Guaraní
Paraguayan Guarani Avañe'ẽ
Pronunciation	[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]
Spoken in	Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Ethnicity	Guaraní people
Native speakers	4.85 million  (1995)
Language family	Tupian Tupí–Guaraní Guaraní (I) Guaraní Guaraní
Writing system	Guaraní alphabet (Latin script)
Official status
Official language in	Paraguay  Corrientes[1] (Argentina)  Brazil (regional)  Mercosur
Language codes
ISO 639-1	gn
ISO 639-2	grn
ISO 639-3	gug
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Guaraní, specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guaraní (/ɡwɑrəˈniː/; endonym avañe'ẽ [aʋãɲẽˈʔẽ] 'Ava language'), is an indigenous language of South America that belongs to the Tupí–Guaraní subfamily of the Tupian languages. It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and half of the rural population is monolingual.^[2][3] It is spoken by communities in neighbouring countries, including parts of northeastern Argentina and southwestern Brazil, and is a second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004;^[4] it is also an official language of Mercosur.^[5]

Guaraní is the only indigenous language of the Americas whose speakers include a large proportion of non-indigenous people. This is an anomaly in the Americas where language shift towards European colonial languages (in this case, the other official language of Spanish) has otherwise been a nearly universal cultural and identity marker of mestizos (people of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry), and also of culturally assimilated, upwardly-mobile Amerindian people.

Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, who in 1639 published a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní ("The Treasure of the Guaraní Language"), described Guaraní as a language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [of languages]."

The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a dialect chain, most of whose components are also often called Guaraní. See Guaraní dialects.

History[link]

Guaraní persisted with enough vigor to be made official because the Jesuits elected it as the language to preach Roman Catholicism to the Indians (Guaraní was the language of the autonomous Jesuit Reducciones) and because Paraguay's dictators for a time shut the country's borders and thereby protected the local culture and language.

Writing system[link]

Guaraní became a written language relatively recently. The modern Guaraní alphabet is basically a subset of the Latin script (with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six digraphs. Its orthography is largely phonemic, with letter values mostly similar to those of Spanish. The tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ, it differentiates the palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks stressed nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in Portuguese): ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ỹ. (Nasal vowels have been written with several other diacritics: ä, ā, â, ã.) The tilde also marks nasality in the case of G̃/g̃, used to represent the nasalized velar approximant by combining the velar approximant "G" with the nasalising tilde. The letter G̃/g̃, which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20th century and there is disagreement over its use. It is not a precomposed character in Unicode, which can cause typographic inconveniences - such as needing to press "delete" twice - or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support the complex layout feature of glyph composition.

Only stressed nasal vowels are written as nasal. If an oral vowel is stressed, and it's not the final syllable, it's marked with an acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý. That is, stress falls on the vowel marked as nasalized, if any, else on the accent-marked syllable, and if neither appears, then on the final syllable.

Phonology[link]

Guaraní only allows syllables consisting of a vowel or a consonant plus a vowel; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together are not possible. This is represented (C)V.

• Vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ correspond more or less to the Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the allophones [ɛ], [ɔ] are used more frequently; y is the common South American vowel /ɨ/.

Consonants:

IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different.

The voiced consonants have oral allophones (left) before oral vowels, and nasal allophones (right) before nasal vowels. The oral allophones of the voiced stops are prenasalized.

There is also a sequence /ⁿt/ (written ⟨nt⟩). A trill /r/ (written ⟨rr⟩) and the consonants /l/, /f/, and /j/ (written ⟨ll⟩) are not native to Guarani, but come from Spanish.

Oral [ᵈj] is often pronounced [dʒ], [ʒ], [j], depending on the dialect, but the nasal allophone is always [ɲ].

The dorsal fricative is in free variation between [x] and [h].

The glottal stop is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words.

⟨g⟩, ⟨gu⟩ are approximants, not fricatives, but are sometimes transcribed [ɣ], [ɣʷ], as is conventional for Spanish. ⟨gu⟩ is also transcribed [ɰʷ], which is essentially identical to [w].

All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in a vowel.

Nasal Harmony[link]

Guaraní displays an unusual degree of nasal harmony. A nasal syllable consists of a nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in both directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes affixes, postpositions, and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality.

For example,

/ⁿdo+ɾoi+ⁿduˈpã+i/ → [nõɾ̃õĩnũˈpãĩ]

/ro+^mbo+poˈrã/ → [ɾ̃õmõpõˈɾ̃ã]

However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized:

/i^djaˈkãɾaˈku/ → [ʔĩɲãˈkãɾ̃ãˈku]

/aˈkãɾaˈwe/ → [ʔãˈkãɾ̃ãˈwe]^[6]

That is, for a word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral /^mbotɨ/ vs nasal /mõtɨ̃/.

Grammar[link]

Guaraní is a highly agglutinative language, often classified as polysynthetic. It is a fluid-S type active language and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology. It uses subject–verb–object word order usually, but object–verb when the subject is not specified.^{[citation needed]}

The language lacks gender and has no definite article, but due to influence from Spanish, la is used as a definite article for singular reference, and lo for plural reference. These are not found in pure Guaraní (Guaraniete).

Pronouns[link]

Guaraní distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of the first person plural.

• Hikuái is a Post-verbal pronoun (oHecha hikuái – they see )

Reflexive pronoun: je: ahecha ("I look"), ajehecha ("I look at myself")

Conjugation[link]

Guaraní stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called areal (with the subclass aireal) and chendal, respectively. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular.

The areal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is actively involved, whereas the chendal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the undergoer. Note that transitive verbs can take either conjugation, intransitive verbs normally take areal, but can take chendal for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as chendal. This conveys a predicative possessive reading.^[7]

Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal.

Negation[link]

Negation is indicated by a circumfix n(d)(V)-...-(r)i in Guaraní. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is nd- for oral bases and n- for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic e is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic a is inserted.

The postverbal portion is -ri for bases ending in -i, and -i for all others

The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by mo'ã, resulting in n(d)(V)-base-mo'ã-i as in Ndajapomo'ãi, "I won't do it".

There are also other negatives, such as: ani, ỹhỹ, nahániri, naumbre, na'anga.

Tense and aspect morphemes[link]

• -kuri: marks proximity of the action. Ha'ukuri, "I just ate" (ha'u irregular first person singular form of u, "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, ha che kuri, che po'a, "and about what happened to me, I was lucky"
• -va'ekue: indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really truth. Okañyva'ekue, "he/she went missing a long time ago"
• -ra'e: tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. Nde rejoguara'e peteĩ ta'angambyry pyahu, "so then you bought a new television after all"
• -raka'e: expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. Peẽ peikoraka'e Asunción-pe, "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with ra'e and va'ekue

The verb form without suffixes at all is a present somewhat aorist: Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry, "that day you got out and you went far"

• -ta: is a future of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian imperative. Oujeýta ag̃aite, "he/she'll come back soon".
• -ma: has the meaning of "already". Ajapóma, "I already did it".

These two suffixes can be added together: ahátama, "I'm already going"

• -va'erã: indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponding to the German modal verb sollen. Péa ojejapova'erã, "that must be done"
• -ne: indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in certain way with the subjunctive of Spanish. Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape, "the children are probably coming home now"
• -hína, ína after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. Rojatapyhína, "we're making fire"; che ha'ehína, "it's ME!"
• -vo: it has a subtle difference with hína in which vo indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. amba'apóvo, "I'm working (not necessarily now)"
• -pota: indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. Ajukapota, "I'm near the edge in which I will start to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in "po", the suffix changes to mbota; ajapombota, "I'll do it right now")
• -pa: indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. Amboparapa pe ogyke, "I painted the wall completely"

This suffix can be joined with ma, making up páma: ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimo'ã, "now we became to know all your thought". These are unstressed suffixes: ta, ma, ne, vo; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb.

Determiners[link]

Guaraní loans to English[link]

English has adopted a small number of words from Guaraní (or perhaps the related Tupi) via Portuguese, mostly the names of animals. "Jaguar" comes from jaguarete and "piranha" comes from pira aña. Other words are: "agouti" from akuti, "tapir" from tapira and "açaí" from ïwasa'i. The name of Paraguay is itself a Guaraní word, as is the name of Uruguay.

See also[link]

• Guaraní languages
• Jopará
• Jesuit Reductions
• Mbyá Guaraní
• Old Tupi

Sources[link]

External links[link]

• Guaraní at Wikibooks (Spanish)

Guaraní language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Ethnologue.com
• Guarani–English Dictionary: from *Webster's Online Dictionary – The Rosetta Edition
• Guaraní Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary)
• Guarani and the Importance of Maintining Indigenous Culture Through Language
• Guarani Portal from the University of Mainz:
• www.guarani.de: – online dictionary in Spanish, German and Guarani
• www.guaranirenda.com: – about the Guarani language
• Guaraní Possessive Constructions: – by Maura Velázquez
• Stative Verbs and Possessions in Guaraní: – University of Köln
• http://www.datamex.com.py/guarani/neenga/neejoapy_latineeme.html Frases celebres del Latin traducidas al guarani (Spanish)
• http://albino-guaranikupyty.blogspot.com/ Spanish – Estructura Basica del Guarani and others

Miners at work in Potosí

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Bolivia, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Since Bolivia was created as a state on its own in 1825 it has been a multiethnical society, which means that it is home to people of a lot of different ethnical backgrounds. As a result, the local Bolivians tend to treat their nationality as a citizenship instead of an ethnicity. The largest of the approximately three dozen indigenous Amerindian groups are the Aymaras, Quechuas, Chiquitanos, Guaraní (Chiriguanos, Guarayos), and Mojeños. The majority of white Bolivians are of Spanish descent, including Basque origin, but there are large German (including Mennonite)and small Croats, Asian (notably Japanese Okinawans relocated there after expropriation of farmland by the U.S. military after World War II [1]), Middle Eastern, and other minorities (Afro Bolivian), many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.

Bolivia is one of the least-developed countries in South America. About two-thirds of its people, many of whom are subsistence farmers, live in poverty. Population density ranges from less than one person per square kilometer in the southeastern plains to about 10/km² (25/mi²) in the central highlands. As of 2006, population is increasing 1.45% per year.^[1] Increasing numbers of Bolivians migrated to highly prosperous Chile and Argentina, and even to developed countries in Europe (primarily the UK and Spain) and North America (esp. tens of thousands went to Mexico and the United States) in search of economic opportunities.

La Paz is at the highest elevation of the world's capital cities—3,600 meters (11,800 ft) above sea level. The adjacent city of El Alto, at 4,200 meters above sea level, is one of the fastest-growing in the hemisphere. Santa Cruz, the commercial and industrial hub of the eastern lowlands, also is experiencing rapid population and economic growth.^[1]

The great majority of Bolivians are Roman Catholic, although Protestant denominations are expanding strongly. Many indigenous communities interweave pre-Columbian (pre-Hispanic) and Catholic Christian symbols in their religious practices. About half of the people speak Spanish as their first language. Approximately 90% of the children attend primary school but often for a year or less. The literacy rate is low in many rural areas.^[1]

Demographics of Bolivia, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

Ethnic groups[link]

In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous.^[2] Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census.^[3] The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181 thousand; Guaraní, 126 thousand; and Mojeño, 69 thousand. Some 124 thousand pertain to smaller indigenous groups.^[4]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics[link]

Population pyramid

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. 10,118,683

Age structure[link]

0-14 years: 34.6% (male 1,785,453/female 1,719,173)

15-64 years: 60.7% (male 3,014,419/female 3,129,942)

65 years and over: 4.6% (male 207,792/female 261,904) (2011 est.)

Median age[link]

Current president Evo Morales

Festival time in Sucre

Total: 22.5 years

Male: 21.8 years

Female: 23.2 years (2011 est.)

Birth rate[link]

24.71 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Death rate[link]

6.85 deaths/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Net migration rate[link]

-0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Sex ratio[link]

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Infant mortality rate[link]

Total: 42.16 deaths/1,000 live births

Male: 45.95 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 38.18 deaths/1,000 live births [2011 est.]

Life expectancy at birth[link]

Total population: 67.57 years

Male: 64.84 years

Female: 70.42 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate[link]

3.00 children born/woman (2011 est.)

2.85 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS[link]

Adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2009 est.)

People living with HIV/AIDS: 12,000 (2009 est.)

Deaths: less than 1000 (2009 est.)

Nationality[link]

Noun: Bolivian(s)

Adjective: Bolivian

Indigenous peoples of Bolivia

Ethnic groups[link]

Amerindian 60% (Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, Others 5%) , mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white ancestry) 30%, white 9%, other race 1% of African and Asian racial origins.

Religions[link]

Roman Catholic 51%, Protestant 16%, other Christian 30%, non-religious 2.5%, other (Islam, the Baha'i Faith, Judaism, Buddhism, Shinto etc.) 0.2%.

Languages[link]

The official languages of Bolivia are Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní, plus other 33 native languages.

Literacy[link]

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Total population: 87.2%

Male: 93.1%

Female: 81.6% (2003 est.)

See also[link]

• Health in Bolivia

References[link]

 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document "2006 edition".[2]

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Rosana Franco (37, born approx. 1971) She is a Mexican news personal, as well as a sportscaster for Spanish language television channel Univision.

Early years[link]

Franco was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Her father, Dr. Roberto El Alfalfa Vazquez, was also a soccer player, who played for the UNAM Pumas team.

Franco as a small girl was interested in track & field and gymnastics. Her sports interests later included basketball. According to her, she also played baseball on the streets.

She graduated from Communications in Monterrey's Universidad Regiomontana.

Career[link]

Rosana Franco entered the world of acting, participating as an actress in various Mexican films and commercials, but soon, she would begin to miss being involved in sports.

In 1998, Univision held auditions in three cities, including Guadalajara, to find a team of commentators for their weekly sports show, Republica Deportiva. Franco auditioned, and she was chosen, out of 500 people, to conduct the show, alongside Fernando Fiore and Javier Gomez. She has said that she wants to use her position to champion Women's rights. As part of Republica Deportiva, Franco reports on Primer Impacto's sports section. .

Franco has a 19 year old son.

External links[link]

• Rosana Franco at the Internet Movie Database
• "Rosana Franco". Univision.com. translate.google.com. http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univision.com%2Fcontent%2Fcontent.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DFUHC1FLXUFZ30CWIABTCFFQKZAABUIWC%3Fcid%3D320872&langpair=es%7Cen&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools.