- published: 17 Jun 2012
- views: 331838
- author: Laurent GAULTIER
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![Je viens d'Agen [Paroles]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130112132335im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4Lx6MoOsG1A/default.jpg "Voilà les paroles de la chanson de")
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- Agen Airport
- Agen Cathedral
- Agenais
- Agmé
- Agnac
- Ain
- Airlinair
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Agen
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
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Agen Cathedral
Agen Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Caprais d'Agen) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, and national monument of France, located in Agen.
The cathedral of Saint-Caprais or Saint Caprasius is the seat of the Bishop of Agen. It was initially a collegiate church of canons and became the cathedral of Agen in 1801, replacing the old cathedral of Saint-Etienne, which was destroyed during the Revolution.
The structure dates back to the 12th century and as with many churches in southern France, is in the form of a Latin cross. The nave dates from the 13th century. The bell tower was constructed in the 19th century.
The cathedral appears in one of the earliest color photographs ever taken by Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron in 1877.
Coordinates: 44°12′24″N 0°37′9″E / 44.20667°N 0.61917°E / 44.20667; 0.61917
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Agmé
Coordinates: 44°29′29″N 0°20′49″E / 44.4914°N 0.3469°E / 44.4914; 0.3469
Agmé is a commune of the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Agnac
Coordinates: 44°38′36″N 0°23′13″E / 44.6433°N 0.3869°E / 44.6433; 0.3869
Agnac is a commune of the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
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Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
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Ajaccio
Coordinates: 41°55′36″N 8°44′13″E / 41.9267°N 8.7369°E / 41.9267; 8.7369
Ajaccio (Latin: Adiacium; French: Ajaccio, [aʒaksjo]; Corsican: Aiacciu [aˈjattʃu]; Italian: Ajaccio, [aˈjattʃo]), is a commune on the island of Corsica in France. It is the capital and largest city of the region of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica and France. Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains six cantons, Cantons 1–6, and a fraction of Canton 7. The latter contains five other communes: Bastelicaccia, Alata, Afa, Appietto and Villanova, making a total of six communes for the seven cantons of Ajaccio.
Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 4 and 5 are a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to some part of the harbor or the Gulf of Ajaccio; such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travellogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.
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Albi
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 2°08′47″E / 43.9289°N 2.1464°E / 43.9289; 2.1464
Albi (French pronunciation: [albi]; Occitan: Albi [ˈalβi]) is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.
Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.
The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.
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Alençon
Coordinates: 48°25′50″N 0°05′35″E / 48.4306°N 0.0931°E / 48.4306; 0.0931
Alençon (French pronunciation: [a.lɑ̃.sɔ̃]) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated 105 miles (169 km) west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people).
It was probably during the fourth century, while the area was being Christianised, that the city of Alençon was founded. The name is first seen in a document dated in the seventh century. During the tenth century, Alençon was a buffer state between Normandy and the Maine regions. In 1047, William Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror and king of England, laid siege to the town. The citizens insulted William by hanging animal skins from the walls, in reference to his ancestry as the illegitimate son of Duke Robert and a tanner's daughter. On capturing the town, William had a number of the citizens' hands cut off in revenge. Alençon was occupied by the English during the Anglo-Norman wars of 1113 to 1203.
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Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
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Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
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Andiran
Coordinates: 44°05′55″N 0°16′44″E / 44.0986°N 0.2789°E / 44.0986; 0.2789
Andiran is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Angers
Coordinates: 47°28′25″N 0°33′15″W / 47.4736°N 0.5542°W / 47.4736; -0.5542
Angers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʒe]) is the main city in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France about 300 km (190 mi) south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins.
Angers proper has a population of 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan area. The city traces its roots to early Roman times. It occupies both banks of the Maine, which is spanned by six bridges. The district along the river has flourishing nurseries and market gardens. It is known for its fresh produce and cut flowers.
The first sign of human presence on the site of Angers is a stone tool dated back to 400,000 BCE (Lower Paleolithic).[citation needed]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Andecavi, a Gallic tribe that was overrun by the Romans. The city, while under Roman rule, was called Juliomagus.
The Council of Angers was held here in 453.
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Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
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Annecy
Coordinates: 45°54′58″N 6°07′59″E / 45.916°N 6.133°E / 45.916; 6.133
Annecy (French pronunciation: [an.si]; Èneci / Ènneci in Arpitan language) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy (Lac d'Annecy), 35 kilometres south of Geneva.
Annecy is the capital of the department of Haute-Savoie.
The metropolitan area of Annecy includes 13 municipalities.
Annecy is the capital of three cantons:
Starting as the capital of the county of Geneva, after the demise of the counts of Geneva, it became integrated into the House of Savoy's possessions in 1401. In 1444, it was set up by the Princes of Savoy as the capital of a region covering the possessions of the Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain. With the advance of Calvinism in 1535, it became a center for the Counter-Reformation and the bishop's see of Geneva was transferred here.
During the French Revolution the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the département of Mont Blanc, of which the capital was Chambéry. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia (heir of the Duchy of Savoy). When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new département of Haute-Savoie.
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Antagnac
Coordinates: 44°21′13″N 0°00′34″E / 44.3536°N 0.0094°E / 44.3536; 0.0094
Antagnac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Anthé
Coordinates: 44°22′21″N 0°57′38″E / 44.3725°N 0.9606°E / 44.3725; 0.9606
Anthé is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Anzex
Coordinates: 44°17′06″N 0°09′58″E / 44.285°N 0.166°E / 44.285; 0.166
Anzex is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (French pronunciation: [a.ki.tɛn], English /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/; Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the 5 departments of Dordogne, Lot et Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.
There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord, but the earliest attested inhabitants in the south-west were the Aquitani, who were not proper Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language (Proto-Basque) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not currently known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Armillac
Coordinates: 44°33′29″N 0°23′13″E / 44.558°N 0.387°E / 44.558; 0.387
Armillac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.2897°N 2.7808°E / 50.2897; 2.7808
Arras (French pronunciation: [aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France on the Scarpe river. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect. Unlike many French words, the final "s" in the name should be pronounced.
Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton (sacred grove) that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.
The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.
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Astaffort
Coordinates: 44°03′54″N 0°39′07″E / 44.065°N 0.652°E / 44.065; 0.652
Astaffort is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Auch
Coordinates: 43°38′47″N 0°35′08″E / 43.6465°N 0.5855°E / 43.6465; 0.5855
Auch (French pronunciation: [ɔʃ]; Gascon: Aush [awʃ]) is a commune in southwestern France. Located in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, it is the capital of the Gers department. Auch is the historical capital of Gascony.
Auch is a very ancient town. The name of Auch comes from the Aquitanian tribe that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. The name of this tribe, as recorded by the Romans, was Ausci (pronounced [awski] in Latin), singular Auscus. Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal (pronounced [euskal] in Basque).[citation needed]
At the time of the Roman conquest, the native name of Auch, as recorded by the Romans, was Elimberris. Elimberris is itself a variant of Iliberri, where Ili- comes from the Iberian word iltir' or iltur (the "t" is mute) meaning town, city, oppidum, a frequent prefix in names of Iberian cities, and which was probably borrowed into Basque and also Aquitanian (cf. modern Basque hiri, meaning "town"). In modern Basque there is also the word berri which means "new", so Iliberri is often interpreted as meaning "new oppidum" (based on the fact that Aquitanian and old Basque are related). However, this interpretation should be taken with caution. In the south of Spain, near Granada, an area far away from the Basque homeland, there was an Iberian city whose name the Romans also recorded as Iliberi, and here it seems the name recorded by the Romans is the phonetic transcription of Iberian Ilbirir, which comes from the Iberian stem ilbi- (meaning unknown), and not at all from an hypothetical il(t)i- (town) and Basque berri.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Auradou
Coordinates: 44°20′06″N 0°48′40″E / 44.335°N 0.811°E / 44.335; 0.811
Auradou is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Aurillac
Coordinates: 44°55′34″N 2°26′26″E / 44.9261°N 2.4406°E / 44.9261; 2.4406
Aurillac (Orlhac in Occitan) is a commune in the Auvergne region in south-central France, capital of the Cantal department.
Aurillac's inhabitants are called Aurillacois, and are also Cantaliens (from Cantal) or Cantalous in Occitan.
Aurillac is 558km away from Paris and 223km from Toulouse. Aurillac was part of a former Auvergne province called Haute-Auvergne and is only 20km away from the heart of the Auvergne Volcano Park.
Aurillac is often thought to be one of the coldest cities in France. However, this is untrue, as it is simply the city at the highest altitude shown on the TV weather forecasts.
Aurillac stands on the Jordanne River.
The historical capital of the umbrella, Aurillac makes more than half the umbrellas produced in France. In 1999, Aurillac produced around 250,000 umbrellas, generating around 100 jobs.[citation needed]
After declining for several decades at the end of the 20th century, Aurillac umbrella producers decided to join their forces and created the Economic Interest Group, or GIE in 1997. They then launched their products under a single label, L'aurillac Parapluie.[citation needed]
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Auxerre
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000. People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Avignon
Coordinates: 43°57′N 4°49′E / 43.95°N 4.81°E / 43.95; 4.81
Avignon (French pronunciation: [aviˈɲɔ̃]; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city (as of 1 January 2010), about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.
Often referred to as the "City of Popes" because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic centre, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.
As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.
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Bajamont
Coordinates: 44°16′39″N 0°42′25″E / 44.2775°N 0.7069°E / 44.2775; 0.7069
Bajamont is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Baleyssagues
Coordinates: 44°41′08″N 0°09′20″E / 44.6856°N 0.1556°E / 44.6856; 0.1556
Baleyssagues is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Barbaste
Coordinates: 44°10′12″N 0°17′14″E / 44.17°N 0.2872°E / 44.17; 0.2872
Barbaste is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Bastia
Coordinates: 42°42′03″N 9°27′01″E / 42.7008°N 9.4503°E / 42.7008; 9.4503
Bastia (French pronunciation: [bas.tja], French and Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It is also the second-largest city in Corsica after Ajaccio and the capital of the department.
Bastia is the principal port of the island and its principal commercial town, especially famous for its wines. According to the 2006 census, Bastia has 43,577 inhabitants. Approximately 10% of the population are immigrants. The unemployment rate in the commune has persistently been one of the highest in France, standing at over 20% in 2004.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, meaning "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need for shelter from the sea storms and in 1380 began to construct, under Governor Leonello Lomellini, a bastiglia, Italian for stronghold or citadel. With time, the bastiglia (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
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Bazens
Coordinates: 44°15′50″N 0°25′24″E / 44.2639°N 0.4233°E / 44.2639; 0.4233
Bazens is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Beaugas
Coordinates: 44°30′23″N 0°38′16″E / 44.5064°N 0.6378°E / 44.5064; 0.6378
Beaugas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Beauvais
Coordinates: 49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.4303°N 02.09520°E / 49.4303; 02.09520
Beauvais (French pronunciation: [bovɛ]) is a city approximately 79 kilometres (49 mi) by highway north of central Paris, in the northern French region of Picardie. It currently has a population of over 60,000 inhabitants.
Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field".) . The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century it became a countship, which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
In 1346 the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege which it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on the 14 October (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
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Beauziac
Coordinates: 44°19′21″N 0°02′50″E / 44.3225°N 0.0472°E / 44.3225; 0.0472
Beauziac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Belfort
Coordinates: 47°38′30″N 6°51′00″E / 47.6417°N 6.85°E / 47.6417; 6.85
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛl.fɔʁ-]) is a city in north-east France in the Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the administrative town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté region. Belfort is located at 400 km (249 mi) from Paris, 141 km (88 mi) from Strasbourg, 290 km (180 mi) from Lyon and 150 km (93 mi) from Zürich. The residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration (metropolitan area) in Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants.
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement and made it a target for armies.
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Besançon
Coordinates: 47°14′35″N 6°01′19″E / 47.2431°N 6.0219°E / 47.2431; 6.0219
Besançon (French and Arpitan: [bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]; archaic German: Bisanz, Spanish: Besanzón), is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008. Located close to the border with Switzerland, it is the capital of the department of Doubs.
Once proclaimed first green city of France, it has been labeled a 'Town of Art and History' since 1986, and has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 2008.
The city is first recorded in 58 BC as Vesontio in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of Vesontio is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derivated from wes, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion and then underwent several transformation to become Besançon in 1243.
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Blaymont
Coordinates: 44°18′18″N 0°51′47″E / 44.305°N 0.863°E / 44.305; 0.863
Blaymont is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Blois
Coordinates: 47°35′38″N 1°19′41″E / 47.5939°N 1.3281°E / 47.5939; 1.3281
Blois (French pronunciation: [blwɑ]) is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
Though of ancient origin, Blois is first distinctly mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century, and the city gained some notability in the 9th century, when it became the seat of a powerful countship with «Blesum castrum» («Le château de Blois»). In 1171, Blois was the site of a blood libel accusation against its Jewish community that led to 31 Jews (by some accounts 40) being burned to death. In 1196, Count Louis granted privileges to the townsmen; a commune, which survived throughout the Middle Ages, probably dated from this time. The counts of the Châtillon line resided at Blois more often than their predecessors, and the oldest parts of the château (from the thirteenth century) were built by them. In 1429, Joan of Arc made Blois her base of operations for the relief of Orléans. Joan of Arc rode the thirty-five miles on Wednesday 29 April to Blois to relieve Orléans. After his captivity in England, Charles of Orléans in 1440 took up his residence in the château, where in 1462 his son, afterwards Louis XII, was born. In the 16th century Blois was often the resort of the French court. The Treaty of Blois, which temporarily halted the Italian Wars, was signed there in 1504–1505.
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Bobigny
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 2°26′23″E / 48.9106°N 2.4397°E / 48.9106; 2.4397
Bobigny (French pronunciation: [bo.bi.ɲi]) is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris. Bobigny is the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is only the 12th-largest commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (1999 census).
Inhabitants are called Balbyniens.
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso.
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base by Meccano of French Dinky Toys from 1933 to 1971.
During WW II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destination was the Nazi camps.
Bobigny is the place where the registrations for the guns bought for the war before 1930s are kept.refer,"the nostradamus prophecies"by Mario Reading.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Bouglon
Coordinates: 44°23′39″N 0°05′52″E / 44.3942°N 0.0978°E / 44.3942; 0.0978
Bouglon is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Bourges
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.
The name of the city is either derived from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: Bourg. Spanish: Burgos. English, others: Burgh, Berg, or Borough), for "hill/village". Its Celtic name was Avaricon and its Latin name was Avaricum. In the Gallic Wars, the Gauls practised a scorched-earth policy, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned, and it was spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes and a strong southern wall. Following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesar's forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants.
The city was reconstructed as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part re-using stone from earlier public buildings.
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Bourgougnague
Coordinates: 44°37′03″N 0°25′02″E / 44.6175°N 0.4172°E / 44.6175; 0.4172
Bourgougnague is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Bourlens
Coordinates: 44°25′09″N 0°58′19″E / 44.4192°N 0.9719°E / 44.4192; 0.9719
Bourlens is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Bournel
Coordinates: 44°37′15″N 0°40′18″E / 44.6208°N 0.6717°E / 44.6208; 0.6717
Bournel is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Bourran
Coordinates: 44°20′37″N 0°23′40″E / 44.3436°N 0.3944°E / 44.3436; 0.3944
Bourran is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Boussès
Coordinates: 44°08′48″N 0°05′41″E / 44.1467°N 0.0947°E / 44.1467; 0.0947
Boussès is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Boé
Coordinates: 44°09′36″N 0°37′44″E / 44.160°N 0.629°E / 44.160; 0.629
Boé is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
The Séoune forms part of the commune's eastern border, then flows into the Garonne, which forms the communes's south-eastern and south-western borders.
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Brugnac
Coordinates: 44°27′06″N 0°27′18″E / 44.4517°N 0.455°E / 44.4517; 0.455
Brugnac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Caen
Coordinates: 49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.1831°N 0.3694°W / 49.1831; -0.3694
Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the English Channel.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city.
Two hours north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route, Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, over which it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power.
As the city of William the Conqueror, the city has a long and complex history. In the Second World War, it was a key site of the Battle of Normandy. The city has preserved the memory by erecting a memorial for peace.
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Cahors
Coordinates: 44°26′54″N 1°26′29″E / 44.4483°N 1.4414°E / 44.4483; 1.4414
Cahors (French pronunciation: [kaɔʁ]; Occitan: Caors [kaˈurs, ˈkɔws, ˈkɔw]) is the capital of the Lot department in south-western France.
Its site is dramatic being contained on three sides within an udder shaped twist in the river Lot known as a 'presqu'île' or peninsula. Today it is perhaps best known as the centre of the famous AOC 'black' wine known since the Middle Ages and exported via Bordeaux, long before that region had developed its own viticulture industry.
Cahors has had a rich history since Celtic times. The original name of the town was Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci," a Celtic people of Gaul before the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. Cahors derives from Cadurcorum. It has declined economically since the Middle Ages, and lost its university in the eighteenth century. Today it is a popular tourist centre with people coming to enjoy its mediaeval quarter and the unique 14th century fortified Valentré bridge. It is the seat of the Diocese of Cahors.
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Calignac
Coordinates: 44°08′03″N 0°24′56″E / 44.1342°N 0.4156°E / 44.1342; 0.4156
Calignac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Calonges
Coordinates: 44°22′30″N 0°14′29″E / 44.375°N 0.2414°E / 44.375; 0.2414
Calonges is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Cancon
Coordinates: 44°32′12″N 0°37′35″E / 44.5367°N 0.6264°E / 44.5367; 0.6264
Cancon is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Carcassonne
Coordinates: 43°12′47″N 2°21′07″E / 43.2131°N 2.352°E / 43.2131; 2.352
Carcassonne (French pronunciation: [kaʁ.ka.sɔn]; Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.
It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double 's' in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing 's' it would be pronounced as 'z'.
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Casseneuil
Coordinates: 44°26′37″N 0°37′20″E / 44.4436°N 0.6222°E / 44.4436; 0.6222
Casseneuil is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Cassignas
Coordinates: 44°18′03″N 0°47′20″E / 44.3008°N 0.7889°E / 44.3008; 0.7889
Cassignas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Castelculier
Coordinates: 44°10′32″N 0°41′37″E / 44.1756°N 0.6936°E / 44.1756; 0.6936
Castelculier is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
The Séoune forms most of the commune's south-eastern border.
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Casteljaloux
Coordinates: 44°18′55″N 0°05′20″E / 44.3153°N 0.0889°E / 44.3153; 0.0889
Casteljaloux is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Castillonnès
Coordinates: 44°39′11″N 0°35′33″E / 44.6531°N 0.5925°E / 44.6531; 0.5925
Castillonnès is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Caubeyres
Coordinates: 44°15′30″N 0°12′10″E / 44.2583°N 0.2028°E / 44.2583; 0.2028
Caubeyres is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Caudecoste
Coordinates: 44°07′04″N 0°44′15″E / 44.1178°N 0.7375°E / 44.1178; 0.7375
Caudecoste is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
The river Auroue forms all of the commune's eastern border and the Garonne part of its northern border.
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Cauzac
Coordinates: 44°16′55″N 0°48′51″E / 44.2819°N 0.8142°E / 44.2819; 0.8142
Cauzac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Cavarc
Coordinates: 44°41′27″N 0°38′32″E / 44.6908°N 0.6422°E / 44.6908; 0.6422
Cavarc is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Cayenne
Coordinates: 4°55′22″N 52°19′37″W / 4.9227°N 52.3269°W / 4.9227; -52.3269
Cayenne (French pronunciation: [kajɛn]) is the capital of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "Ferit Aurum Industria" which means "Work brings wealth". Most geosynchronous satellites are launched from Cayenne.
At the 2006 census, there were 100,323 inhabitants in the urban area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 50,594 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper, and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Remire-Montjoly. The commune of Matoury (18,032 inhabitants in 1999), where Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport is located, is also a suburb of Cayenne, but it was not included in the official definition of the urban area by INSEE in 1999.
Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of the Ile de Cayenne. It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.
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Cazideroque
Coordinates: 44°23′59″N 0°55′46″E / 44.3997°N 0.9294°E / 44.3997; 0.9294
Cazideroque is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Cergy
Coordinates: 49°02′10″N 2°03′47″E / 49.0361°N 2.0631°E / 49.0361; 2.0631
Cergy (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ.ʒi]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km (17.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Although neighboring Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning "estate of Sergius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
Cergy is the chief town of two cantons:
When Cergy was selected to become the center of a "new town", it was only a village. The commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop very quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s and then 20,000 in the early-1980s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, since the city exceeded 48,000 inhabitants in 1990. The increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 as of 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory (net 0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi) with a 1999 population of 62 persons) to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, and the land area from 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) to 11.65 km².
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Chambéry
Coordinates: 45°34′12″N 5°54′42″E / 45.57°N 5.9118°E / 45.57; 5.9118
Chambéry (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃.be.ʁi]; Italian: Ciamberì; Piemontese: Ciamberì; Arpitan: Chambèri) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.
Chambéry was founded at crossroads of ancient routes through the Dauphiné (Dôfenâ), Burgundy, Switzerland, and Italy, in a wide valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse Mountains on the Leysse River. The metropolitan area has more than 125,000 residents, extending from the vineyard slopes of the Combe de Savoie, almost to the shores of the Lac du Bourget, the largest natural lake in France. The city is a major railway hub, at the mid-point of the Franco-Italian "Lyon-Turin Ferroviaire" rail link.
Chambéry is situated in the south-east of France, 523 km from Paris, 326 km from Marseille, 214 km from Turin, 100 km from Lyon and 85 km from Geneva. It is found in a large valley, surrounded by massif des Bauges to the east (dominated by le Nivolet, upon which la croix du Nivolet is found), le Mont Granier (Chartreuse) and la Chaîne de Belledonne to the south, la chaîne de l'Épine (the most southern mountain of the Jura) to the west and le lac du Bourget to the north.
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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Châteauroux
Coordinates: 46°48′37″N 1°41′28″E / 46.8103°N 1.6911°E / 46.8103; 1.6911
Châteauroux (French pronunciation: [ʃa.to.ru]) is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.
Its residents are called Castelroussins.
Châteauroux lies on the Indre River 250 km south of Paris and 142 km south of Orléans. It is situated on the edge of the government-owned Châteauroux forest and the Brenne national park. The city boasts 450 hectares (1112 acres) of parks, amounting to 52 m2 (560 sq ft) for each resident. Châteauroux's average elevation is 154 m above sea level.
Châteauroux enjoys a mild climate. Temperature extremes range from an average January low of 0.8 °C (33 °F) to an average August high of 25.1 °C (77 °F).
The old town, close to the river, forms a nucleus around which a newer and more extensive quarter, bordered by boulevards, has grown up; the suburbs of St. Christophe and Déols lie on the right bank of the Indre. The castle from which the city takes its name was built in the latter part of the 10th century by Raoul, prince of Déols. During the Middle Ages it was the seat of a seigniory, which was raised to the rank of countship in 1497. In 1616, when it was held by Henry II, prince of Condé, it was raised to the rank of duchy. In 1736 it returned to the crown, and was given to Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess of Châteauroux, by Louis XV in 1744. The present Château Raoul housing the préfecture offices dates from the 15th century.
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Clairac
Coordinates: 44°21′38″N 0°22′47″E / 44.3606°N 0.3797°E / 44.3606; 0.3797
Clairac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
Clairac is the birth place of the 17th century poet and dramatist Théophile de Viau and of François de Labat.
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Cocumont
Coordinates: 44°26′59″N 0°01′37″E / 44.4497°N 0.0269°E / 44.4497; 0.0269
Cocumont is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Colmar
Coordinates: 48°04′54″N 7°21′20″E / 48.0817°N 7.3556°E / 48.0817; 7.3556
Colmar (French: Colmar, pronounced: [kɔlmaʁ]; Alsatian: Colmer [ˈkolməʁ]; German: Colmar, between 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court.
It is situated along the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be the "Capital of Alsatian Wine" (capitale des vins d'Alsace).
In 2006, the city of Colmar had a population of 65,713 and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 120,367. Colmar is the center of the arrondissement of Colmar, which has 144,700 inhabitants in 2006.
Colmar is the home town of the painter and engraver Martin Schongauer and the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty. The city is renowned for its well preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum.
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Condezaygues
Coordinates: 44°29′16″N 0°55′03″E / 44.4878°N 0.9175°E / 44.4878; 0.9175
Condezaygues is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Coulx
Coordinates: 44°28′06″N 0°28′21″E / 44.4683°N 0.4725°E / 44.4683; 0.4725
Coulx is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Courbiac
Coordinates: 44°22′42″N 1°02′24″E / 44.3783°N 1.04°E / 44.3783; 1.04
Courbiac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Créteil
Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E / 48.7911; 2.4628
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁe.tɛj]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.5 km (7.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.
The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoïlum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoïlum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoïlum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Saint Aglibert, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.
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Cuzorn
Coordinates: 44°32′45″N 0°56′56″E / 44.5458°N 0.9489°E / 44.5458; 0.9489
Cuzorn is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Damazan
Coordinates: 44°17′28″N 0°16′35″E / 44.2911°N 0.2764°E / 44.2911; 0.2764
Damazan is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Dausse
Coordinates: 44°23′05″N 0°53′26″E / 44.3847°N 0.8906°E / 44.3847; 0.8906
Dausse is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Dijon
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
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Dolmayrac
Coordinates: 44°21′47″N 0°35′25″E / 44.3631°N 0.5903°E / 44.3631; 0.5903
Dolmayrac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Dondas
Coordinates: 44°15′15″N 0°50′23″E / 44.2542°N 0.8397°E / 44.2542; 0.8397
Dondas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Doudrac
Coordinates: 44°39′34″N 0°40′57″E / 44.6594°N 0.6825°E / 44.6594; 0.6825
Doudrac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Douzains
Coordinates: 44°38′06″N 0°32′24″E / 44.635°N 0.54°E / 44.635; 0.54
Douzains is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Dévillac
Coordinates: 44°36′28″N 0°47′57″E / 44.6078°N 0.7992°E / 44.6078; 0.7992
Dévillac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Engayrac
Coordinates: 44°15′37″N 0°53′11″E / 44.2603°N 0.8864°E / 44.2603; 0.8864
Engayrac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Escassefort
Coordinates: 44°32′57″N 0°14′18″E / 44.5492°N 0.2383°E / 44.5492; 0.2383
Escassefort is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Esclottes
Coordinates: 44°42′33″N 0°08′47″E / 44.7092°N 0.1464°E / 44.7092; 0.1464
Esclottes is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Espiens
Coordinates: 44°10′12″N 0°22′42″E / 44.17°N 0.3783°E / 44.17; 0.3783
Espiens is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Estillac
Coordinates: 44°09′27″N 0°33′55″E / 44.1575°N 0.5653°E / 44.1575; 0.5653
Estillac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Fauguerolles
Coordinates: 44°26′29″N 0°15′00″E / 44.4414°N 0.25°E / 44.4414; 0.25
Fauguerolles is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Fauillet
Coordinates: 44°25′37″N 0°17′27″E / 44.4269°N 0.2908°E / 44.4269; 0.2908
Fauillet is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Ferrensac
Coordinates: 44°38′32″N 0°37′56″E / 44.6422°N 0.6322°E / 44.6422; 0.6322
Ferrensac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Feugarolles
Coordinates: 44°13′20″N 0°20′52″E / 44.2222°N 0.3478°E / 44.2222; 0.3478
Feugarolles is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
Feugarolles was the birthplace of:
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Fieux
Coordinates: 44°05′31″N 0°25′30″E / 44.0919°N 0.425°E / 44.0919; 0.425
Fieux is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Foix
Coordinates: 42°57′59″N 1°36′28″E / 42.9664°N 1.6078°E / 42.9664; 1.6078
Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs, ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfoʃ]) is a commune, the capital of the Ariège department in southwestern France. It is the least populous administrative centre of a department in all of France, although it is only very slightly smaller than Privas. It lies south of Toulouse, close to the border with Spain and Andorra.
The town of Foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by Charlemagne, which afterwards became the Abbey of Saint Volusianus in 849. The current area was preceded by the County of Foix.
The coat of arms used by the commune has the blazon Or, three pallets gules. This is replicated on the flag, and in the arms of the département. It originates from the arms of the Counts of Foix, and, as such, dates back into medieval times. It bears a resemblance to the coat of arms of Aragon, both featuring in the coat of arms of Andorra.
Foix was the birthplace of Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), statesman and prime minister.
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Fongrave
Coordinates: 44°23′48″N 0°32′05″E / 44.3967°N 0.5347°E / 44.3967; 0.5347
Fongrave is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Foulayronnes
Coordinates: 44°14′26″N 0°38′55″E / 44.2406°N 0.6486°E / 44.2406; 0.6486
Foulayronnes is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Francescas
Coordinates: 44°03′52″N 0°25′44″E / 44.0644°N 0.4289°E / 44.0644; 0.4289
Francescas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. While its inhabitants numberless than eight hundred, it is neither isolated, nor without commerce. A kind and friendly village, having lots of commerce: bakery, grocery, butcher, gas station/news agent, bank, pharmacy, post office, hairdresser, tailor, small bar/hotel, highly rated fine restaurant, small regional museum, and gendarmerie.
Francescas is located 27 m. SW. of Agen, between Bordeaux and Toulouse
The most celebrated regional specialty is foie gras, specially prepared livers of geese and ducks, seasoned and stuffed with regional truffles. Confit (preserved goose and duck) is very famous and Francescas is a part of the Armagnac region.
Francescas is a frankish territory ('Escas' is roughly hectare) - That means "land of the Franks".
977-1059: The southern border of the city of Nitiobroges (this will be later Agen and the diocese until the eleventh century) would have followed, from west to east, a line from the source of the Advance to reach, by Réaup, The Fréchou , the Hitte, Francescas, Astaffort, the Garonne to Auvillars.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Frespech
Coordinates: 44°18′39″N 0°49′32″E / 44.3108°N 0.8256°E / 44.3108; 0.8256
Frespech is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Fréchou
Coordinates: 44°05′09″N 0°19′18″E / 44.0858°N 0.3217°E / 44.0858; 0.3217
Fréchou is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. The town is known for being the site of the apparitions that led to the founding of the Traditionalist Catholic schismatic group Fraternite Notre Dame.
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Frégimont
Coordinates: 44°16′43″N 0°27′33″E / 44.2786°N 0.4592°E / 44.2786; 0.4592
Frégimont is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Fumel
Coordinates: 44°29′49″N 0°58′05″E / 44.4969°N 0.9681°E / 44.4969; 0.9681
Fumel is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. It is twinned with Uttoxeter, United Kingdom. In 1438 it was pillaged by Rodrigo de Villandrando.
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Galapian
Coordinates: 44°17′59″N 0°24′52″E / 44.2997°N 0.4144°E / 44.2997; 0.4144
Galapian is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Gavaudun
Coordinates: 44°33′41″N 0°53′18″E / 44.5614°N 0.8883°E / 44.5614; 0.8883
Gavaudun is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Grayssas
Coordinates: 44°09′57″N 0°52′31″E / 44.1658°N 0.8753°E / 44.1658; 0.8753
Grayssas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe (
/ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guéret
Coordinates: 46°10′17″N 1°52′09″E / 46.1714°N 1.8692°E / 46.1714; 1.8692
Guéret (Occitan: Garait) is a commune and the prefecture of the Creuse department in the Limousin region in central France.
A light industrial town, the largest in the department, with a big woodland and a little farming not far from the town centre. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Limoges at the junction of the D942, D940 and the N145 roads.
Guéret is twinned with:
Stein, Bavaria, Germany since 1991
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Hautesvignes
Coordinates: 44°27′36″N 0°21′11″E / 44.46°N 0.3531°E / 44.46; 0.3531
Hautesvignes is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Houeillès
Coordinates: 44°11′53″N 0°02′05″E / 44.1981°N 0.0347°E / 44.1981; 0.0347
Houeillès is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Jusix
Coordinates: 44°32′28″N 0°03′01″E / 44.5411°N 0.0503°E / 44.5411; 0.0503
Jusix is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°09′33″N 1°09′06″W / 46.1591°N 1.1517°W / 46.1591; -1.1517
La Rochelle (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔ.ʃɛl]) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then re-exported throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period.
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
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Labretonie
Coordinates: 44°29′22″N 0°22′07″E / 44.4894°N 0.3686°E / 44.4894; 0.3686
Labretonie is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lacaussade
Coordinates: 44°30′25″N 0°49′34″E / 44.5069°N 0.8261°E / 44.5069; 0.8261
Lacaussade is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lafox
Coordinates: 44°10′10″N 0°42′07″E / 44.1694°N 0.7019°E / 44.1694; 0.7019
Lafox is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
It lies in the Garonne valley on the N113, the road from Bordeaux to Toulouse, to the east of Agen. It is connected to Agen by both the N113 and a cycle path beside the canal.
The Séoune forms most of the commune's north-eastern border, flows west-southwestward through the middle of the commune, forms part of its western border, then flows into the Garonne, which forms the commune's southern border.
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Lagruère
Coordinates: 44°24′06″N 0°14′34″E / 44.4017°N 0.2428°E / 44.4017; 0.2428
Lagruère is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lagupie
Coordinates: 44°33′27″N 0°06′56″E / 44.5575°N 0.1156°E / 44.5575; 0.1156
Lagupie is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lalandusse
Coordinates: 44°39′27″N 0°31′54″E / 44.6575°N 0.5317°E / 44.6575; 0.5317
Lalandusse is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lamontjoie
Coordinates: 44°04′34″N 0°31′18″E / 44.0761°N 0.5217°E / 44.0761; 0.5217
Lamontjoie is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Laon
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 3°37′28″E / 49.5639°N 3.6244°E / 49.5639; 3.6244
Laon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃]) is the capital city of the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.
The hilly district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. In the time of Julius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where the Remis (inhabitants of the country round Reims) had to meet the onset of the confederated Belgae. Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of the Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Alans and Huns. At that time it was known as Alaudanum or Lugdunum Clavatum.
Remigius, archbishop of Reims, who baptised Clovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted the bishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed. Charles the Bald had enriched its church with the gift of very numerous domains. About 847 the Irish philosopher John Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon. After the fall of the Carolingians Laon took the part of Charles of Lorraine, their heir, and Hugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.
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Laparade
Coordinates: 44°23′21″N 0°26′55″E / 44.3892°N 0.4486°E / 44.3892; 0.4486
Laparade is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Laperche
Coordinates: 44°32′24″N 0°24′54″E / 44.54°N 0.415°E / 44.54; 0.415
Laperche is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Laplume
Coordinates: 44°06′46″N 0°31′56″E / 44.1128°N 0.5322°E / 44.1128; 0.5322
Laplume is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Laugnac
Coordinates: 44°18′26″N 0°36′20″E / 44.3072°N 0.6056°E / 44.3072; 0.6056
Laugnac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Laussou
Coordinates: 44°34′52″N 0°47′04″E / 44.5811°N 0.7844°E / 44.5811; 0.7844
Laussou is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lauzun
Coordinates: 44°37′51″N 0°27′41″E / 44.6308°N 0.4614°E / 44.6308; 0.4614
Lauzun is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lavardac
Coordinates: 44°10′40″N 0°17′52″E / 44.1778°N 0.2978°E / 44.1778; 0.2978
Lavardac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Layrac
Coordinates: 44°08′05″N 0°39′45″E / 44.1347°N 0.6625°E / 44.1347; 0.6625
Layrac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Limoges
Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353°N 1.2625°E / 45.8353; 1.2625
Limoges (French pronunciation: [li.mɔʒ], Lemòtges or Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin région in west-central France.
Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production.
Limoges is the chief-town of 16 cantons: Limoges-Beaupuy, Limoges-Carnot, Limoges-Centre, Limoges-Cité, Limoges-Condat, Limoges-Corgnac, Limoges-Couzeix, Limoges-Émailleurs, Limoges-Grand-Treuil, Limoges-Isle, Limoges-La Bastide, Limoges-Landouge, Limoges-Le Palais, Limoges-Panazol, Limoges-Puy-las-Rodas, and Limoges-Vigenal.
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometres south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.
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Llanelli
Coordinates: 51°41′00″N 4°09′41″W / 51.683471°N 4.161369°W / 51.683471; -4.161369
Llanelli (English: Church of St. Elli; Welsh pronunciation: [ɬaˈnɛɬi], see below), the largest town in both the county of Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed, Wales, sits on the Loughor estuary on the West Wales coast, approximately 10 miles (16 km) west-north-west of Swansea and 12 miles (19 km) south-east of the county town, Carmarthen. The town is famous for its proud rugby tradition and is a centre of tinplate production. In the mid 20th century, Llanelli was the largest town in the world where more than half the population spoke a Celtic language. It is ranked the 7th largest urban area in Wales. According to the 2001 UK Census returns 29.69% of Llanelli town residents could speak the Welsh language. Llanelli is also surrounded by a number of villages and communities in the Llanelli Rural district. Some of these communities, more notably those that immediately surround the town, are often unofficially referred to as Llanelli.
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Lougratte
Coordinates: 44°35′04″N 0°37′28″E / 44.5844°N 0.6244°E / 44.5844; 0.6244
Lougratte is a commune and a village in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Madaillan
Coordinates: 44°16′40″N 0°34′29″E / 44.2778°N 0.5747°E / 44.2778; 0.5747
Madaillan is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Mamoudzou
Coordinates: 12°46′50″S 45°13′40″E / 12.7806°S 45.2278°E / -12.7806; 45.2278
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), but Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977. The island is located in the Mozambique Channel, between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar.
The commune is composed of 6 villages in addition to its central habitation, also called Mamoudzou. These are: Kawéni, Mtsapéré, Passamainti, Vahibé, Tsoundzou I and Tsoundzou II.
The commune is also subdivided into 3 cantons; Mamoudzou I, Mamoudzou II and Mamoudzou III.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Marmande
Coordinates: 44°30′05″N 0°09′58″E / 44.5014°N 0.1661°E / 44.5014; 0.1661
Marmande (in Occitan, Marmanda) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne département in south-western France.
Marmande is located 35 km north-west of Agen, on the southern railway from Bordeaux to Sète. The town is situated at the confluence of the Trec with the Garonne on the right bank of the latter river, which is crossed at this point by a suspension bridge. There is a second bridge to the west of Marmande which connects the D933 from the Toulouse/Bordeaux motorway (A62) to the new by-pass, opened in July 2009, which now leads to Bergerac and the département of the Dordogne. Marmande ranks 481st in terms of population for the whole of France. A noted producer of tomatoes, a festival dedicated to tomatoes is held annually in July.
Marmande was a bastide founded about 1195 on the site of a more ancient town by Richard Cœur de Lion, who granted it a liberal measure of self-government. Its position on the banks of the Garonne made it an important place of toll. It soon passed into the hands of the counts of Toulouse, and was three times besieged and taken during the Albigensian Crusade, its capture by Amaury de Montfort in 1219 being followed by a massacre of the inhabitants. It was united to the French crown under Louis IX. A short occupation by the English in 1447, an unsuccessful siege by Henry IV in 1577 and its resistance of a month to a division of Wellington's army in 1814, are some important events in its subsequent history.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Masquières
Coordinates: 44°24′29″N 1°03′16″E / 44.4081°N 1.0544°E / 44.4081; 1.0544
Masquières is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Massels
Coordinates: 44°18′55″N 0°51′06″E / 44.3153°N 0.8517°E / 44.3153; 0.8517
Massels is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Massoulès
Coordinates: 44°20′24″N 0°52′09″E / 44.34°N 0.8692°E / 44.34; 0.8692
Massoulès is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Moirax
Coordinates: 44°08′30″N 0°36′35″E / 44.1417°N 0.6097°E / 44.1417; 0.6097
Moirax is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Monbahus
Coordinates: 44°32′57″N 0°32′09″E / 44.5492°N 0.5358°E / 44.5492; 0.5358
Monbahus is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Monbalen
Coordinates: 44°18′50″N 0°44′22″E / 44.3139°N 0.7394°E / 44.3139; 0.7394
Monbalen is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Moncaut
Coordinates: 44°08′33″N 0°30′00″E / 44.1425°N 0.5°E / 44.1425; 0.5
Moncaut is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Moncrabeau
Coordinates: 44°02′05″N 0°22′18″E / 44.0347°N 0.3717°E / 44.0347; 0.3717
Moncrabeau is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Monflanquin
Coordinates: 44°31′59″N 0°46′07″E / 44.5331°N 0.7686°E / 44.5331; 0.7686
Monflanquin is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. Built in 1256 as a military bastide town on a strategic north-south route, it changed hands several times during the Hundred Years' War.
The village is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association.
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Mongaillard
Coordinates: 44°12′29″N 0°17′39″E / 44.2081°N 0.2942°E / 44.2081; 0.2942
Mongaillard is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Monheurt
Coordinates: 44°20′28″N 0°18′30″E / 44.3411°N 0.3083°E / 44.3411; 0.3083
Monheurt is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
It is located on the banks of the Garonne river.
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Montauban
Coordinates: 44°01′05″N 1°21′21″E / 44.0181°N 1.3558°E / 44.0181; 1.3558
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Montalban in Occitan) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
The town, built mainly of a reddish brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
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Montayral
Coordinates: 44°28′49″N 0°59′17″E / 44.4803°N 0.9881°E / 44.4803; 0.9881
Montayral is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Monteton
Coordinates: 44°37′27″N 0°15′26″E / 44.6242°N 0.2572°E / 44.6242; 0.2572
Monteton is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Montpellier
Coordinates: 43°36′43″N 3°52′38″E / 43.6119°N 3.8772°E / 43.6119; 3.8772
Montpellier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.pe.lje]; Occitan: Montpelhièr; Catalan: Montpeller) is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department. Montpellier is the 8th largest city of the country, and is also the fastest growing city in France over the past 25 years.
Montpellier is one of the few large cities in France without any (Gallo-)Roman heritage and also one of the few cities in southern France without a Greek foundation.
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Montpouillan
Coordinates: 44°28′07″N 0°06′21″E / 44.4686°N 0.1058°E / 44.4686; 0.1058
Montpouillan is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Monviel
Coordinates: 44°34′11″N 0°32′44″E / 44.5697°N 0.5456°E / 44.5697; 0.5456
Monviel is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
The inhabitants number of de Monviel in the 1999 population census was 78. The town's area is 6.3 km².
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Mâcon
Coordinates: 46°18′23″N 4°49′53″E / 46.30630°N 4.8313°E / 46.30630; 4.8313
Mâcon (French pronunciation: [ma.kɔ̃]) is a small city (commune) in central France. It is prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department, in the region of Bourgogne, and the capital of the Mâconnais district. Mâcon is home to over 35,000 residents, called Mâconnais.
The city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the East and the Beaujolais hills in the South. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the region of Burgundy. It is located 65 kilometres north of Lyon and 400 kilometres from Paris.
The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency.
The agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. During the 4th century, the town was fortified.
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Mézin
Coordinates: 44°03′27″N 0°15′33″E / 44.0575°N 0.2592°E / 44.0575; 0.2592
Mézin is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. This place is situated in Nerac, Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine, France, its geographical coordinates are 44° 3' 0" North, 0° 16' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Mézin
The Auzoue flows into the Gélise in the commune.
The Gélise forms most of the commune's western border.
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Nanterre
Coordinates: 48°53′56″N 2°11′49″E / 48.8988°N 2.1969°E / 48.8988; 2.1969
Nanterre (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃.tɛʁ]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km (6.9 mi) west of the center of Paris.
Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre.
The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Defense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the University Paris X – Nanterre, one of the largest universities in the Paris region.
The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum. It is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word duron (neuter) "hard, tough, enduring". The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a famous shrine that existed in antiquity on the top of the hill known as Mont-Valérien.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Nevers
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 3°09′26″E / 46.9933°N 3.1572°E / 46.9933; 3.1572
Nevers (French pronunciation: [nəˈvɛʀ]; Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais, and is located 260 km (160 mi) SSE of Paris.
Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (B. G. vii. 55). There he had his hostages, corn, his military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred those who were there to look after stores, the negotiatores, and the travellers who were in the place. They divided the money and the horses among themselves, carried off in boats all the corn that they could, and burnt the rest or threw it into the river. Thinking they could not hold the town, they burnt it. This was a great loss to Caesar; and it may seem that he was imprudent in leaving such great stores in the power of treacherous allies. But he was in straits during this year, and probably he could not do otherwise than he did. Dio Cassius (xl. 38) tells the story out of Caesar of the affair of Noviodunum. He states incorrectly what Caesar did on the occasion, and he shows that he neither understood his original nor knew what he was writing about.
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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.
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Niort
Coordinates: 46°19′33″N 0°27′38″W / 46.3258°N 0.4606°W / 46.3258; -0.4606
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
The Latin name of the city was Novioritum.
The population of Niort is 60,486 and more than 137,000 people live in the urban area.
Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).
The town is located on the Sèvre Niortaise River and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France.
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Niort is a main financial centre of France (fourth ranked after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the main industries.
Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre.
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Nomdieu
Coordinates: 44°05′44″N 0°28′33″E / 44.0956°N 0.4758°E / 44.0956; 0.4758
Nomdieu is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Nérac
Coordinates: 44°08′53″N 0°20′42″E / 44.148°N 0.345°E / 44.148; 0.345
Nérac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Nîmes
Coordinates: 43°50′16″N 4°21′39″E / 43.8378°N 4.3608°E / 43.8378; 4.3608
Nîmes (/niːm/; French: [nim]; Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and is a popular tourist destination.
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription COLNEM, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.
The city was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in 118 BC which connected Italy to Spain.
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Orléans
Coordinates: 47°54′09″N 1°54′32″E / 47.9025°N 1.9090°E / 47.9025; 1.9090
Orléans (pronounced: [ɔʁleɑ̃]) is a city in north-central France, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre region.
Orléans is located on the Loire River where the river curves south towards the Massif Central.
The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orléans), in the United States is named after the commune of Orléans.
Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire, which was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The capital of Orléanais, 120 kilomètres south-south-west of Paris, it is bordered to the north by the Beauce region and the forêt d'Orléans, and the Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood and the Sologne region to the south.
Five bridges in the town cross the river :
To the south of the Loire (on the "rive gauche") is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Pailloles
Coordinates: 44°28′17″N 0°38′37″E / 44.4714°N 0.6436°E / 44.4714; 0.6436
Pailloles is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Parranquet
Coordinates: 44°39′29″N 0°48′51″E / 44.6581°N 0.8142°E / 44.6581; 0.8142
Parranquet is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Paulhiac
Coordinates: 44°33′45″N 0°49′13″E / 44.5625°N 0.8203°E / 44.5625; 0.8203
Paulhiac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Perpignan
Coordinates: 42°41′55″N 2°53′44″E / 42.6986°N 2.8956°E / 42.6986; 2.8956
Perpignan (French pronunciation: [pɛʁpiɲɑ̃], Catalan: Perpinyà [pərpiˈɲa]) is a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Perpignan was the capital of the former province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
As of 2009[update], Perpignan had 120,100 inhabitants (Perpignanais, Perpinyanés) in the city proper. The metropolitan area has a total population of 300,221 in 2009.
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpiniarum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
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Peyrière
Coordinates: 44°34′35″N 0°19′07″E / 44.5764°N 0.3186°E / 44.5764; 0.3186
Peyrière is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Pindères
Coordinates: 44°16′24″N 0°01′38″E / 44.2733°N 0.0272°E / 44.2733; 0.0272
Pindères is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Pompiey
Coordinates: 44°11′36″N 0°13′46″E / 44.1933°N 0.2294°E / 44.1933; 0.2294
Pompiey is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Pompogne
Coordinates: 44°15′24″N 0°03′09″E / 44.2567°N 0.0525°E / 44.2567; 0.0525
Pompogne is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Pontoise
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 2°06′06″E / 49.0516°N 02.1017°E / 49.0516; 02.1017
Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, although in reality the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the neighboring commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise.
Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
Pontoise is the historical capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from the Roman times (Pontisara). At that time, the rock piton overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia (Paris) and Rotomagus (Rouen). The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen.
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Poudenas
Coordinates: 44°02′50″N 0°12′34″E / 44.0472°N 0.2094°E / 44.0472; 0.2094
Poudenas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Poussignac
Coordinates: 44°21′28″N 0°04′17″E / 44.3578°N 0.0714°E / 44.3578; 0.0714
Poussignac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Prayssas
Coordinates: 44°17′19″N 0°30′35″E / 44.2886°N 0.5097°E / 44.2886; 0.5097
Prayssas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Privas
Coordinates: 44°44′09″N 4°35′49″E / 44.7358°N 4.597°E / 44.7358; 4.597
Privas is a commune of France, capital of the Ardèche department. It is the second-smallest administrative center of any department in France, larger than only the commune of Foix. It is the fifth-largest commune in the Ardèche, behind Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. It was the location of the 1629 Siege of Privas. today Privas is known for the puree made from the local chestnuts, and for its sweetened marron glacé.
The earliest traces of the commune are attested in the hamlet of Lac where recent archaeological excavations have revealed a Roman villa dating to the beginning of the Empire, as well as a medieval burying-ground. Moulds for counterfeiting coinage found in the 19th century on the slopes of Mont-Toulon had not been interpretable as signifying a local centre of population.
The earliest bourg of Privas developed around the church of Saint-Thomas (place de la République), a dependency of the Cluniac priory of Rompon. The château (castri) of Privas on the site of the present collège-couvent des Récollets is not attested prior to the 13th century, when the town was walled. Laid waste in 1621 and again following the siege of 1629, nothing of it remains.
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Puymiclan
Coordinates: 44°30′46″N 0°19′00″E / 44.5128°N 0.3167°E / 44.5128; 0.3167
Puymiclan is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Puymirol
Coordinates: 44°11′16″N 0°47′54″E / 44.1878°N 0.7983°E / 44.1878; 0.7983
Puymirol is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
The Séoune forms part of the commune's eastern border, flows westward through the middle of the commune, then forms part of its western border.
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Puysserampion
Coordinates: 44°36′15″N 0°18′33″E / 44.6042°N 0.3092°E / 44.6042; 0.3092
Puysserampion is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Périgueux
Coordinates: 45°11′34″N 0°43′18″E / 45.1929°N 0.7217°E / 45.1929; 0.7217
Périgueux (French pronunciation: [peʁiɡø] ( listen); Occitan: Peireguers [pejɾeˈɣɥes, pejɾeˈɡœː] or Periguers [peɾiˈɣɥes, peɾiˈɡœː]) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Périgueux is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the region. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese.
The name Périgueux comes from Petrocorii, a Latinization of Celtic words meaning "the four tribes" – the Gallic people that held the area before the Roman conquest. Périgueux was their capital city. In 200 BC, the Petricorii came from the North and settled at Périgueux and established an encampment at La Boissière. After the Roman invasion, they left this post and established themselves on the plaine of L'Isle, and the town of Vesunna was created. This Roman city was eventually embellished with amenities such as temples, baths, amphitheatres, and a forum. At the end of the third century AD, the Roman city was surrounded by ramparts, and the town took the name of Civitas Petrocoriorum.
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Rayet
Coordinates: 44°40′41″N 0°46′35″E / 44.6781°N 0.7764°E / 44.6781; 0.7764
Rayet is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Razimet
Coordinates: 44°21′11″N 0°14′09″E / 44.3531°N 0.2358°E / 44.3531; 0.2358
Razimet is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Rodez
Coordinates: 44°21′02″N 2°34′30″E / 44.3506°N 2.5750°E / 44.3506; 2.5750
Rodez (Occitan: Rodés) is a town and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron department, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthénois.
Existing from at least the 5th century BC, Rodez was founded by the Celts. After the Roman occupation, the oppidum (fortified place) was renamed Segodunum, while in late Imperial times it was known as Civitas Rutenorum, whence the modern name. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured by the Visigoths and then by the Franks, being also ravaged by the Arabs in 725. Later it was occupied by the armies of the Dukes of Aquitaine and of the Counts of Toulouse. English troops occupied Rodez during the Hundred Years War.
However, in medieval times the city's history was marked by strong rivalry between the Counts and the Bishops of Rodez, who exerted their authorities in different sectors of the city, divided by a wall. The counts were able to defy the royal French authority until the submission of count John IV by the future King Louis XI in the 15th century. In the following century bishop François d'Estaing built the Rodez Cathedral.
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Romestaing
Coordinates: 44°25′05″N 0°00′14″E / 44.4181°N 0.0039°E / 44.4181; 0.0039
Romestaing is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Roumagne
Coordinates: 44°37′07″N 0°20′17″E / 44.6186°N 0.3381°E / 44.6186; 0.3381
Roumagne is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Samazan
Coordinates: 44°26′05″N 0°06′46″E / 44.4347°N 0.1128°E / 44.4347; 0.1128
Samazan is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Saumont
Coordinates: 44°07′22″N 0°27′31″E / 44.1228°N 0.4586°E / 44.1228; 0.4586
Saumont is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Sauméjan
Coordinates: 44°14′15″N 0°00′09″W / 44.2375°N 0.0025°W / 44.2375; -0.0025
Sauméjan is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Sauvagnas
Coordinates: 44°15′02″N 0°44′22″E / 44.2506°N 0.7394°E / 44.2506; 0.7394
Sauvagnas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Sembas
Coordinates: 44°19′08″N 0°38′56″E / 44.3189°N 0.6489°E / 44.3189; 0.6489
Sembas is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Seyches
Coordinates: 44°33′02″N 0°18′21″E / 44.5506°N 0.3058°E / 44.5506; 0.3058
Seyches is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
The closest airport to Seyches is Bergerac Airport (35 km) in the surrounding area are Bordeaux Airport (86 km), Angouleme Airport (131 km), or Toulouse Airport (133 km).
Seyches is a charming French Village. It has a hotel, bank, bakers, general stores and two good places to eat. The population is friendly and welcoming and as such is a great place for a holiday. Even in the hight of summer the roads are quiet and ideal for cycling. The hills are testing but the views are great.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Soumensac
Coordinates: 44°41′26″N 0°19′40″E / 44.6906°N 0.3278°E / 44.6906; 0.3278
Soumensac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Sénestis
Coordinates: 44°25′22″N 0°13′54″E / 44.4228°N 0.2317°E / 44.4228; 0.2317
Sénestis is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Tarbes
Coordinates: 43°13′51″N 0°04′21″E / 43.230700°N 0.072600°E / 43.230700; 0.072600
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants.
It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
To the south of Tarbes is the pilgrimage town of Lourdes and the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town.
The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. The A64 motorway connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. It is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport.
Tarbes is the birthplace of:
Tarbes is twinned with:
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Tombebœuf
Coordinates: 44°30′28″N 0°27′08″E / 44.5078°N 0.4522°E / 44.5078; 0.4522
Tombebœuf is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Tonneins
Coordinates: 44°23′26″N 0°18′33″E / 44.3906°N 0.3092°E / 44.3906; 0.3092
Tonneins is a town in the Lot-et-Garonne department of south-western France. It stands above the river Garonne between Marmande to the west and Agen to the east and is the first major town below the confluence of the two rivers the Lot and the Garonne after which the department is named. Until the early 2000s it was the tobacco capital of France. It is known for its quays alongside which the tobacco barges were previously moored. When the tobacco factory closed down in 2004 and production moved to Spain the town was badly affected economically with the loss of more than 500 jobs. The surrounding countryside still contains many wooden sheds, known locally as 'sechoirs', formerly used to dry the tobacco leaves. The commune of Tonneins is largely agricultural, the principal crops now being maize, rapeseed and sunflowers.
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Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tourliac
Coordinates: 44°41′13″N 0°48′30″E / 44.6869°N 0.8083°E / 44.6869; 0.8083
Tourliac is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Tourtrès
Coordinates: 44°30′24″N 0°25′42″E / 44.5067°N 0.4283°E / 44.5067; 0.4283
Tourtrès is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Trentels
Coordinates: 44°26′11″N 0°51′49″E / 44.4364°N 0.8636°E / 44.4364; 0.8636
Trentels is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Trémons
Coordinates: 44°24′38″N 0°54′01″E / 44.4106°N 0.9003°E / 44.4106; 0.9003
Trémons is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Tuapse
Tuapse (Russian: Туапсе́; Adyghe: ТIуапсэ) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, situated on the northeast shore of the Black Sea, south of Gelendzhik and north of Sochi. Population: 63,233 (2010 Census preliminary results); 64,238 (2002 Census); 63,081 (1989 Census).
Tuapse is a sea port and the northern center of a resort zone which extends south to Sochi.
Tuapse is a large center (native land) for the Shapsugs tribe with other areas in Circassia, with about 10,000 speakers of the language living in Tuapse. The name of the town is itself Adyghe (literally meaning "two waters") since Tuapse was part of historical Circassia and it became a part of Russia during the rule of Tsar Alexander I in 1801-1825. In early Greek sources the town was also attested as Topsida.
The modern settlement dates back to 1838, when the Russian fort of Velyaminovsky was established in the area after this region became a part of Russia in 1829 by Treaty of Adrianople. During the Crimean War, the Ottomans seized the fort and held it for two years (1857–1859). The village of Velyaminovskoye (Вельяминовское) was established here in 1864; it is the village that later became Tuapse. Urban status was granted to Tuapse in 1896.
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Tulle
Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 1°45′56″E / 45.2673°N 1.7655°E / 45.2673; 1.7655
Tulle (Occitan: Tula) is a commune and capital of the Corrèze département in the Limousin region in central France. It is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle. It is the third-largest town in the Limousin region, after Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Known sometimes as "the town on the seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.
Initially, the Gauls settled an oppidum at the site of what is now the Puy St Clair because it was a site surrounded by cliffs and so easy to get off. After the conquest, the city moved downwards, to the Trech district and the Romans established a temple to honor Tutela, goddess of protection of property and persons. The name of the city comes from this goddess. She was honoured here because it was a ford over the Corrèze where passed a very old road between Brittany and the Mediterranean sea. In the seventh century was built a monastery dedicated to St. Michael. The local population settled around the buildings. The first monastery, destroyed by the Viking invasions in 846, was rebuilt but disappeared in the eleventh century.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Varès
Coordinates: 44°25′45″N 0°21′23″E / 44.4292°N 0.3564°E / 44.4292; 0.3564
Varès is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Vesoul
Coordinates: 47°37′23″N 6°09′21″E / 47.6231°N 06.1558°E / 47.6231; 06.1558
Vesoul is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The town is the capital of the department, its inhabitants are known in French as Vésuliens.
Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.
Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled «Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!» ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola.
The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
Media related to Vesoul at Wikimedia Commons
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Vianne
Coordinates: 44°11′52″N 0°19′18″E / 44.1978°N 0.3217°E / 44.1978; 0.3217
Vianne (gascon Viana) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France.
The territories of Aquitania and Gascony were highly desirable lands and in order to protect and also control the people living there a series of fortified villages, “bastides” were founded from about 1229. Where Vianne now lies already existed a village, Vilalonga, with a mill and a dam on the river Baïse. The village also had a church from the 12th century.
The nearby village of Mongaillard was the seat of the Gontaud Birons, the local feudal lords. The village of Vilalonga belonged to Vianne of Gontaud Biron or Vianne of Gontaut Biron, one of the two daughters of Vital, lord of Montgaillard. On the death of her father Vianne had inherited the castle and its dependencies (including Vilalonga), the castle of Puch and the one of Gontaud. Vianne had a sad life, was married twice without producing any children and eventually died in 1281 in a convent she had founded in Condom. However in 1275 she had bequeathed all her properties to her nephew Jourdain de l'Isle. He had pledged his allegiance to Edward I, son of Eleanor of Aquitaine who became king of England in 1272. To continue the policy of fortifying the area it was decided to construct a bastide on the lands at Vilalonga in 1284 and it was named after Vianne de Gontaud Biron.
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Villebramar
Coordinates: 44°31′46″N 0°28′36″E / 44.5294°N 0.4767°E / 44.5294; 0.4767
Villebramar is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Villeréal
Coordinates: 44°38′15″N 0°44′38″E / 44.6375°N 0.7439°E / 44.6375; 0.7439
Villeréal is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Villeton
Coordinates: 44°21′47″N 0°16′21″E / 44.3631°N .2725°E / 44.3631; .2725
Villeton is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Virazeil
Coordinates: 44°30′22″N 0°13′08″E / 44.506°N 0.219°E / 44.506; 0.219
Virazeil is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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Xaintrailles
Coordinates: 44°12′23″N 0°15′32″E / 44.2064°N 0.2589°E / 44.2064; 0.2589
Xaintrailles is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Épinal
Coordinates: 48°10′28″N 6°27′04″E / 48.1744°N 6.4512°E / 48.1744; 6.4512
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department. Inhabitants are known as Spinaliens.
The commune has a land area of 59.24 km² (22.873 sq mi). It is situated on the Moselle River, 60 km (37 mi) south of Nancy.
The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 5:00 am It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
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Évreux
Coordinates: 49°01′27″N 1°09′12″E / 49.0242°N 1.1533°E / 49.0242; 1.1533
Évreux (French pronunciation: [e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.
The city is on the Iton river.
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the countship of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.
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Alain Aspect
Alain Aspect (French pronunciation: [aspɛ] (help·info); born 15 June 1947 in Agen) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.
Aspect is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan). He passed the 'agrégation' in physics in 1969 and received his master's degree from Université d'Orsay. He then did his national service, teaching for three years in Cameroon.
In the early 1980s, while working on his PhD thesis from the lesser academic rank of lecturer, he performed the elusive "Bell test experiments" that showed that Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen's reductio ad absurdum of quantum mechanics, namely that it implied 'ghostly action at a distance', did in fact appear to be realised when two particles were separated by an arbitrarily large distance (see EPR paradox). A correlation between their wave functions remained, as they were once part of the same wave-function that was not disturbed before one of the child particles was measured.
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Bernard Campan
Bernard Campan (born April 4, 1958) is a French actor, film director and writer. He is a member of Les Inconnus trio of humorists. He won a César Award for Best Debut for Les Trois Frères, and was nominated for best actor for his role in Se souvenir des belles choses.
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Bernard Palissy
Bernard Palissy (c. 1510 – c. 1589) was a French Huguenot potter, hydraulics engineer and craftsman, famous for having struggled for sixteen years to imitate Chinese porcelain. In the 19th-century, Palissy's pottery became the inspiration for Mintons Ltd's Victorian majolica, which was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851 under the name "Palissy ware".
The date and place of Palissy's birth are not known for certain but are believed to be about 1510, either at Saintes or Agen. It has been stated, on insufficient authority, that his father was a glass-painter and that he served as his father's apprentice. In his memoirs, Palissy tells us that he was apprenticed to a glass-painter and also learned the skill of land-surveying. At the end of his apprenticeship and following the custom of the day, he became a traveling workman; acquiring fresh knowledge in many parts of France and the Low Countries, perhaps even in the Rhine Provinces of Germany and in Italy.
It appears that Palissy returned to his native district around 1539, married, and set up house in Saintes. Other than what he tells us in his autobiography, namely that he worked as a portrait-painter, glass-painter and land-surveyor, we have little record of how he lived during the first years of his married life. It is known that he was commissioned to survey and prepare a plan of the salt marshes near Saintes when the council of King Francis I determined to establish a salt tax in the Saintonge.
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Caprasius of Agen
Saint Caprasius of Agen (French: Saint Caprais) is venerated as a Christian martyr and saint of the fourth century. Relics associated with him were discovered at Agen in the fifth century. Local legends dating from the 14th century make him the first bishop of Agen, though, as Alban Butler writes, the only evidence to support his existence is the dedication of a church to him in the 6th century.
During the 9th century, his cult was fused with that of Saint Faith and Alberta of Agen, also associated with Agen. His cult was also fused with that of Primus and Felician, who are called Caprasius' brothers.
In the year 866, Faith's remains had been transferred to Conques, which was along the pilgrimage route to Compostela. Her cult, centered at the Abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques, spread along the pilgrim routes on the Way of St. James. The Church of San Caprasio, built in the beginning of the 11th century, is a First Romanesque church located at Santa Cruz de la Serós, which was on the Way of St. James.
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Francis Cabrel
Francis Cabrel (born 23 November 1953 in Agen, France) is a French singer-songwriter and guitarist. He has released a number of albums falling mostly within the realm of folk, with occasional forays into blues or country. Several of his songs, such as "L'encre de tes yeux" and "Petite Marie" have become enduring favourites in French music.[citation needed] Others, such as "C'était l'hiver", about the suicide of a young girl, have since been covered by other artists such as Canadian Isabelle Boulay.
Cabrel was born into a modest family, his father was employed as a blue-collar worker and his mother was a cashier. He has a sister, Martine, and a brother, Philippe. His paternal grandfather, Prospero Cabrel, immigrated to Gascony from Friuli, Italy, in the 1920s with his wife and six children. Cabrel's mother, Denise Nin, was born in Gascony to an Italian family who had also immigrated from Friuli. The family's original surname, Cabrelli, was abandoned in the 18th century.
A shy teenager, Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone" inspired him to pick up a guitar and start writing his own songs. At 16, enthralled by music, he started to sing the songs of Neil Young, Leonard Cohen and Dylan. He also learned English by translating the lyrics. He would later say that his guitar enabled him to appear more interesting to others.
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Hilary of Poitiers
Hilary of Poitiers (c. 300 – c. 368) was Bishop of Poitiers and is a Doctor of the Church. He was sometimes referred to as the "Hammer of the Arians" (Latin: Malleus Arianorum) and the "Athanasius of the West." His name comes from the Latin word for happy or cheerful. His optional memorial in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints is 13 January. In the past, when this date was occupied by the Octave Day of the Epiphany, his feast day was moved to 14 January.
Hilary was born at Poitiers about the end of the 3rd century A.D. His parents were pagans of distinction. He received a good education, including what had even then become somewhat rare in the West, some knowledge of Greek. He studied, later on, the Old and New Testament writings, with the result that he abandoned his Neo-Platonism for Christianity, and with his wife and his daughter (traditionally named Saint Abra) were baptized and received into the Church .
So great was the respect in which he was held by the citizens of Poitiers that about 353, although still a married man, he was unanimously elected bishop. At that time Arianism was threatening to overrun the Western Church; to repel the disruption was the great task which Hilary undertook. One of his first steps was to secure the excommunication, by those of the Gallican hierarchy who still remained orthodox, of Saturninus, the Arian Bishop of Arles, and of Ursacius and Valens, two of his prominent supporters.
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Jacques Jasmin
Jansemin (born Jacques Boé and also known as Jasmin in French) (16 March 1798 – 4 October 1864) was an Occitan poet.
He was born at Agen, his family name being Boé. His father, who was a tailor, had a certain facility for making doggerel verses, which he sang or recited at fairs and such-like popular gatherings; and Jacques, who generally accompanied him, was thus early familiarized with the part which he later so successfully filled himself. At 16 he found employment at a hairdressers shop and subsequently started a similar business of his own on the Gravier at Agen.
In 1825 he published his first volume of Papillotos (Curl Papers), containing poems in French (a language he used with a certain sense of restraint), and in the familiar Agen variety of Occitan language - the popular speech of the working classes in which he was to achieve all his literary triumphs. Jasmin was the most famous forerunner in Provençal literature of Frédéric Mistral and the Félibrige. His influence in rehabilitating, for literary purposes, his native dialect, was particularly exercised in the public recitals of his poems to which he devoted himself. His poetic gift, and his flexible voice and action, fitted him admirably for this double role of troubadour and jongleur. In 1835 he recited his "Blind Girl of Castel-Cuill" at Bordeaux, in 1836 at Toulouse; and he met with an enthusiastic reception in both those important cities. Most of his public recitations were given for benevolent purposes, the proceeds being contributed by him to the restoration of the church of Vergt and other good works.
wn.com/Jacques_Jasmin -
Jacques Sadoul
Jacques Sadoul (b. 1934, in Agen) is a French author.
He has produced a number of anthologies on the history of science fiction.
His Histoire de la science fiction moderne (1973) was a major encouragement for the serious, academic study of SF, particularly among the East European peoples of that time, because the book was seen as very respectable, and, it was European, continental, while almost everything else science-fictional was produced across the Lamanche and across the Atlantic.
Sadoul is a well-known SF fan and magazine collector. In Paris, in 1973, he published an album of illustrations from American SF magazines, Hier, l’an 2000.
Those were the times when the year 2000 sounded very distant, and very science-fictional, so it was much found in SF titles.
He was one of the first editors to launch SF successfully in paperback form in France. He worked first with “Editions Opta” and then with “J’ai lu”, where he founded the SF imprint and edited the Les Meilleurs Recits series of anthologies of stories translated from the American pulp magazines. He was also a founder of the Prix Apollo award. Hier, l’an 2000: L’illustration de science fiction des annees 30 (1973; translated into English and published in the U.S. in 1975 as: 2000 A.D.: Illustrations From the Golden Age of Science Fiction Pulps), is a book of SF illustrations which he gathered, mostly black-and-white, a selection of SF nostalgia material, but has no index. His Histoire de la science-fiction moderne, 1911-1971 [“History of Modern SF”] (1973; in 2 volumes 1975; revised 1984) is a lengthy and enthusiastic survey of the field, but has been criticized for lacking deep critical analysis and containing too many sweeping generalizations and personal prejudices.
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Jean Cruguet
Jean Cruguet (born March 8, 1939 in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, France) is a French-American thoroughbred horse racing jockey who won the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.
At age five, Jean Cruguet was placed in an orphanage after his father abandoned the family and his mother was unable to cope. From age ten to sixteen, he lived at a secondary school run by Roman Catholic priests where he says he was physically abused.[citation needed] At age sixteen, a friend of his grandfather offered the diminutive Cruguet work at a Thoroughbred race track. His fledgling career as a jockey was interrupted by mandatory military service and he served in the French Army during the Algerian War.
After being discharged from the army, Cruguet returned to thoroughbred flat racing. He replaced army-bound jockey Yves Saint-Martin at the stable run by trainer Francois Mathet. Once Saint-Martin was discharged from the army, Cruguet had to find new rides but met with only limited success. After meeting his future wife Denyse, a trainer and one of the pioneering woman in French racing,[citation needed] in 1965, they decided to emigrate to the United States. In Florida, Cruguet was hired to ride for Horatio Luro at Hialeah Park Race Track and began to achieve success in the ensuing years. In 1969, he won a major Grade I race aboard Arts and Letters when he replaced Braulio Baeza due to another commitment, riding the future Hall of Fame colt to victory in the Metropolitan Handicap at Belmont Park.
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Joseph Chaumié
Joseph Chaumié (17 March 1849 – 19 July 1919) was a French politician, Senator for Lot-et-Garonne from 1897 until his death.
Joseph Chaumié was born in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, into a family of modest means. He studied law at the Sorbonne in Paris and although he was a successful student, he was unsuccessful in obtaining permission to practice at the bar in Paris, probably due to the influence of police reports which described him as a revolutionary. He returned to Agen where he practised law.
In 1886 he was elected to the town council in Agen and served as mayor from 1896 to 1900. He was elected to the Senate in 1897. He was one of those who worked with René Waldeck-Rousseau to create the Democratic Republican Alliance, of which he was vice-president. A highly regarded orator and active member of the Senate, he served as Education minister 1902 to 1905 in the government of Émile Combes and then Justice minister in until 1906 in the second and third governments of Maurice Rouvier. Under Combes, he oversaw the integration of the staff of the École Normale Supérieure into the University of Paris. He represented the government at Émile Zola's funeral and other key events. He was a strong supporter of the separation of church and state enshrined in the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, a law which had a great impact on education.
wn.com/Joseph_Chaumié -
Michel Serres
Michel Serres (born September 1, 1930 in Agen, France) is a French philosopher and author.
The son of a barge man, Serres entered France's naval academy, the École Navale, in 1949 and the École Normale Supérieure ("rue d'Ulm") in 1952. He aggregated in 1955, having studied philosophy. He spent the next few years as a naval officer before finally receiving his doctorate in 1968, and began teaching in Paris.
As a child, Serres witnessed firsthand the violence and devastation of war. "I was six for my first dead bodies," he told Bruno Latour. These formative experiences led him to consistently eschew scholarship based upon models of war, suspicion, and criticism.
Over the next twenty years, Serres earned a reputation as a spell-binding lecturer and as the author of remarkably beautiful and enigmatic prose so reliant on the sonorities of French that it is considered practically untranslatable. He took as his subjects such diverse topics as the mythical Northwest Passage, the concept of the parasite, and the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger. More generally Serres is interested in developing a philosophy of science which does not rely on a metalanguage in which a single account of science is privileged and regarded as accurate. To do this he relies on the concept of translation between accounts rather than settling on one as authoritative. For this reason Serres has relied on the figure of Hermes (in his earlier works) and angels (in more recent studies) as messengers who translate (or: map) back and forth between domains (i.e., between maps).
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Nostradamus
Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566), usually Latinised to Nostradamus, was a French apothecary and reputed seer who published collections of prophecies that have since become famous worldwide. He is best known for his book Les Propheties (The Prophecies), the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Since the publication of this book, which has rarely been out of print since his death, Nostradamus has attracted a following that, along with the popular press, credits him with predicting many major world events.
Most academic sources maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus's quatrains are largely the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations (sometimes deliberate) or else are so tenuous as to render them useless as evidence of any genuine predictive power. Nevertheless, occasional commentators have successfully used a process of free interpretation and determined 'twisting' of their words to predict an apparently imminent event. In 1867, three years before it happened, for example, Le Pelletier did so to anticipate either the triumph or the defeat of Napoleon III in a war that, in the event, begged to be identified as the Franco-Prussian war, while admitting that he could not specify either which or when.
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Saint Peter
Saint Peter or Simon Peter was an early Christian leader and one of the twelve apostles of Jesus who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles and who is venerated as a saint. The son of John or of Jonah, he was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee or Gaulanitis. His brother Andrew was also an apostle. Peter is venerated in multiple churches and is regarded as the first Pope by the Catholic Church. After working to establish the church of Antioch, presiding for seven years as the leader of the city's Christian community, he preached to scattered communities of believers, Jews, Hebrew Christians and the gentiles, in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia Minor and Bithynia.[citation needed] He then went to Rome, where in the second year of Claudius, it is claimed, he overthrew Simon Magus and held the Sacerdotal Chair for 25 years.[citation needed] He is said to have been put to death at the hand of Emperor Nero.
Peter wrote two General epistles. The Gospel of Mark is also ascribed to him (as Mark was his disciple and interpreter). On the other hand, several books bearing his name—the Acts of Peter, Gospel of Peter, Preaching of Peter, Revelation of Peter, and Judgement of Peter—are rejected by the Catholic Church as Apocryphal.
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Stéphane Rideau
Stéphane Rideau (born 25 July 1976) is a French actor born near Agen. Although intending to pursue a career in sports, he was discovered in 1992 at a rugby game and then auditioned for a role in the film Wild Reeds by André Téchiné. He was, at the time, sixteen years old.
He would later on play the role of a gay teenager in Come Undone by director Sébastien Lifshitz. Rideau has a long acting experience that includes the films Loin, Le Ventre de Juliette, Le Clan, and Le Cadeau d'Élena. He currently lives with his girlfriend Celia and his daughter.
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Je viens d'Agen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
J'espère que les Agenais se reconnaîtront et apprécieront...
http://wn.com/Je_viens_d'Agen
J'espère que les Agenais se reconnaîtront et apprécieront...
Je viens d'Agen (Live 47FM)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Le Pirate en live dans les studios de 47FM!!
http://wn.com/Je_viens_d'Agen_Live_47FM
The Uncle Dolan Show Episode 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Dolan wans to shar wit bogs, but at wut cost?
http://wn.com/The_Uncle_Dolan_Show_Episode_6
Dolan wans to shar wit bogs, but at wut cost?
- published: 19 Apr 2012
- views: 170733
- author: TheUncleDolanShow
Minecraft LP - S03 E28 Pyramid Time Agen!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:06
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
my world DL link S03 E26 www.mediafire.com Big thanks to Theviewermarcus his exi's farming mod update here www.mediafire.com how to install some of the mods i use www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Minecraft_LP_S03_E28_Pyramid_Time_Agen!
my world DL link S03 E26 www.mediafire.com Big thanks to Theviewermarcus his exi's farming mod update here www.mediafire.com how to install some of the mods i use www.youtube.com
- published: 04 Nov 2011
- views: 7412
- author: ImAnderZEL
Je viens d'Agen [Paroles]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Voilà les paroles de la chanson de "Le Pirate" - Je viens d'Agen. Réalisé par Chloé. Bon visionnage!
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Voilà les paroles de la chanson de "Le Pirate" - Je viens d'Agen. Réalisé par Chloé. Bon visionnage!
- published: 02 Jul 2012
- views: 25022
- author: ChloeLyrics47
Battlefield 3 Online Gameplay - 50-14 It Hapend Agen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:57
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
My facebookl www.facebook.com Battlefield online game play commentery and Battlefield online gameplay live commentery. If you have any questions about Battlefield 3 and its gameplay online feal free to post a comment ;) Battlefield 3 gameplay battlefield 3 online gameplay battlefielf 3 multiplayer sniper online game play commentery and Battlefield online gameplay live commentery. If you have any questions about Battlefield 3 and its gameplay online feal free to post a comment ;) Battlefield 3 gameplay battlefield 3 online gameplay battlefielf 3 multiplayer sniper
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My facebookl www.facebook.com Battlefield online game play commentery and Battlefield online gameplay live commentery. If you have any questions about Battlefield 3 and its gameplay online feal free to post a comment ;) Battlefield 3 gameplay battlefield 3 online gameplay battlefielf 3 multiplayer sniper online game play commentery and Battlefield online gameplay live commentery. If you have any questions about Battlefield 3 and its gameplay online feal free to post a comment ;) Battlefield 3 gameplay battlefield 3 online gameplay battlefielf 3 multiplayer sniper
- published: 21 Feb 2012
- views: 25732
- author: ImAnderZEL
Counter Strike Global Offensive - E01 Im a Noob Agen But Skills Are Slowly Coming Back!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:55
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
So i haven't playd Cs for 4 years but i did play CS from 1998 to 2008 some skills are still ther but not much. Time to Viking up and kick some ass! Counter strike global offensive is still in beta so remember this does not represent a finished product!
http://wn.com/Counter_Strike_Global_Offensive_E01_Im_a_Noob_Agen_But_Skills_Are_Slowly_Coming_Back!
So i haven't playd Cs for 4 years but i did play CS from 1998 to 2008 some skills are still ther but not much. Time to Viking up and kick some ass! Counter strike global offensive is still in beta so remember this does not represent a finished product!
- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 26424
- author: ImAnderZEL
Minecraft LP - S03 E32 Feals Awsome to Have Polerch's Support Agen! :D
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:41
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Livestream stating time www.timeanddate.com MY channel for livestream en.twitch.tv
http://wn.com/Minecraft_LP_S03_E32_Feals_Awsome_to_Have_Polerch's_Support_Agen!_D
Livestream stating time www.timeanddate.com MY channel for livestream en.twitch.tv
- published: 17 Nov 2011
- views: 5140
- author: ImAnderZEL
Tries in France 2011 2012 day 5 Agen - Toulouse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 11 Jun 2012
http://wn.com/Tries_in_France_2011_2012_day_5_Agen_Toulouse
Blame It On The Pop
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
flipnote.hatena.com The Music is From DjEarworm BTW! www.youtube.com OK! i Got Sum Lyrics WRONG! Can u Stop Reminding ME! (im a Perfectionest) Chao in Order: Blue Barky Kirby Boom Flop Barky (Agen) Blue (Agen) Flip Sparx Flop (Agen) Vince Boom (Agen) Flip (Agen) Fred Kirby (Agen) gKirby eKirby Sparx (Agen) Psykee Omo Boom (Agen) Kirby (Agen) Blue (Agen)
http://wn.com/Blame_It_On_The_Pop
flipnote.hatena.com The Music is From DjEarworm BTW! www.youtube.com OK! i Got Sum Lyrics WRONG! Can u Stop Reminding ME! (im a Perfectionest) Chao in Order: Blue Barky Kirby Boom Flop Barky (Agen) Blue (Agen) Flip Sparx Flop (Agen) Vince Boom (Agen) Flip (Agen) Fred Kirby (Agen) gKirby eKirby Sparx (Agen) Psykee Omo Boom (Agen) Kirby (Agen) Blue (Agen)
- published: 12 Sep 2010
- views: 106713
- author: FlipnoteShinyEevee
Trains en Aquitaine, ligne Bordeaux-Agen-Toulouse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:23
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Les trains à la sortie de Bordeaux St Jean sur la ligne Bordeaux -Agen -Toulouse (BB 7200+Corail Téoz, BB 9300+Corail, Z 7300, TGV A, BB 8500+RRR), ainsi que les manoeuvres des engins derrière le dépôt (BB 9300, BB 63 500+Voitures Corail Téoz).
http://wn.com/Trains_en_Aquitaine,_ligne_Bordeaux-Agen-Toulouse
Les trains à la sortie de Bordeaux St Jean sur la ligne Bordeaux -Agen -Toulouse (BB 7200+Corail Téoz, BB 9300+Corail, Z 7300, TGV A, BB 8500+RRR), ainsi que les manoeuvres des engins derrière le dépôt (BB 9300, BB 63 500+Voitures Corail Téoz).
- published: 10 May 2009
- views: 37094
- author: Dotaku
Caroline Costa Singing Alicia Keys "Fallin"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Caroline à Agen en 2006 chante Fallin d'Alicia Keys. Thanks to jennyrbd for the upload. www.caroline-costa.net
http://wn.com/Caroline_Costa_Singing_Alicia_Keys_Fallin
Caroline à Agen en 2006 chante Fallin d'Alicia Keys. Thanks to jennyrbd for the upload. www.caroline-costa.net
- published: 07 Jan 2009
- views: 1285662
- author: C4rolineCosta
Mindcrack - S01 E102 Trouble In Villager Town
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:31
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Minecraft Mindcrack server fun. Hig agen boys and girls tiem to move the villagers in to a part of the viking village. But there is trouble in villager town! You missed the two last episodes see them here! :) E100 www.youtube.com E101 www.youtube.com ImAnderZEL Facebook www.facebook.com ImAnderZEL Twitter twitter.com if you want to know all the players on the server you can find them here :) www.reddit.com texture pack is faight full pack 32x www.minecraftforum.net Sorry guys highly private server you CAN'T play on it ever so please don't ask :)
http://wn.com/Mindcrack_S01_E102_Trouble_In_Villager_Town
Minecraft Mindcrack server fun. Hig agen boys and girls tiem to move the villagers in to a part of the viking village. But there is trouble in villager town! You missed the two last episodes see them here! :) E100 www.youtube.com E101 www.youtube.com ImAnderZEL Facebook www.facebook.com ImAnderZEL Twitter twitter.com if you want to know all the players on the server you can find them here :) www.reddit.com texture pack is faight full pack 32x www.minecraftforum.net Sorry guys highly private server you CAN'T play on it ever so please don't ask :)
- published: 24 Nov 2012
- views: 18240
- author: ImAnderZEL
"Dil Mera Muft Ka" Full Song | Agent Vinod | Kareena Kapoor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
SUBSCRIBE || bit.ly Facebook || ow.ly Google + || ow.ly "Dil Mera Muft ka" is the first mujra song of Kareena Kapoor's career which opened to whistles and an encore. This sensuous mujra track is choreographed by Saroj Khan, song is from action spy thriller Agent Vinod starring Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor in lead role. Enjoy this official film version & stay connected with us!! Song: Dil Mera Muft Ka Singers: Nandini shrikar, muazzam, rizwan, shadab faridi, altamush faridi, shabab sabri Movie: Agent Vinod Starcast: Kareena Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan Music By: Pritam Lyricist: Neelesh Misra Music Label: T-Series Buy Agent Vinod songs on iTunes : itunes.apple.com Enjoy and stay connected with us!! SUBSCRIBE T-Series channel for unlimited entertainment www.youtube.com Circle us on G+ www.google.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on www.twitter.com
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SUBSCRIBE || bit.ly Facebook || ow.ly Google + || ow.ly "Dil Mera Muft ka" is the first mujra song of Kareena Kapoor's career which opened to whistles and an encore. This sensuous mujra track is choreographed by Saroj Khan, song is from action spy thriller Agent Vinod starring Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor in lead role. Enjoy this official film version & stay connected with us!! Song: Dil Mera Muft Ka Singers: Nandini shrikar, muazzam, rizwan, shadab faridi, altamush faridi, shabab sabri Movie: Agent Vinod Starcast: Kareena Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan Music By: Pritam Lyricist: Neelesh Misra Music Label: T-Series Buy Agent Vinod songs on iTunes : itunes.apple.com Enjoy and stay connected with us!! SUBSCRIBE T-Series channel for unlimited entertainment www.youtube.com Circle us on G+ www.google.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on www.twitter.com
- published: 28 May 2012
- views: 3025526
- author: tseries
Revivez la fin du match Bayonne-Agen et le tour d'honneur des joueurs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Une fois de plus, la communion entre les joueurs et les supporters de l'Aviron Bayonnais a été totale samedi après-midi; Revivez la fin du match et le tour d'honneur des joueurs bercés par les champs du fabuleux public de Jean-Dauger. Crédit: Aviron Bayonnais Rugby Pro/Laurent Chardot
http://wn.com/Revivez_la_fin_du_match_Bayonne-Agen_et_le_tour_d'honneur_des_joueurs
Une fois de plus, la communion entre les joueurs et les supporters de l'Aviron Bayonnais a été totale samedi après-midi; Revivez la fin du match et le tour d'honneur des joueurs bercés par les champs du fabuleux public de Jean-Dauger. Crédit: Aviron Bayonnais Rugby Pro/Laurent Chardot
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 22331
- author: Abcom64
APCO dan Agen Israel dalam PDRM (1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
APCO dan Agen Israel dalam PDRM (1) - Ketua Pembangkang, Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim membuat pendedahan sewaktu membahaskan Rang Undang-Undang Perbekalan Tambahan (2009) 2010 pada 6 April 2010.
http://wn.com/APCO_dan_Agen_Israel_dalam_PDRM_1
APCO dan Agen Israel dalam PDRM (1) - Ketua Pembangkang, Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim membuat pendedahan sewaktu membahaskan Rang Undang-Undang Perbekalan Tambahan (2009) 2010 pada 6 April 2010.
- published: 06 Apr 2010
- views: 14500
- author: ahli parlimen Pas
Watch - Bath Rugby v Agen - 14:15 GMT - ERC Amlin Challenge Cup - live Rugby online
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Watch - Bath Rugby v Agen - 14:15 GMT - ERC Amlin Challenge Cup - live Rugby online - rugby watch online - mac or pc users go here - rugby.trueonlinetv.com Follow us on youtube - www.youtube.com -(t-gs))- Watch, Bath Rugby v, Agen, 14:15 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup, live Rugby online, rugby watch online , watch online rugby , Watch,, London Wasps, Mogliano, 15:00 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup 2013, rugby on live, live Rugby online , Grenoble v, Stade Français, 20:00 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup Rugby, watch rugby, rugby on live , Watch, Gloucester Rugby v, Bordeaux Begles, at Stade Andre Moga, Amlin Challenge Cup, streaming rugby live, watch rugby , Watch,, Bucuresti v, Calvisano, at Centro Sportivo San Michele, Amlin Challenge Cup 2013, watch the rugby, streaming rugby live , Perpignan, Bizkaia Gernika RT, at Estadio Urbieta, Amlin Challenge Cup Rugby, rugby in live, watch the rugby , Watch, Cavalieri Prato v, London Welsh, at Kassam Stadium, European Challenge Cup, internet rugby, rugby in live , Watch,, Worcester Warriors, Rovigo, at Stadio Comunale Mario Battaglini, European Challenge Cup 2013, rugby internet, internet rugby , Agen v, Bath Rugby, at Recreation Ground, European Challenge Cup Rugby, rugby on line, rugby internet , Watch, Mogliano v, London Wasps, at Adams Park, ERC Challenge Cup, live rugby, rugby on line , watch rugby live ,
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Watch - Bath Rugby v Agen - 14:15 GMT - ERC Amlin Challenge Cup - live Rugby online - rugby watch online - mac or pc users go here - rugby.trueonlinetv.com Follow us on youtube - www.youtube.com -(t-gs))- Watch, Bath Rugby v, Agen, 14:15 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup, live Rugby online, rugby watch online , watch online rugby , Watch,, London Wasps, Mogliano, 15:00 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup 2013, rugby on live, live Rugby online , Grenoble v, Stade Français, 20:00 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup Rugby, watch rugby, rugby on live , Watch, Gloucester Rugby v, Bordeaux Begles, at Stade Andre Moga, Amlin Challenge Cup, streaming rugby live, watch rugby , Watch,, Bucuresti v, Calvisano, at Centro Sportivo San Michele, Amlin Challenge Cup 2013, watch the rugby, streaming rugby live , Perpignan, Bizkaia Gernika RT, at Estadio Urbieta, Amlin Challenge Cup Rugby, rugby in live, watch the rugby , Watch, Cavalieri Prato v, London Welsh, at Kassam Stadium, European Challenge Cup, internet rugby, rugby in live , Watch,, Worcester Warriors, Rovigo, at Stadio Comunale Mario Battaglini, European Challenge Cup 2013, rugby internet, internet rugby , Agen v, Bath Rugby, at Recreation Ground, European Challenge Cup Rugby, rugby on line, rugby internet , Watch, Mogliano v, London Wasps, at Adams Park, ERC Challenge Cup, live rugby, rugby on line , watch rugby live ,
- published: 12 Jan 2013
- author: rohannakhwasan
Watch - Bath Rugby v Agen - 14:15 GMT - ERC Amlin Challenge Cup - stream rugby live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
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- published: 12 Jan 2013
- author: gokugokulkeeri
倩女幽魂2 Ghost Story 2 I www.angkorbet.com I super master agen bola I situs judi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 102:59
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
www.angkorbet.com Anda bisa jadi boss agen casino online & agen bola,dengan modal kecil Rp.1 juta segera gabung Dengan kami 你可以在网上赌场老板的经销商和代理球，小资本印尼盾万元即将加入我们You could be the Boss online casino Agent and agent Soccer, with a small capital Rp1 million, join with us http www.keansu.net http www.1betwin.net http www.keansu.com
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- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 26596
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Agen v Bath Rugby - at Recreation Ground - European Challenge Cup Rugby - rugby on line -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
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Agen v Bath Rugby - at Recreation Ground - European Challenge Cup Rugby - rugby on line - rugby internet - mac or pc users go here - rugby.trueonlinetv.com Follow us on Facebook - tinyurl.com -(t-gs))- Agen v, Bath Rugby, at Recreation Ground, European Challenge Cup Rugby, rugby on line,...
- published: 12 Jan 2013
- author: SUNILGENBHAUGARUDIAN
Watch Bath Rugby v Agen - at Bath - Amlin Challenge Cup 2013 - online rugby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
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- published: 12 Jan 2013
- author: psyraja03
Watch - Agen v Bath Rugby - at 14:15 GMT - ERC Amlin Challenge Cup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
mac or pc users go here - mac or pc users go here - rugby.trueonlinetv.com Alternate link : (Mac - Apple - Ipad users must check this link) - mactv.trueonlinetv.com -(t-gs))- Watch, Agen v, Bath Rugby, at 14:15 GMT, ERC Amlin Challenge Cup, stream rugby live, rugby live , rugby watch online...
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- published: 12 Jan 2013
- author: ramchandrabhivsane
Watch Bath Rugby v Agen - at Bath - Amlin Challenge Cup 2013 - watch the rugby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
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- published: 12 Jan 2013
- author: ritwicktandon
photo: AP / Alexandre Meneghini
10 Jan 2013
Mexican has enacted a law that will ensure that the victims and relatives of crime are compensated with payments and social services from the state. The law, enacted by President Enrique Pena Nieto on Wednesday, comprises the creation of a fund to pay relatives up to $70,000 in compensation for an innocent victim killed in attacks by drug gangs ... “There are thousands of people who have suffered the ravages of violence ... Share ... ....(size: 18.3Kb)
photo: AP / Jacques Brinon
10 Jan 2013
PARIS. Three Kurdish women, including one of the founders of a militant group battling Turkish troops since 1984, were "executed" at a Kurdish center in Paris, the interior minister said on Thursday. Turkey's Anadolu news agency identified one of the victims as Sakine Cansiz, a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers Party, or PKK ... He called it a "totally intolerable act." ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
11 Jan 2013
QUETTA, Pakistan -- A series of bombings killed 115 people in Pakistan yesterday, including 81 who died in a sectarian attack on a billiard hall in the southwest city of Quetta, officials said. The blasts punctuated one of the deadliest days in recent years in Pakistan, where the government faces a bloody insurgency by militants in the northwest and Baluch militants in the southwest ... No group claimed responsibility for the attack.. . .....(size: 7.7Kb)
photo: AP / Remy de la Mauviniere
11 Jan 2013
The executions of three Kurdish women in Paris have sparked questions over the motives for the high-level assassinations. FRANCE 24 asks Kendal Nezan, president of the Kurdish Institute in Paris, for his views on the mysterious murders. By Ségolène ALLEMANDOU (text). ... Sakine Cansiz, Fidan Dogan and Leyla Soylemez were found shot dead inside the Kurdish Institute of Paris. Screen grab of Firatnews ... France 24 ... Kendel Nezan ... FRANCE 24 ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
10 Jan 2013
As much as half of the world's food, amounting to two billion tonnes worth, ends up being thrown away, a UK-based report has claimed. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers said the waste was being caused by poor storage, strict sell-by dates, bulk offers and consumer fussiness. The study also found that up to 30% of vegetables in the UK were not harvested because of their physical appearance ... 'Waste of resources' ... Dr Fox said ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
News24
12 Jan 2013
>. > >. >. Paris - Ulster, the 2012 runners-up, reached the Heineken (European) Cup quarter-finals for a third successive season on Friday with a 23-6 win over Glasgow at their rain-lashed Ravenhill home in Belfast. Ulster's place in the last eight was guaranteed when Pool 4 rivals Castres were beaten 18-12 by Northampton ... Heineken Cup results on Friday.. Pool 4. Northampton 18 Castres 12. Ulster 23 Glasgow 6. Pool 6 ... Bath (ENG) v Agen (FRA) ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
BBC News
11 Jan 2013
Gary Gold has made nine changes to his Bath side as they look to maintain their 100% record in the Challenge Cup ... LINE-UP. Bath Rugby ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
11 Jan 2013
Young's team selection reflects his desire to get the job done ... Bath, on the back of four successive bonus-point victories, will wrap up their qualifying pool if they defeat Recreation Ground visitors Agen. The runaway Pool Four leaders, who would have a second chance at home to Bucharest next weekend if Agen triumph, show nine changes following last weekend's league defeat against Wasps ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
11 Jan 2013
Harlequins are poised to become this season's first Heineken Cup quarter-finalists on Saturday. The Aviva Premiership champions and current leaders need a point against Connacht at the Twickenham Stoop to guarantee they win Pool Three one game inside the distance ... Bath will also secure a quarter-final spot if they beat Agen at the Recreation Ground, when Worcester, Wasps and London Welsh are also in Challenge Cup action. ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Sporting Life
11 Jan 2013
The Aviva Premiership champions and current leaders need a point against Connacht at the Twickenham Stoop to guarantee they win Pool Three one game inside the distance ... Saracens, meanwhile, will stay top of Pool One if they beat Racing Metro in Nantes tomorrow ... Bath will also secure a quarter-final spot if they beat Agen at the Recreation Ground tomorrow, when Worcester, Wasps and London Welsh are also in Challenge Cup action ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
BBC News
11 Jan 2013
France-based Wales scrum-half Mike Phillips believes talented young players should stay in Wales to develop their careers. Phillips was speaking after his late try gave Bayonne a 25-22 win over Newport Gwent Dragons in the Amlin Cup ... Aled Brew (Biarritz) Gethin Jenkins (Toulon) Huw Bennett (Lyon) James Hook (Perpignan) Jamie Robinson (Agen) Lee Byrne (Clermont Auvergne) Luke Charteris (Perpignan) Mike Phillips (Bayonne) ... print. ....(size: 7.4Kb)
Orange News
11 Jan 2013
Wasps, Bath and Stade Français will be looking to secure spots in the Amlin Challenge Cup quarter-finals on Saturday. Stade Français need just two points to book their place in the quarter-finals but they must travel to Grenoble, who are undefeated on home soil this season. We'll update the team line-ups as they are released. London Welsh v I Cavalieri Prato. London Welsh. tbc. Cavalieri Prato ... Replacements ... Kick-off. 14.00. Bath v Agen ... 14.15....(size: 3.5Kb)
Today on YouTube: Belarus U18 midfielder Nikita Korzun scores an incredible goal from inside his ...
The Daily Telegraph11 Jan 2013
Dinamo Minsk midfielder Nikita Korzun scores a stunning goal for Belarus Under-18s against Belgium with a terrific effort from his own half. By Telegraph Sport. 12.31PM GMT 11 Jan 2013. Comments ... The 17 year-old may never score a better goal than this one. And another thing ... A diminutive spectator strolls onto the pitch to confront the referee during a match between the giants of Racing Metro and Agen... Santi Cazorla eat your heart out....(size: 8.0Kb)
Sky Sports
11 Jan 2013
For the best in up-to-the-minute sports analysis, look no further than skysports.com, your online home for expert opinion. Whatever your sport, our team of pundits, columnists and bloggers are here every week to bring you the sharpest views and the shrewdest comments on the latest developments ... Taken from 'The Suarez spark' ... In the previous round of Top 14 games they notched forty points plus against Agen ... Taken from 'In with the new'....(size: 10.3Kb)
Orange News
10 Jan 2013
The Golden Lions Rugby Union have announced a schedule of 16 matches for their top players for the inaugural Lions Challenge series ... The series of games starts next weekend and ends on July 20. Lions supporters will have 12 matches, including a Super Rugby promotion/relegation game on August 3, to look forward to at Ellis Park ... "There's no doubt that we won't be treating these as friendlies ... Lions 2013 fixtures. ... v Agen (Ellis Park) ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
News24
10 Jan 2013
>. > >. >. Johannesburg - Lions coach Johan Ackermann says they will be using the Lions Challenge to earn the respect of the South African rugby fraternity. The union on Thursday launched the inaugural Lions Challenge series, which will see them feature in 16 matches to give their players some much needed game-time following a controversial relegation from Super Rugby last year ... 19 January ... 23 January ... 2 February ... Lions v Agen - Ellis Park ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Sky Sports
10 Jan 2013
For the best in up-to-the-minute sports analysis, look no further than skysports.com, your online home for expert opinion. Whatever your sport, our team of pundits, columnists and bloggers are here every week to bring you the sharpest views and the shrewdest comments on the latest developments ... In the previous round of Top 14 games they notched forty points plus against Agen ... Taken from 'Striking statistics' ... Taken from 'Irish grit'....(size: 9.7Kb)
Stockhouse
09 Jan 2013
Fiber One and Hungry Girl Lisa Lillien Team Up to Show that Weight Management in 2013 Doesn’t Have to Be About What You Give Up ... Fiber One 80 Calories Chocolate Squares offers the most fiber per serving of leading chocolate cereals in the marketplace ... Don’s skip breakfast ... Its consumer brands include Cheerios, Häagen-Dazs, Nature Valley, Yoplait, Betty Crocker, Pillsbury, Green Giant, Progresso and Old El Paso ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
For the Agen meteorite of 1814, see Meteorite falls.
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Agen |
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| The Cathedral of Saint-Caprais in Agen | |
 Agen
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| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Aquitaine |
| Department | Lot-et-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Agen |
| Intercommunality | Agen |
| Mayor | Jean Dionis du Séjour (NC) (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 37–162 m (121–531 ft) (avg. 48 m or 157 ft) |
| Land area1 | 11.49 km2 (4.44 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 33,863 (2007) |
| - Density | 2,947 /km2 (7,630 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 47001/ 47000 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
Contents |
Economy[link]
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
Main sights[link]
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.[1]
The Canal des Deux Mers, which joins the Mediterranean with the Atlantic, crosses the river Garonne at Agen via the town's famous canal bridge.
Entertainment[link]
The municipal theatre "Théâtre Ducourneau" presents theatre, and occasionally classical concerts. The smaller "Théâtre du jour" has a resident theatre company presenting a variety of recent or older plays (Shakespeare, Becket, as well as lesser known playwrights).
There are two cinemas, one a commercial multiscreened affair, the other an arts cinema run by a voluntary organization. The latter organizes film festivals every year.
Sport[link]
Rugby is extremely popular in the town, and the local team, SU Agen, is enthusiastically supported. The town also serves as the base for the Team Lot-et-Garonne cycling team.
Press[link]
For many decades Le Petit Bleu has been the daily newspaper, with stories of local or national interest.
Transportation[link]
Gare d'Agen connects Agen with Toulouse and Bordeaux as well as services to Périgueux. It is around an hour from Toulouse, and around an hour from Bordeaux. Fast trains to Paris take four hours and ten minutes. Agen is connected by the A62 motorway to both Toulouse and Bordeaux. The Agen Airport is serviced by Airlinair service to Paris Orly 6 days a week, it is also used for business and leisure flying.
Diocese[link]
Main article: Diocese of Agen
Agen is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese that comprises the Département of Lot and Garonne. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Bordeaux.
International relations[link]
Twin towns – Sister cities[link]
Agen is twinned with:
Tuapse, Russia- Dinslaken, Germany[2]
Llanelli, Wales, United Kingdom
Toledo, Spain[3]
Corpus Christi, United States
Notable people[link]
- As place of birth
- Bernard Palissy (c. 1510–1590), potter – according to some accounts, he may have been born in Saintes
- Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609), scholar
- Pierre Dupuy (1582–1651), scholar
- Joseph Barsalou (1600–1660), physician
- Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades (1607–1686), diplomatist and marshal
- Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède (1756–1825), naturalist
- Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (1780–1846), naturalist
- Jacques Jasmin (1798–1864), Provençal poet
- Joseph Chaumié (1849–1919), politician
- William Grover-Williams (1903–1945) racer and SOE agent
- Michel Serres (born 1930), philosopher and author
- Jacques Sadoul (born 1934), author
- Jean Cruguet (born 1939), jockey who won the U.S. Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.
- Alain Aspect (born 1947), physicist
- Francis Cabrel (born 1953), singer-songwriter and guitarist
- Bernard Campan (born 1958), actor and film director
- Stéphane Rideau (born 1976), actor
- As residence
- Nostradamus lived in Agen from 1531 until at least 1534. He was married to a local woman with whom he had two children.
Miscellaneous[link]
Agen is the "capital of the prune", a local produce sold as a sweet (stuffed with prune purée) or as an after-dinner delight (prunes soaked in Armagnac – a type of brandy). Every September, the Prune festival organizes rock concerts, circuses and prune tasting.
See also[link]
- SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne, a French rugby union club based in Agen
- Agenais, or Agenois, a former province of France
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ "Agen – Tourist Office – The History of Agen – Origins". www.ot-agen.org. http://www.ot-agen.org/_eng/visite/histoire1.htm. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District". © 2009 Twins2010.com. http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Toledo Turismo. Patronato Municipal de Turismo. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. http://www.toledo-turismo.com/turismo/contenido/mas-toledo/toledo-historia/ciudades-hermanadas.aspx. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Alicia Keys | |
|---|---|
 Keys in South Africa for the 2010 FIFA World Cup kick-off concert. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Alicia Augello Cook |
| Also known as | Lellow |
| Born | (1981-01-25) January 25, 1981 (age 31) |
| Origin | New York City, United States |
| Genres | Soul, R&B, blues, hip hop, jazz, neo soul, electronic |
| Occupations | singer-songwriter, record producer, actress |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards, cello, synthesizer, vocoder, guitar, bass guitar |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | RCA, J, Arista, Columbia |
| Website | aliciakeys.com |
Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), better known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Keys was raised by a single mother in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan in New York City. At age seven, Keys began playing the piano. She attended Professional Performing Arts School and graduated at 16 as valedictorian. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records.
Keys' debut album, Songs in A Minor, was a commercial success, selling over 12 million copies worldwide.[1] She became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.[2] The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002, including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Fallin'".[3] Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in 2003 and was also another success worldwide, selling eight million copies.[4] The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005.[5] Later that year, she released her first live album, Unplugged, which debuted at number one in the United States.[6] She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994.[2]
Keys made guest appearances on several television series in the following years, beginning with Charmed. She made her film debut in Smokin' Aces and went on to appear in The Nanny Diaries in 2007. Her third studio album, As I Am, was released in the same year and sold six million copies worldwide, earning Keys an additional three Grammy Awards. The following year, she appeared in The Secret Life of Bees, which earned her a nomination at the NAACP Image Awards. She released her fourth album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009, which became Keys' first chart-topping album in the United Kingdom. Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and 25 million singles, which makes her one of the best selling artists of all time. Billboard magazine named her the top R&B artist of the 2000–2009 decade, establishing herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time. In 2010, VH1 included Keys on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7] Billboard magazine placed her number ten on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years.[8] As of January 2012, Keys has sold 60 million records worldwide.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
1981–2001: Early life and Career Beginnings[link]
Keys was born Alicia Augello Cook on January 25, 1981, in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan, in New York City.[9][10][11] She is the only child of Teresa Augello, a paralegal and part-time actress, and Craig Cook, a flight attendant.[12][13][14][15] Keys' mother is of Italian, Scottish, and Irish descent, and her father is African American;[16] Keys has expressed that she was comfortable with her biracial heritage because she felt she was able to "relate to different cultures".[10][17] Her parents separated when she was two and she was subsequently raised by her mother during her formative years in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan.[18] In 1985, Keys made an appearance on The Cosby Show at the age of four, where she and a group of girls played the parts of Rudy Huxtable's sleepover guests in the episode "Slumber Party".[19][20] Throughout her childhood, Keys was sent to music and dance classes by her mother.[21] She began playing the piano when she was seven and learned classical music by composers such as Beethoven, Mozart and Chopin.[12] Keys enrolled in the Professional Performing Arts School at the age of 12, where she majored in choir and began writing songs at the age of 14.[13][22] She graduated in four years as valedictorian at the age of 16.[23]
In 1994 Keys met long-term manager Jeff Robinson after she enrolled in his brother's after-school program.[24] The following year Robinson introduced Keys to her future A&R at Arista Records, Peter Edge, who later described his first impressions to HitQuarters: "I had never met a young R&B artist with that level of musicianship. So many people were just singing on top of loops and tracks, but she had the ability, not only to be part of hip-hop, but also to go way beyond that."[25] Edge helped Robinson create a showcase for Keys and also got involved in developing her demo material. He was keen to sign Keys himself but was unable to do so at that time due to being on the verge of leaving his present record company. Keys signed to Columbia Records soon after.[25] At the same time as signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, Keys was accepted into Columbia University. At first, Keys attempted to manage both but after four weeks dropped out of college to pursue her musical career fulltime.[23][26]
Keys signed a demo deal with Jermaine Dupri and So So Def Recordings, where she appeared on the label's Christmas album performing "The Little Drummer Girl". She also co-wrote and recorded a song entitled "Dah Dee Dah (Sexy Thing)", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black.[26] The song was Keys' first professional recording; however, it was never released as a single and her record contract with Columbia ended after a dispute with the label. Keys was unhappy with the label because her career had stalled during her two years under contract at Columbia due to executive indecision over her direction and major changes within the company.[25] Keys called Clive Davis, who sensed a "special, unique" artist from her performance and signed her to Arista Records, which later disbanded.[9][10] Keys almost chose Wilde as her stage name until her manager suggested the name Keys after a dream he had. Keys felt that name represented her both as a performer and person.[27] Following Davis to his newly formed J Records label, she worked with Kerry "Krucial" Brothers and recorded the songs "Rock wit U" and "Rear View Mirror", which were featured on the soundtracks to the films Shaft (2000) and Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), respectively.[28][29]
[edit] 2001–2002: Songs in A Minor
 |
"Fallin'" is a gospel-influenced piano ballad.[30] Often considered her signature song, it describes the "ins and outs" of being in a relationship.[31]
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| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Keys released her first studio album, Songs in A Minor, in June 2001. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 236,000 copies in its first week.[32] The album sold over 6.2 million copies in the United States,[33] where it was certified six times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[34] It went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide,[35] establishing Keys' popularity both inside and outside the United States, where she became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.[2] The album's lead single, "Fallin'", spent six weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[36] The album's second single, "A Woman's Worth", was released in February 2002 and peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, as her second Top 10 single in both charts.[37] The album's third single, "How Come You Don't Call Me", was released in June 2002 and peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fourth single, "Girlfriend", was released in November 2002 in UK and peaked at number 82 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The following year, the album was reissued as Remixed & Unplugged in A Minor, which included eight remixes and seven unplugged versions of the songs from the original.
Songs in A Minor led Keys to win five awards at the 2002 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song for "Fallin'", Best New Artist, and Best R&B Album; "Fallin'" was also nominated for Record of the Year. Keys became the second female solo artist to win five Grammy Awards in a single night, following Lauryn Hill at the 41st Grammy Awards.[38] That same year, she collaborated with Christina Aguilera for the latter's upcoming album Stripped on a song entitled "Impossible", which Keys wrote, co-produced, and provided with background vocals.[39] During the early 2000s, Keys also made small cameos in television series Charmed and American Dreams.[12]
[edit] 2003–2005: The Diary of Alicia Keys and Unplugged
Keys followed up her debut with The Diary of Alicia Keys, which was released in December 2003. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling over 618,000 copies its first week of release, becoming the largest first-week sales for a female artist in 2003.[40] It sold 4.4 million copies in the United States and was certified four times Platinum by the RIAA.[34][41] It sold eight million copies worldwide,[42] becoming the sixth biggest-selling album by a female artist and the second biggest-selling album by a female R&B artist.[43] The album's lead single, "You Don't Know My Name", peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for eight consecutive weeks, her first Top 10 single in both charts since 2002's "A Woman's Worth ". The album's second single, "If I Ain't Got You", was released in February 2004 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for six weeks. The album's third single, "Diary", peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being their third consecutive Top 10 single in both charts. The album's fourth and final single, "Karma", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 17 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, first release to fail to achieve top ten status on both charts. "If I Ain't Got You" became the first single by a female artist to remain on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for over a year.[44][45][46][47][48] Keys also collaborated with recording artist Usher on the song "My Boo" from his 2004 album, Confessions (Special Edition). The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for three weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2001's "Fallin'".
Keys won Best R&B Video for "If I Ain't Got You" at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards; she performed the song and "Higher Ground" with Lenny Kravitz and Stevie Wonder.[49][50] Later that year, Keys released her novel Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics, a collection of unreleased poems from her journals and lyrics. The title derived from one of her poems, "Love and Chains" from the line: "I don't mind drinking my tears for water."[51] She said the title is the foundation of her writing because "everything I have ever written has stemmed from my tears of joy, of pain, of sorrow, of depression, even of question".[52] The book sold over US$500,000 and Keys made The New York Times bestseller list in 2005.[53][54] The following year, she won a second consecutive award for Best R&B Video at the MTV Video Music Awards for the video "Karma".[55] Keys performed "If I Ain't Got You" and then joined Jamie Foxx and Quincy Jones in a rendition of "Georgia on My Mind", the Hoagy Carmichael song made famous by Ray Charles in 1960 at the 2005 Grammy Awards.[56] That evening, she won four Grammy Awards: Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "If I Ain't Got You", Best R&B Song for "You Don't Know My Name", Best R&B Album for The Diary of Alicia Keys, and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" for "My Boo" with Usher.[57]
Keys performed and taped her installment of the MTV Unplugged series in July 2005 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.[58] During this session, Keys added new arrangements to her original songs and performed a few choice covers.[59] The session was released on CD and DVD in October 2005. Simply titled Unplugged, the album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with 196,000 units sold in its first week of release.[60] The album sold one million copies in the United States, where it was certified Platinum by the RIAA, and two million copies worldwide.[12][34][61] The debut of Keys' Unplugged was the highest for an MTV Unplugged album since Nirvana's 1994 MTV Unplugged in New York and the first Unplugged by a female artist to debut at number one.[2] The album's first single, "Unbreakable", peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[62] It remained at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult R&B Airplay for 11 weeks.[63] The album's second and final single, "Every Little Bit Hurts", was released in January 2006, it failed to enter the U.S. charts.
Keys opened a recording studio in Long Island, New York, called The Oven Studios, which she co-owns with her production and songwriting partner Kerry "Krucial" Brothers.[64] The studio was designed by renowned studio architect John Storyk of WSDG, designer of Jimi Hendrix' Electric Lady Studios. Keys and Brothers are the co-founders of KrucialKeys Enterprises, a production and songwriting team who assisted Keys in creating her albums as well as create music for other artists.[65]
[edit] 2006–2008: Film debut and As I Am
In 2006, Keys won three NAACP Image Awards, including Outstanding Female Artist and Outstanding Song for "Unbreakable".[66] She also received the Starlight Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[67] In October 2006, she played the voice of Mommy Martian in the "Mission to Mars" episode of the children's television series The Backyardigans, in which she sang an original song, "Almost Everything Is Boinga Here".[68] That same year, Keys nearly suffered a mental breakdown. Her grandmother had died and her family was heavily dependent on her. She felt she needed to "escape" and went to Egypt for three weeks. She explained: "That trip was definitely the most crucial thing I've ever done for myself in my life to date. It was a very difficult time that I was dealing with, and it just came to the point where I really needed to—basically, I just needed to run away, honestly. And I needed to get as far away as possible."[69][70]
Keys made her film debut in early 2007 in the crime film Smokin' Aces, co-starring as an assassin named Georgia Sykes opposite Ben Affleck and Andy García. Keys received much praise from her co-stars in the film; Reynolds said that Keys was "so natural" and that she would "blow everybody away". Smokin' Aces had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $57,103,895 worldwide during its theatrical run.[71][72] In the same year, Keys earned further praise for her second film, The Nanny Diaries, based on the 2002 novel of the same name, where she co-starred alongside Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans. The Nanny Diaries had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $44,638,886 worldwide during its theatrical run.[73] She also guest starred as herself in the "One Man Is an Island" episode of the drama series Cane.[74]
Keys released her third studio album, As I Am, in November 2007; it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 742,000 copies in its first week. It gained Keys her largest first week sales of her career and became her fourth consecutive number one album, tying her with Britney Spears for the most consecutive number-one debuts on the Billboard 200 by a female artist.[75][76] The week became the second largest sales week of 2007 and the largest sales week for a female solo artist since singer Norah Jones' album Feels like Home in 2004.[77] The album has sold nearly four million copies in the United States and has been certified three times Platinum by the RIAA.[78][79] It has sold nearly six million copies worldwide.[80] Keys received five nominations for As I Am at the 2008 American Music Award and ultimately won two.[81] The album's lead single, "No One", peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for ten consecutive weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2004's "My Boo" and becoming Keys' third and fifth number-one single on each chart, respectively.[82] The album's second single, "Like You'll Never See Me Again", was released in late 2007 and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for seven consecutive weeks. From October 27, 2007, when "No One" reached No. 1, through February 16, 2008, the last week "Like You'll Never See Me Again" was at No. 1, the Keys was on top of the chart for 17 weeks, more consecutive weeks than any other artist in Hot R&B/Hip/Hop Songs chart.[83] The album's third single, "Teenage Love Affair", which peaked at number 54 on the 'Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[83] The album's fourth and final single, "Superwoman", which peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[83][84]
"No One" earned Keys the awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song at the 2008 Grammy Awards.[85] Keys opened the ceremony singing Frank Sinatra's 1950s song "Learnin' the Blues" as a "duet" with archival footage of Sinatra in video and "No One" with John Mayer later in the show.[86] Keys also won Best Female R&B Artist during the show.[87] She starred in "Fresh Takes", a commercial micro-series created by Dove Go Fresh, which premiered during The Hills on MTV from March to April 2008. The premiere celebrated the launch of new Dove Go Fresh.[88] She also signed a deal as spokesperson with Glacéau's VitaminWater to endorse the product,[89] and was in an American Express commercial for the "Are you a Cardmember?" campaign.[90] Keys, along with The White Stripes' guitarist and lead vocalist Jack White, recorded the theme song to Quantum of Solace, the first duet in Bond soundtrack history.[91] In 2008, Keys was ranked in at number 80 the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists.[92] She also starred in The Secret Life of Bees, a film adaptation of Sue Monk Kidd's acclaimed 2003 bestseller novel of the same name alongside Jennifer Hudson, Dakota Fanning, Paul Bettany and Queen Latifah, released in October 2008 via Fox Searchlight. The Secret Life of Bees had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $39,947,322 worldwide during its theatrical run.[93] Her role earned her a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards.[94] She also received three nominations at the 2009 Grammy Awards and won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Superwoman".[95]
In an interview with Blender magazine, Keys allegedly said "'Gangsta rap' was a ploy to convince black people to kill each other, 'gangsta rap' didn't exist" and went on to say that it was created by "the government". The magazine also claimed she said that Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. were "essentially assassinated, their beefs stoked by the government and the media, to stop another great black leader from existing".[22] Keys later wrote a statement clarifying the issues and saying her words were misinterpreted.[96] Later that year, Keys was criticized by anti-smoking campaigners after billboard posters for her forthcoming concerts in Indonesia featured a logo for the A Mild cigarette brand sponsored by tobacco firm Philip Morris. She apologized after discovering that the concert was sponsored by the firm and asked for "corrective actions". In response, the company withdrew its sponsorship.[97]
[edit] 2009–2010 : The Element of Freedom, marriage and motherhood
Keys and manager Jeff Robinson signed a film production deal to develop live-action and animated projects with Disney. Their first film will be a remake of the 1958 comedy Bell, Book and Candle and will star Keys as a witch who casts a love spell to lure a rival's fiancé.[98] Keys and Robinson also formed a television production company called Big Pita.[99] Keys and Robinson will develop live-action and animated projects from their company, Big Pita and Little Pita, with Keys as producer, thespian, banner spearheading soundtrack and music supervision.[100]
Keys collaborated with the record producer Swizz Beatz to write and produce "Million Dollar Bill" for Whitney Houston's seventh studio album, I Look to You. Keys had approached Clive Davis for permission to submit a song for the album.[101] Keys also collaborated with the recording artist Jay-Z on the song "Empire State of Mind" from his 2009 album, The Blueprint 3. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 and became her fourth number-one single on that chart.[102] At the 53rd Grammy Awards ceremony, "Empire State of Mind" won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song. It had also been one of the five nominees for Record of the Year.[103]
The following month, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Keys with the Golden Note Award, an award given to artists "who have achieved extraordinary career milestones".[104] She collaborated with Spanish recording artist Alejandro Sanz for "Looking for Paradise", which topped the Hot Latin Songs chart, this was Keys' first number one on all three charts, which also made her the first African-American of non-Hispanic origin to reach #1 on the Hot Latin Tracks.[105] Keys released her fourth studio album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009.[106] It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 417,000 copies in its first week.[107] As part of the promotional drive for the album, she performed at the Cayman Island Jazz Festival on December 5, the final night of the three day festival which will be broadcast on Black Entertainment Television (BET).[108] The album's lead single, "Doesn't Mean Anything", has peaked at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[106] Keys was ranked as the top R&B recording artist of the 2000–2009 decade by Billboard magazine and ranked at number five as artist of the decade, while her song, "No One", was ranked at number six on the magazine's songs of the decade.[109][110][111] In the United Kingdom, The Element of Freedom became Keys' first album to top the UK Albums Chart.[112] The album's second single, "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart", was released in November 2009 and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's third single, "Put It in a Love Song", featuring Grammy-winner Beyoncé, peaked at number 60 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The music video for the single, which was filmed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been postponed several times, and later it was confirmed that Alicia Keys' team made a decision not to release the video. The album's fourth single, "Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down", was released in February 2010 and peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fifth single, "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)", was released in May 2010 and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, for twelve consecutive weeks and became the album's most successful single, becoming Keys' eighth number-one single on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album's sixth and final single, "Wait Til You See My Smile", was released in December 2010 in the U.K only.
In May 2009, Swizz Beatz announced that he and Keys were romantically involved, while he was still married to his first wife[113] and in May 2010, a representative for Keys and Swizz Beatz confirmed that they were engaged and expecting a child together.[114] During the time of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the couple took part of a union and had the unborn child blessed in a Zulu ceremony, which took place in the Illovo suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa.[115] Keys and Beatz were married on the French island of Corsica on July 31, 2010.[116][117] On October 14, 2010, Keys gave birth to a son, Egypt Daoud Ibarr Dean, in New York City.[118]
2011–present: Other ventures and upcoming album[link]
In June 2011, Songs in A Minor was re-released as deluxe and collector's editions in commemoration of its 10th anniversary.[119] To support the release, Keys embarked on a four-city promotional tour, entitled Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys, featuring only her piano. Keys is also set to co-produce the Broadway premiere of Stick Fly, which will open in December 2011.[120] On September 26, 2011, was the premiere of Project 5 known as Five, short film that marks the debut of Alicia Keys as a director. It is a documentary of five episodes that tell stories of five women who were victims of breast cancer and how it affected their lives. The production also has co-direction of the actresses Jennifer Aniston, Demi Moore and film director Patty Jenkins.[121]
on September 23, she performed at iHeart Music Festival and sang her new song "A Place Of My Own", which is present in her fifth studio album.[122][123] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Keys (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on RCA Records.[124][125] On Saturday February 18, 2012, Alicia performed "Send Me an Angel" at Whitney Houston's memorial at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey.[126]
Artistry[link]
Musical style[link]
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An accomplished pianist, Keys incorporates piano into a majority of her songs and often writes about love, heartbreak and female empowerment.[10][53] She has cited several musicians as her inspirations, including Prince, Nina Simone, Barbra Streisand, Marvin Gaye, Quincy Jones, Donny Hathaway and Stevie Wonder.[127][128][129] Keys' style is rooted in gospel and vintage soul music, supplemented by bass and programmed drumbeats.[130] She heavily incorporates classical piano with R&B, soul and jazz into her music.[131][132] She began experimenting with other genres, including pop and rock, in her third studio album, As I Am,[130][133][134] transitioning from neo soul to a 1980s and 1990s R&B sound with her fourth album, The Element of Freedom.[135][136] Patrick Huguenin of the New York Daily News stated that her incorporation of classical piano riffs contributed to her breakout success.[44] Jet magazine states she "thrives" by touching her fans with "piano mastery, words and melodious voice".[137] The Independent described her style as consisting of "crawling blues coupled with a hip-hop backbeat", noting that her lyrics "rarely stray from matters of the heart".[138] Blender magazine referred to her as "the first new pop artist of the millennium who was capable of changing music."[139]
Songwriting, voice and achievements[link]
Keys has a vocal range of a contralto, which spans three octaves.[44][140] She can sing from B flat over an octave below middle C (B♭2) to B below soprano C (B5). Often referred to as the "Princess of Soul",[30][138] Keys has been commended as having a strong, raw and impassioned voice;[141][142] others feel that her voice is "emotionally manufactured" at times and that she pushes her voice out of its natural range.[141][142] Keys' songwriting is often criticized for lack of depth, which has led to her writing abilities being called limited.[141] Her lyrics have been called generic, clichéd and that her songs revolve around generalities.[130][141] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune feels that she "[pokes] around for multi-format hits rather than trying to project any sort of artistic vision".[142] Diversely, Jon Pareles of Blender magazine stated that the musical composition of her songs makes up for their lyrical weakness,[133] while Gregory Stephen Tate of The Village Voice compared Keys' writing and production to 1970s music.[143]
Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and is listed on the Recording Industry Association of America's best-selling artists in the United States, with 15 million certified albums.[144] She has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and has established herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time.[19][143][145]
Philanthropy[link]
Keys is the co-founder and Global Ambassador of Keep a Child Alive, a non-profit organization that provides medicine to families with HIV and AIDS in Africa.[146] Keys and U2 lead singer Bono recorded a cover version of Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush's "Don't Give Up", in recognition of World AIDS Day 2005. Keys and Bono's version of the song was retitled "Don't Give Up (Africa)" to reflect the nature of the charity it was benefiting.[147][148] She visited African countries such as Uganda, Kenya and South Africa to promote care for children affected by AIDS.[149][150][151] Her work in Africa was documented in the documentary Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland and was available in April 2008.[152]
Keys has also donated to Frum tha Ground Up, a non-profit organization that aids children and teenagers with scholarships.[153][154] She performed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the worldwide Live 8 concerts to raise awareness of the poverty in Africa and to pressure the G8 leaders to take action.[155] In 2005, Keys performed on ReAct Now: Music & Relief and Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast, two benefit programs that raised money for those affected by Hurricane Katrina.[156][157] In July 2007, Keys and Keith Urban performed The Rolling Stones' 1969 song "Gimme Shelter" at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey at the American leg of the Live Earth concerts.[158][159]
Keys performed Donny Hathaway's 1973 song "Someday We'll All Be Free" at the America: A Tribute to Heroes televised benefit concert following the September 11 attacks.[160] She participated in the Nobel Peace Prize Concert which took place at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway, on December 11, 2007, along with other various artists.[161] She recorded a theme song for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. She joined Joss Stone and Jay-Z on the effort, which served as a theme song for Obama's campaign.[162] For her work, Keys was honored at the 2009 BET Awards with the Humanitarian Award.[163] Keys performed the song "Prelude to a Kiss", retitled "Send Me an Angel", from her 2007 album As I Am for the "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief" telethon in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[164]
Discography[link]
Main article: Alicia Keys discography
- Songs in A Minor (2001)
- The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003)
- As I Am (2007)
- The Element of Freedom (2009)
- TBA (2013)
- Live albums
- Unplugged (2005)
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Alicia Keys tours
| Year | Title | Number of performances |
|---|---|---|
| 2001/2002 | Songs in A Minor Tour |
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| 2004 | Verizon Ladies First Tour |
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| 2005 | The Diary Tour |
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| 2008 | As I Am Tour |
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| 2010 | The Freedom Tour |
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| 2011 | Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys |
|
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | The Cosby Show | Maria | "Slumber Party" (Season 1, Episode 22) |
| 2001 | Charmed | P3 VIP Patron (uncredited) | "Size Matters" (Season 4, Episode 5) |
| 2001—2010 | Saturday Night Live | Herself / Musical Guest | "Reese Witherspoon/Alicia Keys" (Season 27, Episode 1) "Charles Barkley/Alicia Keys" (Season 35, Episode 11) |
| 2003 | American Dreams | Fontella Bass | "Rescue Me" (Season 2, Episode 6) |
| 2003 | The Proud Family | Herself (voice) | "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (Season 3, Episode 46) |
| 2005 | Sesame Street | Herself | Episode #36.26 (Season 36, Episode 26) |
| 2006 | The Backyardigans | Mommy Martian (voice) | "Mission to Mars" (Season 2, Episode 1) |
| 2007 | Cane | Herself | "One Man Is an Island" (Season 1, Episode 7) |
| 2007 | Elmo's Christmas Countdown | Herself | Christmas television special |
| 2007 | Smokin' Aces | Georgia Sykes | Debut film |
| 2007 | The Nanny Diaries | Lynette | |
| 2008 | Dove: Fresh Takes | Alex | Lead role |
| 2008 | The Secret Life of Bees | June Boatwright | Nominated - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture |
| 2011 | Five | Director | Nominated - Directors Guild of America Award |
| 2012 | Firelight | Executive Producer |
See also[link]
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of awards and nominations received by Alicia Keys
- List of honorific titles in popular music
References[link]
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- ^ a b c d Anitai, Tamar (2007-11-12). "MTV Artist of the Week: Alicia Keys". MTV News. http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2007/11/12/mtv-artist-of-the-week-alicia-keys/. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ^ "Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star". BBC America. 2008-02-11. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Batey, Angus (2007-11-10). "The ascent of Alicia Keys". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2819353.ece. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "2005 Grammy Award Winners". CBS News. 2005-02-13. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/14/in_depth_showbiz/main673822.shtml. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Whitmire, Margo (2005-10-19). "Keys 'Unplugs' For 3rd Straight No. 1 Disc". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-unplugs-for-3rd-straight-no-1-disc-1001347290.story. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ Who Will Come Out On Top Of VH1’s 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time?
- ^ "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years". Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. November 18, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/column/the-juice/the-top-50-r-b-hip-hop-artists-of-the-past-1004127916.story?page=5. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
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- ^ a b c d "Interview: Alicia Keys". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). November 2, 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2001/nov/02/shopping.artsfeatures9. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (April 17, 2008). "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Block Communications). http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08108/873962-42.stm. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Alicia Keys: Biography". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/alicia-keys/news/artists/8828/53132/53164. Retrieved November 2, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Alicia Keys". China Daily. China Daily Group. September 7, 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-09/07/content_372259.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Iley, Chrissy (February 24, 2008). "Alicia Keys, the girl who made Bob Dylan weep". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3403940.ece. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 12, 2006). "Alicia Keys' Early Years To Be Made Into A TV Series". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1520667/20060112/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
- ^ "A lot of people believe I'm part Jamaican, though I'm not. I'm definitely black and Italian and a little Irish or Scottish" (European American) – Bream, Jon (April 28, 2008). "More Keys to Alicia's Life". StarTribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/18138354.html?elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aUt:aDyaEP:kD:aUiacyKUUr. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys – Keys Avoids Mixed Race Abuse". Keys first appeared at a Talent show on "Jenny Jones" where she preformed along side "three little women" who were also an unknown group at the time. Both were signed to a record deal after the performance.Contactmusic.com. December 1, 2004. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/keys-avoids-mixed-race-abuse. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
- ^ Ojumu, Akin (November 16, 2003). "Soul sister". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/nov/16/aliciakeys. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Sams, Christine (February 23, 2009). "The secret life of Alicia Keys". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Media): pp. 1–3. http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/film/the-secret-life-of-keys/2009/02/23/1235237496952.html. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
- ^ "Slumber Party". The Cosby Show. episode 22. season 1. March 28, 1985.
- ^ "Music and dance kept Alicia Keys out of trouble during childhood". Thaindian News. Thaindian.com Company Limited. July 15, 2008. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/music-and-dance-kept-alicia-keys-out-of-trouble-during-childhood_10071626.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Weiner, Jonah (March 19, 2008). "Alicia Keys: Unlocked". Blender. Alpha Media Group. pp. 1–4. http://www.blender.com/guide/61246/aliciakeysunlocked.html. Retrieved November 16, 2008. [dead link]
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- ^ "New York's Rising Stars". Crain's New York Business. 2003. http://mycrains.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/profiles/2003/32. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Peter Edge". HitQuarters. Oct 13, 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Peter_Edge_Inter.html. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
- ^ a b "New Singer Alicia Keys Sitting Pretty with Smash Debut Album 'Songs In A Minor'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 100 (9): 60–61. 2004. http://books.google.com/?id=IbUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=alicia+keys+songs+in+a+minor#PPA60,M1. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 18, 2006). "Alicia Keys Nearly Spills Secrets To Jane". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1521106/20060118/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
- ^ Brasor, Philip (October 3, 2001). "Alicia Keys: 'Songs in A Minor'". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20011003a2.html. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Dr. Dolittle 2 – Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r536187. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
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- ^ a b c d Freedom du Lac, J. (November 13, 2007). "Alicia Keys, Still Warming Up". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201967.html. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kot, Greg (November 11, 2007). "Drab production keeps Alicia Keys' promise unfulfilled". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2007/11/drab-production.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ a b Tate, Gregory Stephen (November 20, 2007). "Extensions of a Woman". The Village Voice. New Times Media. pp. 1–2. http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-20/music/extensions-of-a-woman/. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – Top Selling Artists". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTopArt&action=. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ Orf, Chris Hansen (July 22, 2008). "R&B queen Alicia Keys to play Dodge Theatre". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081014112443/http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/121327. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ "Green Family Foundation Sponsors Alicia Keys' Keep a Child Alive College Student...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). November 20, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS145550+20-Nov-2008+PRN20081120. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Alicia Keys And Bono Team Up For Charity Track". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. December 1, 2005. http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2005/12/alicia_keys_bono_dont_give_up_africa/. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Bono and Keys duet on Africa song". BBC. December 4, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4497232.stm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Gwyneth Paltrow, Chris Martin, Obie Trice, Notorious B.I.G., Jessica Simpson & More". MTV News. April 10, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528266/20060410/coldplay.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Alicia Keys and 'Keep a Child Alive' Visit AHF's Ithembalabantu Clinic, Free AIDS Clinic in Durban, South Africa Run by AIDS Healthcare Foundation". PR Newswire. April 16, 2006. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=168584. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
- ^ "Alicia Keys in Kenya for HIV Project". USA Today (Gannett Company). April 6, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-04-06-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys' Documentary "Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland" Available...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). April 7, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS189864+07-Apr-2008+BW20080407. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Keys lends support to mentoring group". USA Today (Gannett Company). June 24, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-06-24-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Frum Tha Ground Up Story Page". USA Today (Gannett Company). January 22, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-01-21-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Wolinsky, David (June 27, 2005). "Keys, Peas Join Live 8". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7425214/keys_peas_join_live_8. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Moss, Corey (September 2, 2005). "Kelly, Stones, Kanye Added To Massive Disaster-Relief Special". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1508922/20050902/clarkson_kelly.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Celebrity-Studded Benefit Raises Funds for Hurricane Katrina Survivors; Shelter From the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). December 6, 2005. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Dec_6/ai_n15896288/. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Dolan, Jon; Lynskey, Dorian (July 7, 2007). "Live Earth". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/live/54717/hot-in-herre-giants-stadium-east-rutherford-nj.html. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Live Earth New York Rocks Giants Stadium". Spin. Spin Media. July 9, 2007. http://www.spin.com/articles/live-earth-new-york-rocks-giants-stadium. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Samuels, Allison (December 31, 2001). "Alicia Keys". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2001/12/30/alicia-keys.html. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize Concert". Nobel Peace Prize. http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/history/index.php. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Watson, Roland; Costello, Miles; Fleming, Sam (August 12, 2008). "Joss Stone to record song for Barack Obama". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4511270.ece. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 29, 2009). "BET Awards Salute Michael Jackson With Heartfelt Tributes". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614877/20090629/story.jhtml. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (January 22, 2010). "Alicia Keys Performs 'Prelude to a Kiss' During 'Hope for Haiti Now'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630327/20100122/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Further reading[link]
 |
Book: Alicia Keys |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Keys, Alicia (2001). Songs in A Minor. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-03776-5.
- Keys, Alicia (2004). The Diary of Alicia Keys. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-07764-3.
- Keys, Alicia (2004). Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-425-20560-6.
- Keys, Alicia (2006). Unplugged. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 1-4234-0822-5.
- Keys, Alicia (2006). How Can I Keep from Singing?: Transforming the Lives of African Children and Families Affected by AIDS. Umbrage. ISBN 1-884167-60-8.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alicia Keys |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alicia Keys |
- Official website
- Alicia Keys at the Internet Movie Database
- Alicia Keys at Billboard.com
- Alicia Keys at Discogs
- Alicia Keys at Metacritic
| Awards and achievements | ||
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| Preceded by Macy Gray |
MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 2001 |
Succeeded by Avril Lavigne |
| Preceded by Nelly |
BET Award for Best New Artist 2002 |
Succeeded by 50 Cent |
| Preceded by Carl Thomas |
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding New Artist 2002 |
Succeeded by Ashanti |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Keys, Alicia |
| Alternative names | Augello Cook, Alicia |
| Short description | American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress |
| Date of birth | January 25, 1981 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alicia_Keys
Related pages:
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http://id.wn.com/Alicia Keys
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http://ru.wn.com/Киз, Алиша
http://nl.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://it.wn.com/Alicia Keys
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http://de.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://hi.wn.com/अलिसिया कीज़
http://pt.wn.com/Alicia Keys
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Kareena Kapoor | |
|---|---|
 Kapoor at the launch of Gitanjali Group's jewellery collection, "Parineeta", June 2010 |
|
| Born | (1980-09-21) 21 September 1980 (age 31) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupation | Film actress, Model |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Partner | Saif Ali Khan (2007–present) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
| www.kareenakapoor.me | |
Kareena Kapoor (pronounced [kəˈriːnaː kəˈpuːr]; born on 21 September 1980),[1] often informally referred to as Bebo,[2] is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films. During her career, Kapoor has been noted for her performances in a range of film genres; these include her work from contemporary romantic dramas to comedies, period films to major Bollywood productions, as well as less publicised independent films.[3][4]
Born into a family where her parents, Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and elder sister Karisma were actors, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a very young age, but did not make her acting debut until the 2000 film Refugee. Her melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... became India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market in 2001, and is one of her biggest commercial successes to date.[5] After receiving negative reviews for a series of repetitive roles, Kapoor accepted more demanding parts in order to avoid being typecast,[6] and was consequently recognized by critics for displaying greater versatility as an actress.[7][8] Her portrayal of a sex worker in Chameli (2004) proved to be the turning point in her career and she was later noted for her performances in the critically acclaimed projects Dev (2004) and Omkara (2006).[6] She went on to play the lead female role in the Imtiaz Ali-directed romantic comedy Jab We Met (2007), for which she received the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, and the drama 3 Idiots (2009), which became the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time.[9]
Inspired by Bollywood actresses like Nargis and Meena Kumari, as well as her sister Karisma, Kapoor is well-recognized for her fashion style and her film roles, both of which have contributed in making her a style icon for young girls and women.[10] Her contributions to the film industry have garnered her numerous achievements including six Filmfare Awards, among nine nominations,[11] making her a leading actress of Hindi cinema.[3][8] In addition to film acting, Kapoor is a regular stage performer and has launched her own clothing line in association with being the former brand ambassador for the retail chain Globus. Her off-screen life, including her relationship with actor Saif Ali Khan, is the subject of wide media coverage in India.[7][12]
Contents |
Early life and background[link]
See also: Kapoor family
Born in Mumbai, India, on 21 September 1980, into the Kapoor film family, Kapoor is the younger daughter of actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita (née Shivdasani); her elder sister Karisma, is also an actress. Often informally referred to as Bebo,[2] she is the granddaughter of actor and filmmaker Raj Kapoor and niece of actor Rishi Kapoor.[1] According to Kapoor, the name "Kareena" was derived from the book Anna Karenina, which her mother read while she was pregnant with her.[13] She is of Punjabi descent from her father's side[14] and on her mother's side she is Sindhi.[15]
As a child, she had strong aspirations to become an actress, and was particularly inspired by watching the films of Bollywood actresses Nargis and Meena Kumari.[16] Kapoor, who describes herself as a "very naughty [and] spoilt child", would regularly dress up in her mother's clothes and perform in front of the mirror.[17] Despite her family background, her father disapproved of women entering the acting profession because he believed it conflicted with the traditional maternal duties and responsibility of women in the family.[10] This led to a conflict between her parents and resulted in Kapoor's mother leaving the house with her daughters.[18] After her parents' separation, she was raised in Lokhandwala by her mother, who worked several jobs to support her daughters until Karisma debuted as an actress in 1991.[19] In an interview with Vir Sanghvi, Kapoor said that growing up in a household filled with women helped her become strong and independent.[17] Following her parents' reconciliation in October 2007,[18] Kapoor explained that they "were never officially divorced ... [but] ... liv[ed] separately."[19] Asked about the relationship she shared with her father, Kapoor remarked, "My father is ... an important factor in my life. [Al]though we did not see him often in our initial years, we are a family now."[19]
Kapoor attended Jamnabai Narsee School in Mumbai before progressing to Welham Girls Boarding School in Dehradun.[16] She later recalled, "I learnt so much from being at Welham", and described her experience there as "one of the finest parts of my life".[17] According to Kapoor, she was a good student and received first-class honours in all subjects except mathematics.[17] Upon graduating from the boarding school, she studied commerce for two years at Mithibai College in Vile Parle, Mumbai, but later confessed that she only studied there because she was close to her family.[16] Kapoor then registered for a three-month summer course in microcomputers at Harvard University in the United States.[16] She later developed an interest in law and enrolled at the Government Law College in Churchgate; during this period she became immersed in law books and developed a long-lasting passion for reading.[16] However, after completing one year at Churchgate, Kapoor realized that she was not inclined towards academics and returned to her initial plan to become an actress.[17][20] She began training at an acting institute in Andheri, mentored by Kishore Namit Kapoor, a member of the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII).[21]
Acting career[link]
2000–03: Debut and breakthrough[link]
Kapoor was initially scheduled to make her debut in Rakesh Roshan's Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), opposite the director's son Hrithik Roshan.[16] Several days into the filming, however, she abandoned the project and later explained that, "it was probably destined that I was not to be in the film. After all, it was a launch for his son. The whole focus was on the boy. Now I am glad I did not do the movie."[16]
She made her debut later that year in J.P. Dutta's war drama Refugee, alongside Abhishek Bachchan. Set during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, the film centers on a man known simply as "Refugee", who illegally transports civilians back and forth across the Indo-Pakistani border. Kapoor portrayed Naaz, a Bangladeshi girl who falls in love with Refugee while illegally migrating to Pakistan with her family. Her performance was acclaimed by critics; Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote that Kapoor "has a magnetic personality, which will make the viewer fall in love with her instantly. What surprises you is the ease with which she emotes the most difficult of scenes [...] There is no denying the fact that she is a natural performer who is very camera friendly."[22] On the experience of making her first film, she described it as "...tough ... [but] also a great learning experience."[16] Refugee became the fifth highest-grossing film in India in 2000,[23] and Kapoor's performance earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.[11]
In 2001, Kapoor appeared opposite Tusshar Kapoor in the romantic drama Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai, which became one of the highest earners of the year.[24] A review in The Hindu, in regards to her performance, noted that she was "definitely the actress to watch out for, if her debut with Abhishek in Refugee and now Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai are any indication [...] Kareena shines throughout the flick, with the grace of a seasoned sizzler already."[25] She next starred in Subhash Ghai's family drama Yaadein alongside Jackie Shroff and Hrithik Roshan. The drama centers on the character of Raj Singh Puri, a middle-class man, and his daughters' marriages. Kapoor played the part of the youngest daughter and Roshan's love interest, Isha Singh Puri. The film was met with negative reactions from reviewers and garnered poor box office returns.[24] Kapoor then appeared in the Abbas-Mustan thriller Ajnabee. The feature was adapted from the 1992 American thriller film Consenting Adults,[26] and was a moderate box office success in India.[24]
Later in the year, she played the female lead in Santosh Sivan's period epic Asoka, a partly fictionalized account of the life of Ashoka the Great. It was widely screened across the United Kingdom and North America, and was also selected for screening at the Venice Film Festival and the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival.[27] Featured opposite Shahrukh Khan who played Ashoka, Kapoor portrayed the character of Kaurwaki—a princess of Kalinga with whom Ashoka falls in love—and received her first Filmfare Best Actress nomination.[11] While the film received generally positive reviews, Kapoor's performance received a mixed reaction from critics. Rediff.com concluded that "while a large portion of the first half is focused on the emerging romance between the runaway prince and herself and to their credit they do manage to whip up some on-screen chemistry, I am still unsure as to her acting abilities."[28] Meanwhile, David Rooney from Variety wrote, "Kapoor plays ornately tattooed Kaurwaki as a lively mix of flirtatious coquette and feisty warrior woman, kind of like J.Lo meets Michelle Yeoh."[29]
Her final release of 2001 was Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..., a melodrama, in which she featured as part of an ensemble cast that included Amitabh Bachchan, Jaya Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Kajol and Hrithik Roshan. Directed by Karan Johar, the film was a major financial success and became India's second highest-grossing film of the year, as well as Kapoor's highest-grossing film up until then. It also performed well internationally and became one of the biggest Bollywood success of all time in the overseas market, earning over 
1,000 million (US$19.95 million) worldwide.[30] Kapoor's performance as "Poo", a good-natured but superficial girl, was described as "one of the main ... highlights of the film",[31] and her portrayal earned her a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress nomination.[11]
During 2002 and 2003, Kapoor experienced a setback in her career. She was in six films—Mujhse Dosti Karoge!, Jeena Sirf Merre Liye, Talaash: The Hunt Begins..., Khushi, Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon, and the four-hour war epic LOC Kargil—all of which proved critically and commercially unsuccessful in India.[32][33] Kapoor's performances were often identified by critics as unoriginal and repetitive, with little inspiration.[1] They expressed concern that she was becoming typecast, but these negative reviews were fundamental in motivating her to improve her integrity as an actress in subsequent years by accepting more demanding roles.[6][34]
2004–06: Critical acclaim[link]
Following the negative period in Kapoor's career, 2004 marked the beginning of her work in more serious films, most of which would bring her critical acclaim rather than commercial success.[6] Under the direction of Sudhir Mishra, Kapoor portrayed the role of a prostitute in Chameli. The film relates the story of a young prostitute who meets with a widowed investment banker (played by Rahul Bose), and follows the development of their relationship as they share their devastating life experiences. When Kapoor was initially offered the film, she refused it, stating that she wouldn't be comfortable playing the role.[34] However, when the director again approached her a year later, she agreed to do the film and viewed it as an opportunity to show the range of her acting skills.[34] To prepare for the role, she visited several of Mumbai's red-light areas at night to study the dress and mannerisms of sex workers.[34] Upon release, the film and Kapoor's performance opened to predominantly positive reviews by critics, with the Indiatimes praising her "intuitive brilliance" and stating that she had exceeded all expectations.[35] Another reviewer, however expressed concern that they found her portrayal unconvincing and excessively stereotypical, describing her as "sounding more like a teenager playacting than a brash, hardened streetwalker", and likening her mannerisms to that of a caricature.[36] Nonetheless, Kapoor's portrayal of Chameli garnered her the Filmfare Special Performance Award[11] and the film marked a significant turning point in her career as an actress.[6]
She next co-starred in Mani Ratnam's bilingual project Yuva alongside Ajay Devgn, Abhishek Bachchan, Vivek Oberoi, Rani Mukerji and Esha Deol. The film, consisting of three chapters, tells the story of six individuals linked by a car accident. Kapoor is featured in the third chapter as Oberoi's love interest, Mira, a young witty woman. In a review published by The Times of India, film critic Subhash K Jha described her role as "fey and insubstantial", but further stated that "she turns these character traits to her own advantage to create a girl who is at once enigmatic and all-there, a bit like the film itself which is both mysterious and voluptuous".[37] She then appeared alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Fardeen Khan in Govind Nihalani's critically acclaimed film Dev, which revolved around the 2002 Hindu-Muslim riots in the Indian state of Gujarat.[38] Kapoor's role was that of a Muslim victim named Aaliya, modelled after Zaheera Sheikh, a key witness in Vadodara's Best Bakery case.[38] It earned her a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress, as well as nominations for Best Actress at various award ceremonies.[11] Taran Adarsh commented, "Kareena Kapoor is first-rate. Sporting a deglamorized look, the actress takes a giant leap with this film. Her scene with Amitabh Bachchan (when the latter asks for witnesses to come forward) is an example of superb acting."[39]
Shortly afterwards, she was cast for the first time as a villain in the thriller Fida. The film follows the story of an on-line robbery and the Mumbai underworld with which her character Neha Mehra becomes involved. During the filming of Fida, Kapoor entered into a relationship with actor Shahid Kapoor, whom she later described as having "a major positive influence in my life."[40] Although the film did not succeed at the box office,[41] Kapoor garnered positive reviews for her performance, with some critics noting a distinct progression from her earlier roles.[42] Her subsequent releases that year included Abbas-Mustan's thriller Aitraaz and Priyadarshan's comedy Hulchul, both of which did well at the Indian box office.[41] Following the success of her last two releases, she was cast as the protagonist in the 2005 drama Bewafaa. The feature received mostly negative reviews and Kapoor's portrayal of Anjali Sahai, an unfaithful woman, was not well-received. Nikhat Kazmi of Indiatimes believed that in an effort to become a serious actress, Kapoor was embodying a maturer, more jaded character ahead of her years in Bewafaa which appeared peculiar for a young woman of her age.[43] She then starred in Priyadarshan's romantic drama Kyon Ki, a film that relates the love story of a mentally ill patient, played by Salman Khan, and his physician, played by Kapoor. The film was a box office failure,[44] though Kapoor's performance was generally enjoyed by critics, with the BBC reporting that she is "[...] a pure natural when it comes to acting."[45]
"Kareena is an apt Desdemona to Ajay Devgn's Othello. As young Dolly who elopes with a man she is madly in love with and ultimately becomes a victim of his violent jealousy, Kareena is brilliant. Her vulnerability is palpable, her expression of love endearing [...] Kareena internalises her character with stupefying intelligence and throws up a performance that leaves you overwhelmed. And she makes it look so effortless."
In 2006, Kapoor appeared in three films. She first starred in the thriller 36 China Town followed by the comedy Chup Chup Ke; both films performed reasonably well.[47] She next portrayed the Shakespearean character of Desdemona in Omkara, the Hindi adaptation of William Shakespeare's Othello. Directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, the film is a tragedy of sexual jealousy set against the backdrop of the political system in Uttar Pradesh.[48] The film premiered at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and was also selected for screening at the Cairo International Film Festival.[48][49] Omkara was embraced by critics and Kapoor's portrayal earned her a fourth Filmfare Award and first Screen Award;[11] her performance was later included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by Filmfare.[46] Kapoor herself considers her role in Omkara as a "new benchmark" in her career and has made comparisons between her portrayal of Dolly and her own evolving maturity as a woman.[50]
Following Omkara, she stopped acting for a short time, as she felt that "nothing [was] challenging enough for me to say yes".[50] In an interview with The Times of India, Kapoor commented, "In my initial years in the industry, I pushed myself to do a lot of work because I was greedy. I did some films – which I now regret – purely for the money. Today, I want to do selective films"; she later described this period as a way of "finally getting to do the things I have always wanted to do."[51]
[edit] 2007–present: Jab We Met and other works
Kapoor returned to film as the female protagonist Geet Dhillon, a vivacious Sikh girl with a strong zest for life, in the Imtiaz Ali directed romantic comedy Jab We Met (2007). Featured opposite Shahid Kapoor, the film relates the story of two people with contrasting personalities who meet on a train and eventually fall in love. The film was received favourably by critics and became one of the year's most successful films, with a domestic box office of 303 million (US$6.04 million).[52] Kapoor won several awards for her performance, including her second Screen Award as well as the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.[11] Rajeev Masand from CNN-IBN noted, "Uninhibited and spontaneous, Kareena Kapoor is the soul of this picture, its biggest strength, as she brings alive her character with not just those smart lines, but with the kind of candor actors seldom invest in their work."[53] While shooting for Jab We Met, Kapoor and Shahid ended their three-year relationship.[54] Asked in Mumbai Mirror about their well-publicized break-up, she stated that "I hold him in utmost regard, and I hope one day we could be good friends. He is a great guy."[19] During this period, speculation began to surface that she was dating actor Saif Ali Khan, her co-star in the film Tashan; Khan later confirmed their relationship to the media during Manish Malhotra's grand finale show at the 2007 Lakme Fashion Week.[54]
The following year, she co-starred alongside Akshay Kumar, Saif Ali Khan and Anil Kapoor in Vijay Krishna Acharya's action-thriller Tashan. Though a poll conducted by Bollywood Hungama named it as the most anticipated release of the year,[55] the film eventually became a commercial and critical failure.[7] She next provided her voice for the character of Laila, the love interest of a street dog named Romeo, in the Yash Raj Films and Walt Disney Pictures animated film Roadside Romeo. It was the second Bollywood film to receive a North American release by a Hollywood studio.[56] In preparation for the role, Kapoor viewed several Hollywood animated films to analyse how actors delivered their dialogues.[57] Kapoor then appeared in Rohit Shetty's comedy Golmaal Returns, the sequel to the 2006 film Golmaal: Fun Unlimited. A part of an ensemble cast that included Ajay Devgn, Arshad Warsi and Tusshar Kapoor, Kapoor played a distrustful wife who believed her husband to be unfaithful. The film received an ambivalent reception from critics and Kapoor herself received mixed reviews. The Indian Express believed the screenplay was unoriginal, concluding, "There is nothing particularly new about a suspicious wife keeping tabs on her husband, and there is nothing particularly new in the way Kareena plays it."[58] Golmaal Returns was nonetheless a major financial success, with revenues of 793 million (US$15.82 million) internationally.[30]
In 2009, Kapoor was cast as Simrita Rai opposite Akshay Kumar in Sabbir Khan's battle of the sexes comedy Kambakkht Ishq. Set in Los Angeles, California, it became the first Indian film in history to be shot within Universal Studios Hollywood, California, and featured several cameo appearances from Hollywood actors.[59] The film earned over 840 million (US$16.76 million) worldwide, but was a critical failure.[30] The Times of India described her performance as "a complete let-down" and further stated that "despite her haute-coutured look, micro minis [and] pencil heels, she comes across as a completely unconvincing supermodel cum surgeon."[60] She next played the leading female role in the dramatic thriller Kurbaan, alongside Saif Ali Khan and Vivek Oberoi. The film, which marked the directorial debut of Rensil D'Silva, featured Kapoor in the role of Avantika Ahuja, a woman who is confined to house arrest after finding out that her husband is a terrorist. She described the film as "an emotionally draining experience", which did not let her disconnect from her character during shooting.[61] Upon release, the film was critically embraced and Kapoor received her fourth Filmfare Best Actress nomination.[11] According to Subhash K Jha, "Kurbaan belongs to Kareena Kapoor. In her most consistently-pitched performance to date she pulls out all stops to play a betrayed wife with splendid sensitivity. Kareena accommodates her radiant beauty into an utterly credible character and performance. At her best, Kareena is incomparable. She proves it in Kurbaan."[62]
Her final release of the year was Rajkumar Hirani's drama 3 Idiots, a film loosely based on the novel Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat.[63] Co-starring alongside Aamir Khan, R. Madhavan and Sharman Joshi, Kapoor starred as Pia, an independent-minded medical student and Khan's love interest. On acting alongside Khan, Kapoor revealed that it was "a dream come true" and further stated that her journey as an actress was "finally complete".[64] The feature received much critical devotion and emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time, grossing 2,026 million (US$40.42 million) at the Indian box office.[9] It also did well internationally and earned over 1,080 million (US$21.55 million), the biggest Bollywood success of all time in the overseas market.[5][65] The Deccan Herald opined that Kapoor "brings a dollop of sunshine and feminine grace to an otherwise masculine tale. She is so spunky and spontaneous you wish there was room for more of her."[66] During the 55th Filmfare Awards, Kapoor received another Best Actress nomination for her role.[11]
In 2010, she appeared in the romantic comedy Milenge Milenge, a production that had been delayed since 2005.[67] The feature garnered negative reviews and poor box office returns. Kapoor's role was small and was not well-received.[67] She next took the supporting role of the career-oriented Shreya Arora in We Are Family, the Hindi adaptation of the 1998 Hollywood release Stepmom. Prior to working on the project, Kapoor explained that she did not want to watch the original film in an attempt to "interpret the role...in my own style". Reaction to the film was mostly lukewarm, but Kapoor's performance drew positive reviews and ultimately won her the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress;[11] Priyanka Roy of The Telegraph wrote: Kapoor "breathes life and a new-found maturity into what is largely a uni-dimensional character lacking depth."[68] At the end of the year, she reunited with director Rohit Shetty for his sequel to the 2008 release Golmaal Returns. Like its predecessor, the project was met with mixed reactions from reviewers, though became the most successful entry in the Golmaal film series, earning more than 1,000 million (US$19.95 million) domestically.[69] For her portrayal of the tomboy Daboo, Kapoor went on to receive several Best Actress nominations at a number of award ceremonies, including Filmfare.[11]
Kapoor received further success in 2011 by starring as the love interest of Salman Khan in the romantic drama Bodyguard, a remake of the 2010 Malayalam film of the same name. The project opened to mixed reviews upon release, though became the most popular film of the year, with a domestic total of 1,410 million (US$28.13 million). In a review published by Mint, film critic Sanjukta Sharma dismissed Kapoor's role as the "sacrificial, ornamental [and] submissive female" whilst MiD DAY referred to her as "bright", arguing that she "actually manages to bring her caricature of a role alive."[70][71] She next appeared in Anubhav Sinha's science fiction film Ra.One, alongside Shahrukh Khan. The film, which follows the story of a London-based videogame designer who creates the strongest villain—only to later realize that it has escaped from the game, saw the use of several new visual effects never seen before in the cinematic history of Bollywood, and became the most expensive Hindi film ever produced.[72] With revenues of over 2,000 million (US$39.9 million) worldwide, Ra.One went on to become one of the highest earners of the year and Kapoor's fourth major success in three consecutive years.[73]
She followed it by playing the female lead in Shakun Batra's directorial debut Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu (2012), alongside Imran Khan. Produced by Dharma Productions, the romantic comedy is set in Las Vegas and tells the story of two strangers who accidentally get married one night after getting drunk. Kapoor essayed the role of the quick-witted hairstylist Riana Braganza. In an interview with The Times of India, Kapoor explained that she was drawn to the relatable qualities of her character: "Riana knows what she is doing. Even though she does not have a house or a job, she is a positive person... very similar to the way I am."[74] Upon release, the film was greeted with positive reviews and was an economic success, earning over 550 million (US$10.97 million) internationally. The Hollywood Reporter found her "endearingly natural" while Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com asserted that "after doing ornamental roles in films like Bodyguard and Ra.One, it is nice to see the spunky actress in her element again since Jab We Met. Though vivacious, her Riana isn't a child-woman like Geet but a free-spirited, unflappable adult armed with plucky impulses and scrumptious smile that helps Rahul come-of-age and Ek Main Au Ekk Tu worth a helping."[75][76]
Following the completion of Sriram Raghavan's Agent Vinod, Kapoor began working on Madhur Bhandarkar's drama Heroine in November 2011.[77] Originally the first choice for her role, she was initially not able to take on the project due to a scheduling conflict with Bodyguard and Ra.One, and was later replaced by Aishwarya Rai.[77] Several days after production began, Rai left the film due to her pregnancy, enabling Kapoor to rejoin the film.
Off-screen work[link]
Stage performances[link]
Kapoor has been part of several stage shows and world tours since 2002. Her first world tour, the Heartthrobs: Live in Concert, was successfully performed across the United States and Canada alongside Hrithik Roshan, Karisma Kapoor, Arjun Rampal, and Aftab Shivdasani.[78] At the end of the year, she performed alongside several Bollywood stars at the Kings Park Stadium in Durban, South Africa, for the show Now or Never.[79] Four years later, Kapoor took part in the Rockstars Concert world tour, along with Salman Khan, Zayed Khan, John Abraham, Shahid Kapoor, Esha Deol and Mallika Sherawat. The concert was showcased in 19 cities across the United Kingdom, United States and Canada, and went on to become a success.[80] In 2008, Kapoor participated in Shahrukh Khan's Temptation Reloaded 2008, a series of concerts showcased across several different countries. The show, which also featured Arjun Rampal, Katrina Kaif, Ganesh Hegde, Javed Ali and Anusha Dandekar, took place at the Ahoy Rotterdam venue in Rotterdam, Netherlands.[81] Several months later, she again joined Khan, Rampal and Kaif to perform for 15,000 spectators at Dubai's Festival City Arena.[82]
Humanitarian work[link]
During her years in the film industry, Kapoor has been involved with various humanitarian causes. In November 2003, Kapoor performed at the Marco Ricci Each One Reach One Benefit Concert, a fundraiser for the World Youth Peace Summit,[83] while in 2005, along with other Bollywood stars, she took part in the HELP! Telethon Concert, to help raise money for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.[84] Later that year, she visited the desert heartland of Rajasthan to boost the morale of the jawan troops for a special Holi weekend episode on the NDTV show, Jai Jawan. The show consists of entertainers and stars visiting Indian troops in isolated regions along with the NDTV team.[85] During her 2010 appearance at the NDTV Greenathon, Kapoor adopted the village of Chanderi in Madhya Pradesh to provide them with electricity.[86] While there, she also raised awareness on creating a greener future for the environment.[86] Several months later, Kapoor was roped in by UNESCO and FIFA for their international campaign, 1GOAL Education for All.[87] The project consisted of a group of individuals raising public awareness and involvement in achieving education for children. Upon joining the project, she said: "Education is a way to emancipation. It is not just freedom from poverty but also from hopelessness. Countries in Southeast Asia have a high level of poverty [...] and we should do something to help erase this. I would like to contribute in some way or other to help spread this awareness."[88] In March 2011, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of International Women's Day, Kapoor was appointed as the brand ambassador of the Shakti campaign, a project launched by the television company, NDTV, to help fight violence against women.[89]
Clothing line[link]
In August 2007, Kapoor replaced actress Soha Ali Khan, when she was hired as the brand ambassador for the clothing chain Globus on a two-year contract.[90] Vinay Nadkarni, CEO of Globus Stores Pvt Ltd, explained that in an attempt to move away from being a multi-branded retail chain to adopting a single brand strategy for its stores, the clothing chain decided to appoint a different brand ambassador for its new business ventures.[91] On being appointed by Globus, Kapoor commented, "I am delighted to be the face of Globus [...] I look forward to spreading this new language of fashion across the nation".[90] Since her start, it was reported that the brand had experienced a 75 percent increase in sales.[92]
Several months later, Kapoor announced that she would be launching her own line of clothing, thus becoming the first Indian actress to do so.[93] She said, "I will be launching my exclusive line of clothes soon and I am quite sure people will like it. My clothing line is very reflective of my personal sense of style and will have my label on it. Just like I am pretty casual about my dressing, my line will also consist of an extremely wearable yet stylish collection. I am taking out this line in association with Globus, a brand that I am also the ambassadress for".[93] Kapoor further stated that she would also be involved in the planning and designing process of the clothing as well.[93] Her clothing line debuted several months later in stores across India and was well-received by the public.[94] Following the end of her contract with Globus, Kapoor expressed her desire of working with an international design house to release her clothing line internationally;[95] she later explained that her plans had to be put on hold due to prior commitments.[96]
In the media[link]
Hailing from a family deeply involved in the Bollywood film industry, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a very young age.[16] As a child, Kapoor regularly attended award ceremonies and events with her mother Babita and sister Karisma Kapoor, and would also accompany her sister on set during filming.[2] In an interview with Filmfare, she said that growing up in a film family helped her develop a sense of professionalism towards her work and remain grounded as a human being.[97] Kapoor's off-screen life has been subject to wide media coverage in India with frequent press coverage of her weight and diet.[7] She also created headlines with her much publicized breakup with Shahid Kapoor and her subsequent relationship with actor Saif Ali Khan.[54] Often referred to as India's "Brangelina" ("Saifeena") by the press,[98] her relationship with Khan has become one of the most reported celebrity stories in India since 2007.[7][12] In recent years, in response to media speculation, Kapoor has developed a nonchalant relationship with the media and has gained a reputation for discussing her professional or private life with the press with no reservations.[4][7]
As one of her most distinctive physical features, Kapoor's lips have been cited by the Indian media as her trademark.[99] Her off-screen image has been open to much debate and criticism. While a section of the press has described her as friendly and extremely close to her family,[2] others have described her as arrogant and vain, an image she gained after the portrayal of her snobbish character "Poo" in Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001).[6] She subsequently went on to play similar characters in her films from 2002–03, which further established her off-screen as well as her on-screen image as an actress.[1] Prior to the release of Chameli (2004), in which she played the role of a sex worker, Kapoor stated that, "there is a certain image that people identify you with. It always follows you whichever role you play. I am trying to transgress this image and become more screen-friendly than image-friendly."[100] Following the release of Chameli, which helped her gain a new on-screen image,[6] Kapoor was asked about her off-screen image. During an interview, she explained that as a child she was always taught to be self-confident, a trait she says was often misunderstood by the media for her arrogance.[101]
In 2004, Kapoor appeared third on Rediff's list of "Top Bollywood Female Stars".[102] She was later ranked seventh and fifth in 2005–2006 respectively, and came back to the third position in 2007.[103][104][105] She has been featured frequently on other Rediff lists, including "Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actresses",[99] "Bollywood's Best Dressed Women"[106] and "Women of Many Faces".[107] Today, Kapoor is considered as one of the most popular Bollywood celebrities in India.[108][109] Her look and performances have established her as a style icon for young girls and women.[10][110] In a 2009 poll conducted by the newspaper Daily News and Analysis, she was voted as one of India's most popular icons.[111] According to the UK magazine Eastern Eye, Kapoor was ranked fourth in the list of "Asia's Sexiest Women" in 2009;[112] she had been previously ranked eighth in 2007 and third in 2008.[113][114] She became the only actress to be featured on CNNGo's list of "Who Mattered Most in India"[115] and was described as "India's Most Beautiful Woman" by People in 2010.[116] In July 2010, Kapoor was placed eighth in Filmfare Magazine's annual power list, an achievement she repeated from the previous year, where she was ranked at number ten.[117]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Refugee | Nazneen "Naaz" Ahmed | Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut |
| 2001 | Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai | Pooja Saxena | |
| 2001 | Yaadein | Isha Singh Puri | |
| 2001 | Ajnabee | Priya Malhotra | |
| 2001 | Asoka | Kaurwaki | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2001 | Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... | Pooja "Poo" Sharma | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 2002 | Mujhse Dosti Karoge! | Tina Kapoor | |
| 2002 | Jeena Sirf Merre Liye | Pooja / Pinky | |
| 2003 | Talaash: The Hunt Begins... | Tina | |
| 2003 | Khushi | Khushi Singh (Lali) | |
| 2003 | Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon | Sanjana | |
| 2003 | LOC Kargil | Simran | |
| 2004 | Chameli | Chameli | Filmfare Award for Special Performance |
| 2004 | Yuva | Mira | |
| 2004 | Dev | Aaliya | Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress |
| 2004 | Fida | Neha Mehra | |
| 2004 | Aitraaz | Priya Saxena / Malhotra | |
| 2004 | Hulchul | Anjali | |
| 2005 | Bewafaa | Anjali Sahai | |
| 2005 | Kyon Ki | Dr. Tanvi Khurana | |
| 2005 | Dosti: Friends Forever | Anjali | |
| 2006 | 36 China Town | Priya | |
| 2006 | Chup Chup Ke | Shruti | |
| 2006 | Omkara | Dolly Mishra | Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2006 | Don | Kamini | Cameo |
| 2007 | Kya Love Story Hai | Herself | Special appearance in song "It's Rocking" |
| 2007 | Jab We Met | Geet Dhillon | Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2008 | Halla Bol | Herself | Special appearance |
| 2008 | Tashan | Pooja Singh | |
| 2008 | Roadside Romeo | Laila | Voice |
| 2008 | Golmaal Returns | Ekta | |
| 2009 | Luck by Chance | Herself | Special appearance |
| 2009 | Billu | Herself | Special appearance in song "Marjaani" |
| 2009 | Kambakkht Ishq | Simrita Rai | |
| 2009 | Main Aurr Mrs Khanna | Raina Khanna | |
| 2009 | Kurbaan | Avantika Ahuja / Khan | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2009 | 3 Idiots | Pia Sahastrabudhhe | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2010 | Milenge Milenge | Priya Malhotra | |
| 2010 | We Are Family | Shreya Arora | Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 2010 | Golmaal 3 | Daboo | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |
| 2011 | Bodyguard | Divya | |
| 2011 | Ra.One | Sonia Subramaniam | |
| 2012 | Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu | Riana Braganza | |
| 2012 | Agent Vinod | Iram Parveen Bilal / Dr. Ruby Mendes |
|
| 2012 | Rowdy Rathore | Special appearance in song "Chinta Ta" | |
| 2012 | Heroine | Mahi Arora | Filming (Releasing on September 14, 2012) |
| 2012 | Talaash | Post-production (Releasing on November 30, 2012) |
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d "Star of The Week-Kareena Kapoor". Rediff.com. 2002-10-30. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/30sotw.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
- ^ a b c d Verma, Sukanya (2002-10-30). "'She is just a little girl trying to find her way'". Rediff.com. http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/30indu.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ a b Indiatimes Movies (2008-03-18). "Kareena becomes highest paid actress". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2878143,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ a b Sen, Raja (2010-06-15). "Ten years of Kareena, the highlights". Rediff.com. http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/15/slide-show-1-looking-at-kareenas-10-best-films.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ a b "Top Lifetime Grossers OVERSEAS (US $)". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tuteja, Joginder (2010-09-04). "Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor - Part II". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1375. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- ^ a b c d e f Sen, Manjula (2008-11-09). "Heyy, Bebo". The Telegraph (Ananda Publishers). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081109/jsp/7days/story_10084489.jsp. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ a b "Shooting stars of B-town". Daily News and Analysis (Diligent Media Corporation). 2008-07-30. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow_shooting-stars-of-b-town_1180703-2. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ a b "All Time Grossers". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=303&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ^ a b c Chatterjee, Gulzar & Nihalani 2003, p. 483
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Kareena Kapoor: Awards & Nominations". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 2010-08-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20100806140053/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8746/index.html. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
- ^ a b Shah, Gouri (2009-02-05). "‘Saifeena’: the Rs6 crore brand". Live Mint (HT Media Ltd and Dow Jones & Company). http://www.livemint.com/2009/02/05230309/8216Saifeena8217-the-Rs.html. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ IndiaFM News Bureau (2004-12-29). "What's a book got to do with Kareena?". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20090629172741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2004/12/29/486/index.html. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
- ^ Dhawan, M. L. (2006-01-08). "Punjabi colours of Bollywood". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060108/spectrum/main4.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ "Kareena-Rajkumar Hirani Hum Sindhi hain". Hindustan Times (HT Media Ltd). 2010-10-16. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kareena-Rajkumar-Hirani-Hum-Sindhi-hain/Article1-555695.aspx. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Verma, Sukanya (2000-05-18). "'I do not intend doing the David Dhawan kind of films'". Rediff.com. http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/18kar.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
- ^ a b c d e Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) (2008-09-10). People take advantage of me: Kareena. Mumbai, India: Metacafe. http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1726552/people_take_advantage_of_me_kareena/. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ a b Lalwani, Vickey (2007-10-10). "Randhir-Babita back together!". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-10/news-interviews/27982487_1_babita-karisma-tum. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
- ^ a b c d Thakraney, Anil (2007-12-16). "Bebo, Full-On". Mumbai Mirror. http://mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article§name=VIEWS%20-%20Anil%20Thakraney§id=53&contentid=2007121620071216041538781146a0864. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
- ^ Kelkar, Reshma (2006-05-26). "Socha tha kya, kya ho gaya?". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 2010-10-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20101003204436/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/05/26/1236/index.html. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ^ Bhakoo, Shivani (2006-08-11). "Trainer of Saif, Hrithik in city". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060811/ldh2.htm#7. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (2000-06-30). "Movie Review: Refugee". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/540318. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
- ^ "Box Office 2000". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ a b c "Box Office 2001". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ==. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ Kamath, Sudhish (2001-05-30). "Stars and Starlets on the block". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/30/stories/09300221.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (2001-09-20). "Movie Review: Ajnabee". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201660. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ Chhabra, Aseem (2001-10-24). "Hype 'n' Hoopla". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ Bora, Anita (2001-10-26). "Asoka". Rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/26asoka.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
- ^ Rooney, David (2001-09-23). "Asoka Review (India)". Variety (Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117798945?refcatid=31. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ a b c "Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (2001-12-11). "Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201895. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ "Box Office 2002". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg==. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ "Box Office 2003". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw==. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ a b c d Kalla, Avinash (2004-01-18). "Charming Chameli(on)". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040118/spectrum/main5.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ^ Jha, Subhash K (2004-01-12). "Chameli: Movie Review". Indiatimes. Archived from the original on 2009-01-10. http://replay.web.archive.org/20090110220130/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/417769.cms. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
- ^ Someshwar, Savera (2004-01-09). "Kareena walks the walk". Rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/09chameli.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
- ^ Jha, Subhash K (2004-05-21). "Yuva: A work of popular art". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2004-10-11. http://replay.web.archive.org/20041011235329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/690545.cms. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ a b Gupta, Parul (2004-06-11). "Dev: Gujarat in Bollywood, finally". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-11/movie-reviews/27166074_1_om-puri-farhaan-policemen. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (2004-06-11). "Movie Review: Dev". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201702. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ^ IndiaFM News Bureau (2007-03-01). ""Lolo's chin was always up when she met me" – Shahid". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20090629172757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/03/01/2319/index.html. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2004". BoxOffice India.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA==. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ Bharatan-Iyer, Shilpa (2004-08-10). "Fida is paisa vasool!". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/20fidar.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
- ^ Kazmi, Nikhat (2005-03-03). "Bewafaa: Movie Review". Indiatimes. Archived from the original on 2005-05-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20050507061349/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1039149,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ^ "Box Office 2005". BoxOffice India.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ==. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ^ Gajjar, Manish (2005-11-03). "Kyon Ki". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2005/11/kyon_ki_review.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
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- ^ "SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts!". Rediff.com. 2008-06-27. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ Spicezee Bureau (2008-10-25). "Blast in Dubai: SRK arrives with ‘Temptation Reloaded’". Zee News. Essel Group. http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ "Kareena ka jadoo chal gaya". The Times of India. 2003-11-08. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-08/news-interviews/27208944_1_bollywood-actress-kareena-kapoor-benefit-concert-photo-gallery. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ "Bollywood unites to present caring face". The Telegraph (Ananda Publishers). 2005-02-08. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
- ^ Kuckian, Uday (2005-03-17). "Kareena's Holi with jawans!". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/17kar1.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ^ a b Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) (2010-03-06). Greenathon: Kareena Kapoor adopts Chanderi village. Mumbai, India: Prannoy Roy Publications. http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/greenathon-kareena-kapoor-adopts-chanderi-village/131380. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
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- ^ a b Businessofcinema.com Team (2007-08-28). "Kareena Kapoor to endorse Globus chain". Businessofcinema.com. JTD Entertainment Media Pvt Ltd. http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=4947&page=1. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ Chatterjee, Purvita (2007-08-28). "Globus launching small stores to build private label biz". Business Line. http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/08/28/stories/2007082851760500.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ Ojha, Abhilasha (2008-05-19). "The business of being Kareena". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/19kareena.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
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References[link]
- Chatterjee, Saibal; Deenvi, Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7991-066-0
Further reading[link]
- Sen, Manjula (2008-11-09). "Heyy, Bebo". The Telegraph (Ananda Publishers). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081109/jsp/7days/story_10084489.jsp. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- Tankha, Madhur (2002-12-02). "Born to stardom... Kareening towards the skies...". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/02/stories/2002120200700100.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- Tuteja, Joginder (2010-08-31). "Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor — Part I". http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1368. , "Part II". http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1375. , "Part III". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1384. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- Verma, Sukanya (2000-05-18). "'I do not intend doing the David Dhawan kind of films'". Rediff.com. http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/18kar.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kareena Kapoor |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kapoor, Kareena |
| Alternative names | Bebo |
| Short description | Film actress |
| Date of birth | 21 September 1980 |
| Place of birth | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
