A viral video is one that becomes popular through the process of Internet sharing, typically through video sharing websites, social media and email.^[1] Viral videos often contain humorous content and include televised comedy sketches, such as The Lonely Island's "Lazy Sunday" and "Dick in a Box", amateur video clips like Star Wars Kid^[2] the Numa Numa^[3][4] videos, The Evolution of Dance,^[5] Chocolate Rain^[6] on YouTube; and web-only productions such as I Got a Crush... on Obama.^[7] Some eyewitness events have also been caught on video and have "gone viral"^[8] such as the Battle at Kruger^[9] . More recently the video by Invisible Children, Inc. named Kony 2012, which gained critical acclaim worldwide, became the most viral video in history ^[10] with over 32,000,000^{[citation needed]} views within its first week since its upload on 05 March 2012 and has been viewed more than 88,000,000 times as of 20 April 2012.

With the proliferation of camera phones,^[11] many videos are being shot by amateurs on these devices. The availability of inexpensive video editing and publishing tools allows video shot on mobile phones to be edited and distributed virally, by email or website, and between phones by Bluetooth or MMS. These consumer-shot videos are typically non-commercial, intended for viewing by friends or family. A video becoming viral is often unexpected, and an accident, and therefore a video cannot be called viral purely in the creator's intention at the time of recording.

History[link]

The behaviors behind viral videos, where ideas and news spread between individuals through dialogue, have been present in society since prehistoric times and form part of the foundation of culture.^{[citation needed]} These behaviours are studied by the sociological fields of memetics and semiotics. Word of mouth marketing has long exploited the credibility of personal recommendations, and viral videos also benefit from this effect.

Viral videos began circulating before the major video sharing sites such as YouTube, Funny or Die and CollegeHumor, by e-mail sharing, although the term "viral video" was not coined until 2009 with the clip "David after Dentist". One of these early videos was "The Spirit of Christmas" which surfaced in 1995.^[12] In 1996 "Dancing Baby" appeared.^[12][13] This video was released as samples of 3D character animation software. Ron Lussier, the animator who cleaned up the raw animation, began passing the video around LucasArts, his workplace at the time.^[14] A particularly well-known early example was "All your base are belong to us," based on a poorly-translated video game, which was first distributed as a GIF animation and became popular in the year 2000.^[15]

Viral videos' staying power relies on hooks which draw the audience to watch them. The hooks are able to become a part of the viral video culture after being shown repeatedly. The hooks, or key signifiers,^{[clarification needed What are "key signifiers"?]} are not able to be predicted before the videos become viral.^[16]

More recently, there has been a surge in viral videos on video sharing sites such as YouTube, and the availability of affordable digital cameras.^[17] Due to these sites, many of the traditionally shared videos have been phased out, though some early examples have been added to the mainstream sites.^{[citation needed]}

Social impact[link]

Internet celebrities[link]

Video websites such as YouTube often create Internet celebrities, individuals who have attracted significant publicity in their home countries from their videos.^[18]

Geriatric1927, is a pensioner from England, born in 1927, who gained widespread recognition within a week of making his debut on the site.^[19] For these users, Internet fame has had various unexpected effects. YouTube user and former receptionist Brooke Brodack has been signed by NBC's Carson Daly for an 18-month development contract.^[20]

Band and music promotion[link]

YouTube has become a means of promoting bands and their music. Many independent musicians, as well as large companies such as Universal Music Group, use YouTube to promote videos.^[21]

A video broadcasting the Free Hugs Campaign, with accompanying music by the Sick Puppies, led to instant fame for both the band and the campaign,^[22][23] with more campaigns taking place in different parts of the world. The main character of the video, Juan Mann, achieved recognition after being interviewed on Australian news programs and appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Education[link]

Viral videos continue to increase in popularity as teaching and instructive aids. In March 2007, an elementary school teacher, Jason Smith, created TeacherTube, a website for sharing educational videos with other teachers. The site now features over 54,000 videos.^[24] Some college curricula are now using viral videos in the classroom as well. Northwestern University offers a course called "YouTubing 101". The course invites students to produce their own viral videos, focusing on marketing techniques and advertising strategies.^[25]

Customer complaints[link]

"United Breaks Guitars", by the Canadian folk rock music group Sons of Maxwell, is an example of how viral videos can be used by consumers to pressure companies to settle complaints.^[26] Another example is Brian Finkelstein's video complaint to Comcast, 2006. Finkelstein recorded a video of a Comcast technician sleeping on his couch. The technician had come to repair Brian's modem but had to call Comcast's central office and fell asleep after being placed on hold waiting for Comcast.^[27][28][29]

Cyberbullying[link]

The Canadian high school student known as Star Wars Kid was subjected to significant harassment and ostracizing after the viral success of his video. His family accepted a financial settlement after suing the individuals responsible for posting the video online.^[30]

In July 2010, an 11-year-old girl was subjected to a campaign of harassment and cyberbullying following the viral nature of videos she had uploaded to Stickam and YouTube. As a result of the case, the potential for cyberbullying as a result of viral videos was widely discussed in the media.^[31][32][33]

Legal implications[link]

Viral videos that do not feature original content often violate copyright laws. Users frequently upload television, movie and music clips onto popular viral websites like YouTube. The use of copyrighted material has caused several problems in the entertainment industry. The most notable incident occurred following the release of "Lazy Sunday", the popular digital short that appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live. Within hours fans posted the video onto YouTube, where it received a substantial number of hits. NBC then released an order to remove all reproductions of Lazy Sunday from YouTube and other websites, claiming that the postings constituted copyright infringement under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.^[34] In some cases, copyrighted material in viral videos may be used legally, either with a license or under the doctrine of fair use or fair dealing; for example, many videos featuring only brief clips are likely to fall under these legal exceptions.

As viral videos have increased in popularity, the entertainment industry has begun researching ways to profit from the phenomenon. Recently a couple posted a video of their wedding procession to Chris Brown's song "Forever", on YouTube. Sony, which owns the copyright to the song, was able to capitalize on the success of the video by offering a one-click buying option, which allows users to purchase the song by clicking on a black bar that appears during the video. According to YouTube, although the song was a year old, the video renewed the song's popularity and it reached #4 on iTunes and #3 on Amazon's bestseller list.^[35] The recent success of the one-click buying method allows companies to profit from the success of viral videos. Other media companies have formed partnerships with video sharing sites in the hope that increased traffic will lead users to their sites. MTV2 provided clips of The Andy Milonakis Show with links to the original content. Advertisers, such as Nike, seed YouTube with clips of their products, hoping to attract consumers.^[36]

Political implications[link]

The 2008 United States presidential election showcased the impact of political viral videos. For the first time, YouTube hosted the CNN-YouTube presidential debates, calling on YouTube users to pose questions. In this debate, the opinions of viral video creators and users were taken seriously. There were several memorable viral videos that appeared during the campaign. In June 2007, "I Got a Crush... on Obama", a music video featuring a girl claiming to have a crush on presidential candidate Barack Obama, appeared. Unlike previously popular political videos, it did not feature any celebrities and was purely user-generated. The video garnered many viewers and gained attention in the mainstream media.^[37]

YouTube became a powerful source of campaigning for the 2008 Presidential Election. Every major party candidate had their own YouTube channel in order to communicate with the voters, with John McCain posting over 300 videos and Barack Obama posting over 1,800 videos. The music video, “Yes We Can,” by will.i.am demonstrates user-generated publicity for the 2008 Presidential Campaign. The video depicts many celebrities as well as black and white clips of Barack Obama. This music video inspired many parodies and won an Emmy for Best New Approaches in Daytime Entertainment. ^[38]

The proliferation of viral videos in the 2008 campaign highlights the fact that people increasingly turn to the internet to receive their news. In a study for the Pew Research Center in 2008, approximately 2% of the participants said that they received their news from non-traditional sources such as MySpace or YouTube.^[39] The campaign was widely seen as an example of the growing influence of the internet on United States politics; further evidenced by the founding of viral video producers like Brave New Films.^[40]

Notable viral video sites[link]

See also[link]

Internet portal

• Internet meme
• List of Internet phenomena
• Positive feedback
• Shock site
• Viral marketing
• Seeding agency

References[link]

External links[link]

• Viral Video Chart Guardian News, UK.
• Photos Gone Viral! — slideshow by Life magazine

This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (March 2012)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2007)

Guillermo del Toro
Guillermo del Toro in September 2011.
Born	Guillermo del Toro (1964-10-09) October 9, 1964 (age 47) Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Residence	Agoura Hills, California, United States
Nationality	Mexican
Occupation	Director, producer, screenwriter
Years active	1984–present
Spouse	Lorenza Newton (?-present)

Guillermo del Toro (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡiˈʎermo ðel ˈtoɾo]; born October 9, 1964) is a Mexican director, producer, screenwriter, novelist and designer. He is mostly known for his acclaimed films, Blade II, Pan's Labyrinth and the Hellboy film franchise. He is a frequent collaborator with Ron Perlman, Federico Luppi and Doug Jones. His films draw heavily on sources as diverse as weird fiction, fantasy and war.

Early life[link]

Del Toro was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He was raised in a strict Catholic household.^[1] Del Toro studied at the Centro de Investigación y Estudios Cinematográficos, in Guadalajara.^[2] He first got involved in filmmaking when he was about eight years old and studied special effects and make-up with SFX artist Dick Smith.^[3] Del Toro participated in the cult series La Hora Marcada with other renowned Mexican filmmakers such as Emmanuel Lubezki and Alfonso Cuarón.

He spent ten years as a special effects make-up designer and formed his own company, Necropia. He also co-founded the Guadalajara International Film Festival. Later on in his directing career, he formed his own production company, the Tequila Gang.

In 1998, at the age of 34, Guillermo was given a $30 million budget from Miramax studios to shoot his second film, Mimic. During this time, his father, automotive entrepreneur Federico del Toro, was kidnapped in Guadalajara, Mexico. Although Federico was eventually released safely, there was intense economic pressure from his captors, to the point that del Toro's family had to pay twice the amount originally asked. The event prompted Del Toro, his parents and his siblings to move abroad. In an interview with Time magazine, he said this about the kidnapping of his father: "Every day, every week, something happens that reminds me that I am in involuntary exile [from my country]."^[4][5]

Career[link]

Guillermo del Toro has directed a wide variety of films, from action hero comic book adaptations (Blade II, Hellboy and Hellboy II: The Golden Army) to historical fantasy and horror films, two of which are set in Spain in the context of the Spanish Civil War under the authoritarian rule of Francisco Franco. These two films, El Espinazo Del Diablo (The Devil's Backbone) and El Laberinto Del Fauno (Pan's Labyrinth), are among his most critically acclaimed works. They share similar settings, protagonists (young children), and themes (including the relationship between fantasy/horror and the struggle to live under authoritarian or dictatorial rule) with the 1973 Spanish film The Spirit of the Beehive, widely considered to be the finest Spanish film of the 1970s.^[6]

Del Toro views the horror genre as inherently political, explaining, "Much like fairy tales, there are two facets of horror. One is pro-institution, which is the most reprehensible type of fairy tale: Don't wander into the woods, and always obey your parents. The other type of fairy tale is completely anarchic and antiestablishment."^[5]

He is close friends with two other prominent and critically praised Mexican filmmakers, Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro González Iñárritu.^[7] The three often influence each other's directorial decisions, and have been interviewed together by Charlie Rose. Cuarón was one of the producers of Pan's Labyrinth. After Blade II, Del Toro turned down many directing jobs for other films to do some of his other projects, he turned down directing jobs for Blade: Trinity and Resident Evil: Apocalypse to write/direct Hellboy. He also turned down The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe to do Pan's Labyrinth, for which he also received a Nebula Award for Best Script. He also turned down Resident Evil: Extinction, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and Halo to do Hellboy II: The Golden Army. ^[8]

Del Toro has also contributed to the web series Trailers From Hell.^[9]

On December 9, 2010, Guillermo del Toro launched Mirada with partners Guillermo Navarro (his long-time cinematographer), director Mathew Cullen and Executive Producer Javier Jimenez. Mirada was formed in Los Angeles, CA to be a collaborative space where they and other filmmakers can work with Mirada’s artists to create and produce projects that span digital production and content for film, television, advertising, interactive and other media. Mirada launched as a sister company to production company Motion Theory.^[10]

Future projects[link]

In April 2008, Del Toro was hired to direct the live action film adaptation of The Hobbit. On May 30, 2010, Del Toro stepped down from the project due to an extended delay brought on by MGM's financial troubles. Although he removed himself from directing the film, he continued co-writing the screenplays.^[11]

Del Toro is scheduled to direct four films for Universal; Frankenstein; a remake of Slaughterhouse-Five; and Drood, an adaptation of a Dan Simmons novel published in February 2009.^[12] Drood was expected to be his first project after the two films set in Middle-earth. These projects would have filled up his schedule until 2017.^[13] Part of the Universal deal entails continuing research and development for the creatures in At the Mountains of Madness.^[14] In June 2009, Del Toro said he would only direct Frankenstein .^[15] Del Toro is also in the early stages of development of Saturn and the End of Days.^[16]

Del Toro said his Frankenstein would be a faithful "Miltonian tragedy", citing Frank Darabont's "near perfect" script, which evolved into Kenneth Branagh's Frankenstein.^[17] Del Toro said of his vision, "What I’m trying to do is take the myth and do something with it, but combining elements of Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein without making it just a classical myth of the monster. The best moments in my mind of Frankenstein, of the novel, are yet to be filmed [...] The only guy that has ever nailed for me the emptiness, not the tragic, not the Miltonian dimension of the monster, but the emptiness is Christopher Lee in the Hammer films, where he really looks like something obscenely alive. Boris Karloff has the tragedy element nailed down but there are so many versions, including that great screenplay by Frank Darabont that was ultimately not really filmed."^[18] He has also cited Bernie Wrightson's illustrations as inspiration, and said the film will not focus on the monster's creation, but be an adventure film featuring the character.^[19] Del Toro said he would like Wrightson to design his version of the creature. The film will also focus on the religious aspects of Shelley's tale.^[20] Del Toro has stated that production on Frankenstein most likely will not begin for at least four years.^[21] Despite this, he has already cast frequent collaborator Doug Jones in the role of Frankenstein's monster. In an interview with Sci Fi Wire, Jones stated that he learned of the news the same day as everybody else; that "Guillermo did say to the press that he’s already cast me as his monster, but we’ve yet to talk about it. But in his mind, if that’s what he’s decided, then it's done ... It would be a dream come true."^[22] The film will be a period piece.^[23]

He has also expressed interest in video games after the Hobbit project, and hopes to be able to create a "Citizen Kane of games."^[24] In an MTV News interview in late July 2010, he further clarified that his video game ambitions were a reality, stating that: "One of the things we're announcing in the next few weeks is a big deal with a big company. We're going to do games that are going to be technically and narratively very interesting. It's not a development deal. We're going to do it. We're doing them. And we're going to announce it soon enough."^[25]

As of September 11, 2009 it has been made known that Guillermo del Toro has signed on with The Walt Disney Company to create a new label known as Disney Double Dare You. This new label will seek to create family friendly, all-ages animated projects that still manage to thrill and frighten.^[26] But as of 2012 it is not known if he's still involved with Disney as he currently moved on to DreamWorks Animation since 2010.

In June 2010 news came that Del Toro would be writing and producing a brand new take on the story of Van Helsing. There is no word yet on if he will direct or not.^[27]

At Comic Con 2010, del Toro made the surprise announcement that he will co-write, produce, and likely direct a 3D remake of The Haunted Mansion for Disney. Del Toro says the film will stray away from the comedic nature of the 2003 film and will revolve around the Hatbox Ghost from the ride.^[28]

On 28 July 2010 it was announced that he would direct At the Mountains of Madness by H. P. Lovecraft for Universal Pictures, with James Cameron as producer. The movie was originally set up as a project at DreamWorks in 2004.^[29] Just a month earlier, del Toro said that the Lovecraft adaptation probably wouldn't happen at all; "It doesn't look like I can do it. It's very difficult for the studios to take the step of doing a period-set, R-rated, tentpole movie with a tough ending and no love story. Lovecraft has a readership as big as any best-seller, but it's tough to quantify because his works are in the public domain." Not long after, he was approached by Cameron who asked him if he still wanted to do the movie. When del Toro confirmed he did, Cameron said “Let’s do it.” Both of them put forward the idea for Universal, which then greenlighted it.^[30] Earlier the same year, del Toro also asked S. T. Joshi if he wanted to be a consultant if and when the movie got into motion.^[31] It was rumored that del Toro was approached to direct the new Godzilla movie produced by Legendary Pictures, which he later denied.

Mountains of Madness did not receive the greenlight by Universal Studios, so del Toro's next directorial effort will be the giant monster film Pacific Rim, based on a screenplay by Travis Beacham, which was mistakenly rumored to be the basis for Legendary Pictures' Godzilla reboot, which del Toro was rumored to have been was approached to direct but later denied. Del Toro described the monsters in the film to be "Huge". The film involves giant monsters traveling through a vortex in the pacific rim where they attack major cities and humans must battle them by using mecha suits called Jaegers. He comments,"This is my most un-modest film, this has everything. The scale is enormous and I'm just a big kid having fun."^[32]

Guillermo del Toro has also acquired the rights to produce the movie adaption of David Moody's novel "Hater"

On 18th August 2011 it was announced del Toro is going to be developing a new film version of Beauty and the Beast, with Emma Watson in mind to star. Crazy, Stupid, Love producer Denise Di Novi confirmed the filmmaker’s involvement, and said that she would be co-producing the movie with him.^[33]

On June 2, 2009 Del Toro released his debut novel, The Strain, which he co-authored with Chuck Hogan. It is the first part of a vampire trilogy. The second part, The Fall, was released on Sept. 21, 2010, co-authored by Chuck Hogan as well. October of 2011 the last novel of the trilogy was released, Night Eternal with a possible future series release or movie for the trilogy.

At the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, Del Toro announced that he is working on his first video game titled Insane, which is planned for release in 2013.

Del Toro also wants to direct a segment for an upcoming Heavy Metal 3.

On 21st September 2010, del Toro announced that he wanted to direct new adaptations of the Stephen King novels It and Pet Sematary, but stated that he is very busy and unlikely to be able to make the films any time soon.^[34]

Personal life[link]

Guillermo del Toro is married to his high school sweetheart Lorenza Newton, cousin of Mexican singer Guadalupe Pineda. He fell in love with Lorenza when both were studying at the Guadalajara School of Sciences. He currently lives in Agoura Hills, California with his wife and two daughters, Mariana and Marisa.^[4] In addition to home in which he lives with his family, he owns a separate house exclusively to house his books, posters artwork and other belongings pertaining to his work, explaining, "As a kid, I dreamed of having a house with secret passages and a room where it rained 24 hours a day. The point of being over 40 is to fulfill the desires you've been harboring since you were 7."^[5]

In a 2007 interview, del Toro described his political position as "a little too liberal". He pointed out that the villains in most of his films, such as the industrialist in Cronos, the Nazis in Hellboy, and the Francoists in Pan's Labyrinth, are united by the common attribute of authoritarianism. "I hate structure. I'm completely anti-structural in terms of believing in institutions. I hate them. I hate any institutionalised social, religious, or economic holding."^[35]

In 2009, in an interview with Charlie Rose, del Toro described his Roman Catholic upbringing as excessively "morbid," saying "I mercifully lapsed as a Catholic, I say, but as Buñuel used to say, "I'm an atheist, thank God." Though insisting he's spiritually "not with Buñuel" and that "once a Catholic, always a Catholic, in a way," he followed by saying, "I believe in man. I believe in mankind, as the worst and the best that has happened to this world."^[36] He has also responded to the observation that he views his art as his religion by saying, "It is. To me, art and storytelling serve primal, spiritual functions in my daily life. Whether I'm telling a bedtime story to my kids or trying to mount a movie or write a short story or a novel, I take it very seriously."^[5]

In a Q&A, del Toro said that he was a fan of first-person shooter video games, citing games like Half-Life, Call of Duty and BioShock and stating that "video games are the comic books of our time... It's a medium that gains no respect among the intelligentsia".^[37] However, del Toro has stated that there are only two games he considers to be true masterpieces: Ico and Shadow of the Colossus.^[38]

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

See also[link]

• Cha Cha Cha Films

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Guillermo del Toro

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Guillermo del Toro

• DelToroFilms.com – Guillermo del Toro's official message board
• Guillermo del Toro at the Internet Movie Database
• Guillermo del Toro at AllRovi
• Del Toro Webcast on BAFTA.org
• Premiere Magazine: Inside Del Toro's Sketchbook