Ernst Ingmar Bergman (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɪŋmar ˈbærjman] (
listen); 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007) was a Swedish director, writer and producer for film, stage and television. Described by Woody Allen as "probably the greatest film artist, all things considered, since the invention of the motion picture camera," he is recognized as one of the most accomplished and influential film directors of all time.[3]
He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television, most of which he also wrote. He also directed over one hundred and seventy plays. Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Bibi Andersson, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin and Max von Sydow. Most of his films were set in the landscape of Sweden. His major subjects were death, illness, faith, betrayal, and insanity.
Bergman was active for more than six decades. In 1976 his career was seriously threatened as the result of a botched criminal investigation for alleged income tax evasion. Outraged, Bergman suspended a number of pending productions, closed his studios, and went into self-imposed exile in Germany for eight years.
Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin Akerblom, a nurse.[4] He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a conservative parish minister with strict parenting concepts. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for "infractions" like wetting the bed. "While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed, sang, or listened", Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica:
"I devoted my interest to the church’s mysterious world of low arches, thick walls, the smell of eternity, the colored sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls. There was everything that one’s imagination could desire — angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans."
Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight, and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light.[5] Bergman's interest in theatre and film began early: "At the age of 9, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy, a private world in which he felt completely at home, he recalled. He fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts."[6][7]
In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the summer vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler.[8] He later wrote in Laterna Magica (The Magic Lantern) about the visit to Germany, describing how the German family had put a portrait of Adolf Hitler on the wall by his bed, and that "for many years, I was on Hitler's side, delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats".[9] Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service.
In 1937, he entered Stockholm University College (later renamed Stockholm University), to study art and literature. He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a "genuine movie addict".[10] At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father that lasted for years. Although he did not graduate, he wrote a number of plays, as well as an opera, and became an assistant director at a theater. In 1942, he was given the chance to direct one of his own scripts, Caspar's Death. The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri, which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts. In 1943, he married Else Fisher.
Bergman's film career began in 1941 with his rewriting of scripts, but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment/Frenzy (Hets), a film directed by Alf Sjöberg. Along with writing the screenplay, he was also given position as assistant director to the film. In his second autobiographical work, Images: My Life in Film, Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut.[11] The international success of this film led to Bergman's first opportunity to direct a year later. During the next ten years, he wrote and directed more than a dozen films including The Devil's Wanton/Prison (Fängelse) in 1949 and The Naked Night/Sawdust and Tinsel (Gycklarnas afton) and Summer with Monika (Sommaren med Monika), both from 1953.
Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommarnattens leende) (1955), which won for "Best poetic humor" and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes the following year. This was followed by The Seventh Seal (Det sjunde inseglet) and Wild Strawberries (Smultronstället), released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957. The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star, Victor Sjöström. Bergman continued to be productive for the next two decades. From the early 1960s, he spent much of his life on the Swedish island of Fårö, where he made several films.
In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God, Through a Glass Darkly (Såsom i en Spegel – 1961), Winter Light (Nattvardsgästerna – 1962), and The Silence (Tystnaden – 1963). Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films represented trilogy or cinematic triptych. Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them, but he later seemed to have adopted the notion, with some equivocation.[12][13] In 1964 he made a parody of Fellini with All These Women.[14]
In 1966, he directed Persona, a film that he himself considered one of his most important works. While the shockingly experimental film won few awards many consider it his masterpiece. Other notable films of the period include The Virgin Spring (Jungfrukällan – 1960), Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen – 1968), Shame (Skammen – 1968) and A Passion/The Passion of Anna (En Passion – 1969). Bergman also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time. Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage (Scener ur ett äktenskap – 1973) and The Magic Flute (Trollflöjten – 1975).
After his arrest in 1976 for tax evasion, Bergman swore he would never again make films in Sweden. He shut down his film studio on the island of Fårö and went into self-imposed exile. He briefly considered the possibility of working in America and his next film, The Serpent's Egg (1977) was a German-U.S. production and his second English-language film (the first being 1971's "The Touch"). This was followed a year later with a British-Norwegian co-production of Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten – 1978) starring Ingrid Bergman. The one other film he directed was From the Life of the Marionettes (Aus dem Leben der Marionetten – 1980) a British-German co-production.
In 1982, he temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander). Bergman stated that the film would be his last, and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre. Since then, he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials. As with previous work for TV, some of these productions were later released in theatres. The last such work was Saraband (2003), a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was eighty-four years old.
Bergman developed a personal "repertory company" of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films, including Max von Sydow, Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, Gunnel Lindblom, Bengt Ekerot, Anders Ek and Gunnar Björnstrand, each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features. Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann, who appeared in nine of Bergman's films and one televisual film (Saraband), was the last to join this group (in the 1966 film Persona), and ultimately became most closely associated with Bergman, both artistically and personally. They had a daughter together, Linn Ullmann (born 1966).
A great number of Bergman's interior scenes were filmed at the
Filmstaden studios north of Stockholm.
Bergman began working with Sven Nykvist, his cinematographer, in 1953. The two of them developed and maintained a working relationship of sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed. On the morning of the shoot, he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for, and then leave Nykvist to work lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next day's work.
By Bergman's own account, he never had a problem with funding. He cited two reasons for this: one, that he did not live in the United States, which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings; and two, that his films tended to be low-budget affairs.[citation needed] (Cries and Whispers, for instance, was finished for about $450,000, while Scenes from a Marriage, a six-episode television feature, cost only $200,000.)[15]
Bergman usually wrote his own screenplays, thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing, which he viewed as somewhat tedious. His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors. Bergman stated that in his later works, when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention, he would let them, noting that the results were often "disastrous" when he did not do so. As his career progressed, Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue. In his latest films, he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue. When viewing daily rushes, Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive, claiming that he asked himself not if the work is great or terrible, but if it is sufficient or if it needs to be reshot.[15]
Bergman's films usually deal with existential questions of mortality, loneliness, and religious faith. While these topics could seem cerebral, sexual desire found its way to the foreground of most of his films, whether the setting was a medieval plague (The Seventh Seal), upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala (Fanny and Alexander) or contemporary alienation (The Silence). His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than the men, and unafraid to proclaim it, sometimes with breathtaking overtness (e.g., Cries and Whispers) as would define the work of "the conjurer," as Bergman called himself in a 1960 Time Magazine cover story.[16] In an interview with Playboy in 1964, he said: "...The manifestation of sex is very important, and particularly to me, for above all, I don't want to make merely intellectual films. I want audiences to feel, to sense my films. This to me is much more important than their understanding them." Film, Bergman said, was his demanding mistress.[citation needed]
When asked about his films, Bergman said he held Winter Light,[17] Persona, and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard, though in an interview in 2004, Bergman said that he was "depressed" by his own films and could not watch them anymore.[18] In these films, he said, he managed to push the medium to its limit. Bergman stated on numerous occasions (for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman) that The Silence meant the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films.
Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema, he was also an active and productive stage director all his life. During his studies at Stockholm University, he became active in its student theatre, where he made a name for himself early on. His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre. At twenty-six years, he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre. He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theatre from 1946 to 1949.
He became director of the Malmö city theatre in 1953 and remained for seven years. Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage, and a number of people in the "Bergman troupe" of his 1960s films came from Malmö's city theatre (Max von Sydow, for example). He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 and manager from 1963 to 1966, where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer.
After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident, he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich, Germany (1977–84). He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002. A complete list of Bergman's work in theatre can be found under "Stage Productions and Radio Theatre Credits" at Ingmar Bergman filmography.
On 30 January 1976, while rehearsing August Strindberg's Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion. The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating. He suffered a nervous break-down as a result of the humiliation and was hospitalized in a state of deep depression.
The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor (SEK) between Bergman's Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona, an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors. Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income. On 23 March 1976, the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman, saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis, saying it would be like bringing "charges against a person who has stolen his own car, thinking it was someone else's".[19] Director General Gösta Ekman, chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service, defended the failed investigation, saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect. He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country, hoping that Bergman was a "stronger" person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong.[20]
Even though the charges were dropped, Bergman became disconsolate, fearing he would never again return to directing. Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme, high public figures, and leaders of the film industry, he vowed never to work again in Sweden. He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö, suspended two announced film projects, and went into self-imposed exile in Munich, Germany. Harry Schein, director of the Swedish Film Institute, estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK (kronor) and hundreds of jobs lost.[21]
Although he continued to operate from Munich, by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the government of Sweden. In July of that year he visited Sweden, celebrating his sixtieth birthday at Fårö, and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre. To honor his return, the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking.[22]
Still, he remained in Munich until 1984. In one of the last major interviews with Bergman, conducted in 2005 at Fårö Island, Bergman said that despite being active during the exile, he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life.[23]
Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003. He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery. He died peacefully in his sleep,[24] at his home on Fårö, on 30 July 2007, at the age of eighty-nine,[25] the same day that another renowned film director, Michelangelo Antonioni, also died. He was buried on the island on 18 August 2007 in a private ceremony. A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy. Although he was buried on the island of Fårö, his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wife's name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard, Norrtälje Municipality, several years before his death.
On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Bergman's portrait will feature on the new 200 kronor banknote, beginning in 2014–15.[26]
When Bergman died, a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute. Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films, and many more ideas for works in different stages of development. A never performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ("Love without lovers"), and has the note "Complete disaster!" written on the envelope; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished. Other canceled projects include the script for a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough, a play about a cannibal, some loose scenes set inside a womb, a film about the life of Jesus, a film about The Merry Widow, and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ("From sperm to spook").[27] The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material, and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play, titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner ("The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions"). Lindeen's play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre.[27]
Bergman was married five times:
- 25 March 1943 – 1945, to Else Fisher, choreographer and dancer (divorced). Children:
- 22 July 1945 – 1950, to Ellen Lundström, choreographer and film director (divorced). Children:
- 1951 – 1959, to Gun Grut, journalist (divorced). Children:
- Ingmar Bergman Jr, airline captain, born 1951.
- 1959 – 1969, to Käbi Laretei, concert pianist (divorced). Children:
- 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995, to Ingrid von Rosen (maiden name Karlebo) (widowed). Children:
The first four marriages ended in divorce, while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995, aged 65. Aside from his marriages, Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson (1952–55), Bibi Andersson (1955–59), and Liv Ullmann (1965–70). He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Liv Ullmann. In all, Bergman had nine children, one of whom predeceased him. Bergman was eventually married to all of the mothers except Liv Ullmann, but his daughter with his last wife, Ingrid von Rosen, was born twelve years before their marriage.
Many filmmakers have praised Bergman and cited his work as a major influence on their own:
- Woody Allen[28] referred to Bergman as "probably the greatest film artist, all things considered, since the invention of the motion picture camera."[29]
- Pedro Almodóvar[30]
- Robert Altman[31]
- Olivier Assayas[32]
- Francis Ford Coppola[33] stated: "My all-time favorite because he embodies passion, emotion and has warmth."
- Guillermo del Toro stated: "Bergman as a fabulist—my favorite—is absolutely mesmerizing."[34]
- Asghar Farhadi[35]
- Todd Field[36] stated: "He was our tunnel man building the aqueducts of our cinematic collective unconscious."
- Krzysztof Kieślowski[37] stated: "This man is one of the few film directors—perhaps the only one in the world—to have said as much about human nature as Dostoevsky or Camus."
- Stanley Kubrick[38] stated: "I believe Ingmar Bergman, Vittorio De Sica and Federico Fellini are the only three filmmakers in the world who are not just artistic opportunists. By this I mean they don't just sit and wait for a good story to come along and then make it. They have a point of view which is expressed over and over and over again in their films, and they themselves write or have original material written for them."
- Ang Lee stated: "For me the filmmaker Bergman is the greatest actor of all..."[39]
- François Ozon[32]
- Park Chan-wook[32]
- Éric Rohmer stated: "The Seventh Seal is 'the most beautiful film ever."[32]
- Marjane Satrapi[32]
- Mamoru Oshii[40]
- Paul Schrader stated: "I would not have made any of my films or written scripts such as Taxi Driver had it not been for Ingmar Bergman. What he has left is a legacy greater than any other director. I think the extraordinary thing that Bergman will be remembered for, other than his body of work, was that he probably did more than anyone to make cinema a medium of personal and introspective value."[41]
- Martin Scorsese stated: "I guess I'd put it like this: if you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age, a teenager on your way to becoming an adult, and you wanted to make films, I don't see how you couldn't be influenced by Bergman. You would have had to make a conscious effort, and even then, the influence would have snuck through."[42]
- Steven Spielberg stated: "His love for the cinema almost gives me a guilty conscience."[43]
- Andrei Tarkovsky[44] held Bergman in very high regard, noting him and Robert Bresson as his two favourite filmmakers, stating "I am only interested in the views of two people: one is called Bresson and one called Bergman." Such was Bergman's influence, Tarkovsky's last film was made in Sweden with Sven Nykvist, Bergman's longtime cinematographer, and several of Bergman's favoured actors including Erland Josephson. Bergman likewise had great respect for Tarkovsky, stating; "Tarkovsky for me is the greatest director."[45]
- André Téchiné[32]
- Liv Ullmann[46]
An Ingmar Bergman-themed parody spoofs the allegory of cheating death (Bergman's The Seventh Seal) in the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live season 1: ep.23 (7/24/1976). The sketch, titled Swedish Movie, is somberly narrated in the third-person by a Swedish-speaking Death (Tom Schiller), English subtitles scrolling. The baleful voice-over dialogue, revealed to be emanating from the apparition of Death personified, imposes upon dreamily preoccupied lovers Sven (Chevy Chase) and Inger (Louise Lasser) who send a not-so-silently jeering Death out for pizza.
See also The Dove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dove_(1968_film)
In 1971, Bergman received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony. Three of his films won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The list of his nominations and awards follows:
- ^ "Bergman and literature: August Strindberg". Ingmar Bergman Face to Face. Ingmar Bergman Foundation. http://www.ingmarbergman.se/universe.asp?guid=9382BA49-EA89-48D2-9AE3-1C3BF39CFAC4. Retrieved 26 May 2011. "Strindberg has followed me all of my life: I have loved him, hated him and thrown his books in the wall, but rid of him, I cannot get."
- ^ a b c d Aghed, Jan (30 July 2002). "När Bergman går på bio" (in Swedish). Sydsvenska Dagbladet. http://www.sydsvenskan.se/kultur-och-nojen/article255225/Nar-Bergman-gar-pa-bio.html. Retrieved 26 May 2011. "If we talk about filmmakers who have given me fundamental experiences and impulses we have to begin with Victor Sjöström, him first and most of all. And then Marcel Carné and Kurosawa and of course Fellini. No order of precedence between them, it's just that I have a special relationship to them in particular."
- ^ Rothstein, Mervyn (30 July 2007). "Ingmar Bergman, Famed Director, Dies at 89". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/movies/30cnd-bergman.html. Retrieved 31 July 2007. "Ingmar Bergman, the 'poet with the camera' who is considered one of the greatest directors in motion picture history, died today on the small island of Faro where he lived on the Baltic coast of Sweden, Astrid Soderbergh Widding, president of The Ingmar Bergman Foundation, said. Bergman was 89."
- ^ In a book published in 2011, Bergman's niece Veronica Ralston suggested that the director was not identical to the child born to Erik and Karin Bergman in July 1918. Ralston's claim was that this child would have died and been substituted for another child allegedly born to Erik Bergman in an extramarital relationship. (See Who was the mother of Ingmar Bergman? Dagens Nyheter, 26 May 2011, accessed 28 May 2011.) The DNA evidence was weakened after the laboratory consulted by Ralston clarified that it had only been possible to extract DNA from one out of two stamps submitted for testing, and the child supposedly substituted for the newborn child of Karin Bergman was later identified as having emigrated to the USA in 1923 with his adopted parents and lived there until his death in 1982 (Clas Barkman, "Nya turer i mysteriet kring Bergman", Dagens Nyheter 4 June 2011, accessed 8 June 2011).
- ^ The Films of Ingmar Bergman, by Jesse Kalin, 2003, pg. 193
- ^ "Ingmar Bergman, Master Filmmaker, Dies at 89" by Mervyn Rothstein, New York Times, 31 July 2007
- ^ For an extended discussion of the profound influence that August Strindberg's work played in Bergman's life and career, see: Rolandsson, Ottiliana, Pure Artistry: Ingmar Bergman, the Face as Portal and the Performance of the Soul, PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2010; see especially Chapter 3, “Bergman, Strindberg and the Territories of Imagination”
- ^ Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films, by Jerry Vermilye, 2001, pg. 6; see also his autobiography, Laterna Magica.
- ^ Ingmar Bergman, The Magic Lantern (transl. from Swedish: Laterna Magica), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007; ISBN 978-0-226-04382-1
- ^ Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films, by Jerry Vermilye, 2001, pg. 6
- ^ Ingmar Bergman, Images : my life in film (translated from the Swedish by Marianne Ruuth), London: Bloomsbury, 1994. ISBN 0-7475-1670-7
- ^ stated in Marie Nyreröd's interview series (the first part named Bergman och filmen) aired on Sveriges Television Easter 2004.
- ^ In contrast, in 1964 Bergman had the three scripts published in a single volume: "These three films deal with reduction. Through a Glass Darkly – conquered certainty. Winter Light – penetrated certainty. The Silence – God's silence — the negative imprint. Therefore, they constitute a trilogy". The Criterion Collection groups the films as a trilogy in a boxed set. In the 1963 documentary Ingmar Bergman Makes a Movie, about the making of Winter Light, supports the idea that Bergman did not plan a trilogy. In the interview with Bergman about writing the script of Winter Light, and the interviews made during the shooting of it, he hardly mentions Through a Glass Darkly. Instead, he discusses the themes of Winter Light, in particular the religious issues, in relation to The Virgin Spring.
- ^ Donald F. Theall (1995) Beyond the word: reconstructing sense in the Joyce era of technology, culture, and communication p.35
- ^ a b American Film Institute seminar, 1975, on The Criterion Collection's 2006 DVD of The Virgin Spring
- ^ "THE SCREEN: I Am A Conjurer". Time Magazine. 14 March 1960. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871569,00.html. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
- ^ "Winter Light". 2005. http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/cteq/winter_light.
- ^ "Bergman 'depressed' by own films". BBC News (London). 10 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3616037.stm. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ Åtal mot Bergman läggs ned (video) Sveriges Television, Rapport, 23 March 1976.
- ^ Generaldirektör om Bergmans flykt (video) Sveriges Television, Rapport, 22 April 1976.
- ^ Harry Schein om Bergmans flyk (video) Sveriges Television, Rapport, 22 April 1976.
- ^ Ephraim Katz, The Film Encyclopedia, New York: HarperCollins, 5th ed., 1998.
- ^ Ingmar Bergman: Samtal på Fårö, Sveriges Radio, 28 March 2005
- ^ "Bergman buried in quiet ceremony". BBC News (London). 18 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6952992.stm. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ "Film Great Ingmar Bergman Dies at 89". 30 July 2007. http://www.wtopnews.com/index.php?nid=114&sid=1204057.
- ^ Bergman portrait on Swedish kronor
- ^ a b Jacobsson, Cecilia (2012-05-28). "Ingmar Bergmans ratade texter blev ny pjäs" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/ingmar-bergmans-ratade-texter-blev-ny-pjas. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (1 August 2007). "Woody Allen on Ingmar Bergman". Time. http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1648917,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-bottom. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ "Ingmar Bergman, Master Filmmaker, 1918–2007". BLAST. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927031921/http://www.blastmagazine.com/2007/08/ingmar-bergman. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ "Young and Learning:An Interview with Pedro Almodóvar". Reverse Shot. http://www.reverseshot.com/article/interview_pedro_almodovar.
- ^ "Robert Altman biography". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000265/bio. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f "Ingmar Bergman". http://www.ingmarbergman.se/page.asp?guid=3D2E8D82-6F29-490F-9F03-4C813ADAD768&LanCD=EN. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ Biography for Francis Ford Coppola at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Guillermo del Toro's Top Ten". The Criterion Collection. http://www.criterion.com/explore/125-guillermo-del-toros-top-10. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ Farhadi, Asghar. "DP/30: A Separation, Writer/director Asghar Farhadi." Interview. 19 Dec. 2011. Web. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHdcrCh_ES4>
- ^ "With words or pictures, Ingmar Bergman got you thinking". Los Angeles Times. 1 August 2007. http://www.ingmarbergman.se/page.asp?guid=58456BCB-51FD-457B-BD3C-3F755907C770. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ "In Memoriam: Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni — India News Blog". http://newsblog.aol.in/2007/08/04/in-memoriam-ingmar-bergman-michelangelo-antonioni. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ "Personal Quotes;- Internet Movie Database". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000040/bio.
- ^ "Ang Lee praises Bergman". http://www.ingmarbergman.se/page.asp?guid=9108307A-4EBB-4F92-8E28-75DE37FA5A72. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
- ^ "There is no Aphrodisiac like Innocence". http://www.popmatters.com/film/interviews/oshii-mamoru-040923.shtml. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
- ^ "Ingmar Bergman". http://www.ingmarbergman.se/page.asp?guid=3D2E8D82-6F29-490F-9F03-4C813ADAD768&LanCD=EN.
- ^ http://www.ingmarbergman.se/page.asp?guid=65BFD29C-045F-4C51-88B1-1A50F6173D26
- ^ "Bergman helps preserve legacy". BBC News. 11 June 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2038331.stm.
- ^ Le Cain, Maximillian. "Andrei Tarkovsky". http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/tarkovsky.html.
- ^ Title quote of 2003 Tarkovsky Festival Program, Pacific Film Archive
- ^ "Ebert, Roger. "Roger Ebert Review of Faithless (2000)". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20010216/REVIEWS/102160302/1023.
- ^ "The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/33rd-winners.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ a b "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/34th-winners.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ "Berlinale: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1958/03_preistr_ger_1958/03_Preistraeger_1958.html. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ http://www.gishprize.org/bergman/bergman_select.html
- Bergman on Bergman: Interviews with Ingmar Bergman. By Stig Björkman, Torsten Manns, and Jonas Sima; Translated by Paul Britten Austin. Simon & Schuster, New York. Swedish edition copyright 1970; English translation 1973.
- Filmmakers on filmmaking: the American Film Institute seminars on motion pictures and television (edited by Joseph McBride). Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1983.
- Images: my life in film, Ingmar Bergman, Translated by Marianne Ruuth. New York, Arcade Pub., 1994, ISBN 1-55970-186-2
- The Magic Lantern, Ingmar Bergman, Translated by Joan Tate New York, Viking Press, 1988, ISBN 0-670-81911-5
- Bibliographies
|
Ingmar Bergman
|
|
|
|
|
| Films directed |
|
1940s
|
|
|
|
1950s
|
|
|
|
1960s
|
|
|
|
1970s
|
|
|
|
1980s-
2000s
|
|
|
|
| Films written |
|
|
| Documentaries |
|
|
| Short Films |
|
|
| Television theatre |
|
|
| Related topics |
|
|
| Persondata |
| Name |
Bergman, Ingmar |
| Alternative names |
Bergman, Ernst Ingmar |
| Short description |
Stage and film director |
| Date of birth |
(1918-07-14)14 July 1918 |
| Place of birth |
Uppsala, Sweden |
| Date of death |
30 July 2007(2007-07-30) |
| Place of death |
Fårö, Sweden |
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121213150039/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
.jpg)
