Narai the Great สมเด็จพระนารายณ์มหาราช
King of Ayutthaya
Statue of King Narai
King of Siam
Reign	26 August 1656 – 11 July 1688
Predecessor	Suthammaracha (Sanpet IV)
Successor	Phetracha
Issue
Princess Sudavadi, the Princess Yothathep
House	Prasat Thong Dynasty
Father	King Prasat Thong
Mother	Princess Siri Galyani
Born	1629
Died	11 July 1688(1688-07-11) (aged c. 58–59)

Somdet Phra Narai (Thai: สมเด็จพระนารายณ์มหาราช; 1633 – 11 July 1688) or Somdet Phra Ramathibodi III (Thai: สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ 3) was the king of Ayutthaya from 1656 to 1688 and arguably the most famous Ayutthayan king. His reign was the most prosperous during the Ayutthaya period and saw the great commercial and diplomatic activities with foreign nations including the Persians and the West. During the later years of his reign, Narai gave his favorite – the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon – so much power that Phaulkon technically became the chancellor of the state. Through the arrangements of Phaulkon, the Siamese kingdom came into close diplomatic relations with the court of Louis XIV and French soldiers and missionaries filled the Siamese aristocracy and defense. The dominance of French officials led to frictions between them and the native mandarins and led to the turbulent revolution of 1688 towards the end of his reign. Narai’s reign was also known for the Siam–England war (1687) and the invasion of Burmese Lanna in 1662.

Nevertheless, the presence of numerous foreigners from the French Jesuits to the Persian delegates has left historians with rich sources of material on the city of Ayutthaya and its courtly life in the seventeenth century that otherwise would not have survived the complete destruction of the capital in 1767.

Succession[link]

Prince Narai was born in 1633 to King Prasat Thong and his Queen Sirikalayani, who was a daughter of Songtham. Prasat Thong had just usurped the throne from the ruling Sukhothai dynasty in 1629 and founded a dynasty of his own. Narai had an elder half-brother, Prince Chai, and an uncle Prince Sri Sudharmmaraja. Upon Prasat Thong’s death in 1656, Prince Chai succeeded his father as King Sanpet VI.

However, it was a Thai tradition gave brothers a higher priority over sons in succession. Prince Sudharmmaraja plotted with his nephew, Prince Narai, to bring Sanpet VI down. After nine months of ascension, Sanpet VI was executed following a coup. Narai and his uncle marched^[1] into the palace, and Sri Sudharmmaraja crowned himself king. Sri Sudharmmaraja appointed Narai as the Uparaja, or the Front Palace. However, Narai was also an ambitious prince and had requested Dutch support against his uncle. Sri Sudharmmaraja’s rule was weak and he fell under the control of Chao Phraya Chakri, an ambitious mandarin who also wanted the throne.

In 1656, Narai and his uncle finally alienated each other. Sri Sudharmmaraja lusted after Narai’s sister, Princess Rajakalayani. He ordered his soldiers to surround her residence and entered the house. The princess hid in the book chest and thus was moved to the Front Palace, were she met her brother.

Enraged at his uncle's behavior, Narai decided to take action. He drew his support from the Persian and Japanese mercenaries that had been persecuted during his father's reign. He also had the support of his brothers and the Okya Sukhothai, a powerful nobleman. On the Day of Ashura, the Persians and Japanese stormed the palace. The prince engaged in single combat with his uncle, until the king fled to the Rear Palace. Sri Sudharmmaraja was captured and was executed at Wat Kok Phraya in October 1656.

Domestic Policy[link]

Memorial plate in Lopburi showing king Narai with French ambassadors.

Domestic policies in King Narai's reign were greatly affected by the interference of foreign powers most notably the Chinese to the north, the Dutch to the South, and the English who were making their first forays into India to the west. Policies revolved around either directly countering the influence, or creating a delicate balance of power between the different parties.

Fearing a possible weakening of influence in the northern vassal states following the successful Chinese invasion of Ava in 1660, King Narai mounted an expedition to bring Chiang Mai under the direct control of Ayutthya. Although the expedition was successful in taking control of Lampang and other smaller cities, a second expedition had to be conducted to bring Chiang Mai under control.

There was also trouble on the Tenasserim coast at the port of Mergui. In July 1687, an incident that came to be known as the Mergui massacre occurred that resulted in the massacre of some sixty Englishmen. The incident had origins in a deterioration of the relationship between Siam and the East India Company. Phaulkon had appointed two English acquaintances of his as governors of Mergui, and they used the port as a base for privateering expeditions against the Kingdom of Golconda, which had friendly relations with the East India Company. In April 1687 the East India Company demanded £65,000 compensation from Narai and blockaded Mergui. Fearing a trial on the charge of piracy, the two English governors of Mergui lavishly entertained the captains of the ship. However, the entertainment aroused the suspicion of the Siamese authorities, who took matters into their own hands and opened fire on the English ships and massacred all the Englishmen they could lay their hands on. Narai then declared war on the East India Company, and handed control of Mergui over to a French governor and a small French garrison.^[2] At the same time, he also granted a concession of the strategic port of Bangkok to France with the view of countering Dutch influence.^[3]

King Narai also constructed a new palace at present-day Lopburi ("Louvo" in the French accounts) utilising the expertise of Jesuit architects and engineers. European influences are clearly evident in the architectural style, especially the use of wide windows. The move to Lopburi was arguably prompted by the Dutch naval blockade of Ayutthaya in 1664 to enforce a fur monopoly.

Although Catholic missions had been present in Ayutthaya as early as 1567 under Portuguese Dominicans, King Narai's reign saw the first concerted attempt to convert the monarch to Catholicism under the auspices of French Jesuits who were given permission to settle in Ayutthaya in 1662. The conversion attempt ultimately failed and arguably backfired but Catholics were to remain in Siam up to the present day.

Most controversially, King Narai allowed the rise of Constantine Phaulkon, a Greek adventurer who arrived in Ayutthaya in 1675. Within a few years, Phaulkon had managed to ingratiate himself with the king and became Narai's closest councillor. Under Phaulkon's guidance, King Narai balanced the influence of the Dutch by favouring the French. Phaulkon also encouraged French interest by initially leading them to believe that the king was about to convert to Catholicism. Although King Narai did display a degree of interest in Catholicism, he also displayed an equal interest in Islam and there is no concrete evidence that he wished to convert to either.^[4] However, both Catholic and Islamic missions were to come to the conclusion that Phaulkon was responsible for their failures.^[5][6] Siamese courtiers also resented Phaulkon's influence and he quickly became the focus of xenophobic sentiments at court, with the future King Phetracha at their head.

Foreign Missions[link]

The most remarkable aspect of King Narai's reign were the diplomatic missions that he sent and received during his reign. Missions were sent as far afield as France, England, and the Vatican, although at least two missions were lost at sea. Ties with states closer to Ayutthaya were not neglected as missions were also sent to Persia, Golconda (India), China, as well as other neighbouring states.

Undoubtedly, the most celebrated of these missions were those to Europe, in particular France. In 1673, a French ecclesiastical mission arrived at the Siamese court with letters from Pope Clement IX and King Louis XIV of France. King Narai reciprocated by sending a mission to France in 1680 led by Phya Pipatkosa.^[7] Although the mission was lost at sea near Madagascar,^[8] the French responded positively by sending a commercial mission to Ayutthaya headed by Monsignor Pallu in 1682.

Kosa Pan presents King Narai's letter to Louis XIV at Versailles, 1 September 1686

Rising French influence[link]

The later half of Narai’s reign was the period of the growing French influence until the coup of 1688. This was achieved through a Greek adventurer with the Latinized name of Constantine Phaulkon who formerly worked for the English East India Company. Phaulkon was introduced into the court by Kosa Lek in 1681 as a witted interpreter and quickly gained the royal favor. In 1682 he served as the interpreter during the royal audience with François Pallu, who arrived with letters from Louis XIV. Phaulkon suggested his plan of the reconstruction of the fort of Mergui in polygonal European style, which was strongly opposed by Kosa Lek. Kosa Lek was found out receiving bribery from the peasants who did not want to be levied into the Mergui construction. He was beaten to death under royal orders.

Narai responded the French by the dispatch of Siamese mission to France in January 1684 led by Khun Pijaivanit and Khun Pijitmaitri accompanied by missionary Benigne Vachet. They reached Calais by November and eventually had the French royal audience. Louis XIV sent de Chaumont and de Choisy to lead the French mission in 1685 to return the Siamese embassadors and to convert Narai to Catholicism. The mission contained a large number of Jesuit priests and scientists. Colbert sent his letter to Phaulkon to instruct him to persuade the Siamese king to concede to French requests with the promises of knighting him as a count.

Siamese embassy to Louis XIV in 1686, by Nicolas Larmessin.

Though not convert to Christianity, Narai agreed to allow the French troops to be stationed in Siamese ports. Chevalier de Forbin was made the commander of Bangkok fort and trainers of Siamese armies in Western warfare. Several Siamese forts including Mergui, Ligor, Singora (Songkhla), Lavo, and Ayutthaya itself were reconstructed in European style. Another Siamese mission to France was led by Phra Visutsundhorn (Kosa Pan, younger brother of Kosa Lek) and Guy Tachard in 1686 with enthusiastic European reception. A fragmentary Siamese account of the mission compiled by Kosa Pan was re-discovered in Paris in the 1980s.^[9]

Samuel White, the governor of Mergui fort and companion of Phaulkon, conflicted with the English fleets from India in 1687, leading to the English blockade of Mergui. The Siamese native mandarins massacred the local Englishmen out of frustration. With English fleets threatening Narai decided to denounce the English and executed the mandarins.

Pope Innocent XI receives the Siamese envoys, led by Father Tachard who reads the translation of the message from King Narai, December 1688

In March 1687 the new French mission left Brest for Ayutthaya. The mission includes Kosa Pan returning home, Guy Tachard again, Simon de La Loubère, Claude Céberet du Boullay, and the General Desfarges. The large number of French army and navy was sent with this mission to station in Siamese forts with Desfarges as the military commander. Narai agreed to station French troops at Mergui and Bangkok, both turned into a Western fort, with Desfarges at Bangkok. (The fort is now called the Vijaiprasit Fort Thai: ป้อมวิไชยประสิทธิ์ later the royal fort of King Taksin). The last Siamese embassy was led by Ok-khun Chamnan in 1688 visiting Rome and Pope Innocent XI.

The "Revolution" of 1688[link]

Narai spent his whole reign reducing the power of native mandarins that caused much bloodshed during his predecessors’ time. He firstly supported Persian and later the French guards and advisors against the Thai mandarins. Even his ascension to the throne was orchestrated by Persian mercenaries. The French eventually enjoyed special favors from religious affairs to the military activities. One of the critical turning points concerned with the construction of the French forts and military barracks in Bangkok, at the river mouth. In dealing with the activities, the French mostly depended on Constantine Phaulkon, the king's favorite. The threat of the French military presence, reportedly, was felt among the court noble. All in all, factionalism, favoritism and nepotism became apparent.

The native mandarin somehow managed to reserve their powers, most notably Kosa Lek. With the death of Kosa Lek, Petracha, the chief of the Royal Elephant Department, emerged as the leading native power. Petracha had familial connections to Narai, with his mother as the king’s milkmaid and his sister as the king’s concubine.

Narai is said to fear of fathering a son. He therefore ordered the abortion of any of his impregnated consorts. He, however, adopted a son of a minor mandarin with the name of Phra Piya and made him his successor. The young prince was embraced by the French who managed to convert him to Catholicism.

Matters were brought to a head when King Narai fell gravely ill in March 1688 while the king stayed in Lopburi palaces. Aware of the coming succession dispute, in May 1688 Narai called together his closest councillors: Phaulkon, Phra Phetracha, and Mom Pi and nominated his daughter, Kromluang Yothathep to succeed him. The three councillors were to act as regents until the princess took on a partner of her choice from one of the two Siamese councillors.^[10] Far from calming the situation, Narai's decision spurred Phetracha to act. With Narai essentially incapacitated by his illness, Phetracha was given a free hand to usurp the throne with the support of a resentful court as well as the Buddhist clergy and ethnic-Persian mandarins. Mom Pi and Phaulkon were arrested and executed as Narai laid furious on his deathbed, unable to do anything to save his favourite.

On the death of King Narai, Phetracha proclaimed himself king, expelled the French and virtually severed all ties with the West.Siamese troops attacked the French troops at Bangkok fort, ending with the flee of the French. After an initial confinement, missionaries were allowed to continue their work in Ayutthaya under some restrictions. Contact between Siam and the West remained sporadic, and would not return to the level seen in the reign of King Narai until the reign of King Mongkut in the mid-nineteenth century.

Legacy[link]

Contemporary French depiction of King Narai.

Although King Narai's reign witnessed the greatest extent of foreign influence at the Siamese court, his diplomatic achievements were to be reversed by his successor. It is debatable whether the new introspective attitude of his successors contributed to the weakening and eventual fall of Ayutthaya. On the other hand, the curtailing of foreign influences in the court may have prevented the colonisation of Ayutthaya. Nevertheless, his reign's diplomatic achievements contributed to him being posthumously styled "the Great," one of seven recognised as such in the history of Thailand.

At the same time, the records of those involved in the diplomatic missions, particularly those from the west, have allowed historians to obtain a rare glimpse into the world of the Ayutthayan court as most original Ayutthaya records were destroyed with the city in 1767. These include the French accounts of the Chevalier de Chaumont, the Abbé de Choisy, Fr. Tachard, Claude de Forbin, de la Loubere and the Persian account of Muhammad Rabi' ibn Muhammad Ibrahim. Domestically, the relative stability during his reign also gave rise to the revival of Siamese literature during his reign.^[11]

Further afield, one of the main streets of the city of Brest as well as another in Marseilles have been named "Rue de Siam" to commemorate Narai's missions. In addition, among the gifts that were exchanged between the Siamese and the French courts, two items from Siam were to have an unexpected impact on French history. The items were a pair of silver cannons that were eventually stored in the Royal Furniture Repository in Paris since they were classed as gifts rather than weapons. After failing to find usable weapons at the Arsenal, rioting Parisians broke into the Repository and discovered some 20 cannons. However, the Siamese cannons were the only ones that still functioned, and so they were hauled to the Bastille. The date was 14 July 1789.^[12]

See also[link]

• France-Thailand relations
• Constantine Phaulkon
• Claude de Forbin
• François-Timoléon de Choisy

Notes[link]

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: King Narai

• Cruysse, Dirk van der (2002). Siam and the West. Chiang Mai: Silkworm
• Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2005). From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century. With a foreword by Professor Ehsan Yarshater, Columbia University . Singapore: Pustaka Nasional
• Muhammad Rabi' ibn Muhammad Ibrahim, J. O'Kane (trans.) (1972). The Ship of Sulaiman. London: Routledge
• Smithies, M. (1999). A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa, 1686. Chiang Mai: Silkworm
• Smithies, M., Bressan, L., (2001). Siam and the Vatican in the Seventeenth Century. Bangkok: River
• Smithies, M., Cruysse, Dirk van der (2002). The Diary of Kosa Pan: Thai Ambassador to France, June–July 1686. Seattle: University of Washington Press
• Wyatt, DK (1984). Thailand: A Short History. Chiang Mai: Silkworm

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010)

Nazia Iqbal is a popular Pashto singer. She was born in 1980 Swat Valley, Pakistan.^[1] She has fan base stretching from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pashtun areas of Balochistan, Pakistan to most parts of Afghanistan, and has achieved much recognition. Nazia sings in several languages: Pashto, Urdu, Punjabi, Persian and English. In 2005 she confirmed her marriage to Javid Feza, an Afghan singer from Ningarhar province of Afghanistan^[2] and settled in Dubai.^[3]

Her first Urdu album Paigham was released in 2001. Recently^[when?] her famous Albums in Pashto are: De Okhko Baran,Rasha Rasha,Armanoona and Ta Na Marawara Yem etc. ^[4]. Nazia pashto songs are liked by Pashtun people from every walk of life. In 2012, she announced that she would stop singing and concentrate more on following her religion. She stopped singing in January 2012 and her last public show was held on 27th January 2012 in Sharjah - UAE. She announced that she will establish an Islamic Education Center for children to let them know Islam properly. She also requested people to follow their parents instruction and don't hurt them as it will affect all of their lives.

References[link]

Dr. Kabir Stori (Pashto: ډاکتر کبیر ستوری also spelled as Storai, Storay, Storae) is considered as one of the Pashto language prominent patriotic poet from Afghanistan. He was also a talented writer who wrote books on psychology in Pashto language.

Life[link]

The birth of Dr. Kabir Stori (6 April 1942) took place in Khas Kunar a village in Kunar Province of Afghanistan into the tribe of MirdadKhel a sub-tribe of the Yousafzai tribe. His primary education was from a government elementary school in Khas Kunar and later joined the Rahman Baba Lycee in Kabul to further his education. He was selected to study in Germany by the then government and studied psychology with political science, sociology and philosophy from the universities of Frankfurt, Cologne and Marburg. He got his doctorate in natural sciences known as Diplom Psychologist (Dr.rer.nat).

After serving his language and the cause of Pashtoons for several years Dr. Kabir Stori suffered a heart attack and died on 4 April 2006 in Wesseling, Germany. He left behind a grieving wife, five sons and two daughters. He was buried in his native graveyard in Khas Kunar, Afghanistan.

Political activities[link]

He laid the foundation of and served as chairman in 1966 of Afghan Students Association in Frankfurt, established in Europe. He also served as chairman of General Union of Afghan Students in 1972 and National Liberation Union of Pashtoons and Baluchs in Frankfurt in 1976. He worked for the Voice of Germany in 1973 as an announcer/editor in Pashto service.
He founded Pashtoons Social Democratic Party (PSDP) in February 1981 in Germany, and was the first elected chairman.
He also served on the editorial boards of various magazines including:

• Sparghai (1972) (monthly) published by the 'General Union of Afghan Students',
• Olas Ghag (1976) published by the 'National Liberation Union of Pashtoons and Baluchs',
• Peer Rokhan (1978) (monthly),
• Lamba (1985) (monthly),
• De Khyber Wagma (1986) (monthly) published in Germany and
• Pashtoonkhwa (1978) (timly) published by Social Democratic Party - Germany.

He played a pivotal role in

• De Pakhtano Kulturi Tolana - Germany (Pashtoon Cultural Association) in 1985,
• Pakhtoon Kor - Germany(1993) and
• the Pakhtoonkhwa Pohanay Dera (1998) (The Pashtoonkhwa Home of Science) in Peshawar and in the year 2003 the Pakhto Adabi Hunari Tolana in Kunar.

Literary works[link]

Dr. Stori’s poetry are mostly about patriotism. His poem collections include

• Skarwatta (Embers): An Anthology of Poems,(1976, published together with another Afghan Poet, Germany)
• Jwandi Khyaloona (Alive Thoughts), (1997, Designed and printed by KOR, Publications Department, Peshawar Pakistan)
• De Qalam Tora (Sword of the Pen)', (1999, Designed and printed by Danish Culture Association; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• Sandareez Paigham (Message by the songs), (2002, Designed and printed by Danish Culture Association; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• Khwagi Misrai (Sweetest Verses), (2006, Designed and printed by Danish Culture Association; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• Kulyaat, (2007, Designed and printed by Danish Culture Association; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)

Research works[link]

His psychological works include

• Wira (Fear): theories, measurement and therapy of fear, (1985,1990 Germany; 2001, Peshawar Pakistan, printed by KOR, Publications Department; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• De Wire Tala (Psychology), (1992, Germany)
• De Hukhyartia Tala (Intelligence-Test), (2000, Designed and printed by KOR, Publications Department; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• Zabsapohana (Language Psychology), (2000, Designed and printed by Danish Culture Association; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• De Hokhyartia Kulturi be Palawa Tala (Kulturfairer Intelligenz-Test (C-I- T)) in three languagues (Pashtu, English and German), (2004, Designed and printed by KOR, Publications Department; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)
• De Pedaikhti Banno De Hokhyartia Tala (Naturformen des Intelligenztests (N-I-T), in three languagues (Pashtu, English and German), (2004, Designed and printed by KOR, Publications Department; Publisher: The Pakhtoonkhwa Home of Science, Peshawar/Pakistan)

See also[link]

Poetry portal

• Ahmad Shah Abdali
• Khushal Khan Khattak
• Rahman Baba
• Bacha Khan
• Afzal Khan Lala
• Khan Wali Khan
• Ajmal Khattak

References[link]

• Dr. Kabir Stori: Jwand Au Mubariza (March 2007): Book about Stori, which has 524 pages; published by The Pashtoonkhwa Home of Science, several poets and writers from Pakistan and Afghanistan had written their reviews about Dr. Stori. Designed and printed by Danish Culture Association in Peshawar,
• kabirstori.com Dr. Kabir Stori: Writer, Poet, Researcher.
• Autobiography of Dr. Kabir Stori translated by Dr. Hatef Mokhtar
• Global-Peace.Info Bio of Stori by Dr. Hatef Mokhtar.
• Pashtoonkhwa.com Bio of Stori translated Dr. Hatef Mokhtar.
• Pashto Wikipedia
• Khost-Web.net
• PashtoDeewa.com

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Kabir Stori

• Kabirstori.com (Official Website of Dr. Kabir Stori)
• Khost-Web-Storai (Website dedicated to Dr. Kabir Stori)
• Pashtoonkhwa.com (Stori was Chairman of Pashtoons Social Democratic Party)
• Poetry of Stori sang by well-known Pashtun/Afghan Singers
• PashtoDeewa.com Poetry of Stori in Pashto

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