65°E / 32.55; 44.65
Kish (Sumerian: Kiš; transliteration: Kiŝki; cuneiform: 𒆧𒆠;Akkadian: kiššatu) is modern Tell al-Uhaymir (Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad (Iraq).
Kish was occupied beginning in the Jemdet Nasr period (ca. 3100 BC), gaining prominence as one of the pre-eminent powers in the region during the early dynastic period.
The Sumerian king list states that it was the first city to have kings following the deluge, beginning with Jushur. Jushur's successor is called Kullassina-bel, but this is actually a sentence in Akkadian meaning "All of them were lord". Thus, some scholars have suggested that this may have been intended to signify the absence of a central authority in Kish for a time. The names of the next nine kings of Kish preceding Etana are all Akkadian words for animals, e.g. Zuqaqip "scorpion". The Semitic nature of these and other early names associated with Kish reveals that its population had a strong Semitic component from the dawn of recorded history.
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Lagash
Coordinates: 31°24′41″N 46°24′26″E / 31.41139°N 46.40722°E / 31.41139; 46.40722
Lagash (Sumerian: Lagaški; cuneiform logogram: 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠, [NU11.BUR].LAKI or [ŠIR.BUR].LAKI, "storehouse;"Akkadian: Nakamtu; modern Tell al-Hiba, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East. The ancient site of Surghul/Nina is around 6 miles (9.7 km) away. Nearby Girsu, about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Al-Hiba, was the religious center of the Lagash state. Lagash's temple was E-Ninnu, dedicated to the god Ningirsu.
From inscriptions found at Girsu such as the Gudea cylinders, it appears that Lagash was an important Sumerian city in the late 3rd millennium BC. It was at that time ruled by independent kings, Ur-Nanshe (24th century BC) and his successors, who were engaged in contests with the Elamites on the east and the kings of "Kienĝir" and Kish on the north. Some of the earlier works from before the Akkadian conquest are also extremely interesting, in particular Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures and Entemena's great silver vase ornamented with Ningirsu's sacred animal Anzu: a lion-headed eagle with wings outspread, grasping a lion in each talon. With the Akkadian conquest Lagash lost its independence, its ruler or ensi becoming a vassal of Sargon of Akkad and his successors; but Lagash continued to be a city of much importance and above all, a centre of artistic development.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (
i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
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Mari, Syria
Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city, located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of Euphrates river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, Syria. It is thought to have been inhabited since the 5th millennium BC, although it flourished with series of superimposed palaces that spans a thousand years, from 2900 BC until 1759 BC, when it was sacked by Hammurabi.
Mari was discovered in 1933, on the eastern flank of Syria, near the Iraqi border. A Bedouin tribe was digging through a mound for a gravestone that would be used for a recently deceased tribesman, when they came across a headless statue. After the news reached the French authorities currently in control of Syria, the report was investigated, and digging on the site was started on December 14, 1933 by archaeologists from the Louvre in Paris. Discoveries came quickly, with the temple of Ishtar being discovered in the next month. Mari was classified by the archaeologists as the "most westerly outpost of Sumerian culture".[citation needed] Since the beginning of excavations, over 25,000 clay tablets in Akkadian language written in cuneiform were discovered. Finds from the excavation are on display in the National Museum of Aleppo, the National Museum of Damascus, and the Deir ez-Zor Museum. In the latter, the southern façade of the "Court of the Palms" of Zimri-Lim's palace has been reconstructed, including the wall paintings.
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New York University
Coordinates: 40°43′48″N 73°59′42″W / 40.73°N 73.995°W / 40.73; -73.995
New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City, USA. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is one of the largest private nonprofit institutions of American higher education.
NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1950. The university counts 34 Nobel Prize winners, 3 Abel Prize winners, 10 National Medal of Science recipients, 16 Pulitzer Prize winners, 21 Academy Award winners, and Emmy,Grammy, and Tony Award winners among its faculty and alumni. NYU also has MacArthur and Guggenheim Fellowship holders as well as National Academy of Sciences members among its past and present graduates and faculty.
NYU is organized into 18 schools, colleges, and institutes, located in six centers throughout Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn, as well as more than a dozen other sites across the world, with plans for further expansion.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ (
listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah 
Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Tigris
The Tigris River (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/; Arabic: دجله) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.
The Tigris is 1,850 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km through Turkish territory before becoming the border between Syria and Turkey. This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria. The remaining 1,418 km are entirely within the Iraqi borders.
The Tigris unites with the Euphrates near Basra, and from this junction to the Persian Gulf the mass of moving water is known as the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.
Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2400 BC.
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Umma
Coordinates: 31°38′N 45°52′E / 31.633°N 45.867°E / 31.633; 45.867
Umma (modern Tell Jokha, Dhi Qar Governorate in Iraq) was an ancient city in Sumer. There is some scholarly debate about the Sumerian and Akkadian names for this site.
In the early Sumerian text Inanna's descent to the netherworld, Inanna dissuades demons from the netherworld from taking Shara, patron of Umma, who was living in squalor. They eventually take Dumuzid king of Uruk instead, who lived in palatial opulence.
Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash, the city reached its zenith ca. 2275 BC, under the rule of Lugal-Zage-Si, who also controlled Ur and Uruk. Under the Ur III dynasty, Umma became an important provincial center. Most of the over 30,000 cuneiform tablets recovered from the site are administrative and economic texts from that time. They permit an excellent insight into provincial affairs in Umma. The Umma calendar of Shulgi (ca. 21st century BC) is the immediate predecessor of the later Babylonian calendar, and indirectly of the post-exilic Hebrew calendar.
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Uruk
Coordinates: 31°19′20″N 45°38′10″E / 31.32222°N 45.63611°E / 31.32222; 45.63611 Uruk (Cuneiform: 𒌷𒀔,URU UNUG; Sumerian: Unug; Akkadian: Uruk; Aramaic: Erech; Hebrew: Erech; Greek: Ὀρχόη Orchoē, Ὠρύγεια Ōrugeia; Arabic: وركاء, Warkā') was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the Euphrates River, some 30 km east of modern As-Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq.
Uruk gave its name to the Uruk period, the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia spanning c. 4000 to 3100 BC, succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period of Sumer proper. Uruk played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC. At its height c 2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50,000–80,000 residents living in 6 km2 of walled area; making it the largest city in the world at the time. The semi-mythical king Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian king list, ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. The city lost its prime importance around 2000 BC, in the context of the struggle of Babylonia with Elam, but it remained inhabited throughout the Seleucid and Parthian periods until it was finally abandoned shortly before or after the Islamic conquest.
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Gudea
Gudea was a ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled ca. 2144 - 2124 BC. He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler Urbaba (2164 - 2144 BC) of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash. He was succeeded by his son Ur-Ningirsu.
Inscriptions mention temples built by Gudea in Ur, Nippur, Adab, Uruk and Bad-Tibira[citation needed]. This indicates the growing influence of Gudea in Sumer. His predecessor Urbaba had already made his daughter Enanepada high priestess of Nanna at Ur, which indicates a great deal of political power as well. The 20 years of his reign are all known by name; the main military exploit seems to have occurred in his Year 6, called the "Year when Anshan was smitten with weapons".
Gudea chose the title of énsi (town-king or governor), not the more exalted lugal (Akkadian šarrum); though he did style himself "god of Lagash"{ct}. Gudea claimed to have conquered Elam and Anshan, but his inscriptions emphasize the building of irrigation channels and temples, and the creation of precious gifts to the gods. Materials for his buildings and statues were brought from all parts of western Asia: cedar wood from the Amanus mountains, quarried stones from Lebanon, copper from northern Arabia, gold and precious stones from the desert between Canaan and Egypt, diorite from Magan (Oman), and timber from Dilmun (Bahrain).
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Gudea cylinders
The Gudea cylinders are a pair of terracotta cylinders dating to circa 2125 BC, on which is written in cuneiform a Sumerian myth called the Building of Ningursu's temple. The cylinders were found in 1877 during excavations at Telloh (ancient Girsu), Iraq and are now displayed in the Louvre in Paris, France. They are the largest cuneiform cylinders yet discovered and contain the longest known text written in the Sumerian language.
The cylinders were found in a drain by Ernest de Sarzec under the Eninnu temple complex at Telloh, the ancient ruins of the Sumerian "holy city" of Girsu, during the first season of excavations in 1877. They were found next to a building known as the Agaren, where a brick pillar (pictured) was found containing an inscription describing its construction by Gudea within Eninnu during the Second Dynasty of Lagash. The Agaren was described on the pillar as a place of judgement, or mercy seat, and it is thought that the cylinders were either kept there or elsewhere in the Eninnu. They are thought to have fallen into the drain during the destruction of Girsu generations later. In 1878 the cylinders were shipped to Paris, France where they remain on display today at the Louvre Museum, Department of Near East antiquities, Richelieu, ground floor, room 2, accession numbers MNB 1511 and MNB 1512.
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Hammurabi
Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite ʻAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer", from ʻAmmu, "paternal kinsman", and Rāpi, "healer"; (died c. 1750 BC) was the sixth king of Babylon (that is, of the First Babylonian Dynasty) from 1792 BC to 1750 BC middle chronology (1728 BC – 1686 BC short chronology). He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire following the abdication of his father, Sin-Muballit, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, his successors were unable to maintain his empire.
Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history.[citation needed] These laws were inscribed on stone tablets (stelae) standing over eight feet tall (2.4 meters), of unknown provenance, found in Persia in 1901. Owing to his reputation in modern times as an ancient law-giver, Hammurabi's portrait is in many government buildings throughout the world.
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Kug-Bau
Kubaba (in the Weidner or Esagila Chronicle;Sumerian: Kug-Bau) is the only queen on the Sumerian King List, which states she reigned for 100 years – roughly in the Early Dynastic III period (ca. 2500-2330 BC) of Sumerian history. Most versions of the king list place her alone in her own dynasty, the 3rd Dynasty of Kish, following the defeat of Sharrumiter of Mari, but other versions combine her with the 4th dynasty, that followed the primacy of the king of Akshak. Before becoming monarch, the king list says she was a tavern-keeper.
The Weidner Chronicle is a propagandistic letter, attempting to predate the shrine of Marduk there to an early period, and purporting to show that each of the kings who had neglected its proper rites had lost the primacy of Sumer. It contains a brief account of rise of "the house of Kubaba" occurring in the reign of Puzur-Nirah of Akshak:
"In the reign of Puzur-Nirah, king of Akšak, the freshwater fishermen of Esagila were catching fish for the meal of the great lord Marduk; the officers of the king took away the fish. The fisherman was fishing when 7 (or 8) days had passed [...] in the house of Kubaba, the tavern-keeper [...] they brought to Esagila. At that time BROKEN[4] anew for Esagila [...] Kubaba gave bread to the fisherman and gave water, she made him offer the fish to Esagila. Marduk, the king, the prince of the Apsû, favored her and said: "Let it be so!" He entrusted to Kubaba, the tavern-keeper, sovereignty over the whole world." (lines 38-45)
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Robert Koldewey
Robert Johann Koldewey (10 September 1855–4 February 1925) was a German architect, famous for his discovery of the ancient city of Babylon in modern day Iraq. He was born in Blankenburg am Harz in Germany, the duchy of Brunswick, and died in Berlin at the age of 70. His digs at Babylon revealed the foundations of the ziggurat Marduk, and the Ishtar Gate; he also developed several modern archaeological techniques including a method to identify and excavate mud brick architecture. This technique was particularly useful in his excavation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (1899-1917) which was built (ca. 580 BC) using mainly unfired mudbricks.
Koldewey was a self-trained classical era archaeological historian. Although he studied architecture and art history in Berlin and Vienna, he left both those universities without an advanced degree. In 1882 he was signed on as a participant to the excavation of ancient Assus in Turkey, where Koldewey learned several excavation methods and how to best draw ancient remains. A practicing archaeologist for most of his life, he participated in and led many excavations in for example Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy. After he died the Koldewey Society was established to record and mark his architectural service.
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Sumerian King List
The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of "official" kingship. Kingship was believed to have been handed down by the gods, and could be transferred from one city to another, reflecting perceived hegemony in the region. Throughout its Bronze Age existence, the document evolved into a political tool. Its final and single attested version, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, aimed to legitimize Isin's claims to hegemony when Isin was vying for dominance with Larsa and other neighboring city-states in southern Mesopotamia.
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Thorkild Jacobsen
Thorkild Jacobsen (7 June 1904 – 2 May 1993) was a renowned historian specializing in Assyriology and Sumerian literature. He was one of the foremost scholars on the ancient Near East.
Thorkild Peter Rudolph Jacobsen (Danish pronunciation: yahkobsen) received an M.A. from the University of Copenhagen and then came to the United States to study at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, where he received his PhD.
He became a Field Assyriologist for the Iraq Expedition of the The Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago (1929-1937) and in 1946 became Director of the Oriental Institute. He served as Dean of the Humanities Division (1948-1951), as an Editor of the Assyrian Dictionary (1955-1959), and as Professor of Social Institutions (1946-1962).
In 1962, Jacobsen became a professor of Assyriology at Harvard University, where he remained until his retirement in 1974. Beyond being an expert translator, he was a brilliant interpreter whose insights led to a deeper understanding and appreciation of the institutions and normative references of Sumerian and Akkadian culture.
wn.com/Thorkild_Jacobsen -
Ur-Namma
Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, ca. 2047-2030 BC short chronology) founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. His main achievement was state-building, and Ur-Nammu is chiefly remembered today for his legal code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known surviving example in the world.
Year-names are known for 17 of Ur-Nammu's 18 years, but their order is uncertain. One year-name of his reign records the devastation of Gutium, while two years seem to commemorate his legal reforms: "Year in which Ur-Nammu the king put in order the ways (of the people in the country) from below to above", and "Year Ur-Nammu made justice in the land".
Among his military exploits were the conquest of Lagash and the defeat of his former masters at Uruk. He was eventually recognized as a significant regional ruler (of Ur, Eridu, and Uruk) at a coronation in Nippur, and is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur, Larsa, Kish, Adab, and Umma. He was known for restoring the roads and general order after the Gutian period.
wn.com/Ur-Namma
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Lagash.New Iraqi Music Saad Thamir, موسقى عراقية حديثة
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 06 Apr 2012
Christina Fuchs. Clarinette Saad Thamir . percussion, vocals Bassem Hawar . Djoze (knee violin) Jarry Singla . Piano
http://wn.com/LagashNew_Iraqi_Music_Saad_Thamir,_موسقى_عراقية_حديثة
Christina Fuchs. Clarinette Saad Thamir . percussion, vocals Bassem Hawar . Djoze (knee violin) Jarry Singla . Piano
Cradles of Civ 1.8: Gudea of Lagash
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
www.drdavidneiman.com. Cradles of Civilization Lecture 1 part 8 Cuneiform fades away as the alphabet triumphs. The last great flourishing of Sumerian civilization ends with the rule of Gudea of Lagash.
http://wn.com/Cradles_of_Civ_18_Gudea_of_Lagash
www.drdavidneiman.com. Cradles of Civilization Lecture 1 part 8 Cuneiform fades away as the alphabet triumphs. The last great flourishing of Sumerian civilization ends with the rule of Gudea of Lagash.
- published: 12 Sep 2008
- views: 8519
- author: DrDavidNeiman
Lagash لكش Wind with Christina Fuchs Clarinette Holland 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:31
- Updated: 13 Sep 2011
http://wn.com/Lagash_لكش_Wind_with_Christina_Fuchs_Clarinette_Holland_2011
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 111
- author: MusicIraq
lagash - Giorni migliori (LaCrus/PaulLeyton)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 20 Feb 2012
"Fucked" directed by Paul Leyton, special edit with the song "giorni migliori" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
http://wn.com/lagash_Giorni_migliori_LaCrus_PaulLeyton
"Fucked" directed by Paul Leyton, special edit with the song "giorni migliori" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
- published: 18 Dec 2006
- views: 1380
- author: lucalagash
lagash - Buongiorno tristezza (LaCrus/DavidCairns)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
"Cry for Bobo" directed by David Cairns, special edit with the song "giorni migliori" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
http://wn.com/lagash_Buongiorno_tristezza_LaCrus_DavidCairns
"Cry for Bobo" directed by David Cairns, special edit with the song "giorni migliori" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
- published: 19 Dec 2006
- views: 5122
- author: lucalagash
lagash - Scorpioni (AgoPanini)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
"Scorpioni" directed by Ago Panini, Soundtrack and Sound design by Lagash and Marco Zaghi.
http://wn.com/lagash_Scorpioni_AgoPanini
"Scorpioni" directed by Ago Panini, Soundtrack and Sound design by Lagash and Marco Zaghi.
- published: 17 Dec 2006
- views: 2995
- author: lucalagash
Lagash - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Lagash/ˈleɪɡæʃ/ is an ancient city located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash wa... Lagash - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: MapMaster Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: MapMaster Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 )
http://wn.com/Lagash_Wiki_Article
Lagash/ˈleɪɡæʃ/ is an ancient city located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash wa... Lagash - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: MapMaster Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: MapMaster Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 )
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 17
- author: WikiPlays
Lagash - Culpables
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Primer tema de "El Sueño y la Traición", primer y único álbum de la banda española de Metal Progresivo Lagash. Letra: "Quiero pensar que, de todo, una parte es verdad, aunque la otra mitad sea una sucia mentira Quiero encontrar ese preciso lugar, donde mi alma mortal quede libre de pecado. No hace falta un altar para honrar a Dios... Tiempo atrás, la Iglesia abusó de su poder extendiendo su fe a base de miedo Se aprovechó de la ignorancia y mató en nombre de su Dios, al que hoy denuncio yo... Culpables, codicia y ambición, tardasteis siglos en pedir perdón. Falsos dogmas, falsos profetas, en el Juicio Final os espera Dios. (Solo) Culpables, codicia y ambición, tardasteis siglos en pedir perdón. Falsos dogmas, falsos profetas, en el Juicio Final os espera Dios"________________________________ Responsabilidad: No soy el propietario del material utilizado en este vídeo. No hay ninguna intención de infringir los derechos de autor. Todo el material de este vídeo y la música pertenecen a los artistas, músicos, compañías discográficas, etc que los hayan producido originalmente.
http://wn.com/Lagash_Culpables
Primer tema de "El Sueño y la Traición", primer y único álbum de la banda española de Metal Progresivo Lagash. Letra: "Quiero pensar que, de todo, una parte es verdad, aunque la otra mitad sea una sucia mentira Quiero encontrar ese preciso lugar, donde mi alma mortal quede libre de pecado. No hace falta un altar para honrar a Dios... Tiempo atrás, la Iglesia abusó de su poder extendiendo su fe a base de miedo Se aprovechó de la ignorancia y mató en nombre de su Dios, al que hoy denuncio yo... Culpables, codicia y ambición, tardasteis siglos en pedir perdón. Falsos dogmas, falsos profetas, en el Juicio Final os espera Dios. (Solo) Culpables, codicia y ambición, tardasteis siglos en pedir perdón. Falsos dogmas, falsos profetas, en el Juicio Final os espera Dios"________________________________ Responsabilidad: No soy el propietario del material utilizado en este vídeo. No hay ninguna intención de infringir los derechos de autor. Todo el material de este vídeo y la música pertenecen a los artistas, músicos, compañías discográficas, etc que los hayan producido originalmente.
- published: 05 Jul 2011
- views: 847
- author: astaroth661
lagash - I miei ritratti (LaCrus/HanefjordLycksele)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 21 Jul 2011
"Barn Leker Ute" directed by Hanefjord/Licksele, special edit with the song "i miei ritratti" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
http://wn.com/lagash_I_miei_ritratti_LaCrus_HanefjordLycksele
"Barn Leker Ute" directed by Hanefjord/Licksele, special edit with the song "i miei ritratti" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
- published: 18 Dec 2006
- views: 1311
- author: lucalagash
lagash - Su in soffitta(LaCrus/AnnaMelikian)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 26 Apr 2012
"Let's fly" directed by Anna Melikian, special edit with the song "su in soffitta" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
http://wn.com/lagash_Su_in_soffittaLaCrus_AnnaMelikian
"Let's fly" directed by Anna Melikian, special edit with the song "su in soffitta" from the last LaCrus' album "Infinite possibilità" 2006
- published: 15 Dec 2006
- views: 1634
- author: lucalagash
lagash - HoUccisoThurstonMoore (LaCrus/C.Fischer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 14 Mar 2012
"Peloco" directed by Christian Fischer, special edit with the La Crus' track "Ho ucciso Thurston Moore" from the last album "Infinite possibilità" 2006.
http://wn.com/lagash_HoUccisoThurstonMoore_LaCrus_CFischer
"Peloco" directed by Christian Fischer, special edit with the La Crus' track "Ho ucciso Thurston Moore" from the last album "Infinite possibilità" 2006.
- published: 17 Dec 2006
- views: 950
- author: lucalagash
Lagash - Contemporary Iraqi Maqam - creole 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Lagash_Contemporary_Iraqi_Maqam_creole_2008
- published: 13 Nov 2009
- views: 199
- author: albaKultur
- published: 22 Apr 2009
- views: 130
- author: Evatalim
Foreordination 'Lagash'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Track #7 - 'Dark Nebula' 2012 tape release from US black metal project "Foreordination" by Adam 'Ghoul' Hammis (Got a Problem?, Desolating Sacrilege & more) - Official Facebook - www.facebook.com lyrics: Lagash fleeting divine of the fragile gods words of wisdom and hate from unshaken walls destroy lagash eat Nammahani's heart Il'l Ish' kir cracks in the earth the city to crumble the dynasty of worthless tombs and worthless words
http://wn.com/Foreordination_'Lagash'
Track #7 - 'Dark Nebula' 2012 tape release from US black metal project "Foreordination" by Adam 'Ghoul' Hammis (Got a Problem?, Desolating Sacrilege & more) - Official Facebook - www.facebook.com lyrics: Lagash fleeting divine of the fragile gods words of wisdom and hate from unshaken walls destroy lagash eat Nammahani's heart Il'l Ish' kir cracks in the earth the city to crumble the dynasty of worthless tombs and worthless words
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 98
- author: GotaProblemWI
The Dining Rooms - Keep Calm (Lagash Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Taken from the album "Remixes" MI2017 - 2000 - Milano2000 www.ishtar.it
http://wn.com/The_Dining_Rooms_Keep_Calm_Lagash_Remix
Taken from the album "Remixes" MI2017 - 2000 - Milano2000 www.ishtar.it
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 19
- author: Milano2000Records
lagash production promo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:13
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/lagash_production_promo
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 45
- author: Tarek Mohamed
Dj Ruth & Lagash - Suicidal Sperm
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Dj_Ruth_Lagash_Suicidal_Sperm
- published: 07 Dec 2011
- views: 162
- author: CollectionGroove
Erragal - the damned souls of lagash
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Erragal_the_damned_souls_of_lagash
- published: 09 Aug 2010
- views: 193
- author: Lord Erragal
Cradles of Civ 8/9 Gudea of Lagash
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:47
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Cradles_of_Civ_8_9_Gudea_of_Lagash
- published: 16 May 2010
- views: 117
- author: allisonpita
Satan, the Beast, and the False Prophet - Part 15 - The Eagle of Lagash
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Satan,_the_Beast,_and_the_False_Prophet_Part_15_The_Eagle_of_Lagash
- published: 10 Mar 2010
- views: 754
- author: JimJESUSFREAK
Nippur de Lagash.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 19 May 2012
Il più grande personaggio mai creato in fumetto al mondo. Naque in Argentina, nel 1967.
http://wn.com/Nippur_de_Lagashwmv
Il più grande personaggio mai creato in fumetto al mondo. Naque in Argentina, nel 1967.
- published: 04 Feb 2010
- views: 2010
- author: cuccioloebeppe
Alek Száhala - Lagash 2012 - Freeformania 3CD out 7th Dec at www.rebuildmusic.net
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Alek Száhala - Lagash 2012 - Freeformania 3CD out 7th Dec at www.rebuildmusic.net 3 CDs of freeform hardcore from around the globe featuring Gammer, Alek Szahala, Aryx, Helix & Fury, Douglas, AB, Endemic, Substanced & more. Limited to 300 copies
http://wn.com/Alek_Száhala_Lagash_2012_Freeformania_3CD_out_7th_Dec_at_wwwrebuildmusicnet
Alek Száhala - Lagash 2012 - Freeformania 3CD out 7th Dec at www.rebuildmusic.net 3 CDs of freeform hardcore from around the globe featuring Gammer, Alek Szahala, Aryx, Helix & Fury, Douglas, AB, Endemic, Substanced & more. Limited to 300 copies
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 21
- author: ReBuildMusic
Nippur de Lagash.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Capitulo 10 de la serie "Continuara (Historietas Argentinas). Emitido por canal Encuentro. Producido por Nativa Contenidos. Conducido por Juan Sasturain.
http://wn.com/Nippur_de_Lagashmov
Capitulo 10 de la serie "Continuara (Historietas Argentinas). Emitido por canal Encuentro. Producido por Nativa Contenidos. Conducido por Juan Sasturain.
- published: 13 Aug 2010
- views: 6509
- author: NICOGRAZIANI
photo: UN / Shareef Sarhan
02 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Guest Writer Gilad Atzmon. Israel suffered a humiliating defeat at The UN recently. The nations of the world stood up and said NO to the Jewish state - NO to Israeli occupation, NO to Israeli human rights abuse, NO to Jewish racism. In effect, they stood up and confessed to serious Zio-fatigue ... This is a very good news indeed. But interestingly, this united opposition to Israel is not in response to Israeli strength ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Patrice Clarke
02 Dec 2012
There have been "multiple explosions" near an airfield at a US base in eastern Afghanistan, Nato has said. Afghan intelligence officials told the BBC seven suicide attackers targeted the base in Jalalabad, and witnesses said that gunfire was heard ... Counter claims ... There were no Nato casualties in the attack, officials said ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Anja Niedringhaus
03 Dec 2012
UNITED NATIONS. UN leader Ban Ki-moon warned Sunday that if Israel implemented its latest plan for new settlements it would deal an “almost fatal blow” to any prospects for peace with the Palestinians. Israel’s announcement about the 3,000 Jewish settler homes, whose planned location was not revealed, came in the wake of a historic vote by the United Nations General Assembly to upgrade Palestine’s diplomatic status ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / Patrick Semansky
02 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Much like the United States, the Vikings were a paradoxical and duplicitous civilization. Not only were they highly skilled shipbuilders and tremendous explorers, not to mention their expertise in the fishing, farming and trading industries, but they helped establish and contribute to the nation-states of France, England, Ireland, Germany, Russia, and Iceland ... This came to mind when Pfc....(size: 5.5Kb)
photo: AP / Sang Tan, File
03 Dec 2012
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates — A major U.S. delegation is in Dubai to lead opposition to possible new Internet regulations at a U.N. conference ... and Microsoft Corp. ....(size: 0.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
17 Oct 2012
Ocean Water Features provides Aqua Skin Care centre with soothing water features to help clients relax during treatment. (PRWEB UK) 17 October 2012 Blackburn based Ocean Water Features is helping patients at the Aqua Skin Care centre in St ... The first recorded fountain was built in approximately 2000BC in in the ancient Sumerian city of Lagash (now modern day Iraq) and have been present in all of the great ancient civilisations ... PRWeb ... ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
MSNBC
05 Oct 2012
Photo. PAULO PINTO .AFP . GETTY IMAGES ... In turn, the U.S ... Click ahead for the list.“Ripping Off the Rich”premieres Monday, July 30 at 8 p.m. ET ... Photo. FBI ... Photo. FBI ... Officials are still looking for around 5,000 cylinder seals, for example.On July 25, 2006, Immigration and Customs Enforcement announced that the statue of King Entemena of Lagash, one of the most significant pieces looted from the Iraq Museum in 2003, had been recovered ... Photo....(size: 20.2Kb)
Palm Beach Post
26 Sep 2012
Palm Beach Post
25 Sep 2012
Al Jazeera
26 Aug 2012
The author Mark Twain once remarked that "whisky is for drinking; water is for fighting over" and a series of reports from intelligence agencies and research groups indicate the prospect of a water war is becoming increasingly likely. ... Some experts believe the only documented case of a "water war" happened about 4,500 years ago, when the city-states of Lagash and Umma went to war in the Tigris-Euphrates basin ... 1381 Source.. Al Jazeera....(size: 24.6Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
25 Jul 2012
The theme of the week I just spent at the Chautauqua Institution in northwestern New York was water. "Water matters," we were told, convincingly. Chautauqua has been around for 138 years and every summer dishes up an impressive roster of speakers week after week to address important topics from different points of view. I learned a lot about water ... These were the weak U.S ... Oceans matter ... U.S ... between Umma and Lagash in what is now Iraq ... ....(size: 6.0Kb)
The Guardian
09 Jan 2012
In the week between Christmas and New Year, those bleary few days when the world has better things to do than catch up on news or check its Twitter account, The Guardian carried a story that bears repeating. It was about Dimitris and Christina Gasparinatos and their kids in the Greek port of Patras ... The same goes for countries ... A few decades ago, archaeologists discovered the first ever legal contract in Lagash in modern-day Iraq ... ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
CounterPunch
19 Nov 2011
From Manhattan, to Nashville, to St Louis, to Portland, Oregon, to Oakland, California, the police this week moved in to clear out the Occupy Wall Street protesters from the various downtown plazas or squares where they’d established their peaceable focos ... They were swinging to hurt ... It’s a drawing of the cuneiform transcription of a debt cancellation (amargi law) by Enmetena, ruler of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, c ... ....(size: 17.6Kb)
Wall Street Journal
16 Sep 2011
By GAIL MONAGHAN. I'm in fig country, happily ensconced just outside Nimes, France, with friends whose lavish country property includes 15 fig trees bearing nine different varieties of the fruit ... The fig, historically symbolizing fertility and faith, was one of the first cultivated fruits and has appeared in texts dating as far back as the Sumerian tablets of Lagash (2738-2371 B.C.) ... cod or halibut; duck, goose or chicken; and pork ... 8 ... 1....(size: 11.8Kb)
Al Jazeera
29 Jun 2011
This browser does not support the iframe element. After droughts ravaged his parents' farmland, Sixteen-year-old Hassain and his two-year-old sister Sareye became some of the newest refugees forced from home by war scarcity ... We used to have crops." ... Some experts believe the only documented case of a "water war" happened about 4,500 years ago, when the city-states of Lagash and Umma went to war in the Tigris-Euphrates basin ... ....(size: 10.4Kb)
Hartford Courant
20 Mar 2011
OSLO (Reuters) - The United Nations should promote "hydro-diplomacy" to defuse any tensions over water in regions like the Middle East and North Africa where scarce supplies have the potential to spark future conflicts, experts said on Sunday. They said the U.N ... U.N ... agencies ... Experts say the only documented case of a "water war" was about 4,500 years ago when the city-states of Lagash and Umma went to war in the Tigris-Eurphrates basin....(size: 3.7Kb)
The Jordan Times
20 Mar 2011
Tweet. - The United Nations should promote "hydro-diplomacy" to defuse any tensions over water in regions like the Middle East and North Africa where scarce supplies have the potential to spark future conflicts, experts said on Sunday ... Experts say the only documented case of a "water war" was about 4,500 years ago when the city-states of Lagash and Umma went to war in the Tigris-Eurphrates basin ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Newsvine
18 Jan 2011
As promised in my first article I'll blog a bit about "water wars". First, a very brief look at historical conflicts over water or just battles with water involved ... From around 2500 BC a conflict know as the “Lagash-Umma Border Dispute” provides a very early example of water used tactically. Urlama, King of Lagash from 2450 to 2400 BC, diverted water to deprive Umma (present-day Iraq) of water ... the moat ... Welcome to California....(size: 6.1Kb)
For the Argentinian comic books character, see Nippur de Lagash. For the fictional planet in the Asimov story Nightfall, see Kalgash.
Coordinates: 31°24′41″N 46°24′26″E / 31.41139°N 46.40722°E / 31.41139; 46.40722
Lagash (Sumerian: Lagaški; cuneiform logogram: 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠, [NU11.BUR].LAKI[1] or [ŠIR.BUR].LAKI, "storehouse;"[2] Akkadian: Nakamtu;[3] modern Tell al-Hiba, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East. The ancient site of Surghul/Nina is around 6 miles (9.7 km) away. Nearby Girsu, about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Al-Hiba, was the religious center of the Lagash state. Lagash's temple was E-Ninnu, dedicated to the god Ningirsu.
Contents |
History[link]
From inscriptions found at Girsu such as the Gudea cylinders, it appears that Lagash was an important Sumerian city in the late 3rd millennium BC. It was at that time ruled by independent kings, Ur-Nanshe (24th century BC) and his successors, who were engaged in contests with the Elamites on the east and the kings of "Kienĝir" and Kish on the north. Some of the earlier works from before the Akkadian conquest are also extremely interesting, in particular Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures and Entemena's great silver vase ornamented with Ningirsu's sacred animal Anzu: a lion-headed eagle with wings outspread, grasping a lion in each talon. With the Akkadian conquest Lagash lost its independence, its ruler or ensi becoming a vassal of Sargon of Akkad and his successors; but Lagash continued to be a city of much importance and above all, a centre of artistic development.
After the collapse of Sargon's state, Lagash again thrived under its independent kings (ensis), Ur-Bau and Gudea, and had extensive commercial communications with distant realms. According to his own records, Gudea brought cedars from the Amanus and Lebanon mountains in Syria, diorite from eastern Arabia, copper and gold from central and southern Arabia, while his armies were engaged in battles with Elam on the east. His was especially the era of artistic development. We even have a fairly good idea of what Gudea looked like, since he placed in temples throughout his city numerous statues or idols depicting himself with lifelike realism, (Statues of Gudea). At the time of Gudea, the capital of Lagash was actually in Girsu. The kingdom covered an area of approximately 1,600 square kilometres (620 sq mi). It contained 17 larger cities, eight district capitals, and numerous villages (about 40 known by name). According to one estimate, Lagash was the largest city in the world from ca. 2075 to 2030 BC.[4]
Soon after the time of Gudea, Lagash was absorbed into the Ur III state as one of its prime provinces.[5] There is some information about the area during the Old Babylonian period. After that it seems to have lost its importance; at least we know nothing more about it until the construction of the Seleucid fortress mentioned, when it seems to have become part of the Greek kingdom of Characene.
Dynasties of Lagash[link]
These dynasties are not found on the Sumerian King List, although one extremely fragmentary supplement has been found in Sumerian, known as the rulers of Lagash.[6] It recounts how after the flood mankind was having difficulty growing food for itself, being dependent solely on rainwater; it further relates that techniques of irrigation and cultivation of barley were then imparted by the gods. At the end of the list is the statement "Written in the school", suggesting this was a scribal school production. A few of the names from the Lagash rulers listed below may be made out, including Ur-Nanshe, "Ane-tum", En-entar-zid, Ur-Ningirsu, Ur-Bau, and Gudea.
First Dynasty of Lagash[link]
| Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Enhengal | ||
| Lugal-sha-engur (Lugal-Suggur) | high priest or ensi | |
| Ur-Nanshe (Ur-nina) | ca. 2500 BC | king |
| Akurgal | ||
| Eannatum | ca. 25th century BC | grandson of Ur-Nanshe, king, took Sumer away from Enshagkushana of Uruk and repulsed the armies of Kish, Elam and Mari |
| En-anna-tum I | ca. 25th century BC | brother to Eanatum, high priest, Ur-Luma and Illi of Umma, as well as Kug-Bau of Kish gained independence from him. |
| Entemena | ca. 25th century BC | son of Enanatum I, king, contemporary with Lugal-ure (or Lugalkinishedudu) of Uruk and defeated Illi of Umma |
| Enanatum II | ||
| Enentarzid | ||
| Lugalanda | ||
| Urukagina | ca. 2300 BC | king, defeated by Lugalzagesi of Uruk, issued a proclamation of social reformes. |
Second Dynasty of Lagash[link]
| Ruler | Proposed reign (short chronology) | Proposed reign (middle chronology) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lugalushumgal | |||
| Puzer-Mama | |||
| Ur-Utu | |||
| Ur-Mama | |||
| Lu-Baba | |||
| Lugula | |||
| Kaku or Kakug | |||
| Ur-Bau or Ur-baba | 2093 BC – 2080 BC | 2157 BC – 2144 BC | |
| Gudea | 2080 BC – 2060 BC | 2144 BC – 2124 BC | Son-in-law of Ur-baba |
| Ur-Ningirsu | 2060 BC – 2055 BC | 2124 BC – 2119 BC | Son of Gudea |
| Pirigme or Ugme | 2055 BC – 2053 BC | 2119 BC – 2117 BC | Grandson of Gudea |
| Ur-gar | 2053 BC – 2049 BC | 2117 BC – 2113 BC | |
| Nammahani | 2049 BC – 2046 BC | 2113 BC – 2110 BC | Grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Namma |
Archaeology[link]
Lagash is one of the largest archaeological mounds in the region, measuring roughly 2 by 1 miles (3.2 by 1.6 km). Estimates of its area range from 400 to 600 hectares (990 to 1,500 acres). The site is divided by the bed of a canal/river, which runs diagonally through the mound. The site was first excavated, for six weeks, by Robert Koldewey in 1887.[7] It was inspected during a survey of the area by Thorkild Jacobsen and Fuad Safar in 1953, finding the first evidence of its identification as Lagash. The major polity in the region of al-Hiba and Tello had formerly been identified as ŠIR.BUR.LA (Shirpurla).[8] Tell Al-Hiba was again explored in five seasons of excavation between 1968 and 1976 by a team from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University. The team was led by Vaughn E. Crawford, and included Donald P. Hansen and Robert D. Biggs. The primary focus was the excavation of the temple Ibgal of Inanna and the temple Bagara of Ningirsu, as well as an associated administrative area.[9][10][11][12]
The team returned 12 years later in 1990 for a final season of excavation led by D. P. Hansen. The work primarily involved areas adjacent to an as yet unexcavated temple. The results of this season have apparently not yet been published.[13]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- ^ The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary. "Lagash." Accessed 19 Dec 2010.
- ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)
- ^ Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Edwin Mellen Press, 1987, ISBN 0-88946-207-0
- ^ Joan Goodnick Westenholz, Kaku of Ur and Kaku of Lagash, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 339-342, 1984
- ^ English translation
- ^ Robert Koldewey, Die altbabylonischen Graber in Surghul und El-Hibba, Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, vol. 2, pp. 403-430, 1887
- ^ Amiaud, Arthur. "The Inscriptions of Telloh." Records of the Past, 2nd Ed. Vol. I. Ed. by A. H. Sayce, 1888. Accessed 19 Dec 2010. M. Amiaud notes that a Mr. Pinches (in his Guide to the Kouyunjik Gallery) contended ŠIR.BUR.LAki could be a logographic representation of "Lagash," but inconclusively.
- ^ Donald P. Hansen, Al-Hiba, 1968-1969: A Preliminary Report, Artibus Asiae, vol 32, no. 4, pp. 243-258, 1970
- ^ Donald P. Hansen, Al-Hiba, 1970-1971: A Preliminary Report, Artibus Asiae, vol. 35 no. 1-2 , pp. 62-70, 1973
- ^ Donald P. Hansen, Al-Hiba: A summary of four seasons of excavation: 1968-1976, Sumer, vol. 34, pp. 72-85, 1978
- ^ Vaughn E. Crawford, Inscriptions from Lagash, Season Four, 1975-76, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 189-222, 1977
- ^ Excavations in Iraq 1989-1990, Iraq, vol 53, pp. 169-182, 1991
References[link]
- Robert D. Biggs, Inscriptions from al-Hiba-Lagash : the first and second seasons, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. 3, Undena Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-89003-018-9
- E. Carter, A surface survey of Lagash, al-Hiba, 1984, Sumer, vol. 46/1-2,, pp. 60–63, 1990
- Donald P. Hansen, Royal building activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55, pp. 206–11, 1992
- Vaughn E. Crawford, Lagash, Iraq, vol. 36, no. 1/2, pp. 29–35, 1974
- R. D. Biggs, Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Lagash, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no. 1/2, pp. 26–33, 1973
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links[link]
http://wn.com/Lagash
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/Lagash
http://ru.wn.com/Лагаш
http://nl.wn.com/Lagaš
http://pt.wn.com/Lagash
http://pl.wn.com/Lagasz
http://fr.wn.com/Lagash
http://de.wn.com/Lagaš
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| The Dining Rooms | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Milan, Italy |
| Genres | Downtempo Chillout Electronica |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Labels | Schema Records |
| Website | http://www.thediningrooms.org |
| Members | |
| Stefano Ghittoni Cesare Malfatti |
|
The Dining Rooms is a band based in Milan, Italy. Its music does not fall under a specific genre, blending ambient, electronic, and jazz. The Dining Rooms are Stefano Ghittoni and Cesare Malfatti.
Stefano Ghittoni, resident DJ at Magazzini Generali in Milan from 1995 till 2007, spurred the initial creative process behind the duo's musical direction in 1998. Cesare Malfatti, on the other hand, is a founding member of the post-blues project 'La Crus'. Both Stefano and Cesare come from the punk/new wave scene and they have played in several underground bands in earlier years.
In early 1999, through the electronica label Milano2000, The Dining Rooms release their debut full-length album: "Subterranean Modern Volume 1". The record is characterized by hip hop/funk-inspired rhythms flowing alongside bluesy guitar textures and melancholic, minor-key atmospheric elements.
As a side project to this record, Stefano Ghittoni works with videomaker Maria Arena on the Ambient Blues Caffe project, an ambient sonorization project for turntables and video performed all over Italy and Europe.
The second Dining Rooms album, "Numero Deux", which features a multimedia section with videos by Maria Arena (one of which is dedicated to J.L.Godard), is released in January 2001 and picks up the stylistic streak of "Subterranean Modern Volume 1", enriching its sound with the addition of jazz atmospheres and introducing vocal parts performed by the minimal-soul duo "Sepiatone" (Hugo Race and Marta Collica). In summer 2001 "Numero Deux" was also released in the US, Japan and Germany through Guidance Recordings.
To promote the new record, The Dining Rooms have developed and enriched the audio-visual experience of the Ambient Blues Caffe, giving birth to the new set named 'FILM'. The new live performance includes DJ and live sets by Stefano Ghittoni and Cesare Malfatti (using computers, samplers and turntables) and the enhanced visual experience provided by Maria Arena.
"Tre", was released in spring 2003 on Schema Records. The record delves further into the themes of the two preceding releases, adding faster rhythms and a more focused production.
The record also features important vocal contributions by Anna Clementi and Sean Martin and production assistantship by Soulpatrol, among others. Like "Numero Deux", "Tre" was released in the US, Japan and Germany through Guidance Recordings.
In early 2004, "Versioni Particolari" was released. It is an album of remixes previously released on 12" vinyls, new versions, and unreleased Dining Rooms goodies, and features work on Dining Rooms tracks done by heavyweight producers like Nicola Conte, Soulpatrol and The Cinematic Orchestra, among others.
The Dining Rooms live show was then further developed into a full live set, taking advantage of a five-piece band and enriched, as always, by Maria Arena's evocative video work. The live experience and the idea to work on songwriting become the conceptual and stylistic basis for The Dining Rooms' fourth studio album.
"Experiments In Ambient Soul" has been released through Schema in late spring 2005. E.I.A.S. is a journey into modern funk and jazz. It features a collection of inspired and soulful tracks with contributions by Don Freeman, Amraah 8, Sean Martin, Hugo Race and Marta Collica.
In the spring of 2006 the second chapter of Versioni Particolari is released. "Versioni Particolari 2" is a collection of remixes and unreleased versions taken from 4 vinyl singles that followed the album release of "Experiments in Ambient Soul"(2005).
The songs contained in "E.I.A.S" here receive new, vital energy courtesy of some of the most interesting music producer of these contemporary times while the two unreleased tracks add further deepness to the producing standards of the The Dining Rooms.
One year after, spring 2007 will see the release of their fifth album "Ink". Sounding almost as a concept album, it can be considered as the trait-d'union between the production style of "Experiments In Ambient Soul", live instrumentation and vocals delivering a round groove, with the cinematic, ethereal atmospheres characterizing the sound of "Numero Deux" and "Tre". This work features new remarkable collaborations by international artists such as Dodo N'kishi (Mouse on Mars) from Africa via Germany; Georgeanne Kalweit, from U.S.A. via Milan, and Tomaz Di Cunto, from Brazil.
In the autumn of 2008 "Other Ink" is released. It's the remix version of "Ink" and remixers list include The Cinematic Orchestra, Populous, Christian Prommer and Skwerl, among others. The remixes will be enriched by a new version of Ink , recorded live at Teatro I during Promise(musical esistenzialista), and by "Exit a New York", featuring CharlElie Couture and originally released only for the French market.
In the spring of 2009, to celebrate ten years of The Dining Rooms, Schema Records releases "Christian Prommer's Drumlesson plays The Dining Rooms: The Jazz Thing". It's a selection of Tdr songs produced and rearranged by Christian Prommer's Drumlesson. Tracklist includes Hear us now, Dreamy smiles, M. Dupont, Thin ice, Prigionieri del deserto, Thank you?, Destination moon, No problem, Tunnel, Milano calibro 9, Afrolicious, Ink and Pure and easy.
Discography[link]
- Subterranean Modern, Vol. 1 1999
- Remixes 2000
- Numero Deux 2001
- Tre 2003
- Versioni Particolari 2004
- Experiments in Ambient Soul 2005
- Versioni Particolari 2 2006
- Ink 2007
- Other Ink 2008
- Christian Prommer's Drumlesson plays The Dining Rooms 2009
- Lonesome Traveller 2011
External links[link]
http://wn.com/The_Dining_Rooms
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dining_Rooms
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
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Alek Száhala (born Aleksi Sahala in Helsinki, Finland, 4 April 1982) is a Finnish electronic music producer.[1] He's works in the Freeform Hardcore/NRG scene. His music often clocks over 180 BPM.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Alek started producing music in 1993 using PC-running trackers. First of his tracks were uploaded into various BBSes under such nicks as BwD, Apofis, Apokala and Apofish. His tracks during early 90's were mainly humorous stuff with lots of samples from various cartoons. He also made lots of co-operations with jazz musician Teemu Vehkala.
He continued to produce music until 2003, where he was noticed by various Finnish harddance DJ's and promoters. Later that year, he performed his first live set at Säde club, and signed his first record contract from Electronica Exposed. He consistently continued to increase his reputation, through vinyl releases by Camel Records, Finrg and EE. His hit tracks, "Ngarnuuk" and "Man eaten", also appeared on one of DJ Proteus' mixtapes "The Hellfire Club" released by Teflon Bullet. Alongside with Carbon Based, Re-form, Epilim and Pain on Creation, he became one of the key members in the development of Finnish hard dance sound. His music varies from very melodic trance to dark, fast and evil freeform. He has performed at such events as Godspeed and Utopia (Sydney), Mayhem 2005, 2006 and 2007 (Brisbane), Pharmacy (Melbourne), Logic (London), NRGetic Romancer (Tokyo), Koneisto and Konemetsä, Finland's leading electronic music festivals.
Alek currently studies computational linguistics and computer science at the University of Helsinki.
Performing live[link]
When performing live, Alek uses a laptop running Microsoft Windows and one deck as a backup. He uses Reason to play synths and various other software to play synced loops over the tracks. Alek's black skirt he wears at his gigs has become one of his trademarks.
References[link]
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Szahala, Alek |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 4 April 1982 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article on an electronic musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
| 35px | This article about a Finnish musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Alek_Száhala
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alek_Száhala
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
