Rory Storm (21 September 1939 – 28 September 1972) was an English singer and musician. Born Alan Caldwell in Liverpool, Storm was the singer and leader of Rory Storm and The Hurricanes, a Liverpudlian band who were contemporaries of The Beatles in the late 1950s, and early 1960s. Ringo Starr was the drummer for The Hurricanes before joining The Beatles in August 1962.

The Hurricanes were one of the most popular acts on the Liverpool and Hamburg club scenes during their existence, although their attempt at a recording career was not successful. They released only two singles, the second one being a version of the West Side Story song "America", which was produced by The Beatles' manager Brian Epstein.

When Storm's father died, he returned from Amsterdam to Liverpool to be with his mother at Stormsville, at 54 Broadgreen Road, Broadgreen, Liverpool. On 27 September 1972, Storm developed a chest infection and could not sleep properly, so he took sleeping pills. The next day Storm and his mother were both found dead. A post mortem determined that Storm had not taken enough pills to kill himself, but it was suspected that his mother had, after finding her son's body.

Early years[link]

Rory Storm was the stage name for Alan Caldwell born 21 September 1939, in Oakhill Park Estate, Stoneycroft, Liverpool, to Ernie and Violet Caldwell. His father was a window cleaner by profession, and a part-time porter at the Broadgreen Hospital, often singing songs to patients.^[1] Storm had one sister; Iris Caldwell, who later dated George Harrison when she was 12, and Paul McCartney, when she was 17.^[1][2] Iris later married Shane Fenton, later known as Alvin Stardust.^[3] Apart from music, Storm was interested in sports, particularly athletics; he ran for an amateur team in Liverpool called the Pembroke Harriers, and won the Pembroke Athletics and Cycle Club steeplechase record.^[4][5] Instead of being driven home after concerts in Liverpool, Storm preferred to run home.^[6]

Storm played football regularly and was a good skater and swimmer (once swimming the 12.5 mile length of Windermere).^[5] Liverpool F.C. used to train at Melwood and he went to watch them in training, later putting up a large photo of himself training with the team on his wall at home.^[4] He was the captain of Mersey Beat magazine's football team, called the Mersey Beat XI.^[5] Storm was born with a stutter (a speech impediment), which did not affect his singing.^[4][7] Because of Storm's bad stammer, his friends never allowed him to tell a joke or to order a round of drinks, as it took too long.^[6] He became a cotton salesman (as was Jim McCartney, Paul McCartney's father) before forming a skiffle group.^[6]

Music[link]

Storm's first name for a group was "Dracula & the Werewolves", but he then settled on "Al Caldwell's Texans".^[8] Still known as Alan Caldwell, Storm opened The Morgue Skiffle Club in the cellar of a large Victorian house, "Balgownie", at 25 Oakhill Park, Broadgreen, on 13 March 1958.^[8] The cellar consisted of two rooms, painted black and connected by a long corridor, with skeletons painted on the walls and one blue light.^[8] Groups played on Tuesdays and Thursdays for up to 100 people (above the age of 15) starting at 7:30 p.m., including Storm's group (later called "The Raving Texans") and The Quarrymen (who later became "The Beatles").^[6] After complaints about the noise, the police closed down the club on 1 April 1958, but Storm reopened it on 22 April 1958.^[9] It was in the Morgan Skiffle Club that George Harrison auditioned for The Quarrymen, playing "Guitar Boogie Shuffle" by Bert Weedon, before being admitted as a member of the band.^[6][8] Harrison later asked Storm if he could join his group, but Storm's mother refused to allow it, as she thought Harrison was too young.^[9]

Storm went to London, on 11 April 1958, to participate in a cross-country running competition. During his stay, he took part in a jam session at Chas McDevitt's Skiffle Cellar, which resulted in an appearance on 30 April 1958 on Radio Luxembourg's Skiffle club programme, playing "Midnight Special". In 1959, Storm's group consisted of himself, Paul Murphy, and Johnny "Guitar" Byrne all performing on guitar and vocals, Reg Hale (washboard) and Jeff Truman (tea-chest bass). "Spud" Ward, a former member of The Swinging Blue Jeans, later played bass guitar.^[6] Storm met Ringo Starr at a talent contest called "6.5 Special". Starr had previously played with The Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group and was then drumming with a group called "Darktown Skiffle". Starr's first concert with Storm was on 25 March 1959, at the Mardi Gras in Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.^[6]

Rory Storm and The Hurricanes[link]

Storm changed the name of his group to "Al Storm and The Hurricanes", then "Jett Storm and The Hurricanes", and finally to "Rory Storm and The Hurricanes". The original line-up was Storm, Byrne, Ty Brian, Lu Walters (b. Walter Eymond) and Ringo Starr.^[4][10] Storm and The Hurricanes entered a competition managed by Carrol Levis called "Search for Stars" at the Liverpool Empire Theatre on 11 October 1959, reaching second place ahead of 150 acts.^[6] The line-up of The Hurricanes finally solidified with Storm (vocals), Byrne (rhythm guitar), Ty (Charles) O’Brien (lead guitar), Walters (bass guitar/vocals), and "Ritchie Starkey" (later 'Ringo Starr,' drums).^[11] The group played at The Cavern Club with The Cy Laurie Jazz Band on Sunday 2 January 1960, and a week later supported The Saints Jazz Band and Terry Lightfoot's New Orleans Jazz Band.^[11] Playing rock 'n' roll music was a problem at The Cavern Club, as it was not accepted by the customers or management.^[11] When Storm and The Hurricanes performed there on 17 January 1960, with Micky Ashman's Jazz Band and the Swinging Blue Jeans, their first song was "Cumberland Gap" (a skiffle song) by Lonnie Donegan. Then they played "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On" by Jerry Lee Lewis. The jazz and skiffle audience were outraged, booed and threw copper coins at the group. The Cavern's manager Ray McFall, fined them six shillings, but the coins collected from the stage floor were worth more than the fine.^[11]

Storm and The Hurricanes performed at The Liverpool Stadium on 3 May 1960, on the same bill as Gene Vincent.^[11] Larry Parnes became interested in The Hurricanes, and invited them to audition at the Wyvern Club as a backing group for Billy Fury. Storm turned up at the audition, but only so he could have his picture taken with Fury.^[11] In July 1960, the group secured a residency at Butlins holiday camp in Pwllheli (playing in the Rock 'n' Calypso Ballroom) for £25 each per week.^[11] Starr was not sure about giving up his job as an apprentice at Henry Hunt's, where he made climbing frames for schools, until Storm put forward the idea of "Starr-time" (a solo spot) with Starr singing songs like "Boys" by The Shirelles.^[12] Starr finally agreed when Storm told him about how many women would be "available".^[11] It was during this season that Starr (who had been known as "Ritchie" until then) changed his name to "Ringo".^[13] (Lennon refused to work in holiday camps like Butlins, even though they paid well, saying "It would be like playing in Belsen").^[14][15]

Hamburg[link]

After playing for more than 16 hours per week, the group were contacted by Allan Williams, who wanted them to go to Hamburg. Derry and The Seniors were successful there, and Williams wanted an additional group.^[17] As Storm and the group were committed to Butlins, they turned Williams' offer down (as did Gerry & The Pacemakers) so Williams sent The Beatles to Hamburg instead.^[18][19] After the summer season ended in early October 1960, Storm and The Hurricanes were free to travel to Hamburg, replacing Derry and The Seniors at the Kaiserkeller. They arrived in Hamburg on 1 October 1960, having negotiated to be paid more than The Seniors or The Beatles.^[20] They played five or six 90-minute sets every day alternating with The Beatles.^[17][21] Storm and The Hurricanes were later presented with a special certificate by Bruno Koschmider (the owner of the Kaiserkeller) for their performances.^[19]

The stage of the Kaiserkeller was made of planks of wood balanced on the top of beer crates, so the two groups made a bet to see to who would be the first to break it.^[22] After punishing the stage for days, a slight crack appeared, and when Storm jumped off the top of the upright piano, during a performance of "Blue Suede Shoes", it finally broke.^[22] Byrne remembered that as Storm hit the stage, it cracked loudly and formed a V-shape around Storm. He disappeared into it, and all the amplifiers and Starr's cymbals slid into the hole. Koschmider was furious, and had to replace the live music with a juke box. Both groups went across the road to Harold's cafe for breakfast, but were followed by Koschmider's doormen with coshes, who beat the musicians as punishment.^[23]

During their eight-week residency Williams arranged a recording session at the Akoustik Studio, which was a small booth on the fifth floor of 57 Kirchenalle (The Klockmann-House) on Saturday 18 October 1960.^[19] Williams asked Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison from The Beatles to play and sing harmonies for Walters (of The Hurricanes) on the recording.^[10] Pete Best (The Beatles' regular drummer at the time) was in town buying drumsticks, so Starr played drums, which was the first time Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr recorded together.^[24] They recorded three songs: "Fever", "September Song" and "Summertime".^[19]

Liverpool[link]

Storm and The Hurricanes were the headlining group at the first "Beat Night", in the Orrell Park Ballroom, in March 1961. They were also invited for a season at the Butlins camp in Skegness in Lincolnshire. Sam Leach (a Liverpool promoter) arranged a series of dance nights at the Palais Ballroom in Aldershot, starting on 9 December 1961.^[19] The first Saturday featured The Beatles, but as the local newspaper forgot to run the advertisement only 18 people turned up.^[19] The second Saturday was arranged for Rory Storm and The Hurricanes to perform, and as it was advertised this time, 210 people paid to get in. Leach's idea was to attract London agents to watch the series of concerts, but when he realised they would never travel out of London he abandoned the idea.^[19]

Starr considered leaving Storm at that time to join Derry and The Seniors, but accepted a job with Tony Sheridan at the Top Ten Club on 30 December 1961, as Sheridan's offer of more money, a flat and a car was too good to refuse.^[19] Starr's stay with Sheridan was short-lived, as he found Sheridan's habit of changing the set list without telling his backing group beforehand frustrating, so he rejoined The Hurricanes.^[19] On 5 February 1962, Best fell ill and The Beatles had to play a lunchtime concert at the Cavern and an evening concert at the Kingsway club in Southport. As The Hurricanes had no concert that day Starr played with them live on stage for the first time (although he had recorded with them in Hamburg).^[25]

During a Hurricanes' residency at Butlins, Lennon and McCartney drove from Liverpool to Skegness, on 15 August 1962, to ask Starr to join The Beatles.^[26] Shortly before, Starr had agreed to join Kingsize Taylor in Hamburg, as Taylor was offering £20 a week, but Lennon and McCartney offered £25 a week, which Starr accepted.^[13] Lennon and McCartney offered Storm to swap drummers (with Best replacing Starr) but Best rejected the idea.^[13] According to Epstein in his autobiography, Storm was, "One of the liveliest and most likeable young men on the scene ... was very annoyed when Ringo left and he complained to me. I apologised, and Rory, with immense good humour said, 'Okay. Forget it. The best of luck to the lot of you'".^[27] The Hurricanes would then become known for having a succession of drummers (including Gibson Kemp, Brian Johnson, John Morrison, Keef Hartley (August 1963) Ian Broad, and Trevor Morais), who would all stay with the group for a short period before leaving.^[13][19]

Despite Starr joining The Beatles, both groups would perform on the same bill during 1961, and at many concerts thereafter.^[28] In 1962, both groups performed together at St Patrick's Night Rock Gala (Knotty Ash Village Hall) Queen's Hall (Widnes) and with Little Richard at the Tower Ballroom. In 1963, Storm and The Hurricanes were filmed as part of the "Beat City" documentary, which was broadcast by Associated-Rediffusion Television.

Stage persona and lifestyle[link]

When Storm became a professional singer, he changed his name to Rory Storm by deed poll, and changed the name of his family's home in Broadgreen to "Stormsville".^[5] Storm was known for the extravagant clothes he wore and the cars he drove, once buying a pink Vauxhall Cresta for £800 in cash.^[4] A young man was once caught by a porter at Bootle railway station writing "I love Rory" over the walls, and when questioned, it turned out to be Storm himself.^[6] The Hurricanes wore matching suits on stage, but Storm sometimes wore a pink suit and pink tie, and during concerts he would walk over to the piano and comb his blond hair with an oversized comb.^[29] Their stage wear changed from sunglasses and palm tree decorated shirts to red (and blue) suits. Storm also wore an Elvis-style gold lamé suit.^[30] When they first appeared at Butlins holiday camp Storm wore a turquoise suit with a gold lamé shirt, while the group wore fluorescent suits.^[11]

Rod Punt (also known as Steve Day in Steve Day & the Drifters) remembered Storm arriving at the Orrell Park Ballroom for a concert with a boil on his face. When told about it, Storm pulled out a black velvet hood which had slits for his eyes and mouth, and played the whole concert with the hood on.^[4] At one concert at Bankfield House Youth club, Garston, Liverpool, in 1965, the stage lighting failed between sets. Storm was upset until someone walked in with a torch, which Storm used to finish the concert.^[4] He occasionally used a pet monkey in some of the group's performances, as it attracted more people.^[31] At a New Brighton swimming baths performance for 1,600 people in 1963, Storm climbed to the top diving board, undressed to a pair of swimming trunks, and then dived into the water at the end of a song.^[5] In January 1964, during a performance at the Majestic Ballroom, Birkenhead, he climbed up one of the columns supporting the balcony, but slipped and fell 30 feet (9 m) to the floor below, fracturing his leg. At another performance on the New Brighton Pier, Storm made his way onto the Pavilion roof, but fell through the glass skylight.^[5]

Storm and The Hurricanes received the most votes in the first Mersey Beat magazine poll, but many votes were disqualified as they had been posted from the same place at the same time, and were written in green ink. (Although never proven, it was thought that Storm had posted the votes).^[32] This meant that The Beatles reached the top position, with The Hurricanes coming fourth, even though The Beatles had also been sending in extra votes themselves.^[5][32] Storm was often photographed for the magazine, such as being surrounded by nurses when he left hospital after breaking a leg during a performance, or playing for the Mersey Beat XI football team.^[5]

The Hurricanes' set list[link]

The group's typical 40-minute set list during 1963/1964:

• "Brand New Cadillac" — Storm, vocals (Vince Taylor & the Playboys);
• "Roll Over Beethoven" — Storm, vocals (Chuck Berry);
• "I'll Be Your Hero" — Storm, vocals (Taylor & the Playboys);
• "Beautiful Dreamer" — Walters, vocals (Tony Orlando);
• "Since You Broke My Heart" — Walters/Byrne, vocals (The Everly Brothers);^[11]
• "America" — Storm, vocals (Leonard Bernstein);
• "Danny" — Storm, vocals (Marty Wilde);
• "Green Onions" (instrumental) (Booker T & the MG's);
• "Down The Line" — Storm, vocals (Jerry Lee Lewis); and
• "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On" — Storm, vocals (Jerry Lee Lewis).^[11]

Other songs included in the set were:

• "Fever" — Walters, vocals (written by Eddie Cooley and John Davenport (a pseudonym for Otis Blackwell));
• "Let It Be Me" — Walters, vocals (Gilbert Bécaud);
• "Summertime" — Walters, vocals (George Gershwin); and
• "Dr Feelgood" — Storm, vocals.

The Hurricanes recorded songs for Oriole's two "This is Mersey Beat" albums, but only released two singles: "Dr Feelgood"/"I Can Tell", Oriole (45-CB 1858 12/63) and "America"/"Since You Broke My Heart", Parlophone (R 5197 11/64) which was produced by Epstein at IBC Studios in London.^[34] Epstein also sang backing vocals on "America", and Starr added percussion and sang. Storm later asked Epstein to manage the group, but Epstein refused.^[5][35] The Hurricanes later recorded two songs at Abbey Road Studios in 1964: "Ubangi Stomp" and "I'll Be There", although they were never released.^[36]

Later life and death[link]

In 1967, at the age of 26, O’Brien collapsed on stage during a performance, and later died due to complications after an appendicitis operation.^[37][38] Storm disbanded The Hurricanes and became a disc jockey, working at the Silver Blades Ice Rink in Liverpool, in Benidorm (he was also a water-skiing instructor there) in Jersey and Amsterdam.^[3] When Storm's father died, he returned from Amsterdam to Liverpool to be with his mother. Storm developed a chest infection and could not sleep properly, so he took sleeping pills. On 28 September 1972, Storm and his mother were both found dead, at "Stormsville". The post mortem revealed that Storm had alcohol and sleeping pills in his blood (as had his mother) but not enough to cause his death, which was ruled accidental, although it could not be proven that his mother had committed suicide after finding Storm's body.^[3][35][39]

The funeral for Storm and his mother was at Oakvale Congregational Church, Broadgreen, on 19 October 1972. Mourners sang Storm's favourite song, "You'll Never Walk Alone". The two coffins were carried from the hearse to the cremation (at Anfield Crematorium) by former band members.^[4] Storm's remains were scattered on section 23 at Anfield Crematorium's Gardens of Remembrance. When Starr was asked why he did not attend, he said, "I wasn't there when he was born either."^[3] Although Starr had often offered to arrange for Storm to record whenever he wanted to, Storm was not interested in finding new or original material. His sister said: "He [Storm] was happy to be the King of Liverpool — he was never keen on touring, he didn't want to give up running for the Pembroke Harriers . . . and he'd never miss a Liverpool football match!"^[5] Fury, whom Storm had met at the Wyvern Club auditions, later played the part of a singer called Stormy Tempest in the film, That'll Be the Day (1973) which was based on Storm and also starred Starr. In 1987, a musical was staged in Liverpool about Storm and The Hurricanes called A Need For Heroes.^[37]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Epstein, Brian (1964). A Cellarful of Noise. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-01196-3. 
• Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9. 
• Lennon, Cynthia (2005). John. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-89512-2. 
• Miles, Barry (1997). The Beatles Diary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-6315-3. 
• Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company (New York). ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. 
• The Beatles Anthology (2003). The Beatles Anthology (DVD). Apple records. ASIN - B00008GKEG. 

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2009)

Tom Egbers
Born	Tom Egbers october 18, 1957 Almelo
Nationality	Netherlands
Occupation	Television presenter
Known for	Studio Sport

Tom Egbers (Almelo, 18 October 1957) is a Dutch journalist, writer and TV presenter (Studio Sport)^[1] since 1985. He studied at the School voor de Journalistiek in Utrecht, and was employed by Studio Sport (NOS) in 1984 as presenter. Between 1990 and 1992 Egbers worked for Veronica. He has written a book, The Black Meteor, about black footballer Steve Mokone that has been made into the film The Black Meteor.^[2]

References[link]

Ringo Starr MBE
Ringo Starr in 2012
Background information
Birth name	Richard Starkey
Also known as	Ringo Starr
Born	(1940-07-07) 7 July 1940 (age 71) Liverpool, England
Genres	Rock, pop, psychedelic rock, world music
Occupations	Musician, singer, actor
Instruments	Vocals, drums, percussion, piano, keyboard, guitar
Years active	1957–present
Labels	Parlophone, United Artists, Capitol, Apple, Swan, Vee-Jay, Tollie, Atlantic, RCA, Mercury, Koch, Private Music, Boardwalk, Rykodisc
Associated acts	The Beatles, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, Plastic Ono Band
Website	RingoStarr.com
Notable instruments
Ludwig Super Classic Drumset Ludwig Black Oyster Pearl Drumset

Richard Starkey, MBE (born 7 July 1940), better known by his stage name Ringo Starr, is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. When the band formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He joined the Beatles in August 1962, taking the place of Pete Best. In addition to his drumming, Starr is featured on lead vocals on a number of successful Beatles songs (in particular, "With a Little Help from My Friends", "Yellow Submarine", and the Beatles version of "Act Naturally"). He is credited as a co-writer of the songs "What Goes On" and "Flying", and as the writer of "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".

As drummer for the Beatles, Starr was musically creative, and his contribution to the band's music has received high praise from notable drummers in more recent times. Starr described himself as "your basic offbeat drummer with funny fills".^[1] Drummer Steve Smith said that Starr's popularity "brought forth a new paradigm" where "we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect" and that Starr "composed unique, stylistic drum parts for The Beatles songs". In 2011, Starr was picked as the fifth-best drummer of all-time by Rolling Stone readers.^[2]

Starr is the most documented and critically acclaimed actor among the Beatles, playing a central role in several of their films, and appearing in numerous other films, both during and after his career with the Beatles. After the Beatles' break-up in 1970, Starr achieved solo musical success with several singles and albums, and recorded with each of his fellow ex-Beatles as they too developed their post-Beatle musical careers. He has also been featured in a number of TV documentaries, hosted TV shows, narrated the first two series of the children's television series Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and portrayed "Mr. Conductor" during the first season of the PBS children's television series Shining Time Station. Since 1989, Starr has toured with eleven variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.

Early life[link]

Ringo Starr was born on 7 July 1940 at 9 Madryn Street, Dingle, Liverpool, Lancashire, England, the son of Elsie (née Gleave) and Richard Starkey, a confectioner.^[3][4][5][6] His paternal grandfather was born with the surname "Parkin", and later adopted his stepfather's surname, "Starkey".^[7] Starr's parents split up when he was three years old,^[8] and his mother subsequently married Harry Graves,^[9] who encouraged his interest in music.^[8][9][10] Starr's family moved when he was three years old to a smaller home at 10 Admiral Grove. Starr attended an Evangelical Anglican church during his childhood.^[11] He was afflicted by illness for much of his early years. When aged six, he had appendicitis, which developed complications, causing him to fall into a coma.^[12] At thirteen, he developed chronic pleurisy and was admitted to a sanatorium for two years.^[13] After this extended hospital visit he did not return to school.^[9][14] The periods of hospitalisation left him behind scholastically, and as a result he was ineligible to attend a grammar school or even sit its Eleven plus qualifying examination.^[15] Earlier, Starr attended St Silas, a Church of England primary school in High Park Street, close to his home in Admiral Grove;^[16] singer Billy Fury attended the school at the same time. Later, Starr attended Dingle Vale Secondary Modern School (now Shorefields Technology College), leaving in 1955.^[17] While there, he showed an aptitude for art and drama as well as practical subjects including mechanics.^[15] Starr's health problems had another enduring effect in the form of allergies and sensitivities to food, and when The Beatles travelled to India in 1968, he took his own food with him.^[18]

Like John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison, Starr became caught up in Liverpool's skiffle craze.^[19] In 1957, he and his friend Eddie Miles formed the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group.^[20] In 1959, he joined the Raving Texans,^[21] now adopting the stage name "Ringo Starr" because of the rings he wore^[22] and because it sounded "cowboyish", and his drum solos were billed as "Starr Time".^[23] By October 1960, the band was renamed Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, and while they were performing in Hamburg, Starr met The Beatles.^[24][25] On 16 October 1960 he drummed in Hamburg with Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, recording with them for the first time to back Hurricanes' singer Lu Walters.^[26]

After returning to the UK, Starr sat in for Pete Best as The Beatles' drummer on 18 August 1961 and 5 February 1962.^[27] The Beatles removed Best as their drummer on 16 August 1962, after Best had played in the early recording sessions at EMI Studios.

Starr's first performance as a full Beatle was on 18 August 1962 at a Horticultural Society dance at Port Sunlight.^[27][28] After his appearance at the Cavern Club performance as a full Beatle the following day, Best's fans were upset at his sacking, holding vigils outside Best's house and fighting at the club, shouting 'Pete forever! Ringo never!'^[27][29] George Harrison received a black eye from one of the fans.^[30]

When he arrived at EMI Studios for the second time on 11 September, Starr was shocked to find another drummer there, session drummer Andy White who was commissioned by producer George Martin. Using sessions drummers familiar with studio techniques was a normal procedure for studio recordings in those days. Starr's view at the time was that Andy White was brought in because he thought George Martin viewed him as crazy. Of the 4 September rehearsal session, Starr stated, "He [George Martin] thought I was crazy and couldn't play. Because when we were doing 'Please Please Me', I was actually playing the kit and in one hand I had a tambourine and a maracas in the other, because I was trying to play the percussion and the drums at the same time, because we were just a four piece band".^[31] Starr also stated, "I thought, 'That's the end, they're doing a Pete Best on me.'" ^[32]

The Beatles: 1962–1970[link]

Ringo Starr (bottom right) with John Lennon (top left), Paul McCartney (top right) and George Harrison (bottom left), arriving in New York City in 1964

Vocals[link]

Starr generally sang at least one song on each studio album as part of an attempt to establish the vocal personality of all four members. In some cases, Lennon or McCartney wrote the lyrics and melody especially for him, as they did for "Yellow Submarine" from Revolver and "With a Little Help from My Friends" on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.^[33] These melodies were tailored to Starr's baritone vocal range. Starr's backing vocals are heard on songs such as "Carry That Weight",^[34] and "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill". He also is the lead vocalist on "Octopus's Garden.^[35]

Composition[link]

The Beatles used Starr's unusual turns of phrase, or "Ringoisms" as they became known, such as "a hard day's night" and "tomorrow never knows", and turned them into songs.^[36] Recalling this, McCartney said, "Ringo would do these little malapropisms, he would say things slightly wrong, like people do, but his were always wonderful, very lyrical... they were sort of magic".^[37] As well as inspiring his bandmates' creativity in this way, Starr occasionally contributed his own lyrics to unfinished Lennon and McCartney songs, such as the line "darning his socks in the night when there's nobody there" in "Eleanor Rigby".^[38] Frustrated at times of being the odd man out in the group in regard to songwriting, Starr commented in The Beatles Anthology that when he presented a song to the Beatles, it would often sound to the other three Beatles like a popular song of the day. Starr did eventually begin composing, and is credited with "Don't Pass Me By" (on The White Album)^[39][40] and "Octopus's Garden" (on Abbey Road)^[41][42] as sole songwriter.

His disgust with the band's tensions and boredom at waiting around to contribute during the sessions for the White Album caused him to quit the group temporarily. He spent two weeks with actor Peter Sellers on the latter's yacht, Amelfis, in Piraeus, where he wrote "Octopus's Garden".^[43] He did not return for two weeks, even though the other Beatles urged him to come back: Lennon sent telegrams, and Harrison set up flowers all over the studio for Starr's return saying "Welcome home".^[44] Starr's name also appears as a co-writer for the Rubber Soul track "What Goes On" along with Lennon and McCartney,^[45] while the songs "Flying" (on the Magical Mystery Tour album)^[46] and "Dig It" (on Let It Be)^[47] are listed as being written by the entire group. On issued material after the break-up, Starr wrote "Taking a Trip to Carolina" from the second "bonus" CD of Let It Be... Naked, and received joint songwriting credits with the other three Beatles for "12-Bar Original", "Los Paranoias", "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)", "Suzy Parker" (heard in the Let It Be film), "Jessie's Dream" (heard in the Magical Mystery Tour film) and The Beatles' version of "Free as a Bird".

1964 illness[link]

McCartney, Harrison, Lennon and Jimmie Nicol in the Netherlands on 5 June 1964

In June 1964, the Beatles were scheduled to tour Denmark, the Netherlands, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.^[48] On 3 June, the day before the tour, Starr collapsed during an early morning photo session for the Saturday Evening Post at a portrait studio in Barnes, London. Stricken with a 102-degree fever and tonsillitis, he was rushed to the hospital. This bout with tonsillitis necessitated a stay in hospital and a few days of recuperation at home. During this time, Starr was temporarily replaced for the Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Hong Kong and Adelaide concert dates by 24-year-old session drummer Jimmie Nicol. Beatles producer George Martin suggested Nicol because he had recently recorded at EMI with Tommy Quickly and recently became familiar with Beatles numbers while drumming on a recording session for an album called Beatlemania. At first, Harrison did not want Starr replaced and refused to go on the tour without Starr, but Brian Epstein and George Martin convinced Harrison to begin the tour. Starr was discharged from the hospital on 11 June, and he rejoined the group in Melbourne on 15 June 1964. Ultimately, Starr had his tonsils removed during the Beatles' Christmas holiday period later in the year. Starr later admitted that he feared that he would be permanently replaced during his illness.

Drumming skills[link]