Releasing a rod-caught Atlantic salmon on the Little Gruinard in Wester Ross, Scotland

Catch and release is a practice within recreational fishing intended as a technique of conservation. After capture, the fish are unhooked and returned to the water before experiencing serious exhaustion or injury. Using barbless hooks, it is often possible to release the fish without removing it from the water (a slack line is frequently sufficient).

History of practice[link]

In the United Kingdom, catch and release has been performed for more than a century by coarse fishermen in order to prevent target species from disappearing in heavily fished waters. Since the latter part of the 20th century, many salmon and sea trout rivers have been converted to complete or partial catch and release.

In the United States, catch and release was first introduced as a management tool in the state of Michigan in 1952 as an effort to reduce the cost of stocking hatchery-raised trout. Anglers fishing for fun rather than for food accepted the idea of releasing the fish while fishing in so-called "no-kill" zones. Conservationists have advocated catch and release as a way to ensure sustainability and to avoid overfishing of fish stocks. Lee Wulff also promoted catch and release as he observed the Atlantic Salmon population dwindle.

In Australia, catch and release caught on slowly, with some pioneers practicing it in the 1960s, and the practice slowly became more widespread in the 1970s and 1980s. Catch and release is now widely used to conserve — and indeed is critical in conserving — vulnerable fish species like the large, long lived native freshwater Murray Cod and the prized, slowly growing, heavily fished Australian bass, heavily fished coastal species like Dusky Flathead and prized gamefish like striped marlin.

In the Republic of Ireland, catch and release has been used as a conservation tool for atlantic salmon and sea trout fisheries since 2003. A number of fisheries now have mandatory catch and release regulations.^[1] Catch and release for coarse fish has been used by sport anglers for as long as these species have been fished for on this island. However catch and release for Atlantic salmon has required a huge turn about in how many anglers viewed the salmon angling resource. To encourage anglers to practice catch and release in all fisheries a number of Government led incentives have been implemented.^[2]

In Canada, catch and release is mandatory for some species. Canada also requires, in some cases, the use of barbless hooks to facilitate release and minimize injury.

In Switzerland and Germany catch and release fishing is considered inhumane and is now banned.^[3]

Catch and release techniques[link]

Fish hook

Effective catch and release fishing techniques avoid excessive fish fighting and handling times, avoid damage to fish skin, scale and slime layers by nets, dry hands and dry surfaces (that leave fish vulnerable to fungal skin infections), and avoid damage to throat ligaments and gills by poor handling techniques.

The use of barbless hooks is an important aspect of catch and release; barbless hooks reduce injury and handling time, increasing survival. Frequently, fish caught on barbless hooks can be released without being removed from the water, and the hook(s) effortlessly slipped out with a single flick of the pliers or leader. Barbless hooks can be purchased from several major manufacturers or can be created from a standard hook by crushing the barb(s) flat with needle-nosed pliers. Some anglers avoid barbless hooks because of the erroneous belief that too many fish will escape. Concentrating on keeping the line tight at all times while fighting fish, equipping lures that do not have them with split rings, and using recurved point or "Triple Grip" style hooks on lures, will keep catch rates with barbless hooks as high as those achieved with barbed hooks.

One study looking at brook trout found that barbless hooks did not result in statistically significantly lower mortality rates than barbed hooks when fish were hooked in the mouth, but did elevate mortalities if fish were hooked deeper.^[4] The study also suggested bait fishing does not have a significantly higher mortality when utilized in an active style, rather than a passive manner that allows the fish to swallow the bait.^[4]

To make a hook barbless, the barb is simply crushed flat with a pair of needle-nosed pliers, a trivial task. Medium grit sandpaper can be further used to ensure complete removal of the barb, but this is not necessary and is rarely done.

The effects of catch and release vary from species to species. A study of fish caught in shallow water on the Great Barrier Reef showed high survival rates (97%+) (e.g.^[5]) for released fish if handled correctly and particularly if caught on artificial baits such as lures. Fish caught on lures are usually hooked cleanly in the mouth, minimizing injury and aiding release. Other studies have shown somewhat lower survival rates for fish gut-hooked on bait if the line is cut and the fish is released without trying to remove the hook.^{[citation needed]}

Debate[link]

Catch and release is a conservation practice developed to prevent overharvest of fish stocks in the face of growing human populations, mounting fishing pressure, increasingly effective fishing tackle and techniques, inadequate fishing regulations and enforcement, and habitat degradation. Fishermen have been practicing catch and release for decades, including with some highly pressured fish species. Proponents of catch and release dispute the suggestion that fish hooked in the mouth feel pain.^{[citation needed]}

Opponents of catch and release point out that fish are highly evolved vertebrates that share many of the same neurological structures that, in humans, are associated with pain perception. They point to studies that show that, neurologically, fish are quite similar to "higher" vertebrates and that blood chemistry reveals that hormones and blood metabolites associated with stress are quite high in fish struggling against hook and line. The idea that fish do not feel pain in their mouths has been studied at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute by injecting bee venom and acetic acid into the lips of rainbow trout; the fish responded by rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks in an effort to relieve themselves of the sensation.^[6] Lead researcher Dr. Lynne Sneddon wrote, "Our research demonstrates nociception and suggests that noxious stimulation in the rainbow trout has adverse behavioral and physiological effects. This fulfils the criteria for animal pain." The research does not explain why popular gamefish such as largemouth bass would intentionally prey on spiny fish and crustaceans, that regularly cause hook-like puncture wounds to the inside of their mouths.

James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming argues this may demonstrate a chemical sensitivity rather than pain and that the evidence for pain sensation in fish is ambiguous.^[7][8]

During a Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation study, up to 43 percent of fish released after being caught died within six days as a result of inadequate holding and weigh in procedures during tournaments. ^[9]

Deep sea fishing and catch and release[link]

While a number of scientific studies have now found survival rates of shallow water fish caught-and-released on fly and lure have extremely high survival rates (95–97%) and modestly high survival rates on bait (70–90%, depending on species, bait, hook size, etc.) emerging research suggests catch and release does not work very well with fish caught when deep sea fishing.

Most deep sea fish species suffer from the sudden pressure change when wound to the surface from great depths; these species cannot adjust their body's physiology quickly enough to follow the pressure change. The result is called "barotrauma". Fish with barotrauma will have their enormously swollen swim-bladder protruding from their mouth, bulging eyeballs, and often sustain other, more subtle but still very serious injuries. Upon release, fish with barotrauma will be unable to swim or dive due to the swollen swim-bladder. The common practice has been to deflate the swim bladder by pricking it with a thin sharp object before attempting to release the fish.

Emerging research [2] indicates both barotrauma and the practice of deflating the swimbladder are both highly damaging to fish, and that survival rates of caught-and-released deep-sea fish is extremely low. However, barotrauma requires that fish be caught at least 30 – 50 feet below the surface. Many surface caught fish, such as billfish, and all fish caught from shore, do not meet this criterion and thus do not suffer barotrauma.

See also[link]

• Fishing
• Angling
• Sport fishing
• Fly fishing
• Fishing tournament

References[link]

External links[link]

• Practicing Catch and Release Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
• Catch-and-Release Fishing Rhode Island Sea Grant. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
• Catch And Release Fishing Native Fish Australia. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
• Catch and release Department of Fish and Game, Alaska. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
• Only Some Catch And Release Methods Let The Fish Live ScienceDaily, 4 June 2007.
• Catch and Release Fishing - links from about.com
• Catch-and-Release Fishing Catch and Release Fishing lakes in Hungary (boilie and sports lakes)

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John Bethune
Born	John Wadden Bethune (1791-01-05)5 January 1791 Charlottenburg (Williamstown), Upper Canada
Died	22 August 1872(1872-08-22) (aged 81) Montreal, Quebec
Occupation	Anglican clergyman, dean of the diocese of Montreal
Spouse	Elizabeth Hallowell

John Wadden Bethune (5 January 1791 – 22 August 1872) was a Canadian Anglican clergyman and acting principal of McGill University from 1835 to 1846.

Life and work[link]

Born in Williamstown, Glengarry County, Upper Canada, the son of Reverend John Bethune and Véronique Waddin, the daughter of Jean-Étienne Waddens (1738-1782), a founding partner in the North West Company and formerly a Professor at the University of Bern and the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Bethune received his education at the school of the Reverend Dr. John Strachan at Cornwall. After serving in the War of 1812, he entered the ministry of the Church of England and in 1814, he was ordained by Bishop Jacob Mountain in Quebec City. In 1818 he was made Rector of Christ Church in Montreal, where he remained for more than fifty years, eventually becoming Dean of the diocese. He was acting-Principal of McGill from November 1835 until May 1846, succeeded by Edmund Allen Meredith. He died in 1872.

John was part of a prominent family which included four brothers of note. Alexander Neil, became bishop of the diocese of Toronto, James Gray Bethune was a businessman, Angus Bethune was prominent in the fur trade and Donald Bethune was an important political figure in Upper Canada.

He married Elizabeth Hallowell, daughter of William Hallowell (1771-1838), partner of the North West Company, and his wife Martha, natural daughter of Alexander Henry. They were the parents of Strachan Bethune and parents-in-law of Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Abbott (who had married their daughter, Mary Martha Bethune). Bethune was the great-great-grandfather of Canadian actor Christopher Plummer.

References[link]

• "John Bethune". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2005. 

Joshua Radin
Press photo of Joshua Radin for his 2010 album, "The Rock and The Tide."
Background information
Born	(1974-06-14) June 14, 1974 (age 38)
Origin	Cleveland, Ohio
Genres	Acoustic, folk
Occupations	Singer, songwriter
Instruments	Acoustic guitar, Electric Guitar
Years active	2004–present
Labels	Mom & Pop Records
Website	JoshuaRadin.com

Joshua Radin (born June 14, 1974) is an American recording artist, songwriter and actor.

Beginnings[link]

He was born and raised in Shaker Heights, Ohio, to a Jewish family of Polish, German, Austrian, and Russian background.^[1][2] He studied drawing and painting at Northwestern University, following his college years with stints as an art teacher, screenwriter, and art gallery employee.

Radin turned to music when he moved to New York City, bought a guitar, and taught himself to play and write music.^[3]

In 2004, American actor Zach Braff introduced Radin's first composition, "Winter" to Scrubs' show creator, Bill Lawrence, who ultimately used several of Radin's songs within various scenes of the hit television series.^[4][5]

Musical career[link]

According to Radin his musical career started in 2004, and he had learned to play the guitar only two years before that. His first song, "Winter", appeared on his debut album "We Were Here".^[6] Since that time, Radin has been touring the United States, as well as much of the United Kingdom and Europe. Over the course of his career, Radin has shared stages with artists such as Sheryl Crow, Tori Amos, Imogen Heap, Meiko, Missy Higgins, Maria Taylor, Gary Jules, Amber Rubarth, Schuyler Fisk, The Script and many more. In addition to his American following, Radin has enjoyed success with his 2008 release, "Simple Times" in the United Kingdom. His song "I'd Rather Be With You" reached #2 on the UK Charts and number two on the US Top Digital Chart.^[7][8]

[edit] We Were Here (2006)

Radin has said that much of the album was inspired by a bad break-up.^[10] It was released exclusively to iTunes for a month, before attracting attention from major labels.^[11] Released on Columbia Records in May 2006,^[11] We Were Here presented the first batch of songs Radin ever wrote. The album drew critical acclaim and received a four-star review from Rolling Stone, who praised it for Radin's "whispery, silver-bell voice" and its themes, calling them "poignant and refreshingly frank." The record hit number one on the iTunes Folk Album Chart and included a number of well known musicians, including Ryan Adams who played guitar on the song "Lovely Tonight".^[12]Zach Braff hand-picked one of the tracks to be featured on the soundtrack for The Last Kiss.^[10][13]

[edit] Simple Times (2008)

Radin's second album, "Simple Times" went straight to #1 on the iTunes overall chart upon its release. Radin enlisted highly regarded producer Rob Schnapf (Elliott Smith, Beck). The two spent seven weeks recording at L.A.'s legendary Sunset Sound Studio working with a cast of musicians that included guitarist Greg Leisz, bassist Johnny Flaugher, keyboardist Jason Borger, drummer Victor Indrizzo and percussionist Lenny Castro. Among the album's many highlights are "You Got Growin' Up To Do," featuring guest vocalist Patty Griffin, lead single "I'd Rather Be With You" and "Brand New Day." ^[14] Tracks from the album were featured on TV shows such as "Bones," "Scrubs," "House," "Grey's Anatomy," "One Tree Hill," "Life Unexpected," "90210," "Brothers and Sisters" and "American Idol," among others.^[6] Radin's "Simple Times" was released on Mom and Pop Records.^[15]

[edit] The Rock and The Tide (2010)

Radin's third studio album, The Rock and The Tide was released on October 12, 2010 on Mom and Pop Records, his second release with the label. The album reached number five on the iTunes albums chart upon its release. "The Rock and The Tide" was produced by Martin Terefe (Cat Stevens, Ron Sexmith).^[16][17]

Television and Movies[link]

Radin's songs were used on television series such as Scrubs, Grey's Anatomy, Brothers and Sisters, American Idol, One Tree Hill, among others.^[18]

Radin also played his song "Today" along with five other songs for Ellen DeGeneres and Portia de Rossi at their August 16, 2008 wedding.^{[6] [19][20]}

He has amassed more than 75 film and television placements of his songs in television and movies,^[21][16] including:

• 90210 - Vegetable Car,^[22] The Fear You Won't Fall,^[22] The Rock and The Tide^[22]
• 8xTX on T4 - Winter,^[21]
• 10 Inch Hero - Only You,^[23]
• ABC Promo - Off The Map - Here We Go ^[24]
• Adam - Someone Else's Life,^[25] When You Find Me ^[25]
• American Idol – Everything'll Be Alright,^[21] Closer,^[21] Friend Like You,^[21] One of Those Days ^[21]
• Army Wives - Friend Like You,^[26] We Are Okay,^[27] You Got What I Need^[27]
• Broken Windows - Someone Else's Life,^[28]
• Brothers & Sisters - Everything'll Be Alright,^[29] What If You,^[30] Someone Else's Life,^[31]
• The Bonnie Hunt Show - I'd Rather Be With You,^[32]
• Bones (Double Trouble in the Panhandle) - No Envy, No Fear,^[33] The Rock and The Tide
• Catch and Release - What if You^[34]
• Castle- No Envy, No Fear^[35]
• Conan O'Brien - I'd Rather Be With You^[36]
• Cougar Town - The Rock and The Tide^[37]
• Dakota Skye - Someone Else's Life^[38]
• Dear John (2010 film) - Paperweight
• The Early Show - I'd Rather Be With You^[21]
• Eli Stone - The One You Knew,^[39] Brand New Day,^[40] Friend Like You^[41]
• Ellen Wedding Show - Today ^[21]
• The Ellen DeGeneres Show - You've Got Growing Up to Do^[42]
• General Electric - Brand New Day^[43]
• Gossip Girl - The Rock and The Tide ^[21]
• Grey's Anatomy – Closer,^[44] The Fear You Won't Fall^[45] Sky,^[46] One of Those Days,^[47] You Got What I Need,^[16]
• Hilton Ad - Today^[48]
• Hidden Palms - Closer^[33]
• House M.D. – Brand New Day^[49]
• JC Penny Ad – Only You^[50]
• Jimmy Kimmel Live! - Closer,^[21] Star Mile^[21]
• The Last Kiss - Star Mile,^[51] Paperweight^[52]
• Life Unexpected - Brand New Day,^[53] The Rock and Tte Tide,^[54] One of Those Days,^[55] The Rock and The Tide^[21]
• Lifetime Movie: Bond Of Silence Road To Ride On^[21]
• Leverage - Winter^[56]
• Lie to Me - I'd Rather Be with You^[57]
• The Nanny Diaries - Closer^[58]
• Noah's Arc - Closer,^[21] Don't Look Away,^[21] Winter^[21]
• The Bachelorette (Season 6, Episode 4) - Brand New Day,^[59] Streetlight^[60]
• One Tree Hill - Everything'll be Alright,^[61] No Envy, No Fear,^[62] They Bring Me to You,^[62] You've Got Some Growing Up to Do,^[63] One Of Those Days,^[63] The Rock and the Tide^[64]
• Parenthood - The Rock And The Tide^[65]
• Post Grad - Brand New Day^[66]
• Random 1 - These Photographs^[21]
• Re-Animated - Closer,^[21] Today^[21]
• Runaway - Closer^[67]
• Shameless - Winter
• Scrubs – Don't Look Away,^[33] These Photographs,^[33] Winter,^[33] Today,^[33] Closer,^[33] I'd Rather Be With You,^[33] Sesame Street Theme^[33]
• Shooting Sizemore - Closer^[21]
• So You Think You Can Dance - Sundrenched World (Live Session),^[33] The Fear Your Wont Fall^[33]
• Studio 60 - Closer^[68]
• Swisstel Commercial - Friend Like You^[21]
• What About Brian - Closer^[69]
• Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy - These Photographs^[21]
• Without a Trace - Brand New Day^[70]
• World Heritage City - Winter^[21]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Singles[link]

EPs[link]

1. First Between 3rd and 4th (2004)
2. Live Session (iTunes Exclusive EP) (2006)
3. Unclear Sky (iTunes Exclusive EP) (2008)
4. Simple Times – Bonus Material (Demos) EP (2009)
5. Songs Under a Streetlight EP (2010)

Compilation appearances[link]

• His Way, Our Way (Frank Sinatra tribute album)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Joshua Radin

• Official website
• Joshua Radin’s official blog
• Joshua Radin on MySpace
• Review of One of Those Days at Daily Music Guide
• Joshua Radin at the Internet Movie Database

Video links

• Joshua Radin – Winter, and other songs