Willy Brandt

Sunday, 30 December 2012

Willy Brandt

Kanzler - Die Mächtigen der Republik - 4 - Willy Brandt - Der Visionär

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1969-10-28 - Willy Brandt - Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen

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Bundestagswahl 1972 SPD Spot

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Start of German color tv in 1967 on SABA color tv set

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Friedrich Nowottny interviewt Willy Brandt (WDR 1972)

Friedrich Nowottny interviewt Willy Brandt und erhält nur einsilbige Antworten, weil er Br...

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Rede von Willy Brandt am 10 November 1989 Part 1

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Willy Brandt - Rede auf dem Vereinigungsparteitag der SPD West und Ost, 27.09.1990 in Berlin

27. September 1990, Berlin Ausschnitte aus der Rede Willy Brandts auf dem Vereinigungspart...

published: 29 Sep 2010

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EasyJet landing in Isle of Man - Special 2012 "Willy Brandt" A319 - PART 2 HD

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Rede von Willy Brandt am 29. März 1983 zur Eröffnung des Bundestages (10. Wahlperiode)

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For the character, see William Brandt.

Willy Brandt

Chancellor of Germany

In office
21 October 1969 – 7 May 1974

President Gustav Heinemann

Preceded by Kurt Georg Kiesinger

Succeeded by Helmut Schmidt

President of the German Bundesrat

In office
1957–1958

President Theodor Heuss

Preceded by Kurt Sieveking

Succeeded by Wilhelm Kaisen

Vice-Chancellor of Germany

In office
1 December 1966 – 21 October 1969

Preceded by Hans-Christoph Seebohm

Succeeded by Walter Scheel

Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs

In office
1 December 1966 – 20 October 1969

Preceded by Gerhard Schröder

Succeeded by Walter Scheel

Mayor of West Berlin

In office
1957–1966

Preceded by Otto Suhr

Succeeded by Heinrich Albertz

Personal details

Born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm
(1913-12-18)18 December 1913
Lübeck, Free City of Lübeck, (German Empire)

Died 8 October 1992(1992-10-08) (aged 78)
Unkel, Germany

Political party SPD

Occupation Worker, Journalist, Lecturer, Activist, Politician

Religion Lutheran

Signature

Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician, Mayor of West Berlin 1957–1966, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.

Brandt's most important legacy was Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.

In 1974, Brandt resigned as Chancellor after Günter Guillaume, one of his closest aides, was exposed as an agent of the Stasi, the East German secret service.

Contents

1 Early life, the war

2 Politician

3 Chancellor

3.1 Foreign policy

3.2 Domestic policies

3.2.1 Political and social changes

3.2.2 Brandt's popularity

3.3 Chancellor of domestic reform

3.4 First cabinet

3.4.1 Cabinet changes

3.5 1972 crisis

3.6 New elections

3.7 Guillaume affair

4 Ex-Chancellor

4.1 Socialist International

4.2 Brandt Report

4.3 Reunification

4.4 Hostages in Iraq

5 Death and memorials

6 Brandt's family

6.1 Matthias Brandt

6.2 Lars Brandt

7 Selected works

8 Biographies

9 References

10 External links

Early life, the war [link]

Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the Free City of Lübeck (German Empire) to Martha Frahm, an unwed mother who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was an accountant from Hamburg named John Möller, whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather Ludwig Frahm and his second wife Dora.

After passing his Abitur in 1932 at Johanneum zu Lübeck, he became an apprentice at the shipbroker and ship's agent F.H. Bertling. He joined the "Socialist Youth" in 1929 and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1930. He left the SPD to join the more left wing Socialist Workers Party (SAP), which was allied to the POUM in Spain and the Independent Labour Party in Britain. In 1933, using his connections with the port and its ships, he left Germany for Norway to escape Nazi persecution. It was at this time that he adopted the pseudonym Willy Brandt to avoid detection by Nazi agents. In 1934, he took part in the founding of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations, and was elected to its Secretariat.

Brandt was in Germany from September to December 1936, disguised as a Norwegian student named Gunnar Gaasland. He was married to Gertrud Meyer from Lübeck in a fictitious marriage to protect her from deportation. Meyer had joined Brandt in Norway in July 1933. In 1937, during the Civil War, Brandt worked in Spain as a journalist. In 1938, the German government revoked his citizenship, so he applied for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but was not identified as he wore a Norwegian uniform. On his release, he escaped to neutral Sweden. In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the Norwegian embassy in Stockholm, where he lived until the end of the war. Willy Brandt lectured in Sweden on 1 December 1940 at Bommersvik college about problems experienced by the social democrats in Nazi Germany and the occupied countries at the start of World War II. In exile in Norway and Sweden Brandt learned Norwegian and Swedish. Brandt spoke Norwegian fluently, and retained a close relationship with Norway.

In late 1946, Brandt returned to Berlin, working for the Norwegian government. In 1948, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym, Willy Brandt, as his legal name.

Politician [link]

Brandt meeting John F. Kennedy in 1961

From 3 October 1957, to 1966, Willy Brandt was Mayor of West Berlin, during a period of increasing tension in East-West relations that led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. In Brandt's first year as Mayor, he also served as the President of the Bundesrat in Bonn. Brandt was outspoken against the Soviet repression of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and against Nikita Khrushchev's 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "free city". He was supported by the influential publisher Axel Springer. As Mayor of West Berlin, Brandt accomplished much in the way of urban development. New hotels, office-blocks and flats were constructed, while both Schloss Charlottenburg and the Reichstag were restored. Sections of the "Stadtring" Bundesautobahn 100 inner-city motorway were opened, while a major housing programme was carried out, with roughly 20,000 new dwellings built each year during his time in office.^[1]

At the start of 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy saw Brandt as the wave of the future in West Germany and was hoping he would replace Konrad Adenauer as chancellor following elections later in the year.^[2] Kennedy made this preference clear by inviting Brandt, the West German opposition leader, to an official meeting at the White House a month before meeting with Adenauer, the country’s leader. The diplomatic snub strained relations between Kennedy and Adenauer further during an especially tense time for Berlin.^[3] However, following the building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, Brandt was disappointed and angry with Kennedy. Speaking in Berlin three days later, Brandt criticized Kennedy, asserting "Berlin expects more than words. It expects political action." He also wrote Kennedy a highly critical public letter in which he warned that the development was liable "to arouse doubts about the ability of the three [Allied] Powers to react and their determination" and he called the situation "a state of accomplished extortion"."^[4]

Brandt became the Chairman of the SPD in 1964, a post that he retained until 1987, longer than any other party Chairman since its foundation by August Bebel. Brandt was the SPD candidate for the Chancellorship in 1961, but he lost to Konrad Adenauer's conservative Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). In 1965, Brandt ran again, but lost to the popular Ludwig Erhard. Erhard's government was short-lived, however, and in 1966 a grand coalition between the SPD and CDU was formed, with Brandt as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor.

Chancellor [link]

At the 1969 elections, again with Brandt as the leading candidate, the SPD became stronger, and after three weeks of negotiations, the SPD formed a coalition government with the smaller Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Brandt was elected Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Foreign policy [link]

Willy Brandt with French president Georges Pompidou in Cologne, 3 July 1972.

As Chancellor, Brandt developed his Neue Ostpolitik (New Eastern Policy). Brandt was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with East Germany, and also in improving relations with the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other Eastern Bloc (communist) countries. A seminal moment came in December 1970 with the famous Warschauer Kniefall in which Brandt, apparently spontaneously, knelt down at the monument to victims of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The uprising occurred during the Nazi German military occupation of Poland, and the monument is to those killed by the German troops who suppressed the uprising and deported remaining ghetto residents to the concentration camps for extermination.

Time magazine in the USA named Brandt as its Man of the Year for 1970, stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. He is trying to accept the real situation in Europe, which has lasted for 25 years, but he is also trying to bring about a new reality in his bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc."^[5]

In 1971, Brandt received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union.

Brandt negotiated a peace treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland, and agreements on the boundaries between the two countries, signifying the official and long-delayed end of World War II. Brandt negotiated parallel treaties and agreements between the Federal Republic and Czechoslovakia.

In West Germany, Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik was extremely controversial, dividing the populace into two camps: one camp, embracing all of the conservative parties and most notably the victims i.e. those German-speaking, West German residents and their subsequent families who were driven west ("die Heimatvertriebenen") by Stalinist ethnic cleansing from Historical Eastern Germany, especially the part that was arbitrarily given to Poland by the Stalinists; western Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland); and the rest of Eastern Europe, such as in Romania. These groups of displaced Germans and their descendants loudly voiced their opposition to Brandt's policy, calling it "illegal" and "high treason".

A different camp supported and encouraged Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik as aiming at "Wandel durch Annäherung" ("change through rapprochement"), encouraging change through a policy of engagement with the (communist) Eastern Bloc, rather than trying to isolate those countries diplomatically and commercially. Brandt's supporters claim that the policy did help to break down the Eastern Bloc's "siege mentality", and also helped to increase its awareness of the contradictions in its brand of Socialism/Communism, which – together with other events – eventually led to the downfall of Eastern European Communism and Stalinism.

Domestic policies [link]

Political and social changes [link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

West Germany in the late 1960s was shaken by student disturbances and a general "change of the times" that not all Germans were willing to accept or approve. What had seemed a stable, peaceful nation, happy with its outcome of the "Wirtschaftswunder" ("economic miracle") faced economic turbulence. The German baby-boom generation wanted to come to terms with the deeply conservative, bourgeois, and demanding parent generation. The baby-boomer students were the most outspoken, and they accused their "parental generation" of being outdated and old-fashioned and even of having a Nazi past. Compared to their forebears, the "skeptical generation" was much more capricious, willing to embrace more extreme socialist ideology^{[citation needed]} (such as Maoism), and public heroes^{[citation needed]} (such as Ho Chi Minh, Fidel Castro, and Che Guevara), while living a looser and more promiscuous lifestyle. Students and young apprentices could afford to move out of their parents' homes, and left-wing politics was considered to be chic, as well as taking part in American-style political demonstrations against having American military forces in South Vietnam.

Brandt's popularity [link]

Brandt's predecessor as Chancellor, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, had been a member of the Nazi party, and was a more old-fashioned conservative-liberal intellectual. Brandt, having fought the Nazis and having faced down communist Eastern Germany during several crises while he was the Mayor of Berlin, became a controversial, but credible, figure in several different factions. As the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Kiesinger's grand coalition cabinet, Brandt helped to gain further international approval for Western Germany, and he laid the foundation stones for his future Neue Ostpolitik. There was a wide public-opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt in the West German polls.

Willy Brandt as the Chancellor talking to the parliament, 1971

Both men had come to their own terms with the new baby boomer lifestyles. Kiesinger considered them to be "a shameful crowd of long-haired drop-outs who needed a bath and someone to discipline them". On the other hand, Brandt needed a while to get into contact with, and to earn credibility among, the "Ausserparlamentarische Opposition" (APO) ("the extra-parliamentary opposition"). The students questioned West German society in general, seeking social, legal, and political reforms. Also, the unrest led to a renaissance of right-wing parties in some of the Bundeslands' (German states under the Bundesrepublik) Parliaments.

Brandt, however, represented a figure of change, and he followed a course of social, legal, and political reforms. In 1969, Brandt gained a small majority by forming a coalition with the FDP. In his first speech before the Bundestag as the Chancellor, Brandt set forth his political course of reforms ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (literally: "We want to take a chance on more Democracy", or more figuratively, "Let's dare more democracy"). This speech made Brandt, as well as the Social Democratic Party, popular among most of the students and other young West German baby-boomers who dreamed of a country that would be more open and more colorful than the frugal and still somewhat-authoritarian Bundesrepublik that had been built after World War II. However, Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik lost him a large part of the German refugee voters from East Germany, who had been significantly pro-SPD in the postwar years.

Social Democracy

Development

Humanism
Age of Enlightenment
French Revolution
Utopian socialism
Trade unionism
Revolutions of 1848
Orthodox Marxism
Revisionism
Progressivism
Reformism
Gradualism
Frankfurt Declaration

Ideas

Representative democracy
Economic democracy
Labor rights
Mixed economy
Nationalization
Welfare state
Fair trade
Environmental protection
Negative and positive rights
Secularism
Social corporatism
Social Market Economy

Variants

Bernsteinism
Liberal socialism
Nordic model
Godesburg
Third Way

People

List of social democrats
· Clement Attlee · Obafemi Awolowo · Eduard Bernstein · Zulfikar Ali Bhutto · Hjalmar Branting · John Curtin · Ignacy Daszyński · Tommy Douglas · Bülent Ecevit · Jean Jaurès · Zhang Junmai · Tetsu Katayama · Ferdinand Lassalle · Jack Layton · René Lévesque · Nelson Mandela · Ramsay MacDonald · Jawaharlal Nehru · José Batlle y Ordóñez Georgi Plekhanov · Michael Joseph Savage · Olof Palme · Ralph Nader · Norman Thomas · Eugene V. Debs

Organizations

Social democratic parties
Socialist International
International Union of Socialist Youth
Party of European Socialists
Young European Socialists

International Trade
Union Confederation
SAMAK

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Chancellor of domestic reform [link]

Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a "Kanzler der inneren Reformen" ('Chancellor of domestic reform').^[6] According to the historian David Childs, “Brandt was anxious that his government should be a reforming administration and a number of reforms were embarked upon”.^[7] Within a few years, the education budget rose from 16 billion to 50 billion DM, while one out of every three DM spent by the new government was devoted to welfare purposes. As noted by the journalist and historian Marion Dönhoff,

“People were seized by a completely new feeling about life. A mania for large scale reforms spread like wildfire, affecting schools, universities, the administration, family legislation. In the autumn of 1970 Jurgen Wischnewski of the SPD declared, ‘Every week more than three plans for reform come up for decision in cabinet and in the Assembly.’ ”^[8]

According to Helmut Schmidt, Willy Brandt's domestic reform programme had accomplished more than any previous programme for a comparable period.^[9] A number of liberal social reforms were instituted^[10] whilst the welfare state was significantly expanded (with total public spending on social programs nearly doubling between 1969 and 1975),^[11] with health, housing, and social welfare legislation bringing about welcome improvements,^[12] and by the end of the Brandt Chancellorship West Germany had one of the most advanced systems of welfare in the world.^[6]

Amongst his achievements as Chancellor were:

Substantial increases in social security benefits such as injury and sickness benefits,^[6] pensions,^[13] unemployment benefits,^[14] housing allowances,^[15] basic subsistence aid allowances,^[16] and family allowances and living allowances.^[17] In the government’s first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and recruitment pensions by 5%.^[18] Numerically, pensions went up by 6.4% (1970), 5.5% (1971), 9.5% (1972), 11.4% (1973), and 11.2% (1974). Adjusted for changes in the annual price index, pensions went up in real terms by 3.1% (1970), 0.3% (1971), 3.9% (1972), 4.4% (1973), and 4.2% (1974).^[19] Between 1972 and 1974, the purchasing power of pensioners increased by 19%.^[20]

Improvements in sick pay provision.^[6]

An expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment.^[21]

The allocation of more funds towards housing, transportation, schools, and communication.^[22]

The index-linking of the income limit for compulsory sickness insurance to changes in the wage level (1970).^[23]

The incorporation of pupils, students and children in kindergartens into the accident insurance scheme (1971),^[24] which benefited 11 million children.^[25]

The introduction of generous public stipends for students to cover their living costs.^[10]

The conversion of West German universities from elite schools into mass institutions.^[14]

The Farmers’ Sickness Insurance Law (1972), which introduced compulsory sickness insurance for independent farmers, family workers in agriculture, and pensioners under the farmers’ pension scheme, medical benefits for all covered groups, and cash benefits for family workers under compulsory coverage for pension insurance.^[26]

The introduction of voluntary retirement at 63 with no deductions in the level of benefits.^[27]

The index-linking of war victim’s pensions to wage increases.^[6]

An increase in spending on research and education by nearly 300% between 1970 and 1974.^[14]

The raising of the school leaving age to 16.^[28]

The abolition of fees for higher or further education.^[6]

A considerable increase in the number of higher education institutions.^[14]

The introduction of grants for pupils from lower income groups to stay on at school.^[14]

The introduction of grants for those going into any kind of higher or further education.^[14]

Increases in educational allowances.^[29]

Greater spending on science.^[30]

The introduction of "Vergleichmieten" ('comparable rents'), a loose form of rent regulation.^[31]

A significant rise in the income limit for social housing (1971).^[32]

Increased levels of protection and support for low-income tenants and householders,^[6] which led to a drop in the number of eviction notices. By 1974, three times as much was paid out in rent subsidies as in 1969, and nearly one and a half million households received rental assistance.^[33]

Increases in public housing subsidies,^[34] as characterised by a 36% increase in the social housing budget in 1970^[35] and by the introduction of a programme for the construction of 200,000 public housing units (1971).^[36]

The establishment of a federal environmental programme (1971).^[37]

Reforms to the armed forces, as characterised by a reduction in basic military training from eighteen to fifteen months and a reorganisation of education and training, as well as personnel and procurement procedures.^[38]

The establishment of a women’s policy machinery at the national level (1972).^[39]

The establishment of a Federal Environment Agency (1974) to conduct research into environmental issues and prevent pollution.^[40]

The introduction of redundancy allowances in cases of bankruptcies (1974).^[41]

Improvements in income and work conditions for home workers.^[42]

The introduction of new provisions for the rehabilitation of severely disabled people ("Schwerbehinderte") and accident victims.^[43]

The introduction of guaranteed minimum pension benefits for all West Germans.^[11]

The introduction of fixed minimum rates for women in receipt of very low pensions, and equal treatment for war widows.^[44]

An amendment to the Labour Management Act (1971) which granted workers co-determination on the shop floor.^[45]

The Factory Constitution Law (1971), which strengthened the rights of individual employees “to be informed and to be heard on matters concerning their place of work.” The Works’ Council was provided with greater authority while trade unions were given the right of entry into the factory “provided they informed the employer of their intention to do so”.^[7]

The passage of a law to encourage wider share ownership by workers and other rank-and-file employees.^[14]

An increase in federal aid to sports’ organisations.^[14]

Efforts to improve the railways and motorways.^[14]

A new Factory Management Law (1972) which extended co-determination at the factory level.^[6]

The passing of a law in 1974 to allow for worker representation on the boards of large firms (although this change was not enacted until 1976, after alterations were made).^[46]

The extension of accident insurance to non-working adults.^[11]

The introduction of greater legal rights for women, as exemplified by the standardisation of pensions, divorce laws, regulations governing use of surnames, and the introduction of measures to bring more women into politics.^[47]

The Town Planning Act (1971), which encouraged the preservation of historical heritage and helped open up the way to the future of many German cities.^[14]

An addition to the Basic Law which gave the Federal Government some responsibility for educational planning.^[14]

A big increase in spending on education, with educational expenses per head of the population multiplied by five.^[14]

The passing of the Severely Disabled Persons Act (1974), which obliged all employers with more than fifteen employees to ensure that 6% of their workforce was persons officially recognised as being severely disabled. Employers who failed to do so were assessed 100 DM per month for every job falling before the required quota. These compensatory payments were used to subsidise the adaptation of workplaces to the requirements of those who were severely disabled.^[48]

Amendments to the Federal Social Assistance Act (1974). “Help for the vulnerable” was renamed “help for overcoming particular social difficulties,” and the numbers of people eligible for assistance was greatly extended to include all those “whose own capabilities cannot meet the increasing demands of modern industrial society.” The intention of these amendments was to include especially such groups as discharged prisoners, drug and narcotic addicts, alcoholics, and the homeless.^[49] As a result of these changes, people who formerly had to be supported by their relatives were now entitled to social assistance.^[10]

The passing of a Foreign Tax Act, which limited the possibility of tax evasion.^[50]

The Urban Renewal Act (1971), which helped the states to restore their inner cities and to develop new neighbourhoods.^[51]

The lowering of the voting age from 21 to 18.^[52]

Improvements in pension provision for women and the self-employed.^[53]

The introduction of a new minimum pension for workers with at least twenty-five years’ insurance.^[54]

The Second Sickness Insurance Modification Law (1972), which linked the indexation of the income-limit for compulsory employee coverage to the development of the pension insurance contribution ceiling (75% of the ceiling), obliged employers to pay half of the contributions in the case of voluntary membership, extended the criteria for voluntary membership of employees, and introduced preventive medical check-ups for certain groups.^[55]

The Pension Reform Law (1972), which guaranteed all retirees a minimum pension regardless of their contributions^[56] and institutionalized the norm that the standard pension (of average earners with forty years of contributions) should not fall below 50% of current gross earnings.^[57] The 1972 pension reforms improved eligibility conditions and benefits for nearly every subgroup of the West German population.^[58] The income replacement rate for employees who made full contributions was raised to 70% of average earnings. The reform also replaced 65 as the mandatory retirement age with a “retirement window” ranging between 63 and 65 for employees who had worked for at least thirty-five years. Employees who qualified as disabled and had worked for at least thirty-five years were extended a more generous retirement window, which ranged between the ages of 60 and 62. Women who had worked for at least fifteen years (ten of which had to be after the age of age 40), and the long-term unemployed were also granted the same retirement window as the disabled. In addition, there were no benefit reductions for employees who had decided to retire earlier than the age of 65.^[59] The legislation also changed the way in which pensions were calculated for low-income earners who had been covered for twenty-five or more years. If the pension benefit fell below a specified level, then such workers were allowed to substitute a wage figure of 75% of the average wage during this period, thus creating something like a minimum wage benefit.^[60]

The introduction of a pension reform package, which incorporated an additional year of insurance for mothers.^[9]

The liberalisation of the penal code.^[9]

An increase in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously.^[61]

The exemption of pensioners from paying a 2% health insurance contribution.^[62]

The Hospital Financing Law (1972), which secured the supply of hospitals and reduced the cost of hospital care, “defined the financing of hospital investment as a public responsibility, single states to issue plans for hospital development, and the federal government to bear the cost of hospital investment covered in the plans, rates for hospital care thus based on running costs alone, hospitals to ensure that public subsidies together with insurance fund payments for patients cover total costs”.^[63]

A new fund of 100 million marks for disabled children.^[64]

The granting of equal rights to illegitimate children (1970).^[65]

A law for the creation of property for workers, under which a married worker would normally keep up to 95% of his pay, and graded tax remission for married wage-earners applied up to a wage of 48,000 marks, which indicated the economic prosperity of West Germany at that time.^[66]

The Benefit Improvement Law (1973), which made entitlement to hospital care legally binding (entitlements already enjoyed in practice), abolished time limits for hospital care, introduced entitlement to household assistance under specific conditions, and also introduced entitlement to leave of absence from work and cash benefits in the event of a child’s illness.^[67]

Increased allowances for retraining and advanced training and for refugees from East Germany.^[68]

The Seventh Modification Law (1973), which linked the indexation of farmers’ pensions to the indexation of the general pension insurance scheme.^[69]

An increase in federal grants for sport.^[70]

The Third Modification Law (1974), which extended individual entitlements to social assistance by means of higher-income limits compatible with receipt of benefits and lowered age limits for certain special benefits. Rehabilitation measures were also extended, child supplements were expressed as percentages of standard amounts and were thus indexed to their changes, and grandparents of recipients were exempted from potential liability to reimburse expenditure of social assistance carrier.^[71]

An amendment to a federal civil service reform bill (1971) which enabled fathers to apply for part-time civil service work.^[72]

The allocation to local communities of matching grants covering 90% of infrastructure development. This led to a dramatic increase in the number of public swimming pools and other facilities of consumptive infrastructure throughout West Germany.^[73]

A modernization of the federal crime-fighting apparatus.^[74]

The Third Social Welfare Amendment Act (1974), which brought considerable improvements for the handicapped, those in need of care, and older persons.^[75]

The introduction of a matching fund program for 15 million employees, which stimulated them to accumulate capital.^[76]

A much needed school and college construction program.^[14]

The Industrial Relations Law (1972) and the Personnel Representation Act (1974), which not only broadened the rights of employees in matters which immediately affected their places of work, but also improved the possibilities for codetermination on operations committees, together with access of trade unions to companies.^[56] In 1972, the rights of works councils to information from management were not only strengthened, but works councils were also provided with full codetermination rights on issues such as working time arrangements in the plant, the setting of piece rates, plant wage systems, the establishment of vacation times, work breaks, overtime, and short-time work.^[77]

The introduction of substantial federal benefits for farmers.^[78]

The passage of a progressive anticartel law.^[14]

The introduction of legislation which ensured continued payment of wages for workers disabled by illness (1970).^[56]

A modernization of the armed forces establishment.^[79]

The introduction of postgraduate support for highly qualified graduates, providing them with the opportunity to earn their doctorates or undertake research studies.^[80]

The introduction of a contributory medical service for 23 million panel patients.^[81]

The Third Law for the Liberalization of the Penal Code (1970), which liberalized “the right to political demonstration”.^[82]

The introduction of free hospital care for 9 million recipients of social relief.^[83]

The lowering of the age of eligibility for political office to twenty-one.^[84]

Increases in the pensions of 2.5 million war victims.^[85]

The lowering of the office age of majority to eighteen (March 1974).^[86]

An increase in the number of teachers.^[87]

The passage of a law which guaranteed “amnesty in minor offences connected with demonstrations.”^[88]

The attainment of a lower rate of inflation than in other industrialised countries at that time.^[89]

A rise in the standard of living, helped by the floating and revaluation of the mark.^[14] This was characterised by the real incomes of employees increasing more sharply than incomes from entrepreneurial work, with the proportion of employees’ incomes in the overall national income rising from 65% to 70% between 1969 and 1973, while the proportion of income from entrepreneurial work and property fell over that same period from just under 35% to 30.%^[90]

First cabinet [link]

Willy Brandt (SPD) - Chancellor

Walter Scheel (FDP) - Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs

Helmut Schmidt (SPD) - Minister of Defense

Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) - Minister of the Interior

Alex Möller (SPD) - Minister of Finance

Gerhard Jahn (SPD) - Minister of Justice

Karl Schiller (SPD) - Minister of Economics

Walter Arendt (SPD) - Minister of Labour and Social Affairs

Josef Ertl (FDP) - Minister of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry

Georg Leber (SPD) - Minister of Transport, Posts, and Communications

Lauritz Lauritzen (SPD) - Minister of Construction

Käte Strobel (SPD) - Minister of Youth, Family, and Health

Hans Leussink - Minister of Education and Science

Erhard Eppler (SPD) - Minister of Economic Cooperation

Horst Ehmke (SPD) - Minister of Special Tasks

Egon Franke (SPD) - Minister of Intra-German Relations

Cabinet changes [link]

13 May 1971 - Karl Schiller (SPD) succeeds Möller as Minister of Finance, remaining also Minister of Economics

15 March 1972 - Klaus von Dohnanyi (SPD) succeeds Leussink as Minister of Education and Science.

7 July 1972 - Helmut Schmidt (SPD) succeeds Schiller as Minister of Finance and Economics. Georg Leber (SPD) succeeds Schmidt as Minister of Defence. Lauritz Lauritzen (SPD) succeeds Leber as Minister of Transport, Posts, and Communications, remaining also Minister of Construction.

1972 crisis [link]

Brandt's Ostpolitik led to a meltdown of the narrow majority Brandt's coalition enjoyed in the Bundestag. In October 1970, FDP deputies Erich Mende, Heinz Starke, and Siegfried Zoglmann crossed the floor to join the CDU. On 23 February 1972, SPD deputy Herbert Hupka, who was also leader of the Bund der Vertriebenen, joined the CDU in disagreement with Brandt's reconciliatory efforts towards the east. On 23 April 1972, Wilhelm Helms (FDP) left the coalition ; the FDP politicians Knud von Kühlmann-Stumm and Gerhard Kienbaum also declared that they would vote against Brandt; thus, Brandt had lost his majority. On 24 April 1972 a vote of no confidence was proposed and it was voted on three days later. Had this motion passed, Rainer Barzel would have replaced Brandt as Chancellor. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Barzel got only 247 votes out of 260 ballots; for an absolute majority, 249 votes would have been necessary. There were also 10 votes against the motion and 3 invalid ballots. Most deputies of SPD and FDP did not take part in the voting, as not voting had the same effect as voting pro Brandt. It was not revealed until much later that two Bundestag members (Julius Steiner and Leo Wagner, both of the CDU/CSU) had been bribed by the East German Stasi to vote for Brandt.

New elections [link]

Though Brandt remained Chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent initiatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved and new elections were called. During the 1972 campaign, many popular West German artists, intellectuals, writers, actors and professors supported Brandt and the SPD. Among them were Günter Grass, Walter Jens, and even the soccer player Paul Breitner. Brandt's Ostpolitik as well as his reformist domestic policies were popular with parts of the young generation and led his SPD party to its best-ever federal election result in late 1972. The "Willy-Wahl", Brandt's landslide win was the beginning of the end; and Brandt's role in government started to decline.

Many of Brandt's reforms met with resistance from state governments (dominated by CDU/CSU). The spirit of reformist optimism was cut short by the 1973 oil crisis and the major public services strike 1974, which gave Germany's trade unions, led by Heinz Kluncker, a big wage increase but reduced Brandt's financial leeway for further reforms. Brandt was said to be more a dreamer than a manager and was personally haunted by depression. To counter any notions about being sympathetic to Communism or soft on left-wing extremists, Brandt implemented tough legislation that barred "radicals" from public service ("Radikalenerlass").

Guillaume affair [link]

Main article: Guillaume Affair

Around 1973, West German security organizations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants, Günter Guillaume, was a spy for the East German intelligence services. Brandt was asked to continue working as usual, and he agreed to do so, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on 24 April 1974, and many blamed Brandt for having a communist spy in his inner circle. Thus disgraced, Brandt resigned from his position as the Chancellor on 6 May 1974. However, Brandt remained in the Bundestag and as the Chairman of the Social Democrats through 1987.

This espionage affair is widely considered to have been just the trigger for Brandt's resignation, not the fundamental cause. Brandt was dogged by scandals about serial adultery, and reportedly also struggled with alcohol and depression.^[91]^[92] There was also the economic fallout on West Germany of the 1973 oil crisis, which almost seems to have been enough stress to finish off Brandt as the Chancellor. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the process going on at the time." ^[93] [Where "the process" seems to have been the unfolding of the Guillaume espionage scandal.]

Guillaume had been an espionage agent for East Germany, who was supervised by Markus Wolf, the head of the "Main Intelligence Administration" of the East German Ministry for State Security. Wolf stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the planting and handling of Guillaume had been one of the largest mistakes of the East German secret services.

Brandt was succeeded as the Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik by his fellow Social Democrat, Helmut Schmidt. For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that his fellow Social Democrat (and longtime rival) Herbert Wehner had been scheming for Brandt's downfall. However, there is scant evidence to corroborate this suspicion.

Ex-Chancellor [link]

Willy Brandt in 1988 at the Münster party rally

After his term as the Chancellor, Brandt retained his seat in the Bundestag, and he remained the Chairman of the Social Democratic Party through 1987. Beginning in 1987, Brandt stepped down to become the Honorary Chairman of the party. Brandt was also a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1983.

Socialist International [link]

For sixteen years, Brandt was the president of the Socialist International (1976–92), during which period the number of Socialist International's mainly European member parties grew until there were more than a hundred socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties around the world. For the first seven years, this growth in SI membership had been prompted by the efforts of the Socialist International's Secretary-General, the Swede Bernt Carlsson. However, in early 1983, a dispute arose about what Carlsson perceived as the SI president's authoritarian approach. Carlsson then rebuked Brandt saying: "this is a Socialist International — not a German International".

Next, against some vocal opposition, Brandt decided to move the next Socialist International Congress from Sydney, Australia to Portugal. Following this SI Congress in April 1983, Brandt retaliated against Carlsson by forcing him to step down from his position. However, the Austrian Prime Minister, Bruno Kreisky, argued on behalf of Brandt: "It is a question of whether it is better to be pure or to have greater numbers".^[94] Carlsson was succeeded by the Finn, Pentti Vaananen as Secretary General of the Socialist International ^[95]

Brandt Report [link]

In 1977, Brandt was appointed as the chairman of the Independent Commission for International Developmental Issues. This produced a report in 1980, which called for drastic changes in the global attitude towards development in the Third World. This became known as the Brandt Report.

Reunification [link]

Willy Brandt at an elections convention in Wismar, March 1990

In October 1979, Brandt met with the East German dissident, Rudolf Bahro, who had written The Alternative. Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the East German state security organization Stasi, headed by Erich Mielke, for his writings, which had laid the theoretical foundation of a leftist opposition to the ruling SED party and its dependent allies, and which promoted new and changed parties. All of this is now described as "change from within". Brandt had asked for Bahro's release, and Brandt welcomed Bahro's theories, which advanced the debate within his own Social Democratic Party. In late 1989, Brandt became one of the first leftist leaders in West Germany to publicly favor a quick reunification of Germany, instead of some sort of two-state federation or other kind of interim arrangement. Brandt's public statement "Now grows together what belongs together," was widely quoted in those days.

Hostages in Iraq [link]

One of Brandt's last public appearances was in flying to Baghdad, Iraq, to free Western hostages held by Saddam Hussein, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Brandt secured the release of a large number of them, and on November 9, 1990, his airplane landed with 174 freed hostages on board at the Frankfurt Airport.^[96]

Death and memorials [link]

The Berlin Brandenburg Airport Willy Brandt is the international capital airport named after the Nobel Peace Laureate.

Willy Brandt died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the Rhine River, on 8 October 1992, and was given a state funeral. He was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin.

When the SPD moved its headquarters from Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus". One of the buildings of the European Parliament in Brussels was named after him in 2008.

German artist Johannes Heisig painted several portraits of Brandt of which one was unveiled as part of an honoring event at German Historical Institute Washington, DC on March 18, 2003. Spokesmen amongst others were former German Federal Minister Egon Bahr and former U.S. Secretary of state Henry Kissinger.^[97]

In 2009, the University of Erfurt renamed its graduate school of public administration as the Willy Brandt School of Public Policy. A private German-language secondary school in Warsaw, Poland, is also named after Brandt.

A new airport southeast of Germany's capital Berlin, namded for Brandt, had been scheduled to open in June 2012, but in May Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit announced its opening would be delayed until March 2013, due in part to concerns about fire-safety systems.^[98] Officially, the airport will be called Berlin Brandenburg Airport "Willy Brandt".^[99]

Brandt's family [link]

From 1941 until 1948 Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). The two of them had a daughter, Ninja Brandt (born in 1940). After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1948, Brandt married the Norwegian Rut Hansen in 1948. Hansen and Brandt had three sons: Peter Brandt (born in 1948), Lars Brandt (born in 1951), and Matthias Brandt (born in 1961). Today Peter is a historian, Lars is an artist, and Matthias is an actor. After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brand divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced, they never saw each other again. On 9 December 1983, Brandt married Brigitte Seebacher (born in 1946).

Rut Hansen Brandt outlived Willy Brandt but died on 28 July 2006 in Berlin.

Matthias Brandt [link]

In 2003, Matthias Brandt acted the role of Guillaume in the movie Im Schatten der Macht ("In the Shadow of Power") directed by the German filmmaker Oliver Storz. This movie deals with the Guillaume affair and Willy Brandt's resignation from the Chancellorship. Matthias caused a minor controversy in Germany when it was announced that he would portray the man who betrayed his father, and who caused him to resign in 1974. Earlier in 1974 - when the Brandts and the Guillaumes took a vacation in Norway together - it was Matthias, then twelve years old, who was the first to discover that Guillaume and his wife "were typing mysterious things on typewriters the whole night through."

Lars Brandt [link]

In early 2006, Lars Brandt published a biography of his father called "Andenken" ('Remembrance'). This book has been the subject of some controversy. Some see it as a loving memory of the father-son-relationship, but others label it as a ruthless statement of a son who still thinks that he never had a father who really loved him.

Selected works [link]

1960 Mein Weg nach Berlin (My Path to Berlin), autobiography

1966 Draußen. Schriften während der Emigration. (Outside: Writings during the Emigration) ISBN 3-8012-1094-4

1968 Friedenspolitik in Europa (The Politics of Peace in Europe)

1976 Begegnungen und Einsichten 1960-1975 (Encounters and Insights 1960-1975) ISBN 3-455-08979-8

1982 Links und frei. Mein Weg 1930-1950 (Left and Free: My Path 1930-1950)

1986 Der organisierte Wahnsinn (Organized Lunacy)

1989 Erinnerungen (Memories) ISBN 3-549-07353-4

2002f, Berliner Ausgabe, Werkauswahl, ed. for Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung by Helga Grebing, Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich August Winkler, 10 volumes, Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002f, Collected Writings, ISBN 3-8012-0305-0

Biographies [link]

Lars Brandt, Andenken (ISBN 3-446-20710-4) (German)

Helga Grebing, Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche. (ISBN 978-3-7705-4710-4) (German) - [Homepage of Prof. Dr. Helga Grebing] (German)

Peter Merseburger, Willy Brandt (ISBN 3-421-05328-6) (German)

Barbara Marshall, Willy Brandt, A Political Biography (ISBN 0-312-16438-6)

Nestore di Meola, Willy Brandt raccontato da Klaus Lindenberg (ISBN 88-7284-712-5) (Italian)

References [link]

Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (November 2010)

^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbrandtW.htm

^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). pp. 98. ISBN 0-399-15729-8.

^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). pp. 166. ISBN 0-399-15729-8.

^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). pp. 375–376. ISBN 0-399-15729-8.

^ "Willy Brandt", Time Magazine, 4 January 1971, online archive accessed 11 July 2007

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice

^ ^a ^b Germany In The Twentieth Century by David Childs

^ Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt by Marion Dönhoff

^ ^a ^b ^c The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal

^ ^a ^b ^c http://books.google.com/books?id=0KnP2KKdzyAC&pg=PA182&dq=malaise+first+welfare+state+brandt+1972+and+1974&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false

^ ^a ^b ^c http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~rdalton/germany/ch10/chap10.htm

^ The Other German: Willy Brandt’s Life & Times by David Binder

^ The retreat of social democracy by John T. Callaghan

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ibid

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson, and Peter Townsend

^ Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary by David Wilsford

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848-2005 by Heinrich Potthoff and Susanne Miller

^ http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=1655

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt by Marion Dönhoff

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Taxation, Wage Bargaining and Unemployment by Isabela Mares

^ Europe since 1945: an introduction by Peter Lane

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary by David Wilsford

^ Hovels to high rise: state housing in Europe since 1850 by Anne Power

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Helmut Schmidt, Perspectives on Politics edited by Wolfram F Hanrieder

^ Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany‎ by David F. Patton

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Management, quality and economics in building by Artur Bezelga and Peter S. Brandon

^ The state of Germany atlas by Bernhard Schäfers

^ Helmut Schmidt, Perspectives on Politics edited by Wolfram F Hanrieder

^ Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets by Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens

^ Germany: A Country Study by Eric Solsten

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=907

^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt

^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt

^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt

^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt

^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt

^ Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson, and Peter Townsend

^ Time and Poverty in Western Welfare States: United Germany in Perspective by Lutz Leisering and Stephan Leibfried

^ http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=908

^ The constitutional jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany by Donald P. Kommers

^ Christian democracy in Western Germany by Geoffrey Pridham

^ Banking on death: or, investing in life : the history and future of pensions‎ by Robin Blackburn

^ Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson and Peter Townsend

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ ^a ^b ^c http://www.willy-brandt.org/bwbs_biografie/The_first_policy_statement_B403.html

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora

^ Taxation, Wage Bargaining and Unemployment by Isabela Mares

^ http://www.aicgs.org/documents/pubs/polrep30.pdf

^ Old-age security in comparative perspective by John B. Williamson and Fred C. Pampel

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson, and Peter Townsend

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

^ http://www.genet.ac.uk/workpapers/GeNet2007p28.pdf

^ Can Germany be saved?: the malaise of the world’s first welfare state by Hans-Werner Sinn

^ The Other German: Willy Brandt’s Life & Times by David Binder

^ Helmut Schmidt, Perspectives on Politics edited by Wolfram F Hanrieder

^ The Other German: Willy Brandt’s Life & Times by David Binder

^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BokmF9j1hx0C&pg=PA100&dq=walter+arendt+working+hours&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9QwfT-TIGYTFtAbL56jhDA&ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=walter%20arendt%20working%20hours&f=false

^ The Other German: Willy Brandt’s Life & Times by David Binder

^ The Other German: Willy Brandt’s Life & Times by David Binder

^ Germany: the long road west 1933-1990 by Heinrich August Winkler and Alexander Sager

^ Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt by Marion Dönhoff

^ Germany: the long road west 1933-1990 by Heinrich August Winkler and Alexander Sager

^ Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt by Marion Dönhoff

^ Germany: the long road west 1933-1990 by Heinrich August Winkler and Alexander Sager

^ Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt by Marion Dönhoff

^ Germany: the long road west 1933-1990 by Heinrich August Winkler and Alexander Sager

^ Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt by Marion Dönhoff

^ Germany: the long road west 1933-1990 by Heinrich August Winkler and Alexander Sager

^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie

^ Helmut Schmidt, Perspectives on Politics edited by Wolfram F Hanrieder

^ Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel on 21 October 2002

^ Gregor Schöllgen: Willy Brandt. Die Biographie. Propyläen, Berlin 2001. ISBN 3-549-07142-6

^ quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. Der Kanzler und sein Spion. In: DIE ZEIT 2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003

^ "Never at a Loss for Words". TIME. 1983-04-18. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953794-1,00.html. Retrieved 2008-07-09.

^ [1]

^ "Mideast Tensions", The New York Times, 9 Nov. 1990 accessed 3 January 2008

^ "Honoring Willy Brandt". GHI BULLETIN NO. 33 (FALL 2003). http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/033/90.pdf.

^ [2]

^ New airport to be named 'Willy Brandt'

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Willy Brandt

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Willy Brandt

Official Biography of Willy Brandt by Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation

Adam Sneyd, "Brandt Commission", in Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium, edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson

Biography of Willy Brandt

Special file on Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe in the ENA digital library

Ubben Lecture at DePauw University

Berlin Brandenburg Airport "Willy Brandt"

Political offices

Preceded by
Otto Suhr President of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
1955–1957 Succeeded by
Kurt Landsberg

Preceded by
Otto Suhr Gorverning Mayor of Berlin
1957–1966 Succeeded by
Heinrich Albertz

Preceded by
Gerhard Schröder Minister of Foreign Affairs
1966–1969 Succeeded by
Walter Scheel

Preceded by
Kurt Georg Kiesinger Chancellor of Germany
1969–1974 Succeeded by
Helmut Schmidt

Preceded by
Hans-Christoph Seebohm Vice Chancellor of Germany
1966–1969 Succeeded by
Walter Scheel

Party political offices

Preceded by
Erich Ollenhauer Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
1964–1987 Succeeded by
Hans-Jochen Vogel

Preceded by
Bruno Pittermann President of the Socialist International
1976–1992 Succeeded by
Pierre Mauroy

v

t

e

Chancellors of Germany

North German Confederation
(1867–1871)

Otto von Bismarck

German Empire
(1871–1918)

Otto von Bismarck

Leo von Caprivi

Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

Bernhard von Bülow

Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

Georg Michaelis

Georg von Hertling

Prince Maximilian of Baden

Friedrich Ebert

Weimar Republic
(1919–1933)

Philipp Scheidemann

Gustav Bauer

Hermann Müller

Konstantin Fehrenbach

Joseph Wirth

Wilhelm Cuno

Gustav Stresemann

Wilhelm Marx

Hans Luther

Wilhelm Marx

Hermann Müller

Heinrich Brüning

Franz von Papen

Kurt von Schleicher

Third Reich
(1933–1945)

Adolf Hitler

Joseph Goebbels

Count Schwerin von Krosigk (as Leading Minister)

Allied occupation

Governors of British, French, American and Soviet occupation zones

Federal Republic
(1949–)

Konrad Adenauer

Ludwig Erhard

Kurt Georg Kiesinger

Willy Brandt

Helmut Schmidt

Helmut Kohl

Gerhard Schröder

Angela Merkel

v

t

e

Presidents of the Bundesrat (Federal Council)

Karl Arnold • Hans Ehard • Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf • Reinhold Maier • Georg August Zinn • Peter Altmeier • Kai-Uwe von Hassel • Kurt Sieveking • Willy Brandt • Wilhelm Kaisen • Franz-Josef Röder • Franz Meyers • Kurt Georg Kiesinger • Georg Diederichs • Helmut Lemke • Klaus Schütz • Herbert Weichmann • Franz-Josef Röder • Hans Koschnick • Heinz Kühn • Alfons Goppel • Hans Filbinger • Alfred Kubel • Albert Osswald • Bernhard Vogel • Gerhard Stoltenberg • Dietrich Stobbe • Hans-Ulrich Klose • Werner Zeyer • Johannes Rau • Franz Josef Strauss • Lothar Späth • Ernst Albrecht • Holger Börner • Walter Wallmann • Björn Engholm • Walter Momper • Henning Voscherau • Alfred Gomolka • Berndt Seite • Oskar Lafontaine • Klaus Wedemeier • Edmund Stoiber • Erwin Teufel • Gerhard Schröder • Hans Eichel • Roland Koch • Kurt Biedenkopf • Kurt Beck • Klaus Wowereit • Wolfgang Böhmer • Dieter Althaus • Matthias Platzeck • Peter Harry Carstensen • Harald Ringstorff • Ole von Beust • Peter Müller • Jens Böhrnsen

v

t

e

Mayors of Berlin

Complete list

Berlin¹
(1809-1948)

Leopold von Gerlach

Johann Büsching

Friedrich von Bärensprung

Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick

Franz Christian Naunyn

Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick

Karl Theodor Seydel

Arthur Hobrecht

Max von Forckenbeck

Robert Zelle

Martin Kirschner

Adolph Wermuth

Gustav Böß

Arthur Scholz

Heinrich Sahm

Oskar Maretzky²

Julius Lippert²

Ludwig Steeg²

Arthur Werner

Otto Ostrowski

Louise Schroeder

Ferdinand Friedensburg

East Berlin¹
(1948-1991)

Friedrich Ebert

Herbert Fechner

Erhard Krack

Ingrid Pankraz

Christian Hartenauer

Tino Schwierzina

Thomas Krüger

West Berlin³
(1948-1991)

Ernst Reuter

Walther Schreiber

Otto Suhr

Willy Brandt

Heinrich Albertz

Klaus Schütz

Dietrich Stobbe

Hans-Jochen Vogel

Richard von Weizsäcker

Eberhard Diepgen

Walter Momper

Berlin³
(since 1990)

Walter Momper

Eberhard Diepgen

Klaus Wowereit

¹Oberbürgermeister (Lord Mayor)

² Stadtpräsident (City President)

³ Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor)

v

t

e

Chairmen of the Social Democratic Party of Germany

SPD
(1890–1933)

Paul Singer / Alwin Gerisch

August Bebel / Paul Singer

August Bebel / Hugo Haase

Hugo Haase / Friedrich Ebert

Friedrich Ebert

Friedrich Ebert / Philipp Scheidemann

Otto Wels / Herman Müller

Arthur Crispien / Otto Wels / Herman Müller

Arthur Crispien / Otto Wels

Arthur Crispien / Otto Wels / Hans Vogel

SPD-in-exile
(1933–1945)

Otto Wels / Hans Vogel

Hans Vogel

SPD
(since 1946)

Kurt Schumacher

Erich Ollenhauer

Willy Brandt

Hans-Jochen Vogel

Björn Engholm

Rudolf Scharping

Oskar Lafontaine

Gerhard Schröder

Franz Müntefering

Matthias Platzeck

Kurt Beck

Franz Müntefering

Sigmar Gabriel

v

t

e

Foreign Ministers of Germany

German Empire
(1871–1918)

Thile

Balan

B.E. v. Bülow

Radowitz

Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

Limburg-Stirum

Busch

Hatzfeld zu Trachenberg

H. v. Bismarck

Bieberstein

B. von Bülow

Richthofen

Tschirschky-Bögendorff

Schoen

Kiderlen-Waechter

Jagow

Zimmermann

Kühlmann

Hintze

Solf

Brockdorff-Rantzau

Weimar Republic
(1918–1933)

Brockdorff-Rantzau

Müller

Köster

Simons

Rosen

Wirth

Rathenau

Rosenberg

Stresemann

Curtius

Brüning

Neurath

Nazi Germany
(1933–1945)

Neurath

Ribbentrop

Seyss-Inquart

Schwerin von Krosigk

German Democratic Republic
(East Germany) (1949–1990)

Dertinger

Ackermann

Bolz

Winzer

O. Fischer

Meckel

de Maizière

Federal Republic of Germany
(since 1949)

Adenauer

Brentano

Schröder

Brandt

Scheel

Genscher

Kinkel

J. Fischer

Steinmeier

Westerwelle

v

t

e

Cold War

Participants and notable figures

ANZUS

NATO

Non-Aligned Movement

SEATO

Warsaw Pact

1940s

Yalta Conference

Operation Unthinkable

Potsdam Conference

Gouzenko Affair

War in Vietnam (1945–1946)

Iran crisis of 1946

Greek Civil War

Corfu Channel Incident

Restatement of Policy on Germany

First Indochina War

Truman Doctrine

Asian Relations Conference

Marshall Plan

Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948

Tito–Stalin split

Berlin Blockade

Western betrayal

Iron Curtain

Eastern Bloc

Chinese Civil War (Second round)

1950s

Korean War

1953 Iranian coup d'état

Uprising of 1953 in East Germany

1954 Guatemalan coup d'état

Partition of Vietnam

First Taiwan Strait Crisis

Geneva Summit (1955)

Poznań 1956 protests

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Suez Crisis

Sputnik crisis

Second Taiwan Strait Crisis

Cuban Revolution

Kitchen Debate

Asian–African Conference

Bricker Amendment

McCarthyism

Operation Gladio

Hallstein Doctrine

1960s

Congo Crisis

Sino–Soviet split

1960 U-2 incident

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Berlin Wall

Portuguese Colonial War (Angolan War of Independence

Guinea-Bissau War of Independence

Mozambican War of Independence)

Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam War

1964 Brazilian coup d'état

United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)

South African Border War

Transition to the New Order

Domino theory

ASEAN Declaration

Laotian Civil War

Greek military junta of 1967–1974

USS Pueblo incident

Six-Day War

War of Attrition

Cultural Revolution

Sino-Indian War

Prague Spring

Goulash Communism

Sino-Soviet border conflict

Bunkers in Albania

1970s

Détente

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Black September in Jordan

Cambodian Civil War

Realpolitik

Ping Pong Diplomacy

Four Power Agreement on Berlin

1972 Nixon visit to China

1973 Chilean coup d'état

Yom Kippur War

Carnation Revolution

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Rhodesian Bush War

Angolan Civil War

Mozambican Civil War

Ogaden War

Sino-Albanian split

Cambodian–Vietnamese War

Sino-Vietnamese War

Iranian Revolution

Operation Condor

Bangladesh Liberation War

Korean Air Lines Flight 902

1980s

Soviet war in Afghanistan

1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts

Solidarity

Soviet reaction

Contras

Central American crisis

RYAN

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Able Archer 83

Star Wars

Invasion of Grenada

People Power Revolution

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

United States invasion of Panama

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Revolutions of 1989

Glasnost

Perestroika

1990s

Democratic Revolution in Mongolia

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Foreign policy

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

Containment

Eisenhower Doctrine

Domino theory

Kennedy Doctrine

Peaceful coexistence

Ostpolitik

Johnson Doctrine

Brezhnev Doctrine

Nixon Doctrine

Ulbricht Doctrine

Carter Doctrine

Reagan Doctrine

Rollback

Ideologies

Capitalism

Chicago school

Keynesianism

Monetarism

Neoclassical economics

Reaganomics

Supply-side economics

Thatcherism

Communism

Marxism–Leninism

Castroism

Eurocommunism

Guevarism

Hoxhaism

Juche

Left communism

Maoism

Stalinism

Titoism

Trotskyism

Liberal democracy

Social democracy

Organizations

ASEAN

CIA

Comecon

EEC

KGB

MI6

Stasi

Propaganda

Active measures

Izvestia

Pravda

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Red Scare

TASS

Voice of America

Voice of Russia

Races

Arms race

Nuclear arms race

Space Race

See also

Brinkmanship

NATO–Russia relations

Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S.

Soviet Union–United States relations

US–Soviet summits

Category

Portal

Timeline

v

t

e

Notable figures of the Cold War

Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin

Vyacheslav Molotov

Andrei Gromyko

Nikita Khrushchev

Anatoly Dobrynin

Leonid Brezhnev

Alexei Kosygin

Yuri Andropov

Konstantin Chernenko

Mikhail Gorbachev

Nikolai Ryzhkov

Eduard Shevardnadze

Gennady Yanayev

Boris Yeltsin

United States

Harry S. Truman

George Marshall

Joseph McCarthy

Dwight D. Eisenhower

John Foster Dulles

John F. Kennedy

Robert F. Kennedy

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

Robert McNamara

Lyndon B. Johnson

Richard Nixon

Henry Kissinger

Gerald Ford

Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan

George Shultz

Caspar Weinberger

George H. W. Bush

People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong

Zhou Enlai

Hua Guofeng

Deng Xiaoping

Zhao Ziyang

Japan

Hirohito

Shigeru Yoshida

Ichirō Hatoyama

Nobusuke Kishi

Eisaku Satō

Kakuei Tanaka

Takeo Miki

Takeo Fukuda

Masayoshi Ōhira

Zenko Suzuki

Yasuhiro Nakasone

Noboru Takeshita

Sōsuke Uno

Toshiki Kaifu

West Germany

Konrad Adenauer

Walter Hallstein

Willy Brandt

Helmut Schmidt

Helmut Kohl

United Kingdom

Winston Churchill

Clement Attlee

Ernest Bevin

Anthony Eden

Harold Macmillan

Alec Douglas-Home

Kim Philby

Harold Wilson

Edward Heath

James Callaghan

Margaret Thatcher

Italy

Alcide De Gasperi

Palmiro Togliatti

Giulio Andreotti

Aldo Moro

Enrico Berlinguer

Francesco Cossiga

Bettino Craxi

France

Charles de Gaulle

Alain Poher

Georges Pompidou

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

François Mitterrand

Finland

Urho Kekkonen

Spain

Francisco Franco

Luis Carrero-Blanco

Juan Carlos I

Adolfo Suárez

Felipe González

Portugal

António de Oliveira Salazar

Marcelo Caetano

Álvaro Cunhal

Salgueiro Maia

Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho

António de Spínola

Vasco Gonçalves

António Ramalho Eanes

Mário Soares

Francisco de Sá Carneiro

Aníbal Cavaco Silva

People's Republic of Poland

Bolesław Bierut

Władysław Gomułka

Edward Gierek

Wojciech Jaruzelski

Pope John Paul II

Lech Wałęsa

Canada

William Lyon Mackenzie King

Louis St. Laurent

John Diefenbaker

Lester Pearson

Pierre Trudeau

Joe Clark

John Turner

Brian Mulroney

Kim Campbell

Philippines

Benigno Aquino, Jr.

Corazon Aquino

Juan Ponce Enrile

Gringo Honasan

Nur Misuari

Jose Maria Sison

Diosdado Macapagal

Ferdinand Marcos

Imelda Marcos

Fidel V. Ramos

Africa

José Eduardo dos Santos

Jonas Savimbi (Angola)

Patrice Lumumba

Mobutu Sese Seko (Congo/Zaire)

Agostinho Neto

Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia)

Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)

Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)

Idi Amin (Uganda)

Muammar Gaddafi (Libya)

Siad Barre (Somalia)

Eastern Bloc

Enver Hoxha (Albania)

Todor Zhivkov (Bulgaria)

Alexander Dubček (Czechoslovakia)

Walter Ulbricht

Erich Honecker (East Germany)

Mátyás Rákosi

Imre Nagy

János Kádár (Hungary)

Nicolae Ceauşescu (Romania)

Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)

Latin America

Juan Domingo Perón

Jorge Rafael Videla

Leopoldo Galtieri (Argentina)

Getúlio Vargas

Luís Prestes

Leonel Brizola

João Goulart

Castelo Branco (Brazil)

Salvador Allende

Augusto Pinochet (Chile)

Fidel Castro

Che Guevara (Cuba)

Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)

Marcos Pérez Jiménez

Rómulo Betancourt (Venezuela)

Omar Torrijos

Manuel Noriega (Panama)

Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán (Guatemala)

Middle East

Nur Muhammad Taraki

Hafizullah Amin

Babrak Karmal

Mohammad Najibullah

Ahmad Shah Massoud (Afghanistan)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Anwar Sadat (Egypt)

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Mosaddegh

Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran)

Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr

Saddam Hussein (Iraq)

Menachem Begin (Israel)

Michel Aflaq

Salah Jadid

Hafez al-Assad (Syria)

South and East Asia

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangladesh)

U Nu

Ne Win (Burma)

Pol Pot (Cambodia)

Indira Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru (India)

Sukarno

Suharto

Mohammad Hatta

Adam Malik (Indonesia)

Kim Il-sung (North Korea)

Syngman Rhee

Park Chung-hee (South Korea)

Muhammad Ayub Khan

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Pakistan)

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Ching-kuo (Taiwan)

Ho Chi Minh

Le Duan (Vietnam)

Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam)

Category

Portal

Timeline of events

v

t

e

Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize (1951–1975)

Léon Jouhaux (1951)

Albert Schweitzer (1952)

George Marshall (1953)

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1954)

Lester B. Pearson (1957)

Georges Pire (1958)

Philip Noel-Baker (1959)

Albert Lutuli (1960)

Dag Hammarskjöld (1961)

Linus Pauling (1962)

International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies (1963)

Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964)

UNICEF (1965)

René Cassin (1968)

International Labour Organization (1969)

Norman Borlaug (1970)

Willy Brandt (1971)

Henry Kissinger / Le Duc Tho (declined award) (1973)

Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō (1974)

Andrei Sakharov (1975)

Complete list

(1901–1925)

(1926–1950)

(1951–1975)

(1976–2000)

(2001–2025)

v

t

e

Time Persons of the Year

Mohammad Mosaddegh (1951)

Elizabeth II (1952)

Konrad Adenauer (1953)

John Foster Dulles (1954)

Harlow Curtice (1955)

Hungarian Freedom Fighter (1956)

Nikita Khrushchev (1957)

Charles de Gaulle (1958)

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)

U.S. Scientists (1960)

George Beadle

Charles Draper

John Enders

Donald A. Glaser

Joshua Lederberg

Willard Libby

Linus Pauling

Edward Purcell

Isidor Rabi

Emilio Segrè

William Shockley

Edward Teller

Charles Townes

James Van Allen

Robert Woodward

John F. Kennedy (1961)

Pope John XXIII (1962)

Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963)

Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)

William Westmoreland (1965)

Baby boomers (1966)

Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)

The Apollo 8 Astronauts (1968)

William Anders

Frank Borman

Jim Lovell

The Middle Americans (1969)

Willy Brandt (1970)

Richard Nixon (1971)

Henry Kissinger

Richard Nixon (1972)

John Sirica (1973)

King Faisal (1974)

American Women (1975)

Susan Brownmiller

Kathleen Byerly

Alison Cheek

Jill Conway

Betty Ford

Ella Grasso

Carla Hills

Barbara Jordan

Billie Jean King

Carol Sutton

Susie Sharp

Addie L. Wyatt

Complete roster

1927–1950

1951–1975

1976–2000

2001–present

Authority control: PND: 11851444X | LCCN: n80138336 | VIAF: 41837116 | WorldCat

Persondata

Name Brandt, Willy

Alternative names Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm

Short description German politician, Chancellor of West Germany

Date of birth 18 December 1913

Place of birth Lübeck, Germany

Date of death 8 October 1992

Place of death Unkel, Germany

http://wn.com/Willy_Brandt

Related pages:

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http://ru.wn.com/Брандт, Вилли

http://pl.wn.com/Willy Brandt

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

Sergei Nakariakov

Born (1977-05-10) May 10, 1977 (age 35)
Gorky

Genres Classical

Instruments trumpet, flugelhorn

Website http://www.nakariakov.com/

Sergei Mikhailovich Nakariakov (Russian: Сергей Михайлович Накаряков; born May 10, 1977 in Gorky) is a Russian virtuoso trumpeter^[1] who came to prominence in the late 1990s. He released his first CD recording (including works by Ravel, Gershwin and Arban's The Carnival of Venice) in 1992 at the age of 15.

Contents

1 Recordings

2 The Flugelhorn

3 Musical equipment

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

Recordings [link]

Sergei Nakariakov has recorded works by composers such as Joseph Haydn, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, J. B. Neruda, Mozart, Telemann, Felix Mendelssohn, and Tchaikovsky. He has recorded with The Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra conducted by Hugh Wolff, and the Philharmonia conducted by Vladimir Ashkenazy among many others. In 2004 he was portrayed in Jan Schmidt-Garre's film No More Wunderkind.

Nakariakov's recordings include:

A. Arutunian: Trumpet Concerto (15'52")

G. Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue (12'00")

P. Tchaikovsky: Variations on a Rococo Theme (18'40")

J. Haydn: Concerto in C major, Hob. Vllb-l, originally for cello (23'00")

W. A. Mozart: Concerto in B flat major, KV 191, originally for bassoon (19'00")

J. Haydn: Trumpet concerto in E flat major, H.Ville/1, (15'00")

F. A. Hoffmeister: Concerto in D major, originally for viola (17'00")

J. N. Hummel: Trumpet concerto in E flat major (17'00")

J. B. Neruda: Concerto in E flat major (15'12")

C. Saint-Saens: Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso (9' 05")

N. Paganini: Moto Perpetuo (4'29")

The Flugelhorn [link]

Nakariakov also has made several recordings performing on the flugelhorn. In his album Concertos for Trumpet in 1999, Nakariakov plays music transcribed for the trumpet from violin, viola, and cello concertos. He plays the flugelhorn for the famous Cello Concerto No. 1 by Haydn. In his album No Limit in 2000, Nakariakov plays Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme, originally for cello and orchestra, in a transcription for the flugelhorn. Nakariakov plays on a specially customized flugelhorn made by Antoine Courtois that has 4 valves, which allows him to play lower than normal flugelhorns.

Musical equipment [link]

This section requires expansion.

Courtois 303R B♭ trumpet

Courtois 156R "Nakariakov" flugelhorn

See also [link]

Nizhny Novgorod

References [link]

^ Gwenda Nemerofsky (20 June 2009). "Dreaming sweet musical dreams". Winnipeg Free Press. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/music/dreaming-sweet-musical-dreams-48672682.html. Retrieved 2010-07-21.

External links [link]

Official website

Alternative website

Persondata

Name Nakariakov, Sergei

Alternative names

Short description

Date of birth 1977-05-10

Place of birth Gorky

Date of death

Place of death

http://wn.com/Sergei_Nakariakov

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Накаряков, Сергей Михайлович

http://fr.wn.com/Sergueï Nakariakov

http://nl.wn.com/Sergei Nakariakov

http://it.wn.com/Sergei Nakariakov

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Nakariakov

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article is about the German politician. For the referee, see Helmut Kohl (referee).

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2010)

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of Germany

In office
1 October 1982 – 27 October 1998*

President Karl Carstens
Richard von Weizsäcker
Roman Herzog

Deputy Hans-Dietrich Genscher
Jürgen Möllemann
Klaus Kinkel

Preceded by Helmut Schmidt

Succeeded by Gerhard Schröder

Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate

In office
19 May 1969 – 2 December 1976

Preceded by Peter Altmeier

Succeeded by Bernhard Vogel

Personal details

Born Helmut Josef Michael Kohl
(1930-04-03) 3 April 1930 (age 82)
Ludwigshafen, Germany

Political party Centre Party (Before 1946)
Christian Democratic Union (1946–present)

Spouse(s) Hannelore Renner (1960–2001)
Maike Richter (2008–present)

Alma mater Heidelberg University

Signature

*From 1 October 1982 to 3 October 1990, Kohl was Chancellor of West Germany only. From 3 October 1990 to 27 October 1998, he was Chancellor for the reunified Germany.

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl]; born 3 April 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany between 1982 and 1990 and of the reunited Germany between 1990 and 1998) and the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. His 16-year tenure was the longest of any German chancellor since Otto von Bismarck and oversaw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. Kohl is widely regarded as one of the main architects of the German reunification and, together with French President François Mitterrand, the Maastricht Treaty, which contributed to the creation of the European Union.^[1]

Kohl and Mitterrand were the joint recipients of the Karlspreis in 1988.^[2] In 1998, Kohl was named Honorary Citizen of Europe by the European heads of state or government for his extraordinary work for European integration and cooperation, an honour previously only bestowed on Jean Monnet.^[3] In 1996, he won the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in International Cooperation.^[4]

Kohl has been described as "the greatest European leader of the second half of the 20th century" by former U.S. Presidents George H. W. Bush^[5] and Bill Clinton.^[6]

Contents

1 Life

1.1 Youth

1.2 Life before politics

1.3 Early political career

1.4 Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate

1.5 The 1976 Bundestag election

1.6 Leader of the opposition

2 Chancellor of West Germany

2.1 Rise to power

2.2 The second cabinet

2.3 The third cabinet

2.4 The road to reunification

3 Chancellor of reunified Germany

4 Retirement and legal troubles

4.1 CDU finance affair

4.2 Life after politics

5 Political views

6 Public perception

6.1 Honors

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

Life [link]

Youth [link]

Kohl was born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein (at the time part of Bavaria, now in Rhineland-Palatinate) Germany, the third child of Cäcilie (née Schnur; 1890–1979) and her husband Hans Kohl (1887–1975), a civil servant. His family was conservative and Roman Catholic, and remained loyal to the Catholic Centre Party before and after 1933. His older brother died in the Second World War as a teenage soldier. In the last weeks of the war, Kohl was also drafted, but he was not involved in any combat.

Kohl attended the Ruprecht elementary school, and continued at the Max-Planck-Gymnasium. In 1946, he joined the recently founded CDU. In 1947, he was one of the co-founders of the Junge Union-branch in Ludwigshafen. After graduating in 1950, he began to study law in Frankfurt am Main. In 1951, he switched to the University of Heidelberg where he majored in History and Political Science. In 1953, he joined the board of the Rhineland-Palatinate branch of the CDU. In 1954, he became vice-chair of the Junge Union in Rhineland-Palatinate. In 1955, he returned to the board of the Rhineland-Palatinate branch of the CDU.

Life before politics [link]

After graduating in 1956 he became fellow at the Alfred Weber Institute of the University of Heidelberg where he was an active member of the student society AIESEC. In 1958, he received his doctorate degree for his thesis "The Political Developments in the Palatinate and the Reconstruction of Political Parties after 1945". After that, he entered business, first as an assistant to the director of a foundry in Ludwigshafen and, in 1959, as a manager for the Industrial Union for Chemistry in Ludwigshafen. In this year, he also became chair of the Ludwigshafen branch of the CDU. In the following year, he married Hannelore Renner, whom he had known since 1948, and they had two sons.

Early political career [link]

In 1960, he was elected into the municipal council of Ludwigshafen where he served as leader of the CDU party until 1969. In 1963, he was also elected into the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate and served as leader of the CDU party in that legislature. From 1966 until 1973, he served as the chair of the CDU, and he was also a member of the Federal CDU board. After his election as party-chair, he was named as the successor to Peter Altmeier, who was minister-president of Rhineland-Palatinate at the time. However, after the Landtag-election which followed, Altmeier remained minister-president.

Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate [link]

Helmut Kohl, 1969

On 19 May 1969, Kohl was elected minister-president of Rhineland-Palatinate, as the successor to Peter Altmeier. During his term as minister-president, Kohl founded the University of Trier-Kaiserslautern and enacted territorial reform. Also in 1969, Kohl became the vice-chair of the federal CDU party.

In 1971, he was a candidate to become chairman of the federal CDU, but was not elected. Rainer Barzel remained in the position instead. In 1972, Barzel attempted to force a cabinet crisis in the SPD/FDP government, which failed, leading him to step down. In 1973, Kohl succeeded him as federal chairman; he retained this position until 1998.

The 1976 Bundestag election [link]

In the 1976 federal election, Kohl was the CDU/CSU's candidate for chancellor. The CDU/CSU coalition performed very well, winning 48.6% of the vote. However they were kept out of government by the centre-left cabinet formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Free Democratic Party (Germany), led by Social Democrat Helmut Schmidt. Kohl then retired as minister-president of Rhineland-Palatinate to become the leader of the CDU/CSU in the Bundestag. He was succeeded by Bernhard Vogel.

Leader of the opposition [link]

In the 1980 federal elections, Kohl had to play second fiddle, when CSU-leader Franz Josef Strauß became the CDU/CSU's candidate for chancellor. Strauß was also unable to defeat the SPD/FDP alliance. Unlike Kohl, Strauß did not want to continue as the leader of the CDU/CSU and remained Minister-President of Bavaria. Kohl remained as leader of the opposition, under the third Schmidt cabinet (1980–82).

On 17 September 1982, a conflict of economic policy occurred between the governing SPD/FDP coalition partners. The FDP wanted to radically liberalise the labour market, while the SPD preferred to guarantee the employment of those who already had jobs. The FDP began talks with the CDU/CSU to form a new government.

Chancellor of West Germany [link]

Rise to power [link]

On 1 October 1982, the CDU proposed a constructive vote of no confidence which was supported by the FDP. The motion carried, and, on 4 October, the Bundestag voted in a new CDU/CSU-FDP coalition cabinet, with Kohl as the chancellor. Many of the important details of the new coalition had been hammered out on 20 September, though minor details were reportedly still being hammered out as the vote took place.

Though Kohl's election was done according to the Basic Law, some voices criticized the move as the FDP had fought its 1980 campaign on the side of the SPD and even placed Chancellor Schmidt on some of their campaign posters. Some voices went as far as denying that the new government had the support of a majority of the people. To answer this question, the new government aimed at new elections at the earliest possible date.

Since the Basic Law is restrictive on the dissolution of parliament, Kohl had to take another controversial move: he called for a confidence vote only a month after being sworn in, in which members of his coalition abstained. The ostensibly negative result for Kohl then allowed President Karl Carstens to dissolve the Bundestag in January 1983.

The move was controversial as the coalition parties denied their votes to the same man they had elected Chancellor a month before and whom they wanted to re-elect after the parliamentary election. However, this step was condoned by the German Federal Constitutional Court as a legal instrument and was again applied (by SPD Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and his Green allies) in 2005.

The second cabinet [link]

In the federal elections of March 1983, Kohl won a smashing victory. The CDU/CSU won 48.8%, while the FDP won 7.0%. Some opposition members of the Bundestag asked the Federal constitutional court to declare the whole proceedings unconstitutional. It denied their claim.

The second Kohl cabinet pushed through several controversial plans, including the stationing of NATO midrange missiles, against major opposition from the peace movement.

On 24 January 1984, Kohl spoke before the Israeli Knesset, as the first Chancellor of the post-war generation. In his speech, he used liberal journalist Günter Gaus' famous sentence that he had "the mercy of a late birth" ("Gnade der späten Geburt").

On 22 September 1984 Kohl met the French president François Mitterrand at Verdun, where the Battle of Verdun between France and Germany had taken place during World War I. Together, they commemorated the deaths of both World Wars. The photograph, which depicted their minutes long handshake became an important symbol of French-German reconciliation. Kohl and Mitterrand developed a close political relationship, forming an important motor for European integration. Together, they laid the foundations for European projects, like Eurocorps and Arte. This French-German cooperation also was vital for important European projects, like the Treaty of Maastricht and the Euro.

In 1985, Kohl and US President Ronald Reagan, as part of a plan to observe the 40th anniversary of V-E Day, saw an opportunity to demonstrate the strength of the friendship that existed between Germany and its former foe. During a November 1984 visit to the White House, Kohl appealed to Reagan to join him in symbolizing the reconciliation of their two countries at a German military cemetery. As Reagan visited Germany as part of the G6 conference in Bonn, the pair visited Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 5 May, and more controversially the German military cemetery in Bitburg, discovered to hold 49 members of the Waffen-SS buried there.

In 1986, more controversy was caused by an essay published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 25 April 1986 entitled "Land Without A History" written by one of Kohl's advisors, the historian Michael Stürmer, in which Stürmer argued that West Germany lacked a history to be proud of, and called for effort on the part of the government, historians and the media to build national pride in German history. Though Stürmer insisted that he was writing on behalf of himself and not in an official capacity as the Chancellor's advisor, many left-wing intellectuals claimed that Stürmer's essay also expressed Kohl's views.

The third cabinet [link]

Chancellor Kohl behind and to the right of U.S. President Ronald Reagan (center) at the Brandenburg Gate. President Reagan, challenging Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!" in 1987

After the federal elections of 1987 Kohl won a slightly reduced majority and formed his third cabinet. The SPD's candidate for chancellor was the Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia, Johannes Rau.

In 1987, Kohl received East German leader Erich Honecker - the first ever visit by an East German head of state to West Germany. This is generally seen as a sign that Kohl pursued Ostpolitik, a policy of détente between East and West that had been begun by the SPD-led governments (and strongly opposed by Kohl's own CDU) during the 1970s. Following the breach of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Kohl's handling of the East German issue would become the turning point of his chancellorship.

The road to reunification [link]

Main article: German reunification

Helmut Kohl in Krzyżowa (Kreisau), Poland, 1989.

Taking advantage of the historic political changes occurring in East Germany, Kohl presented a ten point plan for "Overcoming of the division of Germany and Europe" without consulting his coalition partner, the FDP, or the Western Allies. In February 1990, he visited the Soviet Union seeking a guarantee from Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that the USSR would allow German reunification to proceed. On 18 May 1990, he signed an economic and social union treaty with East Germany. Against the will of the president of the German federal bank, he allowed a 1:1 exchange rate for wages, interest and rent between the West and East Marks. In the end, this policy would seriously hurt companies in the new federal states. Together with Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Kohl was able to resolve talks with the former Allies of World War II to allow German reunification and the expansion of the NATO into the former East German state. On 3 October 1990, the East German state was abolished and its territory reunified with West Germany. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Kohl confirmed that historically German territories east of the Oder-Neisse line were definitively part of the Republic of Poland, thereby finally ending the West German territorial claims. In 1993, Kohl confirmed, in a treaty with the Czech Republic, that Germany would no longer bring forward territorial claims as to the pre-1945 ethnic German so-called Sudetenland. This was a disappointment for the German Heimatvertriebene, displaced persons.

Chancellor of reunified Germany [link]

Helmut Kohl in 1990.

Reunification placed Kohl in a momentarily unassailable position. In the 1990 elections – the first free, fair and democratic all-German elections since the Weimar Republic era – Kohl won by a landslide over opposition candidate and Minister-President of Saarland, Oskar Lafontaine. He then formed his fourth cabinet.

After the federal elections of 1994 Kohl was narrowly re-elected. He defeated the Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate Rudolf Scharping. The SPD was however able to win a majority in the Bundesrat, which significantly limited Kohl's power. In foreign politics, Kohl was more successful, for instance getting Frankfurt am Main as the seat for the European Central Bank. In 1997, Kohl received the Vision for Europe Award for his efforts in the unification of Europe.

By the late 1990s, the aura surrounding Kohl had largely worn off amid rising unemployment. He was heavily defeated in the 1998 federal elections by the Minister-President of Lower Saxony, Gerhard Schröder.

Retirement and legal troubles [link]

A red-green coalition government led by Schröder replaced Kohl's government on 27 October 1998. He immediately resigned as CDU leader and largely retired from politics. However, he remained a member of the Bundestag until he decided not to run for reelection in the 2002 election.

CDU finance affair [link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2010)

Parts of this section (those related to the extradition of Schreiber) are outdated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (August 2010)

Kohl's life after political office in the beginning was dominated by the CDU-party finance scandal.

The party financing scandal became public in 1999, when it was discovered that the CDU had received and kept illegal donations during Kohl's leadership.^[7]

Investigations by the Bundestag into the sources of illegal CDU funds, mainly stored in Geneva bank accounts, revealed two sources. One was the sale of German tanks to Saudi Arabia (kickback question), while the other was the privatization fraud in collusion with the late French President François Mitterrand who wanted 2,550 unused allotments in the former East Germany for the then French owned Elf Aquitaine. In December 1994 the CDU majority in the Bundestag enacted a law that nullified all rights of the current owners. Over 300 million DM in illegal funds were discovered in accounts in the canton of Geneva. The fraudulently acquired allotments were then privatized as part of Elf Aquitaine and ended up with TotalFinaElf, now Total S.A., after amalgamation.^{[citation needed]}

Kohl himself claimed that Elf Aquitaine had offered (and meanwhile made) a massive investment in East Germany's chemical industry together with the takeover of 2,000 gas stations in Germany which were formerly owned by national oil company Minol. Elf Aquitaine is supposed to have financed CDU illegally, as ordered by Mitterrand, as it was usual practice in African countries.^{[citation needed]}

Kohl and other German and French politicians defended themselves that they were promoting reconciliation and cooperation between France and Germany for the sake of European integration and peace, and that they had no personal motives for accepting foreign party funding.^{[citation needed]}

These scandal matters are still under investigation. The German-Canadian businessman Karlheinz Schreiber, a longtime associate of Kohl's late CSU political rival Franz Josef Strauß, is wanted by Bavarian prosecutors on charges of fraud and corruption, but Schreiber has been fighting extradition from Canada to Germany for more than eight years, since the summer of 1999. Schreiber who is freed on bail in Canada as of April, 2008, filed an affidavit implicating former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, another business associate of his. The Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper called on 13 November 2007, for a public inquiry to probe Schreiber's statements.^{[citation needed]}^{[relevant? – discuss]}

Life after politics [link]

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Kohl and Vladimir Putin in 2000

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In 2002, Kohl left the Bundestag and officially retired from politics. In recent years, Kohl has been largely rehabilitated by his party again. After taking office, Angela Merkel invited her former patron to the Chancellor's Office and Ronald Pofalla, the Secretary-General of the CDU, announced that the CDU will cooperate more closely with Kohl, "to take advantage of the experience of this great statesman", as Pofalla put it. However, Kohl has retreated from public life to a far greater extent than his predecessor Helmut Schmidt.

On 5 July 2001, Hannelore Kohl, his wife, committed suicide, after suffering from photodermatitis for years. On 4 March 2004, he published the first of his memoirs, called "Memories 1930–1982", covering the period 1930 to 1982, when he became chancellor. The second part, published on 3 November 2005, included the first half of his chancellorship (from 1982 to 1990). On 28 December 2004, Kohl was air-lifted by the Sri Lankan Air Force, after having been stranded in a hotel by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

He is a member of the Club of Madrid.^[8]

As reported in the German press, he also gave his name to the soon-to-be launched Helmut Kohl Centre for European Studies (currently 'Centre for European Studies'), which is the new political foundation of the European People's Party.

In April 2008, Kohl was reported to be in intensive care due to a falling accident earlier in the year, and incapable of speaking. Subsequent to his recovery, he married his 43-year-old partner, Maike Richter, on 8 May 2008.

In 2010, he had a gall bladder operation in Heidelberg.^[9]

Political views [link]

In international politics Kohl was committed to European integration, maintaining close relations with the French president Mitterrand. Parallel to this he was committed to German reunification. Although he continued the Ostpolitik of his social-democratic predecessor, Kohl also supported Reagan's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the USSR.

Public perception [link]

Kohl faced stiff opposition from the West German political left and was as well mocked upon for his provincial background, physical stature and simple language. Similar to historical French cartoons of Louis-Philippe of France, Hans Traxler depicted Kohl as a pear in the left leaning satirical journal Titanic.^[10] The German expression Birne ("pear") became a widespread nickname and symbol for the Chancellor.^[11] Kohl became one of the most popular politicians in some regions of Eastern Germany and a greatly respected European statesman.^{[citation needed]}

Honors [link]

In 1988, Kohl and Mitterrand received the Karlspreis for his contribution to Franco-German friendship and European Union.^[2]

In 1996, Kohl received the Prince of Asturias Award in International Cooperation

In 1996, he was made honorary doctor of the Catholic University of Louvain.

In 1996, Kohl received an award for his humanitarian achievements from the Jewish organisation B'nai B'rith.

In 1996, Kohl received a Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa from the Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines, a Jesuit run institution.

On 11 December 1998, the European Council awarded him the title Honorary Citizen of Europe, a title which only Jean Monnet had received before.^[3]^[12]

In 1998, he received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Brandeis University in Massachusetts.^[13]

In 1998, he was only the second person to be awarded the Grand Cross in Special Design of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, the other being Konrad Adenauer.^[14]

In 1999, Kohl received Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Clinton.

Kohl is honorary citizen of both Frankfurt am Main and Berlin. On 2 September 2005, he was made an honorary citizen of his home town, Ludwigshafen.

In 2007, he received the Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe for his contribution to the unity of Europe.

On May 16, 2011, Kohl received the Henry A. Kissinger Prize at the American Academy in Berlin for his "singularly extraordinary role in German reunification and laying the foundation for a lasting democratic peace in the new millennium".^[15]

See also [link]

conservatism portal

Cabinet Kohl I

Cabinet Kohl II

Cabinet Kohl III

Cabinet Kohl IV

Cabinet Kohl V

References [link]

^ Chambers, Mortimer. The Western Experience.

^ ^a ^b "Der Karlspreisträger 1988" (in German). Stiftung Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen. http://www.karlspreis.de/index.php?id=12&doc=30. Retrieved 2008-03-01. ^{[dead link]}

^ ^a ^b "European leaders honour Kohl". BBC NEWS. 1998-12-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/233191.stm.

^ Helmut Kohl

^ Time, Helmut Kohl, by George H. W. Bush

^ M&C news, "Clinton praises Germany's Kohl at Berlin Award", by Deutsche Presse Agentur

^ Gerd Langguth, "The scandal that helped Merkel become chancellor", Spiegel Online International, 8 July 2009

^ "Helmut Kohl". Club of Madrid. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014222641/http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/index.php?id=161. Retrieved 2008-03-01.

^ Bunte: http://www.bunte.de/newsline/helmut-kohl-altkanzler-uebersteht-operation-gut_aid_14807.html

^ Hans Traxler wird 80, Der Erfinder der "Birne" (Hans Traxler 80, the inventor of the pear) Taz 20.05.2009

^ Birne auf Breitwand, Dreharbeiten zu "Helmut Kohl - Der Film" (The pear in Cinemascope - Shooting of Helmut Kohl - the film) Sueddeutsche Zeitung 05.10.2008, 15:40

^ "Vienna European Council, 11 and 12 December 1998, Presidency Conclusions". European Council. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/00300-R1.EN8.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-11.

^ Williams, Jennifer (1998-08-31). "Kohl's honorary degree 'an affirmation of healing'" (PDF). BrandeisReporter. http://www.brandeis.edu/offices/communications/reporter/15-9.pdf.

^ "Bundesverdienstkreuz mit Lorbeerkranz für Kohl" (in German). Rhein-Zeitung. 1998-10-26. http://rhein-zeitung.de/on/98/10/26/topnews/kohl.html.

^ "Bill Clinton pays tribute to former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl". Associated Press. The Washington Post. May 16, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/bill-clinton-pays-tribute-to-former-german-chancellor-helmut-kohl/2011/05/16/AFn2I64G_story.html. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Helmut Kohl

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Helmut Kohl

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Name Kohl, Helmut

Alternative names Dr. Helmut Josef Michael Kohl

Short description German Chancellor

Date of birth 3 April 1930

Place of birth Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Palatinate, Germany

Date of death

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Daniel Barenboim

Daniel Barenboim in Vienna, 2008

Born (1942-11-15) November 15, 1942 (age 69)
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Citizenship Argentine, Israeli, Spanish, Palestinian

Occupation Pianist and conductor

Religion Jewish

Website

www.danielbarenboim.com

Daniel Barenboim, KBE (born 15 November 1942) is an Argentine-born pianist and conductor. He has served as music director of several major symphonic and operatic orchestras and made numerous recordings.

Currently, he is general music director of La Scala in Milan,^[1] the Berlin State Opera, and the Staatskapelle Berlin; he previously served as Music Director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Orchestre de Paris. Barenboim is also known for his work with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, a Sevilla-based orchestra of young Arab and Israeli musicians, and as an outspoken critic of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories.

Barenboim has received many awards and prizes, including an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire,^[2] France's Légion d'honneur both as a Commander and Grand Officier, the German Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz and Willy Brandt Award,^[3] and, together with the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said, Spain's Prince of Asturias Concord Award. He has won seven Grammy awards for his work and discography.

Contents

1 Biography

2 Career

3 Musical style

3.1 Recordings

3.2 Conducting Wagner in Israel

4 Political views

4.1 West-Eastern Divan

4.2 Wolf Prize

4.3 Performing in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

5 Awards and recognition

6 References

7 External links

Biography [link]

Daniel Barenboim, age 11, with composer Eithan Lustig and the Gadna Youth orchestra (1953)

Daniel Barenboim was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to parents of Russian Jewish descent. He started piano lessons at the age of five with his mother, continuing to study with his father, who remained his only teacher. On August 19, 1950, at the age of seven, he gave his first formal concert in his hometown, Buenos Aires.^[4]

In 1952, Barenboim moved to Israel with his family. Two years later, in the summer of 1954, his parents took him to Salzburg to take part in Igor Markevitch's conducting classes. During that summer he also met and played for Wilhelm Furtwängler, who has remained a central musical influence and ideal for Barenboim.^[5] Furtwängler called the young Barenboim a "phenomenon" and invited him to perform the Beethoven First Piano Concerto with the Berlin Philharmonic, but Barenboim's father considered it too soon after the second world war for a child of Jewish parents to be performing in Berlin.^[6] In 1955 Barenboim studied harmony and composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.^[4]

On 15 June 1967, Barenboim and British cellist Jacqueline du Pré were married in Israel at a Western Wall ceremony, du Pré having converted to Judaism.^[7] Acting as one of the witnesses was the conductor Zubin Mehta, a long-time friend of Barenboim. Since "I was not Jewish I had to temporarily be renamed Moshe Cohen, which made me a 'kosher witness,'" Mehta recalled.^[8] Du Pré retired from music in 1973, after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). The marriage lasted until du Pré's death in 1987. In the early 1980s, Barenboim began a relationship with the Russian pianist Elena Bashkirova, with whom he has two sons born in Paris prior to du Pré's death: David Arthur, born 1983, and Michael, born 1985. Barenboim tried to keep his relationship with Bashkirova hidden from du Pré and believed he had succeeded. He and Bashkirova married in 1988. Their son David is a manager-writer for the German hip-hop band Level 8, and Michael is a classical violinist.^[9]

Barenboim holds citizenship of Argentina and Israel, as well as citizenship of Spain and Palestine,^[10] and lives in Berlin.^[11]

Career [link]

(l-r) Peter Kirchner, President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker, and Barenboim visit Jewish cemetery in Berlin-Weissensee (1990)

After performing in Buenos Aires, Barenboim made his international debut as a pianist in 1952 in Vienna and Rome. In 1955 he performed in Paris, in 1956 in London, and in 1957 in New York under the baton of Leopold Stokowski. Regular concert tours of Europe, the United States, South America, Australia and the Far East followed thereafter.

In June 1967, Barenboim and his then fiancée du Pré gave concerts in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Beer Sheva before and during the Six Day War.^[12]

His friendship with musicians Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta, and Pinchas Zukerman, and marriage to du Pré led to the 1969 film by Christopher Nupen of their Schubert "Trout" Quintet.^[13]

Following his debut as a conductor with the English Chamber Orchestra in Abbey Road Studios, London in 1966, Barenboim was invited to conduct by many European and American symphony orchestras. Between 1975 and 1989 he was music director of the Orchestre de Paris, where he conducted much contemporary music.

Barenboim made his opera conducting debut in 1973 with a performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Edinburgh Festival. He made his debut at Bayreuth in 1981, conducting there regularly until 1999. In 1988 he was appointed artistic and musical director of the Opera-Bastille in Paris, scheduled to open in 1990, but was fired in January 1989 by the opera's chairman Pierre Bergé.^[14] Barenboim was then appointed music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a post he held until 17 June 2006. He expressed frustration with the need for fund-raising duties in the United States as part of being a music director of an American orchestra.^[9]

Since 1992 he has been music director of the Staatsoper Unter den Linden (Berlin State Opera) and the Berlin Staatskapelle, succeeding in maintaining the independent status of the Staatsoper. He has tried to maintain the orchestra's traditional sound and style.^[15] In autumn 2000 he was made conductor for life of the Berlin Staatskapelle.^[16] On 15 May 2006 Barenboim was named principal guest conductor of La Scala opera house, in Milan, after Riccardo Muti's resignation.^[17] In October 2011 he took over as music director,^[1] lining up a starry opening cast in Mozart's Don Giovanni.^[18]

In 2006, Barenboim was the BBC Reith Lecturer, giving five lectures called 'In the Beginning was Sound' from London, Chicago, Berlin, and twice from Jerusalem in which he meditated on music.^[19] In the autumn of 2006, Barenboim gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University entitled 'Sound and Thought'.^[20]

In November 2006, Lorin Maazel submitted Barenboim's name as his nominee to succeed him as the NYP's music director.^[21] Barenboim said he was flattered but "nothing could be further from my thoughts at the moment than the possibility of returning to the United States for a permanent position",^[22] repeating his lack of interest in the New York Philharmonic's music directorship or their newly created principal conductor position in April 2007.^[23] Barenboim made his conducting debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York for the House's 450th performance of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde on 28 November 2008.

In 2009, he conducted the New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic.^[24] In his New Year message, he expressed the hope that 2009 will be a year for peace and for human justice in the Middle East.^[25]

Musical style [link]

Barenboim has rejected musical fashions based on current musicological research, such as the authentic performance movement. An example is his recording of Beethoven's symphonies showing his preference for some conventional practices, rather than fully adhering to Bärenreiter's new edition (edited by Jonathan Del Mar).^[26] Barenboim has opposed the practice of choosing the tempo of a piece based on historical evidence, such as composer metronome marks. He argues instead for finding the tempo from within the music, especially from its harmony and harmonic rhythm. The general tempi chosen in his recording of Beethoven's symphonies, reflecting this belief, usually adhere to early twentieth-century practices, and are not influenced by faster tempos chosen by other conductors such as David Zinman and authentic movement advocate Roger Norrington.

In Barenboim's recording of the Well-Tempered Clavier he makes frequent use of the right-foot sustaining pedal, a device absent from the keyboard instruments of Bach's time (although the harpsichord was highly resonant), producing a sonority very different from the "dry" and often staccato sound favored by pianist Glenn Gould. Moreover, in the fugues, one voice is often played considerably louder than the others, a practice impossible on a harpsichord, which according to some scholarship, began in Beethoven's time (see, for example, Matthew Dirst's book The Iconic Bach). When justifying his interpretation of Bach, Barenboim claims that he is interested in the long tradition of playing Bach, that has existed for two and a half centuries, rather than in the exact style of performance that existed in Bach's time:

The study of old instruments and historic performance practice has taught us a great deal, but the main point, the impact of harmony, has been ignored. This is proved by the fact that tempo is described as an independent phenomenon. It is claimed that one of Bach's gavottes must be played fast and another one slowly. But tempo is not independent! ... I think that concerning oneself purely with historic performance practice and the attempt to reproduce the sound of older styles of music-making is limiting and no indication of progress. Mendelssohn and Schumann tried to introduce Bach into their own period, as did Liszt with his transcriptions and Busoni with his arrangements. In America Leopold Stokowski also tried to do it with his arrangements for orchestra. This was always the result of "progressive" efforts to bring Bach closer to the particular period. I have no philosophical problem with someone playing Bach and making it sound like Boulez. My problem is more with someone who tries to imitate the sound of that time...^[27]

Barenboim's performances have been criticized. Among musicians, he has a reputation for arrogance and aloofness. Reviews of his work often cite inconsistencies in interpretation and tempo.^[28]

Recordings [link]

In the beginning of his career, Barenboim concentrated on music of the classical era, as well as some romantic composers. He made his first recording in 1954. Notable classical recordings include the complete cycles of Mozart's and Beethoven's piano sonatas, and Mozart's piano concertos (in the latter, taking part as both soloist and conductor). Romantic recordings include Brahms's piano concertos (with John Barbirolli), Mendelssohn's Lieder ohne Worte, and Chopin's nocturnes. Barenboim also recorded many chamber works, especially in collaboration with his first wife, Jacqueline du Pré, the violinist Itzhak Perlman, and the violinist and violist Pinchas Zukerman. Noted performances include: the complete Mozart violin sonatas (with Perlman), Brahms's violin sonatas (live concert with Perlman, previously in the studio with Zukerman), Beethoven's and Brahms's cello sonatas (with du Pré), Beethoven's and Tchaikovsky's piano trios (with du Pré and Zukerman), and Schubert's Trout Quintet (with du Pré, Perlman, Zukerman, and Zubin Mehta).

Notable recordings as a conductor include: the complete symphonies of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, Schubert and Schumann, the Da Ponte operas of Mozart, numerous operas by Wagner, including the complete Ring Cycle, and various concertos. Barenboim has written about his changing attitude to the music of Gustav Mahler;^[29] he has recorded Mahler's Fifth, Seventh and Ninth Symphonies and Das Lied von der Erde. He has also performed and recorded the Concierto de Aranjuez by Joaquín Rodrigo and Heitor Villa-Lobos guitar concerto with John Williams as the guitar soloist.

By the late 1990s, Barenboim had widened his concert repertoire, performing works by baroque as well as twentieth-century classical composers. Examples include: Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier (which he has played since childhood) and Goldberg Variations, Albeniz's Iberia, and Debussy's preludes. In addition, he turned to other musical genres, such as jazz,^[30] and the folk music of his birthplace, Argentina. He conducted the 2006 New Year's Eve concert in Buenos Aires, in which tangos were played.^[31]

Barenboim has continued to perform and record chamber music, sometimes with members of the orchestras he has led. Some examples include the Quartet for the End of Time by Messiaen with members of the Orchestre de Paris during his tenure there, Richard Strauss with members of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra during his tenure there, and the Clarinet Trio of Mozart with members of the Berlin Staatskapelle.

Conducting Wagner in Israel [link]

The Palestine Philharmonic Orchestra had performed Wagner's music in Palestine even during the early days of the Nazi era.^[32] But after the Kristallnacht,^[33] Jewish musicians avoided playing Wagner's music in Palestine because of the use Nazi Germany made of the composer and because of Wagner's own anti-Semitic writings,^[34] following an unofficial boycott. This informal ban continued when Israel was founded in 1948, but from time to time unsuccessful efforts were made to end it.^[35] In 1974,^[36] and again in 1981, Zubin Mehta planned to lead the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in works of Wagner. During the latter occasion, fist fights broke out in the audience and the music was not played.^[37]

Barenboim, who had been selected to head the production of Wagner's operas at the 1988 Bayreuth Festival,^[38] had since at least 1989 publicly opposed the Israeli ban. In that year, he had the Israel Philharmonic "rehearse" two of Wagner's works.^[39] In a conversation with Edward Said, Barenboim said that "Wagner, the person, is absolutely appalling, despicable, and, in a way, very difficult to put together with the music he wrote, which so often has exactly the opposite kind of feelings ... noble, generous, etc." He called Wagner's anti-Semitism obviously "monstrous," and feels it must be faced, and argues that "Wagner did not cause the Holocaust."

In 1990, Barenboim conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in its first appearance in Israel, but he excluded Wagner's works. "Although Wagner died in 1883, he is not played [in Israel] because his music is too inextricably linked with Nazism, and so is too painful for those who suffered," Barenboim told a reporter. "Why play what hurts people?"^[40] Not long afterwards, it was announced that Barenboim would lead the Israel Philharmonic in two Wagner overtures,^[41] which took place on December 27 "before a carefully screened audience."^[42]

In 2000, the Israel Supreme Court upheld the right of the Rishon LeZion Orchestra to perform Wagner's Siegfried Idyll.^[43] At the Israel Festival in Jerusalem in July 2001, Barenboim had scheduled to perform the first act of Die Walküre with three singers, including tenor Plácido Domingo. However, strong protests by some Holocaust survivors, as well as the Israeli government, led the festival authorities to ask for an alternative program. (The Israel Festival's Public Advisory board, which included some Holocaust survivors, had originally approved the program.)^[44] The controversy appeared to end in May, after the Israel Festival announced that a selection by Wagner would not be included at the July 7 concert.^[45] Barenboim agreed to substitute music by Robert Schumann and Igor Stravinsky.

However, at the end of the concert with the Berlin Staatskapelle, Barenboim announced that he would like to play Wagner as a second encore and invited those who objected to leave, saying, "Despite what the Israel Festival believes, there are people sitting in the audience for whom Wagner does not spark Nazi associations. I respect those for whom these associations are oppressive. It will be democratic to play a Wagner encore for those who wish to hear it. I am turning to you now and asking whether I can play Wagner." A half-hour debate ensued, with some audience members calling Barenboim a "fascist." In the end, a small number of attendees walked out and the overwhelming majority remained, applauding loudly after the performance of the Tristan und Isolde overture.^[46]

In September 2001, a public relations associate for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, where Barenboim was the Music Director, revealed that season ticket holders were about evenly divided about the wisdom of Barenboim's decision to play Wagner in Jerusalem.^[47]

Barenboim regarded the performance of Wagner at the July 7 concert as a political statement, and said he had decided to defy the ban on Wagner when a news conference he held the previous week was interrupted by the ringing of a mobile phone to the tune of Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries.^[48] "I thought if it can be heard on the ring of a telephone, why can't it be played in a concert hall?" he said.^[49]

A Knesset committee subsequently called for Barenboim to be declared a persona non grata in Israel until he apologized for conducting Wagner's music.^[50] The move was condemned by the musical director of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra Zubin Mehta and members of Knesset.^[51] Prior to receiving the $100,000 Wolf Prize, awarded annually in Israel, Barenboim said, "If people were really hurt, of course I regret this, because I don’t want to harm anyone."^[52]

In 2005, Barenboim gave the inaugural Edward Said Memorial Lecture at Columbia University, entitled, "Wagner, Israel and Palestine".^[53] During the two-hour speech, Barenboim "compared Herzl's ideas to Wagner's; criticized Palestinian terrorist attacks but also justified them; and said Israeli actions contributed to the rise of international anti-Semitism."^[54]

In 2010, before conducting Wagner's Die Walküre for the gala premiere of La Scala's season in Milan, he said that the perception of Wagner was unjustly influenced by the fact that he was Hitler's favorite composer: "I think a bit of the problem with Wagner isn't what we all know in Israel, anti-Semitism, etc... It is how the Nazis and Hitler saw Wagner as his own prophet... This perception of Hitler colors for many people the perception of Wagner... We need one day to liberate Wagner of all this weight."^[55]

Over the years observers of the Wagner battle have weighed in on both sides of the issue.^[56] In late May 2012, it was announced that a concert with works by Wagner will be performed on 18 June 2012 in Tel Aviv by a full symphony orchestra as part of a day of discussion and music entitled "An Academic Musical Encounter: Herzl-Toscanini-Wagner," which, according to the announcement, will explore "the interesting and intriguing connection between the seer of the state, the conductor Arturo Toscanini and Wagner's music", thus breaking the boycott against Wagner's work in Israel. The discussion will examine the influence Wagner's opera Tannhauser had in inspiring Theodor Herzl during his first draft of his book "The Jewish State," and the way anti-Fascist conductor Arturo Toscanini used Wagner's work to give expression to his humanistic outlook.^[57]

Political views [link]

Daniel Barenboim leads a rehearsal of the West-East Divan in Sevilla, Spain, 2005

Rehearsal of the West-East Divan under the lead of Daniel Barenboim, 2005

Barenboim, a supporter of Palestinian rights, is an outspoken critic of Israel's right-wing governments and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. In an interview with the British music critic Norman Lebrecht in 2003, Barenboim accused Israel of behaving in a manner which was, "morally abhorrent and strategically wrong", and, "putting in danger the very existence of the state of Israel."^[58] However, in 1967 at the start of the Six-Day War, Barenboim and du Pré had performed for the Israeli troops on the front lines, as well as during the Yom Kippur war in 1973. During the Gulf War, he and an orchestra performed in Israel in gas masks.^[59]

West-Eastern Divan [link]

In 1999, Barenboim and Palestinian-American intellectual Edward Said jointly founded the West-Eastern Divan orchestra.^[60]^[61] It is an initiative to bring together, every summer, a group of young classical musicians from Israel, the Palestinian territories and Arab countries to promote mutual reflection and understanding.^[62]^[63]^[64] Barenboim and Said were recipients of the 2002 Prince of Asturias Awards for their work in "improving understanding between nations." Together they wrote the book Parallels and Paradoxes, based on a series of public discussions held at New York's Carnegie Hall.^[65]

In September 2005, presenting the book written with Said, Barenboim refused to be interviewed by uniformed Israel Defense Forces Radio reporter Dafna Arad, considering the wearing of the uniform insensitive for the occasion. In response, Israeli Education Minister Limor Livnat of the Likud party called him "a real Jew hater" and "a real anti-Semite".^[66]

After being invited for the fourth time to the Doha Festival for Music and Dialogue with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra in 2012, Barenboim's invitation was cancelled by the authorities because of “Sensitivity to the developments in the Arab world” after a campain in the media against him,^[67] accusing him of “being a Zionist”.^[68]

In July 2012, Barenboim and the orchestra will play a pivotal role at the BBC Proms, performing a cycle of Beethoven's nine symphonies, the ninth timed to coincide with the opening of the London Olympic Games.^[69]

Wolf Prize [link]

In May 2004, Barenboim was awarded the Wolf Prize at a ceremony at the Israeli Knesset. Education Minister Livnat held up the nomination until Barenboim apologized for his performance of Wagner in Israel.^[70] Barenboim called Livnat's demand "politically motivated", adding "I don't see what I need to apologize about. If I ever hurt a person privately or in public, I am sorry, because I have no intention of hurting people...", which was good enough for Livnat,^[71] but the ceremony was boycotted by Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin, also a member of the Likud party.^[72] In his acceptance speech, Barenboim took the opportunity to express his opinions on the political situation, referring to the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948:

"I am asking today with deep sorrow: Can we, despite all our achievements, ignore the intolerable gap between what the Declaration of Independence promised and what was fulfilled, the gap between the idea and the realities of Israel? Does the condition of occupation and domination over another people fit the Declaration of Independence? Is there any sense in the independence of one at the expense of the fundamental rights of the other? Can the Jewish people whose history is a record of continued suffering and relentless persecution, allow themselves to be indifferent to the rights and suffering of a neighboring people? Can the State of Israel allow itself an unrealistic dream of an ideological end to the conflict instead of pursuing a pragmatic, humanitarian one based on social justice?"^[73]

Israel's President Moshe Katsav and Education Minister Livnat criticized Barenboim for his speech. Livnat accused him of attacking the state of Israel, to which Barenboim replied that he had not done so, but that he instead had merely cited the text of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.^[74] In March 2007, Barenboim said: "The whole subject of Wagner in Israel has been politicized and is a symptom of a malaise that goes very deep in Israeli society..."^[75]

Performing in the West Bank and Gaza Strip [link]

Barenboim has performed several times in the West Bank, in 1999 at Bir Zeit University and several times in Ramallah.^[76]

In December 2007, Barenboim and 20 musicians from England, the United States, France and Germany, and one Palestinian were scheduled to play a baroque music concert in Gaza.^[77] Although they had received authorization from Israeli authorities, the Palestinian was stopped at the Israel-Gaza border and told that he needed individual permission to enter.^[77] The group waited seven hours at the border, and then canceled the concert in solidarity.^[77] Barenboim commented: "A baroque music concert in a Roman Catholic church in Gaza – as we all know – has nothing to do with security and would bring so much joy to people who live there in great difficulty."^[77]

In January 2008, after performing in Ramallah, Barenboim accepted honorary Palestinian citizenship, becoming the first Jewish Israeli citizen to be offered the status. Barenboim said he hoped it would serve as a public gesture of peace.^[78] Some Israelis criticized Barenboim's decision to accept Palestinian citizenship. The parliamentary faction chairman of the Shas party demanded that Barenboim be stripped of his Israeli citizenship, but the Interior Minister told the media that "the matter is not even up for discussion."^[79]

In January 2009, Barenboim cancelled two concerts of the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra in Qatar and Cairo "due to the escalating violence in Gaza and the resulting concerns for the musicians’ safety."^[80]

In May 2011, Barenboim conducted the "Orchestra for Gaza" composed of volunteers from the Berlin Philharmonic, the Berlin Staatskapelle, the Orchestra of La Scala in Milan, the Vienna Philharmonic and the Orchestre de Paris—at al-Mathaf Cultural House. The concert, held in Gaza City, was co-ordinated in secret with the United Nations. The orchestra flew from Berlin to Vienna and from there to El Arish on a plane chartered by Barenboim, entering the Gaza Strip at the Egyptian Rafah Border Crossing. The musicians were escorted by a convoy of United Nations vehicles.^[81] The concert, the first performance by an international classical ensemble in the strip, was attended by an invited audience of several hundred schoolchildren and NGO workers, who greeted Barenboim with applause.^[82] The orchestra played Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik and Symphony No. 40, also familiar to an Arab audience as basis of one of the songs of the famous Arab singer Fairuz. In his speech Barenboim said: "Everyone has to understand that the Palestinian cause is a just cause therefore it can be only given justice if it is achieved without violence. Violence can only weaken the righteousness of the Palestinian cause".^[83]

Awards and recognition [link]

Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz, 2002

Prince of Asturias Awards, 2002 (jointly with Edward Said)

Tolerance Prize, Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, 2002

Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize, 2003 (with Staatskapelle Berlin)

Buber-Rosenzweig-Medal, 2004

Wolf Prize in Arts, 2004 (According to the documentary "Knowledge Is the Beginning", Barenboim donated all the proceeds to music education for Israeli and Palestinian youth)

Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2005^[84]

Ernst von Siemens Music Prize, 2006

Cavaliere di Gran Croce Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 2007^[85]

Commandeur de la Légion d’Honneur, 2007^[86]

Goethe Medal, Praemium Imperiale, 2007

Nominated "Honorary Guide" by UFO religion Raëlian Movement, 2008^[87]

International Service Award for the Global Defence of Human Rights, 2008^[88]

Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal, 2008^[89]

Istanbul International Music Festival Lifetime Achievement Award, 2009^[90]

Léonie Sonning Music Prize, 2009^[91]

Westphalian Peace Prize (Westfälischer Friedenspreis), in 2010, for his striving for dialog in the Near East

Otto Hahn Peace Medal (Otto-Hahn-Friedensmedaille) of the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN), Berlin-Brandenburg, for his efforts in promoting peace, humanity and international understanding, 2010.

Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur, 2011^[92]

Edison Award for Lifetime Achievement 2011, the most prestigious music award in The Netherlands^[93]

KBE (Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire), 2011^[94]^[95]

Honorary degrees

Doctor of Philosophy – Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1996

Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2003

Doctor of Music – D.Mus., University of Oxford, 2007

Doctor of Music – D.Mus., SOAS, University of London, 2008

Doctor of Music – D.Mus., Royal Academy of Music, 2010

Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording:

Christoph Classen (producer), Eberhard Sengpiel, Tobias Lehmann (engineers), Daniel Barenboim (conductor), Jane Eaglen, Thomas Hampson, Waltraud Meier, René Pape, Peter Seiffert, the Chor der Deutschen Staatsoper Berlin & the Staatskapelle Berlin for Wagner: Tannhäuser (2003)

Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance:

Daniel Barenboim, Dale Clevenger, Larry Combs, Daniele Damiano, Hansjörg Schellenberger & the Berlin Philharmonic for Beethoven/Mozart: Quintets (Chicago-Berlin) (1995)

Daniel Barenboim & Itzhak Perlman for Brahms: The Three Violin Sonatas (1991)

Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance:

Daniel Barenboim (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Corigliano: Symphony No. 1 (1992)

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra):

Martin Fouqué (producer), Eberhard Sengpiel (engineer), Daniel Barenboim, Dale Clevenger, Larry Combs, Alex Klein, David McGill & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Richard Strauss Wind Concertos (Horn Concerto; Oboe Concerto, etc.) (2002)

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra):

Daniel Barenboim (conductor), Itzhak Perlman & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Elgar: Violin Concerto in B Minor (1983)

Daniel Barenboim (conductor), Arthur Rubinstein & the London Philharmonic Orchestra for Beethoven: The Five Piano Concertos (1977) (also awarded Grammy Award for Best Classical Album)

In 2005, he was voted the 111th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.^[96]

In 2012, he was voted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame.^[97]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b "Daniel Barenboim to be La Scala's musical director". AFP. October 2011. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gfqtpIoH8w6bqQ51AtdzNIhttuXw?docId=CNG.8d379ab35fae43da3f5517d7bf0e1907.c1.

^ "News just in: Barenboim is knighted". 24 June 2011. http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/06/news-just-in-barenboim-is-knighted.html.

^ "Socialist award for Daniel Barenboim". http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/09/socialist-award-for-daniel-barenboim.html.

^ ^a ^b "Daniel Barenboim". danielbarenboim.com. http://www.danielbarenboim.com/index.php?id=7. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ Daniel Barenboim (November 2004). Daniel Barenboim "Why Wilhelm Furtwängler Still Moves Us Today". danielbarenboim.com. Translation from an article originally published in Der Tagesspiegel. http://www.danielbarenboim.com/journal_furtwangler.htm Daniel Barenboim. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

^ "Festrede von Daniel Barenboim beim Festakt zur Eröffnung der Salzburger Festspiele 2010" (in german). Land Salzburg, Präsidialabteilung. 26 July 2010. https://service.salzburg.gv.at/WebRoot/LandSalzburgDB/Shops/Landversand/4C4D/6F54/5030/CFC4/1151/0A01/047B/1C31/barenboim10.pdf#page=5. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

^ "Barenboim, Daniel," Who’s Who in World Jewry. Baltimore: WWIWJ, Inc., 1987, p. 28

^ Zubin Mehta, The Score of My Life. New York: Amadeus Press, 2009, pp. 90, 25-26.

^ ^a ^b Michael Shelden (15 July 2004). "My affair? I don't think Jackie knew". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/07/15/bmbare15.xml. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ AFP. "Conductor Barenboim to be Nobel nominee". Argentina: Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/11/conductor-barenboim-to-be-nobel-nominee.html. Retrieved 15 October 2011.

^ "Israeli conductor Daniel Barenboim to perform with orchestra in Gaza". Haaretz. 2 May 2011. http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israeli-conductor-daniel-barenboim-to-perform-with-orchestra-in-gaza-1.359476. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ Helga Dudman, "Music with much love," Jerusalem Post, June 9, 1967, p. 5.

^ Julian Lloyd Webber (21 July 2005). "Why make war when you can make music?". Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/07/21/bmjulian21.xml. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ John von Rhein (14 May 1989). "Barenboim Backlash. The Cso's Henry Fogel Defends Solti's Successor". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-05-14/entertainment/8902010053_1_bastille-opera-paris-opera-french-culture. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

^ Kate Connolly (15 November 2002). "Barenboim in battle to save Berlin opera house". Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1413393/Barenboim-in-battle-to-save-Berlin-opera-house.html. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ Michael Henderson (20 June 2006). "Goodbye Chicago, hello world". Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/06/20/bmboim20.xml. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ Barbara McMahon (16 May 2006). "Barenboim to be La Scala's guest". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1775781,00.html. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/10/breaking-barenboim-to-open-as-la-scala-boss-with-netrebko-debut.html

^ a) Michael Henderson (1 April 2006). "Daniel in the circus lions' den". Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2006/04/01/do0106.xml. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
b) Kate Connolly (9 March 2006). "Maverick maestro plays a different tune". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/03/09/blberlin09.xml&view=BLOGDETAIL&grid=P30&blog=berlin. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
c) Daniel Barenboim (8 April 2006). "In the beginning, there was sound. Then came Muzak". Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/04/08/bmbaren08.xml. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
d) Peter Beaumont (2 April 2006). "Maestro of the Middle East". The Observer (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1745075,00.html. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ Richard Dyer (January–February 2007). "Ideas, Appassionato". Harvard Magazine: pp. 14–15. http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/010773.html. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ Daniel J. Wakin (29 November 2006). "Unprompted, Lorin Maazel Nominates His Successor". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/29/arts/music/29phil.html?ex=1167973200&en=f112858e726b9c69&ei=5070. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ Mark Landler (30 November 2006). "Proposed Philharmonic Candidate Is Flattered, if Coy". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/30/arts/music/30bare.html?ex=1322542800&en=9ce05f6877e2282c&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

^ Wakin, Daniel J. (25 April 2007). "Philharmonic to Add a Position at the Top". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/25/arts/music/25phil.html. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

^ Daniel Barenboim. "On Conducting the New Year’s Day Concert with the Vienna Philharmonic". Wiener Philharmoniker. http://www.wienerphilharmoniker.at/upload/files/0901_njk09_db_journal.pdf. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ "Neujahrskonzert 2009 - Daniel Barenboims sanfte Revolution" (in German). Kleine Zeitung. 1 January 2009. http://www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/1708688/index.do. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

^ Barenboim's liner notes for his recording of Beethoven's symphonies, Teldec, ASIN B00004S1EV, 2000.

^ Ich bin mit Bach aufgewachsen ("I was reared on Bach"), Barenboim's liner notes for his recordings of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier. Translated by Gery Bramall.

^ "A conversation with Daniel Barenboim". http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/a-conversation-with-daniel-barenboim/Content?oid=885581.

^ Daniel Barenboim (31 August 2001). "Love, the hard way". guardian.co.uk. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,734719,00.html. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

^ Stephen Moss "Daniel in the lion's den", The Guardian, 22 October 1999.

^ Article in Argentinian newspaper "Clarín", 31 December 2006 (in Spanish)

^ "Bronislaw Szulc at Levant Fair Concert Hall [Tel Aviv]," Palestine Post, July 20, 1938, p. 6

^ Chaim Gans (2003). "Moralische Aspekte des Israelischen Wagner-Boykotts". In Moshe Zuckermann (in German). Medien - Politik - Geschichte. Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte. Verlag Wallstein Verlag. p. 385. ISBN 3892446571. http://books.google.ch/books?id=zEHvO9Mz5IMC&pg=PA385#v=onepage&q&f=false.

^ Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, ed. (1995). The Jew in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 230, fn1 to Richard Wagner, "Jewry in Music," translation and excerpt of "Das Judenthum in der Musik," pp. 327-331. http://books.google.ch/books?id=0Bu5GnLZCw0C&pg=PA330#v=onepage&q&f=false.

^ "Haifa Symphony Orchestra Cancels Wagnerian Concert on 'Crystal Night,'" Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 11, 1963.

^ "Philharmonic Drops Wagner from Program to Avoid Disturbances," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 25, 1974

^ Hugh Orgel, "Controversy Flares over Playing of Wagner's Music by the IPO," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 23, 1981.

^ "News Brief," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, August 7, 1985

^ Hugh Orgel, "Israeli Philharmonic Rehearses Two Pieces of Richard Wagner," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 2, 1989.

^ Helen Kaye, "Berlin orchestra won't play Wagner," Jerusalem Post International Edition, November 11, 1989, p. 7.

^ Hugh Orgel, "Chorus of Protest Erupts in Israel over IPO Decision to Perform Wagner," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 16, 1991.

^ Hugh Orgel, "IPO Goes Ahead and Plays Wagner, in Guise of a Rehearsal Concert," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 29, 1991.

^ News Brief, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 30, 2000.

^ Ohad Gozani, "Israeli battle over Wagner," The Daily Telegraph, 14 May 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

^ News Brief, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 31, 2001; Larry Derfner, "Aryan virtues vs. musical greatness," Chicago Jewish Star, May 25, 2001, pp.7-8.

^ Zipi Shohat, "Wagner gets in through the back door. Some are angry about Daniel Barenboim's decision to conduct Wagner, but call it a historic occasion nonetheless," Haaretz, 18 July 2001; Inigo Gilmore, "Barenboim shatters Israel taboo on Wagner," The Daily Telegraph, 9 July 2001; Will Hodgkinson, "Orchestral manoeuvres," The Guardian, 13 August 2004.

^ Gila Wertheimer, "Subscribers turning a deaf ear to CSO," Chicago Jewish Star, September 14, 2001, p. 2; Letters, Chicago Jewish Star, September 28, 2001, p. 4.

^ Daniel Barenboim, "Those who want to leave, do so," The Guardian, 6 September 2002.

^ Joel Greenberg, "Playing a Bit of Wagner Sets Off an Uproar in Israel," New York Times, July 9, 2001, p. A4; Associated Press, "Barenboim plays Wagner," Chicago Sun-Times, July 8, 2001, p. 2A.

^ News Brief, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, July 25, 2001.

^ Zipi Shohat, "Mehta slams Knesset boycott of Barenboim," Haaretz, 26 July 2001.

^ Jason Keyser, "Apology (sort of) delivered, now Barenboim will get prize," Chicago Sun-Times, December 17, 2003, p. 80.

^ "Daniel Barenboim Discusses Music as a Bridge for Peace in the Middle East," Columbia University events, 24 January 2005. Retrieved 6 December 2009.

^ Rachel Pomerance, "Barenboim Comments Spark Anger As Controversy at Columbia Builds," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 26, 2005; Liel Lebovitz, "Maestro Maelstrom At Columbia," The Jewish Week, January 28, 2005.

^ Associated Press, "Israeli conductor Barenboim wants to 'liberate' Wagner from Nazi association," Haaretz, 3 December 2010.

^ Supporting Barenboim's position: Editorial, "Keep Wagner on the program," Chicago Sun-Times, December 18, 1991; Karl E. Meyer, "Wagner, Israel – and Herzl," New York Times, December 19, 1991, p. A18; Leonard Bernstein, "Wagner’s Music Isn't Racist," New York Times, December 26, 1991; Editorial, "A grim Holocaust memory… but don't censor Wagner," Chicago Tribune, July 10, 2001. Opposing Barenboim's position: "Wagner in Israel," The Jewish Star, Calgary edition, November 20, 1981, p. 4; Gideon Hausner, "The case against Wagner," Jerusalem Post International Edition, Oct. 25-31, 1981, p. 15; Eugene Blum, "Don't play Wagner," International Jerusalem Post, November 10, 2000; Manuela Hoelterhoff, "Should Israel Switch Off Wagner?" Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2001, p. A10; Martin Sherman, "With friends like Daniel," International Jerusalem Post, September 20, 2002, p. 13; Editorial, "Bye-bye, Daniel. As a high profile critic of Israel, Mr. Barenboim's departure [from the Chicago Symphony Orchestra] brings relief," Chicago Jewish Star, June 23, 2006, p. 4; Terry Teachout, "Why Israel Still Shuts Wagner Out," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 2009, p. W1.

^ Noam Ben-Zeev (May 30, 2012). "Israeli orchestra to break boycott against Wagner's works for first time". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-orchestra-to-break-boycott-against-wagner-s-works-for-first-time.premium-1.433230#. Retrieved 2012-05-31.

^ "Norman Lebrecht, "Daniel Barenboim – Playing Politics". ''La Scena Musicale". Scena.org. 3 December 2003. http://www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/031203-NL-Barenboim.html. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

^ "Conducting a one-man experiment in peace. Profile: Daniel Barenboim". The Sunday Times (London). 21 August 2005. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/article557356.ece?token=null&offset=12&. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

^ Suzie Mackenzie (5 April 2003). "In harmony". guardian.co.uk. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,928744,00.html. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

^ Daniel Barenbolm (25 October 2004). "Sound and vision". Arts.guardian.co.uk. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1335260,00.html. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

^ Martin Kettle, "Everything to play for". The Guardian, 4 August 2001

^ Geraldine Bedell, "Daniel's codes of conduct". The Observer, 17 August 2003

^ Avi Shlaim, "Playing for peace". New Statesman, 31 October 2005

^ Michael Kennedy, "A duet for solo voice". Telegraph, 23 February 2003

^ "Conductor Barenboim in radio row". BBC. 3 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4211444.stm.

^ Smadar Perry (1 May 2012). "'Zionist' Barenboim's Qatar concert cancelled". YNetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4222648,00.html. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

^ Omar Barghouti. "view all Israeli-Arab Normalization Hits a Snag". Al-Akhbar English. http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/6756/. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

^ "Barenboim to open 2012 Olympics with Beethoven 9th". http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/09/breaking-barenboim-to-open-2012-olympics-with-beethoven-9th.html. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

^ Ohad Gozani (17 December 2003). "Barenboim changes tune". Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1449671/Barenboim-changes-tune.html.

^ "Daniel Barenboim to apologize, receive Wolf Award". Haaretz. Associated Press. 16 December 2003. http://www.haaretz.com/news/daniel-barenboim-to-apologize-receive-wolf-award-1.108908. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ Alon, Gideon (5 May 2004). "Rivlin to boycott Barenboim prize award". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/rivlin-to-boycott-barenboim-prize-award-1.121454.

^ Daniel Barenboim, "The Statement of Daniel Barenboim on May 9th 2004 at the Knesset on the Occasion of Receiving the Wolf Prize"

^ "Barenboim Irks Israelis With Criticism". Associated Press, 10 May 2004.

^ Oestreich, James R. (2 March 2007). "Musing on the Barenboim X-Factor". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/arts/music/02bare.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fB%2fBarenboim%2c%20Daniel. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

^ Jonathan Steele (with Reuters), "Barenboim defies Israeli opinion". The Guardian, 11 September 2002

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Conductor Barenboim slams Israel after musician barred from entering Gaza". Associated Press. Haaretz. 17 December 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/935452.html. Retrieved 17 December 2007.

^ Israeli pianist Daniel Barenboim takes Palestinian citizenship, Haaretz, January 15, 2008

^ "Israeli pianist Barenboim takes Palestinian passport". 14 January 2008 newspaper=Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3493612,00.html.

^ Itzkoff, Dave (6 January 2009). "Barenboim Cancels Middle East Concerts". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/arts/music/07arts-BARENBOIMCAN_BRF.html?ref=arts.

^ Michael Kimmelman (4 May 2011). "Mozart Leaps Perilous Hurdles to Reach an Audience in Gaza". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/arts/music/daniel-barenboim-the-israeli-conductor-in-gaza.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

^ "Conductor Daniel Barenboim holds Gaza 'peace concert'". BBC. 3 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13264688. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ Conal Urquhart (3 May 2011). "Daniel Barenboim brings 'solace and pleasure' to Gaza with Mozart concert. Israeli conductor voices support for non-violence and Palestinian state during performance for schoolchildren and NGO workers". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/03/daniel-barenboim-orchestra-gaza-concert. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

^ Barenboim Maestro Daniel. Presidenza della Repubblica

^ President Chirac's Speech on 2007-03-25 (in french only)

^ "Conductor Daniel Barenboim Honorary Guide of the Raelian Movement". Raelianews. http://www.raelianews.org/news.php?item.258.6. Retrieved 20 July 2009.

^ Daniel Barenboim

^ "Gold Medal for Daniel Barenboim". The Royal Philharmonic Society. 29 January 2008. http://www.royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/?page=index.html&id=69. Retrieved 29 January 2008.

^ "37th International İstanbul Music Festival ends". Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. 30 June 2009. http://www.iksv.org/muzik/english/muzik.asp?cid=105. Retrieved 20 July 2009.

^ "Årets-Næste prismodtager Daniel Barenboim, pianist og dirigent" (in Danish). Léonie Sonnings Musikfond. 29 January 2009. http://www.sonningmusik.dk/cms/view/index.asp?ipageid=3. Retrieved 28 February 2009.

^ "Cérémonie de remise des insignes de Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur à M. Daniel Barenboim". Présidence de la République – Élysée. 28 February 2011. http://www.elysee.fr/president/mediatheque/photos/2011/fevrier/ceremonie-de-remise-des-insignes-de-grand-officier.10761.html?search=Daniel+Barenboim&xtmc=Daniel_Barenboim&xcr=. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

^ "Oeuvreprijs Klassiek voor Daniel Barenboim". 29 March 2011. http://www.edisons.nl/klassiek/nieuws/oeuvreprijs-klassiek-voor-daniel-barenboim.

^ "Conductor Barenboim to accept British knighthood". AFP. 23 June 2011. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hTAXQ4mMrh8rXly3yBmyOk0YHPpA?docId=CNG.436300006124f4b5cbc7fecc0f68b6d5.4f1. Retrieved 23 June 2011.

^ "Conductor Daniel Barenboim receives honorary knighthood". BBC. 24 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13891509.

^ גיא בניוביץ' (20 June 1995). "הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור". Ynet. http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html. Retrieved 10 July 2011.

^ "Daniel Barenboim (pianist and conductor)". http://www.gramophone.co.uk/HallofFame/ArtistPage/Barenboim. Retrieved 10 April 2012.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Daniel Barenboim

Daniel Barenboim official website

Daniel Barenboim at Allmusic

Daniel Barenboim Revealed on CNN.com

Parallels and Paradoxes, NPR interview with Barenboim and Edward Said, 28 December 2002

In harmony, [Guardian] newspaper feature on Barenboim and Said, 5 April 2003

In the Beginning was Sound, 2006 BBC Radio 4 Reith Lectures.

BBC Radio 3 interviews, November 1991

Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

Elgar Cello Concerto in E minor, opus 85 Jacqueline Du Pré with Daniel Barenboim and The New Philharmonia Orchestra on YouTube

Review: Fidelio played by Daniel Barenboim and the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra

Westphalian Peace Prize

Barenboim's outstanding Beethoven, on the symphony cycle at classicstoday.com

Daniel Barenboim and Arab Anti-Israel Sentiment: A Classic Example of Political Naivety

Preceded by
Sir Georg Solti Music Director, Orchestre de Paris
1975–1989 Succeeded by
Semyon Bychkov

Preceded by
Sir Georg Solti Music Director, Chicago Symphony Orchestra
1991–2006 Succeeded by
Riccardo Muti

Preceded by
Otmar Suitner Music Director, Berlin State Opera
1992–present Succeeded by
incumbent

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Herbert von Karajan Music Prize Laureates

Anne-Sophie Mutter (2003) · Berlin Philharmonic (2004) · Evgeny Kissin (2005) · Valery Gergiev (2006) · John Neumeier (2007) · Alfred Brendel (2008) · Thomas Quasthoff (2009) · Daniel Barenboim (2010)

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Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates

1959–1980

Igor Stravinsky (1959)

Leonard Bernstein (1965)

Birgit Nilsson (1966)

Witold Lutosławski (1967)

Benjamin Britten (1968)

Boris Christoff (1969)

Sergiu Celibidache (1970)

Arthur Rubinstein (1971)

Yehudi Menuhin (1972)

Dmitri Shostakovich (1973)

Andrés Segovia (1974)

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1975)

Mogens Wöldike (1976)

Olivier Messiaen (1977)

Jean-Pierre Rampal (1978)

Janet Baker (1979)

Marie-Claire Alain (1980)

1981–2000

Mstislav Rostropovich (1981)

Isaac Stern (1982)

Rafael Kubelík (1983)

Miles Davis (1984)

Pierre Boulez (1985)

Sviatoslav Richter (1986)

Heinz Holliger (1987)

Peter Schreier (1988)

Gidon Kremer (1989)

György Ligeti (1990)

Eric Ericson (1991)

Georg Solti (1992)

Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1993)

Krystian Zimerman (1994)

Yuri Bashmet (1995)

Per Nørgård (1996)

András Schiff (1997)

Hildegard Behrens (1998)

Sofia Gubaidulina (1999)

Michala Petri (2000)

2001–present

Anne-Sophie Mutter (2001)

Alfred Brendel (2002)

György Kurtág (2003)

Keith Jarrett (2004)

John Eliot Gardiner (2005)

Yo-Yo Ma (2006)

Lars Ulrik Mortensen (2007)

Arvo Pärt (2008)

Daniel Barenboim (2009)

Cecilia Bartoli (2010)

Kaija Saariaho (2011)

Jordi Savall (2012)

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Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Arts

Architecture

Ralph Erskine (1983/4)

Fumihiko Maki / Giancarlo De Carlo (1988)

Frank Gehry / Jørn Utzon / Denys Lasdun (1992)

Frei Otto / Aldo van Eyck (1996/7)

Álvaro Siza Vieira (2001)

Jean Nouvel (2005)

David Chipperfield / Peter Eisenman (2010)

Music

Vladimir Horowitz / Olivier Messiaen / Josef Tal (1982)

Isaac Stern / Krzysztof Penderecki (1987)

Yehudi Menuhin / Luciano Berio (1991)

Zubin Mehta / György Ligeti (1995/6)

Pierre Boulez / Riccardo Muti (2000)

Mstislav Rostropovich / Daniel Barenboim (2004)

Giya Kancheli / Claudio Abbado (2008)

Plácido Domingo / Simon Rattle (2012)

Painting

Marc Chagall / Antoni Tàpies (1981)

Jasper Johns (1986)

Anselm Kiefer (1990)

Gerhard Richter (1994/5)

Louise Bourgeois (2002/3)

Michelangelo Pistoletto (2006/7)

Rosemarie Trockel (2011)

Sculpture

Eduardo Chillida (1984/5)

Claes Oldenburg (1989)

Bruce Nauman (1993)

James Turrell (1998)

Louise Bourgeois (2002/3)

Michelangelo Pistoletto (2006/7)

Agriculture

Arts

Chemistry

Mathematics

Medicine

Physics

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Orchestre de Paris Music Directors

Charles Munch (1967)

Herbert von Karajan (1969)

Georg Solti (1972)

Daniel Barenboim (1975)

Semyon Bychkov (1989)

Christoph von Dohnányi (1998)

Christoph Eschenbach (2000)

Paavo Järvi (2010)

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Chicago Symphony Orchestra Music Directors

Theodore Thomas (1891)

Frederick Stock (1905)

Désiré Defauw (1943)

Artur Rodziński (1947)

Rafael Kubelík (1950)

Fritz Reiner (1953)

Jean Martinon (1963)

Irwin Hoffman (1968)

Georg Solti (1969)

Daniel Barenboim (1991)

Riccardo Muti (2010)

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Berlin Staatsoper General Music Directors

Johannes Wesalius (1572)

Johannes Eccard (1609)

Nikolaus Zangius (1612)

William Brade (1618)

Johann Friedrich Agricola (1759)

Johann Friedrich Reichardt (1775)

Bernhard Anselm Weber (1816)

Gaspare Spontini (1820)

Giacomo Meyerbeer (1842)

Otto Nicolai (1848)

Robert Radecke (1871)

Joseph Sucher (1888)

Richard Strauss (1899)

Leo Blech (1913)

Erich Kleiber (1923)

Clemens Krauss (1935)

Herbert von Karajan (1941)

Joseph Keilberth (1948)

Erich Kleiber (1951)

Franz Konwitschny (1955)

Otmar Suitner (1964)

Daniel Barenboim (1992)

See also: Barenboim

Persondata

Name Barenboim, Daniel

Alternative names

Short description

Date of birth 15 November 1942

Place of birth Buenos Aires, Argentina

Date of death

Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim

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Willy Brandt

Chancellor of Germany
In office 21 October 1969 – 7 May 1974
President	Gustav Heinemann
Preceded by	Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Succeeded by	Helmut Schmidt
President of the German Bundesrat
In office 1957–1958
President	Theodor Heuss
Preceded by	Kurt Sieveking
Succeeded by	Wilhelm Kaisen
Vice-Chancellor of Germany
In office 1 December 1966 – 21 October 1969
Preceded by	Hans-Christoph Seebohm
Succeeded by	Walter Scheel
Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 1 December 1966 – 20 October 1969
Preceded by	Gerhard Schröder
Succeeded by	Walter Scheel
Mayor of West Berlin
In office 1957–1966
Preceded by	Otto Suhr
Succeeded by	Heinrich Albertz
Personal details
Born	Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (1913-12-18)18 December 1913 Lübeck, Free City of Lübeck, (German Empire)
Died	8 October 1992(1992-10-08) (aged 78) Unkel, Germany
Political party	SPD
Occupation	Worker, Journalist, Lecturer, Activist, Politician
Religion	Lutheran
Signature

Political offices
Preceded by Otto Suhr	President of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin 1955–1957	Succeeded by Kurt Landsberg
Preceded by Otto Suhr	Gorverning Mayor of Berlin 1957–1966	Succeeded by Heinrich Albertz
Preceded by Gerhard Schröder	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1966–1969	Succeeded by Walter Scheel
Preceded by Kurt Georg Kiesinger	Chancellor of Germany 1969–1974	Succeeded by Helmut Schmidt
Preceded by Hans-Christoph Seebohm	Vice Chancellor of Germany 1966–1969	Succeeded by Walter Scheel
Party political offices
Preceded by Erich Ollenhauer	Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1964–1987	Succeeded by Hans-Jochen Vogel
Preceded by Bruno Pittermann	President of the Socialist International 1976–1992	Succeeded by Pierre Mauroy

Persondata
Name	Brandt, Willy
Alternative names	Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm
Short description	German politician, Chancellor of West Germany
Date of birth	18 December 1913
Place of birth	Lübeck, Germany
Date of death	8 October 1992
Place of death	Unkel, Germany

Sergei Nakariakov
Born	(1977-05-10) May 10, 1977 (age 35) Gorky
Genres	Classical
Instruments	trumpet, flugelhorn
Website	http://www.nakariakov.com/

Persondata
Name	Nakariakov, Sergei
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1977-05-10
Place of birth	Gorky
Date of death
Place of death

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of Germany
In office 1 October 1982 – 27 October 1998*
President	Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog
Deputy	Hans-Dietrich Genscher Jürgen Möllemann Klaus Kinkel
Preceded by	Helmut Schmidt
Succeeded by	Gerhard Schröder
Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate
In office 19 May 1969 – 2 December 1976
Preceded by	Peter Altmeier
Succeeded by	Bernhard Vogel
Personal details
Born	Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (1930-04-03) 3 April 1930 (age 82) Ludwigshafen, Germany
Political party	Centre Party (Before 1946) Christian Democratic Union (1946–present)
Spouse(s)	Hannelore Renner (1960–2001) Maike Richter (2008–present)
Alma mater	Heidelberg University
Signature
*From 1 October 1982 to 3 October 1990, Kohl was Chancellor of West Germany only. From 3 October 1990 to 27 October 1998, he was Chancellor for the reunified Germany.

Political offices
Preceded by Helmut Schmidt	Chancellor of Germany West Germany: 1982–1990 1982–1998	Succeeded by Gerhard Schröder
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Margaret Thatcher	Chairperson of the Group of 8 1985	Succeeded by Yasuhiro Nakasone
Preceded by John Major	Chairperson of the Group of 8 1992	Succeeded by Kiichi Miyazawa

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Wiki Summary

Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician, Mayor of West Berlin 1957–1966, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.

Brandt's most important legacy was Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.

In 1974, Brandt resigned as Chancellor after Günter Guillaume, one of his closest aides, was exposed as an agent of the Stasi, the East German secret service.

Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the Free City of Lübeck (German Empire) to Martha Frahm, an unwed mother who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was an accountant from Hamburg named John Möller, whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather Ludwig Frahm and his second wife Dora.

Persondata
Name	Kohl, Helmut
Alternative names	Dr. Helmut Josef Michael Kohl
Short description	German Chancellor
Date of birth	3 April 1930
Place of birth	Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Palatinate, Germany
Date of death
Place of death

Daniel Barenboim
Daniel Barenboim in Vienna, 2008
Born	(1942-11-15) November 15, 1942 (age 69) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Citizenship	Argentine, Israeli, Spanish, Palestinian
Occupation	Pianist and conductor
Religion	Jewish
Website
www.danielbarenboim.com

Preceded by Sir Georg Solti	Music Director, Orchestre de Paris 1975–1989	Succeeded by Semyon Bychkov
Preceded by Sir Georg Solti	Music Director, Chicago Symphony Orchestra 1991–2006	Succeeded by Riccardo Muti
Preceded by Otmar Suitner	Music Director, Berlin State Opera 1992–present	Succeeded by incumbent

Persondata
Name	Barenboim, Daniel
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	15 November 1942
Place of birth	Buenos Aires, Argentina
Date of death
Place of death

Brandt, Willy Filmography

Brandt, Willy Filmography

Famous quotes by Willy Brandt:

"There is going to be a lot of plain-talking in this election,"

"It often takes more courage to change one's opinion than to keep it."

Make changes yourself !

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