- published: 05 Jun 2011
- views: 114261
- author: Jarosław Butrym
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![Bartas - Szczecin żyje ft. Pirat, Sochan (Sprzymierzeni), Kari, Truskav - KLIP [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130211022507im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1ZG7pIm8Hf4/default.jpg "Oddajemy w wasze ręce klip do numeru zatytułowanego")
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Basen Górniczy
Coordinates: 53°24′03″N 14°35′57″E / 53.40085°N 14.59905°E / 53.40085; 14.59905 Basen Górniczy is a part of the Szczecin City, Poland, situated on the islands between the West Oder river and East Oder River (Regalica), south-east of the Szczecin Old Town, and west of Szczecin-Dąbie.
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Battle of Verchen
The Battle of Verchen (German: Schlacht bei Verchen) was a battle between Saxons and West Slavic Obotrites on 6 July 1164.
The Obotrites were attacked by Saxons and Danes in 1160, resulting in the death of the Obotrite prince, Niklot, and the partition of the Obotrite lands. Niklot's son Pribislav rose in revolt in 1163, capturing the castles of Malchow and Quetzin.
The army of Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony was concentrated at Verchen near Demmin and consisted of troops from Saxony, Holstein, Dithmarschen, and Frisia. The Christian army was also assisted by a fleet from King Valdemar the Great of Denmark. They were opposed by a force of Slavs led by Pribislav and the Pomeranian dukes Bogislaw I and Casimir I.
The outcome of the resulting bloody battle with the Slavs was in doubt, although the Christian lords were eventually victorious. Slavic casualties amounted to 2,500, while the Saxon Count of Holstein, Adolf II, fell in battle.
The land of the Obotrites was ravaged by the campaign and many inhabitants, including Pribislav, fled to Pomerania.
wn.com/Battle_of_Verchen -
Bay of Greifswald
The Bay of Greifswald or Greifswald Bodden (German: Greifswalder Bodden) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Germany in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. With an area of 514 km², it is the largest Bodden of the German Baltic coast.
To the west is the island of Rügen; to the southeast, the island of Usedom; to the east, the Bay of Pomerania, and to the south, the German mainland. The bay is also joined to the Baltic Sea through the Strelasund, a narrow sound separating Rügen from the mainland. The bay's northern end is sometimes called the Rügischer Bodden.
The bay itself has a heavily indented coastline, making it a bay of bays. The headlands of Mönchgut (in east Rügen) and Zudar (in south Rügen) – the former actually being made up of several peninsulae – subdivide the bay into many smaller ones. The bay's main port is Greifswald. Amongst the islands in the east of the bodden are Vilm, Koos, Riems and the former island of Stubber, now a sandbank.
The Bay of Greifswald is quite shallow, with an average depth of 5.6 m, and a maximum depth of 13.5 m. Its water is brackish rather than briny owing to inflow from rivers, and the Baltic Sea's complex hydrography (saltier water is generally found only at greater depths there). The average salinity is at 7 to 8 psu, ranging from 5.3 and 12.2 psu.
wn.com/Bay_of_Greifswald -
Bay of Pomerania
The Bay of Pomerania or Pomeranian Bay (Polish: Zatoka Pomorska; German: Pommersche Bucht; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô Hôwinga) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Poland and Germany.
In the south it is separated from the Oder Lagoon in the mouth of the Oder River by the islands of Usedom/Uznam and Wolin, connected by three straits or branches of the Oder: Dziwna, Świna and Peene. North border is a line from Cape Arkona on the German island of Rügen to the Gąski Lighthouse in the east of Kołobrzeg in Poland.
Maximum depth is 20 metres and salinity is about 8‰. The bay of Pomerania is crossed by a deepened waterway from the Szczecin seaport, via the river Oder, the Szczecin Lagoon, and Świna allowing large ships to enter the ports of Świnoujście and Szczecin.
Main ports are:
Coordinates: 54°04′01″N 14°04′59″E / 54.067°N 14.083°E / 54.067; 14.083
wn.com/Bay_of_Pomerania -
Berlin
Berlin (
/bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] (
listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Białogard County
Białogard County (Polish: powiat białogardzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Białogard, which lies 113 kilometres (70 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other towns in the county are Karlino, lying 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Białogard, and Tychowo, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Białogard.
The county covers an area of 845.36 square kilometres (326.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population was 48,241, out of which the population of Białogard was 24,339, that of Karlino 5,794, and the rural population 18,108 (including approximately 2,500 for the populatio of Tychowo, which became a town in 2010).
Białogard County is bordered by Koszalin County to the north, Szczecinek County to the south-east, Świdwin County to the south and Kołobrzeg County to the north-west.
wn.com/Białogard_County -
Białystok
Białystok ([bʲaˈwɨstɔk] ( listen)) (Belarusian: Беласток, Biełastok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located in the North Podlasie Lowland (pl:Nizina Północnopodlaska) on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the fact that the nearby border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character, and occupy around 1,756 ha (4,340 acres) (17.2% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland.
wn.com/Białystok -
Brandenburg
Brandenburg ( listen (help·info); Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state of Berlin.
Originating in the medieval Northern March, the Margraviate of Brandenburg grew to become the core of the Kingdom of Prussia, which would later become the Free State of Prussia. The eastern third of historic Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg/Neumark) was ceded to Poland in 1945.
In late medieval and early modern times, Brandenburg was one of seven electoral states of the Holy Roman Empire, and, along with Prussia, formed the original core of the German Empire, the first unified German state. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin. After 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia. Franconian Nuremberg and Ansbach, Swabian Hohenzollern, the eastern European connections of Berlin, and the status of Brandenburg's ruler as prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of that state.
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Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz [ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ] ( listen) (German: Bromberg (
listen), Latin: Bydgostia) is a city located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers. With a city population of 358,029 (June 2009), and an urban agglomeration with more than 460,000 inhabitants, Bydgoszcz is the 8th-largest city in Poland. It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capital, with Toruń, of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Prior to this, between 1947 and 1998, it was the capital of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, and before that, of the Pomeranian Voivodeship between 1945 and 1947.
Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-Toruń, which totals over 850,000 inhabitants. Bydgoszcz is the seat of Casimir the Great University, University of Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory, as well as a Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Bydgoszcz hosts the Filharmonia Pomorska concert hall, the Opera Nova opera house, and the Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport. Due to its location between the Vistula and Odra rivers, and the water course of the Bydgoszcz Canal, the city forms part of a water system connected via the Noteć, Warta, Odra, and Elbe with the Rhine and Rotterdam. Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.
wn.com/Bydgoszcz -
Cedynia
Cedynia [t͡sɛˈdɨɲa] (German: Zehden) is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Gryfino County. It lies close to the Oder River, near the border with Germany, and is the westernmost town in Poland. (Osinów Dolny lies 6 km even further to the west, right on the German border, but is classified as a village.) It has 1,639 inhabitants (2006).
The town is situated directly across the Oder River from the German town of Oderberg. A Communist-era monument to first historically recorded battle of Poland was erected in the town after Second World War.
Cedynia gives its name to the protected area known as Cedynia Landscape Park.
The first Slavic settlement came into existence in the 8th century. In the 12th/13th century it was a seat of Polish castellany.
According to the Cedynia website, the "Name of city appears in documents under oldest written records already in the year 972 as Cidini, in 1187 as Zedin and Cedene, in 1240 as Ceden. "
In 972, the first historically recorded battle, Battle of Cedynia, of the first duke of the Polans took place at this location on June 24. At this battle, duke Mieszko I of Poland and his brother Czibor defeated Hodo I, the German margrave of the Northern March and Lusatia. Information about this battle is found in the Gall Anonim Chronicle and the Thietmar Chronicle. This was one of Mieszko's and his son Boleslaw I's numerous battles, that they took up in their conquests and conquest attempts in several neighboring countries, soon after they received positions as dukes.
wn.com/Cedynia -
China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Chojna
Chojna [ˈxɔi̯na] (German: Königsberg in der Neumark; Kashubian: Kùńzberch; Latin: Regiomontanus Neomarchicus) is a small town in western Poland in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It lies approximately 60 km south of Szczecin and participates in the Douzelage.
Chojna is located near two border crossings (Bad Freienwalde and Schwedt) on the Oder River with Germany.
From the 10th-12th centuries an early Pomeranian fortification, probably with a market, developed at the location of present-day Chojna. Because of its favorable location on trading routes leading to the principalities of Great Poland and the duchies of Pomerania, the settlement developed quickly. Duke Boguslaw I of Pomerania was entombed in the settlement's church after his death in 1187. After 1200 the settlement received Magdeburg rights from Duke Barnim I the Good. It was referred to as "Konigesberge" for the first time in 1244 and passed to the Bishopric of Brandenburg after its acquisition of part of the Neumark in 1252. Populated with German knights and colonists, the town's name "Konigesberge" evolved into the later German name "Königsberg" ("King's Mountain"). After the cession of the "terra Konigesberge" from the Bishops of Brandenburg to the Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg, the town was granted the right to hold a market as well as regional legal jurisdiction, causing it to become the main town of the Neumark at that time.
wn.com/Chojna -
Choszczno County
Choszczno County (Polish: powiat choszczeński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Choszczno, which lies 62 kilometres (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Recz, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Choszczno, Pełczyce, 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Choszczno, and Drawno, 24 km (15 mi) east of Choszczno.
The county covers an area of 1,327.95 square kilometres (512.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 50,066, out of which the population of Choszczno is 15,753, that of Recz is 2,995, that of Pełczyce is 2,698, that of Drawno is 2,399, and the rural population is 26,221.
The county includes the lake districts of Pojezierze Choszczeńskie, Pojezierze Myśliborskie, Pojezierze Ińskie and Równina Drawska. Within Gmina Drawno is a large forest (Puszcza Drawska) which is part of the Drawno National Park.
wn.com/Choszczno_County -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations and United Nations.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945, the state did not de facto exist because of its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945, the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Form of state:
Neighbours:
Topography:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of northern reaches of Carpathian Mountains and Danube River basin lands.
Climate:
The weather was predominantly continental, but varied from the moderate temperature of Western Europe in the west, to more severe weather of Eastern Europe and the western Soviet Union in the east.
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Częstochowa
Częstochowa [t͡ʂɛ̃stɔˈxɔva] ( listen) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants (June 2009). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998). However, Częstochowa is historically part of Lesser Poland, not of Silesia, and before 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), it belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship.
The town is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting (Polish: Jasnogórski Cudowny obraz Najświętszej Maryi Panny Niepokalanie Poczętej), a shrine to the Virgin Mary. Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city was became home to the Frankism religion in the late 18th and 19th Century. There is also a Lusatian culture excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval castle in Olsztyn, approximately 25 kilometres (ca. 16 mi) from the city centre.
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Dalian
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Drawsko County
Drawsko County (Polish: powiat drawski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Drawsko Pomorskie, which lies 82 kilometres (51 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Złocieniec, 15 km (9 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie, Czaplinek, 29 km (18 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and Kalisz Pomorski, 29 km (18 mi) south of Drawsko Pomorskie.
The county covers an area of 1,764.21 square kilometres (681.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 58,073, out of which the population of Złocieniec is 13,377, that of Drawsko Pomorskie is 11,465, that of Czaplinek is 6,933, that of Kalisz Pomorski is 3,989, and the rural population is 22,309.
The eastern part of the county contains part of the protected area known as Drawsko Landscape Park.
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Dziwna
The Dziwna (German: Dievenow) is an eastern strait, river or a branch of the Oder River out of three straits connecting the Oder Lagoon with the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea, between the island of Wolin and the Polish mainland.
Major towns on the Dziwna include:
Coordinates: 53°55′29″N 14°41′13″E / 53.92472°N 14.68694°E / 53.92472; 14.68694
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East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʀaːtɪʃə ʀepuˈbliːk] or DDR), informally known as East Germany (German: Ostdeutschland), was a socialist state established by the USSR in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city. The GDR had an area of 107,771 km2 (41,610 mi2), bordering Czechoslovakia to the south, West Germany to the south and west, Poland to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. East Germany was dissolved upon joining the institutions of West Germany in the German reunification, on 3 October 1990.
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Esbjerg
Esbjerg (Danish pronunciation: [ˈɛs.bjɛʁʔ], English: /ˈɛsbjərɡ/) is a seaport on the west coast of the Jutland peninsula in southwest Denmark, the main town of Esbjerg Municipality, the site of its municipal council and with a population of 71,579 (1 January 2012) the fifth largest city in Denmark, and the largest in west Jutland. Its municipality has a population of 115,112.
The city is situated on the southwestern coast of Denmark, and is a seaport of the North Sea.
The city of Esbjerg was established in 1868 as a replacement for the harbour in Altona, which had previously been Denmark's most important North Sea harbour. In 1874 Esbjerg was connected by rail to Fredericia and Varde.
The city has been voted "City of the Year" twice. The first time was in 1997 where the city was awarded the title because of the corporate work between public and private companies. In 2006 the city was again awarded "City of the Year". The second award was given due to the work and support of young talents. The talents in sport, artwork and music have been given good support and given the best facilities to develop their talent even further. The city holds an annual music festival spanning two weekends (nine days) during mid-August and is focused around the central Torvet Square which hosts the main stage. The festival celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2006.
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Free City of Danzig
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (today Gdańsk) and surrounding areas.
The Free City was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Part III, Section XI of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 without a referendum. The Free City included the city of Danzig and over two hundred nearby towns, villages, and settlements. As the League of Nations decreed, the region was to remain separated from the nation of Germany, and from the newly resurrected nation of Poland. The Free City was not an independent state; it was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland. Poland also had special utilization rights towards the city. The Free City was created in order to give Poland sufficient access to the sea, while at the same time recognizing that its population was mainly German.
In 1933, the City's government was taken over by the local Nazi Party and the democratic opposition was suppressed. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Free City was abolished and incorporated into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. Widespread anti-Semitic and anti-Polish discrimination and organized murder followed.
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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.
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Gdańsk Bay
Coordinates: 54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861
Gdańsk Bay or the Bay of Gdańsk or Danzig Bay (Polish: Zatoka Gdańska; Kashubian: Gduńskô Hôwinga; Russian: Гданьская бухта, Gdan'skaja bukhta, and German: Danziger Bucht) is a southeastern bay of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the adjacent port city of Gdańsk in Poland and is sometimes referred to as a gulf.
The western part of Gdańsk Bay is formed by the shallow waters of the Bay of Puck. The southeastern part is the Vistula Lagoon, separated by the Vistula Spit and connected to the open sea by the Strait of Baltiysk.
The bay is enclosed by a large curve of the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland (Cape Rozewie, Hel Peninsula) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia (Sambian Peninsula). The coast of the bay features two very long sandspits, the Hel peninsula and the Vistula Spit. The first one defines the Bay of Puck, the latter one defines the Vistula Lagoon.
The maximum depth is 120 meters, and it has a salinity 0.7%.
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Gdynia
Gdynia [ˈɡdɨɲa] ( listen) (Kashubian: Gdiniô, German: Gdingen) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea.
Located in Kashubia in Eastern Pomerania, Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot, the city of Gdańsk and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over a million people.
The area of the later city of Gdynia shared its history with Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania); in prehistoric times it was the center of Oksywie culture; it was later populated by Slavs with some Baltic Prussian influences.
The decision to build a major seaport at the Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in the winter of 1920, in the midst of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1920). The authorities and seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig felt Poland's economic rights in the city were being misappropriated to help fight the war.[citation needed] German dock workers went on strike, refusing to unload shipments of military supplies send from the West to aid the Polish army, and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically.
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Goleniów
Goleniów [ɡɔˈlɛɲuf] (Kashubian: Gòłonóg; German: Gollnow) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland with 22,399 inhabitants (2004). It is the capital of Goleniów County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously it was in Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998). Town area is 12.5 km², geographical situation 53°33'N and 14°49'E. It is situated in the centre of Goleniowska Forest on Goleniów Plain, near main roads numbers 3 and 6. Nearby town-part: Helenów
The international airport Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport is located just East of the town.
Goleniow, then Gollnow, was founded twice: First, Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania granted the settlement Magdeburg Law and additional privileges in 1264, yet the town was rechartered with Lübeck Law, which favoured the local merchants, in 1314. The town grew by exploiting the vast timber reserves in the town-owned forests, and by trade. Gollnow was connected to the Baltic Sea trade routes by the port of Ihnamünde at the mouth of the Ihna (now Ina) river. Competition with nearby Stettin (now Szczecin) led to a series of conflicts between the two towns, the differences were set aside only in 1615 when the towns signed a reconciling treaty.
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Goleniów County
Goleniów County (Polish: powiat goleniowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Goleniów, which lies 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Nowogard, lying 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Goleniów, and Maszewo, 19 km (12 mi) south-east of Goleniów.
The county covers an area of 1,616.99 square kilometres (624.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 78,738, out of which the population of Goleniów is 22,448, that of Nowogard is 16,745, that of Maszewo is 3,073, and the rural population is 36,472.
Goleniów County is bordered by Kamień County and Gryfice County to the north, Łobez County to the east, Stargard County to the south, the city of Szczecin to the south-west, Police County to the west, and the city of Świnoujście (across the Szczecin Lagoon) to the north-west.
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Gorzów Wielkopolski
Gorzów Wielkopolski [ˈɡɔʐuf vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲi] ( listen) (abbreviated Gorzów Wlkp.; German: Landsberg an der Warthe; Kashubian: Lãdzberch) is a city in western Poland, on the Warta river. It is the biggest city in the Lubusz Voivodeship with 125,149 inhabitants (June 2009). and one of its two capitals with a seat of a Voivodeship governor (the other is Zielona Góra); previously it was the capital of the Gorzów Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Gorzów is famous for its fine sportsmen including Olympic and world champions and national representatives. In recent years the city has been known for a former Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, who comes from Gorzów Wielkopolski. Around Gorzów there are two large forest areas: Gorzów Woods (Puszcza Gorzowska) to the north, where the Barlinek-Gorzów Landscape Park is situated, and Noteć Woods (Puszcza Notecka) to the southeast. The biggest oil fields in Poland are located near Gorzów.
The Polish name Gorzów, written as Gorzew, is known from Polish maps and historical books dating back to 18th century or perhaps earlier.
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Greifswalder Oie
Greifswalder Oie (literally "Greifswald's isle") is a small island in the Baltic Sea, located east of Rügen on the German coast. The island covers an area of about 54 hectares.
Around 1929 Johannas Winkler experimented with small LOX methane rockets off the Island of Greifawalder. (ref. "Reaching for the Stars", Erik Bergaust, Doubleday). The island was a restricted military space from 1936 to 1991, first under control of Nazi Germany and then the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Between 1937 and 1945 numerous rockets were launched from Greifswalder Oie. In an operation designated Lighthouse, Wernher von Braun oversaw attempts to launch A3 rockets in December 1937, each of which failed. Between 1938 and 1942 the island was the scene for the nearly successful launches of the A5 rockets. Also twenty-eight A4/V2 rockets were launched vertically from Greifswalder Oie between 1943 and 1945. These launches were made in order to observe the reentrance of the rockets into the atmosphere. A successful launch of an A4 on October 3, 1942 penetrated earth's atmosphere and became the first man made object to go into space. The island was known as Peenemunde during WWII and after.
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Gryfice
Gryfice [ɡrɨˈfʲit͡sɛ] ( listen) (Kashubian: Grëfice; German: Greifenberg) is a town in Pomerania, north-western Poland with 16 632 inhabitants (2008). It is the capital of Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998).
In the area of Gryfice the Battle of Niekładź took plcace in 1121, in which Polish ruler Bolesław III Krzywousty defeated Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania and Swantopolk I, Duke of Pomerania
In 1262, throughout the German Ostsiedlung, Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania founded a town under Lübeck law on the Rega river. After his death, his successor, Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania, named the settlement Civitat Griphemberch super Regam (Griffinsmountain) after the coat of arms symbol of the Dukes of Pomerania. In 1365 the town entered the Hansa and prospered due to the right of free navigation on the Rega.
A town wall was built and in the end of 13th century the construction of the St. Mary’s church was begun. In a document of 1386 a Latin school is mentioned, which is generally called the oldest in Pomerania. After the death of the last Pomeranian Duke and by the Treaty of Westphalia Greifenberg became part of Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 and part of Imperial Germany in 1871. In 1818 the town became the capital of the Greifenberg district (Kreis Greifenberg).
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Gryfice County
Gryfice County (Polish: powiat gryficki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gryfice, which lies 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Trzebiatów, lying 17 km (11 mi) north of Gryfice, and Płoty, 13 km (8 mi) south of Gryfice.
The county covers an area of 1,018.19 square kilometres (393.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 60,773, out of which the population of Gryfice is 16,702, that of Trzebiatów is 10,113, that of Płoty is 4,142, and the rural population is 29,816.
Gryfice County is bordered by Kołobrzeg County to the east, Łobez County to the south-east, Goleniów County to the south-west and Kamień County to the west. It also borders the Baltic Sea to the north.
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Gryfino
Gryfino [ɡrɨˈfʲinɔ] (German: Greifenhagen; Kashubian: Grëfino; Pomeranian: Gripenhagen) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland with 22,500 inhabitants (2004). It is also the capital of Gryfino County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998).
The town is located on the Odra Wschodnia (Reglitz), the eastern branch of the Oder river, about 20 km south of the pomeranian capital Szczecin (Stettin). The western branch of the Oder, 2 km away of the town center, marks the border to Germany since 1945. There is a straight road link between Gryfino and the German town of Mescherin across the two rivers.
Gryfino is twinned with:
Coordinates: 53°15′N 14°29′E / 53.25°N 14.483°E / 53.25; 14.483
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Gryfino County
Gryfino County (Polish: powiat gryfiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the German border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gryfino, which lies 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains five other towns: Chojna, 32 km (20 mi) south of Gryfino, Mieszkowice, 52 km (32 mi) south of Gryfino, Trzcińsko-Zdrój, 33 km (21 mi) south of Gryfino, Cedynia, 45 km (28 mi) south-west of Gryfino, and Moryń, 44 km (27 mi) south of Gryfino.
The county covers an area of 1,869.54 square kilometres (721.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 82,813, out of which the population of Gryfino is 21,478, that of Chojna is 7,187, that of Mieszkowice is 3,553, that of Trzcińsko-Zdrój is 2,496, that of Cedynia is 1,653, that of Moryń is 1,570, and the rural population is 44,876.
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Gumieńce
Gumieńce (German: Scheune) is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of Oder river, west of the Szczecin Old Town, Middle Town and Pomorzany. As of January 2011 it had a population of 19,120.
The Central Cemetery is located in eastern part of Gumieńce.
Before 1945 when Stettin was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Scheune.
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Hamburg
Hamburg ( /ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊɐ̯k], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhaˑmbɔːx]), officially Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany, the thirteenth largest German state, and the sixth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighbouring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. Situated on the river Elbe, the port of Hamburg is the second largest port in Europe (after the Port of Rotterdam) and 11th-largest worldwide.
Hamburg's official name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg), reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, as a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, and that Hamburg is a city-state and one of the sixteen States of Germany.
Hamburg is a major transport hub in Northern Germany and is one of the most affluent cities in Europe. It has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to Airbus, Blohm + Voss and Aurubis. The radio and television broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk and publishers such as Gruner + Jahr and Spiegel-Verlag are pillars of the important media industry in Hamburg. In total, there are more than 120,000 enterprises.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Hansa Brewery in Bergen.
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Hel Peninsula
Hel Peninsula ( listen (help·info); Polish: Mierzeja Helska, Półwysep Helski; Kashubian: Hélskô Sztremlëzna; German: Halbinsel Hela or Putziger Nehrung) is a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in northern Poland separating the Bay of Puck from the open Baltic Sea. It is located in Puck County of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
The width of the peninsula varies from approximately 300 m. near Jurata, through 100 m in the most narrow part to over 3 km at the tip. Since the peninsula was formed entirely of sand, it is frequently turned into an island by winter storms. Until the 17th century the peninsula was a chain of islands that formed a strip of land only during the summer.
A road and a railroad run along the peninsula from the mainland to the town located at the furthest point, Hel, a popular tourist destination. Other towns, ports, and tourist resorts are Jurata, Jastarnia, Kuźnica, Chałupy, and Władysławowo.
After the peninsula became part of the Second Polish Republic after World War I, it acquired considerable military significance, and was turned into a fortified region, with a garrison of about 3,000. In the course of the Battle of Hel in 1939, Polish forces dynamited the peninsula at one point, turning it into an island.
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Jasmund
Jasmund is a peninsula of the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is connected to the Wittow peninsula and to the Muttland main section of Rügen by the narrow land bridges Schaabe and Schmale Heide, respectively. Sassnitz, Sagard and the Mukran international ferry terminal are on Jasmund. Jasmund is also famous for the Stubbenkammer chalk cliffs within the Jasmund National Park, a nature reserve in the northeast of Rügen island.
Coordinates: 54°32′N 13°35′E / 54.533°N 13.583°E / 54.533; 13.583
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Kamień County
Kamień County (Polish: powiat kamieński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kamień Pomorski, which lies 63 kilometres (39 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains four other towns: Międzyzdroje, 23 km (14 mi) west of Kamień Pomorski, Wolin, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Kamień Pomorski, Dziwnów, 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Kamień Pomorski, and Golczewo, 21 km (13 mi) south-east of Kamień Pomorski.
The county covers an area of 1,006.65 square kilometres (388.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 47,604, out of which the population of Kamień Pomorski is 9,134, that of Międzyzdroje is 5,436, that of Wolin is 4,878, that of Dziwnów is 2,949, that of Golczewo is 2,724, and the rural population is 22,483.
Kamień County is bordered by Gryfice County to the east, Goleniów County to the south and the city of Świnoujście to the west. It also borders the Baltic Sea to the north.
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Katowice
Katowice (Polish: [katɔˈvʲit͡sɛ] ( listen); German: Kattowitz) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers (tributaries of the Oder and the Vistula respectively). Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the Silesian Beskids (part of the Carpathian Mountains) and about 100 km (62 mi) southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.
It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2.2 million to 3.5 million. Katowice is the center of science, culture, industry, business and transportation in southern Poland. It is the main city in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region and of the 2.7 millionconurbation, the Katowice urban area, within a Silesian metropolitan area populated by 4,676,983 people.
Katowice has been the capital of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously, it was the capital of the Katowice Voivodeship, before then, of the Silesian Voivodeship and before then Province of Upper Silesia in Germany.
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Kielce
Kielce [ˈkʲɛlt͡sɛ] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 204,891 inhabitants (June 2009). It is also the capital city of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Voivodeship) since 1999, previously in Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939, 1945–1998). The city is located in the middle of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), at the banks of Silnica river, in northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland. Once an important centre of limestone mining, Kielce is now a centre of trade and commerce, with Kielce Trade Fairs (Targi Kieleckie) ranking third among Central and Eastern Europe trade fairs centres.
The area of Kielce has been inhabited since at least the 5th century BC. Until the 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabited by Kelts. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Małopolska and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the control of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland. According to a local legend, Mieszko, son of Boleslaus II of Poland dreamt he was attacked by a band of brigands in a forest. In the dream he saw a vision of Saint Adalbert who drew a winding line which turned into a stream. When Mieszko woke up, he found the Silnica River whose waters helped him regain strength. He also discovered huge white tusks of an unknown animal. Mieszko announced he would build a town and a church to St. Adalbert at that site. According to this legend, the town's name Kielce commemorates the mysterious tusks (kieł in Polish).
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Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull (i/ˌkɪŋstən əpɒn ˈhʌl/ KING-stən ə-pon HUL), usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of 263,900 (2010 est.). The Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) population stands at 573,300.
Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, the town and city of Hull has served as market town, military supply port, a trading hub, fishing and whaling centre, and industrial metropolis.
Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain.
The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally-owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes.
After suffering heavy damage during the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline, during which the city gained unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education and policing. In recent years the city has embarked on an extensive programme of economic regeneration, reconstruction and urban renewal. The economic crisis since 2008 has caused some setbacks to these developments.
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Klaipėda
Klaipėda (pronounced [ˈklaɪpeːda] ( listen); German: Memel) is a city in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Danė River where it flows into the Baltic Sea. It is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County.
The city has a complex recorded history, partially due to the combined regional importance of the Port of Klaipėda, a usually ice-free port on the Baltic Sea, and the Akmena - Danė River. It has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Entente States immediately after World War I, Lithuania as a result of the 1923 Klaipėda Revolt, and the Third Reich following the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania. The city was incorporated into Lithuania during its tenure as a Soviet Socialist Republic and has remained within Lithuania following its re-establishment as an independent state.
The population shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 177,823 in 2011. Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit, and Palanga to the north.
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Koszalin
Koszalin [kɔˈʂalʲin] ( listen) Kashubian: Kòszalëno; (German: Köslin [kœsˈliːn]; Latin: Cussalin) is the largest city of Middle Pomerania in north-western Poland. It is located 12 km south of the Baltic Sea coast. Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of Koszalin County of West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Previously, it was a capital of Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998).
Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) describing that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty has captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin Colibregensium, quam Caminensium, Veolinensium, Cosoniensium et munitissimarum alliarum. Although the name Cosoniensium seams to be corrupt and questioned by some researchers, the city is identified with Koszalin by top historians including Józef Spors, W.Kowalenko, B.Kurbisówna and Martin Wehrmann.
In 1214 Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land (una villa ... Cussalitz iuxta Cholin in terra Cholbergensis) to the Premonstratensian (Norbertine) monastery in Białoboki (Belbuck) near Trzebiatów (Treptow an der Rega). New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248 the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.
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Koszalin County
Koszalin County (Polish: powiat koszaliński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Koszalin, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Sianów, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Koszalin, Bobolice, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Koszalin, and Polanów, 35 km (22 mi) east of Koszalin.
The county covers an area of 1,669.09 square kilometres (644.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 64,087, out of which the population of Sianów is 6,543, that of Bobolice is 4,446, that of Polanów is 2,967, and the rural population is 50,131.
Apart from the city of Koszalin, Koszalin County is also bordered by Sławno County, Słupsk County and Bytów County to the east, Szczecinek County and Białogard County to the south, and Kołobrzeg County to the west. It also borders the Baltic Sea to the north.
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Kołbacz
Kołbacz [ˈkɔwbat͡ʂ] (German: Kolbatz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Czarnowo, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Stare Czarnowo, 23 km (14 mi) east of Gryfino, and 20 km (12 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. It is located on the Pyrzyce-Stargard Plains, on the west bank of the river Płonia, and has roughly 1400 inhabitants.
The area has been inhabited since at least the times of the Lusatian culture. In 1173 it was donated to the Cistercian order (originally of Denmark). Between 1210 and 1347 a large monastery (Kołbacz Abbey) and several farms were built in the area to house the monks. In sources known as Colbatz, Kolbatz, Colbas, sometimes Mera Vallis which means Bright Valley. After the secularization of Pomeranian Cistercians in 1555 the area became a private property of the Dukes of Pomerania-Stettin, the monastery was converted into a castle and then into a summer residence of the dukes. The rulings of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653) assigned Kolbatz to Brandenburg, which later became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. Since 1815 it was within the Province of Pomerania. After 1945, it became part of Poland.
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Kołbaskowo
Kołbaskowo [kɔu̯basˈkɔvɔ] (German: Kolbitzow) is a village in Police County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kołbaskowo. It lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Police and 14 km (9 mi) south-west of the regional capital Szczecin. As of 2006 the village has a population of 410.
The motorway at Kołbaskowo is the site of a major Schengen border crossing on the European route E28 connecting Berlin (Germany) with Szczecin and Gdańsk. The neighbouring village on the German side of the border is Pomellen, part of the Nadrensee municipality.
Parish church from 13th century built with granite.
Kołbaskowo can be reached from Szczecin via the A6 autostrada and the National road (Droga krajowa) No. 13. The Bus line 81 leads to Siadło Górne, Przecław and Szczecin: Gumieńce, Kościuszko Square and Nowe Miasto
Coordinates: 53°20′9″N 14°26′18″E / 53.33583°N 14.43833°E / 53.33583; 14.43833
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Kołobrzeg County
Kołobrzeg County (Polish: powiat kołobrzeski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is Kołobrzeg, which lies on the coast 106 kilometres (66 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. Its only other town is Gościno.
The county covers an area of 725.86 square kilometres (280.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population was 76,089, out of which the population of Kołobrzeg was 44,794 and the rural population was 31,295.
Kołobrzeg County is bordered by Koszalin County to the east, Białogard County to the south-east, Świdwin County and Łobez County to the south, and Gryfice County to the south-west. It also borders the Baltic Sea to the north.
The county is subdivided into seven gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and five rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
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Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567
Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.
The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.
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Malmö
Malmö (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈmalːˈmøː] ( listen)), in the southernmost province of Scania, is Sweden's third largest city by population after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and is one of the largest cities in Scandinavia.
Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County. The administrative entity for most of the city is Malmö Municipality which has 300,515 inhabitants in eight different localities, with 30% being of foreign origin (either born outside of Sweden or having both parents born abroad). Malmö is also a bimunicipal locality, as part of it is formally situated in Burlöv Municipality. The total population of the urban area was 280,415 in December 2010.
Greater Malmö is one of Sweden's three officially recognized Metropolitan areas (storstadsområden) and since 2005 is defined as the municipality of Malmö and 11 other municipalities in the southwestern corner of Scania. On 30 June 2008, its population was recorded to be 628,388. The region covers an area of 2,535.76 square kilometres (979.06 sq mi). The municipalities included, apart from Malmö, are Burlöv, Eslöv, Höör, Kävlinge, Lomma, Lund, Skurup, Staffanstorp, Svedala, Trelleborg and Vellinge. Lund, with a municipal population of over 100,000 and home to one of Scandinavia's major universities, is together with Malmö the region's economic and education hub.
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Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg (Low German: Mękelnborg) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock, Schwerin, and Neubrandenburg.
The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named "Mikilenburg" (Old Saxon: "big castle", thus the Grecised name variant Megalopolis used in Medieval Latin sources), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. It was the ancestral seat of the House of Mecklenburg and for a time divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz among the same dynasty.
Linguistically Mecklenburgers retain and use many features of Low German vocabulary or phonology.
Mecklenburg is known for its mostly flat countryside. Much of the terrain forms a morass, with ponds, marshes and fields as common features, with small forests interspersed. The terrain changes as one moves north towards the Baltic Sea.
Under the peat of Mecklenburg are sometimes found deposits of ancient lava flows. Traditionally, at least in the countryside, the stone from these flows is cut and used in the construction of homes, often in joint use with cement, brick and wood, forming a unique look to the exterior of country houses.
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Mieszkowice
Mieszkowice [mʲɛʂkɔˈvʲit͡sɛ] (German: Bärwalde in der Neumark; kaschubisch: Berwôłd) is a town in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland, about 15 km (9.3 mi) east of the Oder river and the border with Germany. It is the administrative seat of the urban-rural gmina (municipality) of Mieszkowice.
Founded in 1298 during the Ostsiedlung in Brandenburg, the town was the site of death of the last Ascanian margrave in 1319, a center of the Waldensians movement in the 14th century, and the site of the conclusion of a Franco-Swedish alliance during the Thirty Years' War, which else virtually depopulated the town. After the war, the town slowly recovered, retaining a rural character. In the late 19th century, it was connected to the railroad, and Gottfried Benn was raised in an adjacent village. In 1945, the town largely escaped destruction, and became part of Poland. It was renamed Barwice, then Mieskowice after Mieszko I of Poland. Until 1998, Mieszkowice was part of Szczecin Voivodeship.
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Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
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Moryń
Moryń [ˈmɔrɨɲ] (German: Mohrin) is a town in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 1,580 inhabitants (2004).
The English author Christopher Isherwood describes spending several months in the spring and summer of 1932 in Mohrin in chapter five of his biography Christopher & His Kind. He is best known for his books Mr Norris changes Trains and Goodbye to Berlin, which are the background for the play I Am a Camera and the film Cabaret
Moryń is twinned with:
Coordinates: 52°51′N 14°23′E / 52.85°N 14.383°E / 52.85; 14.383
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Murmansk
Murmansk (Russian: Му́рманск; Kildin Sami: Мурман ланнҍ; Northern Sami: Murmánska; Skolt Sami: Muurman) is a city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It serves as a seaport and is located in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russia's borders with Norway and Finland. Population: 307,664 (2010 Census preliminary results); 336,137 (2002 Census); 468,039 (1989 Census). Despite its rapidly declining population, Murmansk remains the largest city north of the Arctic Circle.
Murmansk was the last city founded in the Russian Empire.[citation needed] In 1915, World War I needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk to an ice-free location on the Murman Coast in the Russian Arctic, to which Russia's allies shipped military supplies. The terminus became known as the Murman station, and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population which quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of Alexandrovsk and Kola.
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Myślibórz County
Myślibórz County (Polish: powiat myśliborski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (this voivodeship, or province, is found in northwestern Poland along the German border). It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Myślibórz, which lies 57 kilometres (35 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Barlinek, lying 24 km (15 mi) east of Myślibórz, and Dębno, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Myślibórz.
The county covers an area of 1,181.95 square kilometres (456.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 67,412, out of which the population of Barlinek is 14,156, that of Dębno is 13,903, that of Myślibórz is 11,867, and the rural population is 27,486.
Myślibórz County is bordered by Gryfino County to the northwest, Pyrzyce County and Stargard County to the north, Choszczno County to the northeast, Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the east, and Gorzów County to the southeast. It also borders Germany to the west.
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Mönchgut
Mönchgut is a peninsula of 29.44 square kilometers with 6600 inhabitants in the southeast of Rügen island in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It lies just between the Greifswalder Bodden and the rest of the Baltic Sea. Mönchgut contains the districts of Göhren and Thiessow; the peninsula is part of the Mönchgut-Granitz administration area. It is also a part of the Biosphere Reserve of Südost-Rügen.
The name translates the monks' estates. In 1252, Jaromar II, Prince of Rügen sold the area to the Cistercian monks of Eldena Abbey, which was founded by one of his predecessors, Jaromar I, Prince of Rügen in 1199 and by that time also belonged to the Danish Principality of Rügen. To separate the monks' possessions from the rest of the island, a ditch was dug between Baabe and Sellin, known as Mönchsgraben ("monks' ditch"). Today, a large wooden gate built upoun the bridge over the Mönchsgraben marks the entrance to the Mönchgut peninsula.
The peninsula is composed of several headlands such as Reddevitzer Höft, the Kleiner Zicker and the Großer Zicker. The bay between the headlands is called Having. Off-shore to the east of the peninsula lies the island Greifswalder Oie.
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Niebuszewo
Niebuszewo is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland, in Północ (North) District, north of the Szczecin Old Town and Middle Town. As of January 2011 it had a population of 17,654.
Before 1945 when Stettin was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Zabelsdorf.
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Nowe Warpno
Nowe Warpno [ˈnɔvɛ ˈvarpnɔ] (German: Neuwarp) is a town in northwestern Poland, in Police County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It lies on the shore of the Szczecin Lagoon, very close to the border with Germany. It is the seat of the urban-rural gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowe Warpno.
The town's population is 1,170 (according to figures for 2006). The rural part of its gmina has the lowest population density of any such division in Poland, with only 2.09 persons/km²; the town's density (48.8/km²) raises the overall population density of the gmina to 7.88/km², still the fourth lowest in Poland.
Before World War II the town was in Germany, and was known by its German name, Neuwarp. It was transferred to Poland in 1945 as part of the territorial changes agreed at the Potsdam Conference.
The town is located on the inlet of Neuwarp Bay on the southern shore of the Szczecin Lagoon. Across an 800 meter wide strait lies the town of Altwarp in the German part of Pomerania. (Alt and Neu mean "old" and "new" in German; in Polish Nowe also means "new".) A small uninhabitated island being part of Nowe Warpno lies only 70 meters off the coast of Altwarp.
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Olsztyn
Olsztyn [ˈɔlʂtɨn] ( listen) (German: Allenstein ( listen); Old Polish: Holstin; Old Prussian: Alnāsteini; Lithuanian: Olštynas) is a city on the Łyna River in northeastern Poland. Olsztyn has been the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. It was previously in the Olsztyn Voivodeship (and in other units in 1945–75 and 1975–98). The city has county status.
In 1346 the old Prussian Warmian forest in the vicinity was cleared and a place was selected on the Alle, now Łyna River, for a new settlement. The Teutonic Knights began the construction of Ordensburg castle in 1347 as a stronghold against the Old Prussians, and the settlement of Allenstein was first mentioned the following year. The German name Allenstein meant a castle on the Alle River. It became known in Polish transliteration as Olsztyn. The settlement received municipal rights from Johannes von Leysen on 31 October 1353, and the castle was completed in 1397. Allenstein was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War in 1410 and in 1414 during the Hunger War, but was returned to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after hostilities ended.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Peenestrom
The Peenestrom is a strait or river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is 20 Kilometers long and is the westernmost connection of the Szczecin Lagoon (together with the Świna and the Dziwna) with the Baltic Sea. It is therefore also one of the three distributaries of the Oder.
Coordinates: 54°4′11″N 13°47′37″E / 54.06972°N 13.79361°E / 54.06972; 13.79361
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Podjuchy
Podjuchy is a municipal neighborhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the right bank of the East Oder river, south-east of the Szczecin Old Town, and south-west of Szczecin-Dąbie.
Before 1945 when Stettin was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Podejuch.
Neighbourhood S.M. "Dąb"
Wolności Square with the Saint Peter and Paul Church
Cynowa Street with Bukowa Forest
The school on Skalista Street (a former casino)
Military building on the Metalowa Street
A villa on the Nikolowa Street
A shop on the Granitowa Street
Marian Walczak Monument
Coordinates: 53°21′56″N 14°35′34″E / 53.3656°N 14.5927°E / 53.3656; 14.5927
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Pogodno
Pogodno is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of Oder river, west of the Szczecin Old Town, and Middle Town. As of January 2011 it had a population of 25,500.
Before 1945 when Szczecin (Stettin) was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Braunsfelde.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Police County
Police County (Polish: powiat policki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Polish-German border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Police, which lies 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Nowe Warpno, lying 29 km (18 mi) north-west of Police.
The county covers an area of 664.16 square kilometres (256.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 64,147, out of which the population of Police is 34,284, that of Nowe Warpno is 1,170 and the rural population is 28,693.
Police County is bordered by the city of Świnoujście (across the Szczecin Lagoon) to the north, and by Goleniów County, the city of Szczecin and Gryfino County to the east. It also borders Germany to the west (districts Vorpommern-Greifswald and Uckermark).
There is a common bus transport system in Police and Szczecin.
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Polish Corridor
The Polish Corridor (German: Polnischer Korridor; Polish: Pomorze, Korytarz polski), also known as Danzig Corridor, Corridor to the Sea or Gdańsk Corridor, was a territory located in the region of Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly part of West Prussia), which provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the bulk of Germany from the province of East Prussia. The Free City of Danzig (now the Polish city of Gdańsk) was separate from both Poland and Germany. A similar territory, also occasionally referred to as a corridor, had been connected to the Polish Crown as part of Royal Prussia during the period 1466–1772.
According to German historian Hartmut Boockmann the term "Corridor" was first used by Polish politicians, while Polish historian Grzegorz Lukomski writes that the word was coined by German nationalist propaganda of the 1920s. Internationally the term was used in the English language already as early as March 1919 and whatever its origins, it became a widespread term in English language usage.
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Pomerania
Pomerania - Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, (German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East. Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century, post-World War I and II border and population shifts.
Pomerania belongs to the lowlands of the North European Plain. Outside its few urban centers − most notably the Szczecin and Tricity metropolitan areas − the poor soil is mostly used as farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Since the late 19th century, tourism has become an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast. Of the limited industrial zones, the most important products are ships, metal products, refined sugar, and paper.
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Poznań
Poznań [ˈpɔznaɲ] ( listen) (Latin: Posnania; German: Posen; Yiddish: פוזנא or פּױזן Poyzn) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be the first capital of the kingdom of Poland.
Poznań is now Poland's fifth largest city. It is the historical capital of the Wielkopolska ("Greater Poland") region, and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship.
Poznań is an important centre of trade, industry, and education, and hosts regular international trade fairs. It was the host city for the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2008, a key stage in the creation of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol. Poznań was a candidate city for European Capital of Culture in 2016. Poznań is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. The local football team has been responsible for the spread of the eponymous goal celebration to Manchester City and to a lesser extent throughout the United Kingdom. Poznań is one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012.
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Przęsocin
Coordinates: 53°31′00″N 14°34′00″E / 53.516667°N 14.566667°E / 53.516667; 14.566667
Przęsocin [pʂɛ̃ˈsɔt͡ɕin] (German: Neuendorf) is a small village south of the town of Police, Poland
Przęsocin, until 1945 known as Neuendorf (as part of Germany), became part of Poland after the end of World War II and changed its name to the Polish Przęsocin.
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Pyrzyce
Pyrzyce [pɨˈʐɨt͡sɛ] (German: Pyritz, Kashubian: Pirzëce[citation needed]), is a town in Pomerania, north-western Poland, with 13,331 inhabitants (2007)
Capital of the Pyrzyce County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998).
An anonymous medieval document of about 850, called Bavarian Geographer, mentions the tribe of Prissani having 70 strongholds (Prissani civitates LXX). In the early 12th century, the town was part of the realm of Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania, which evolved into the Duchy of Pomerania.
The settlement was first mentioned in 1124 by bishop Otto von Bamberg, who baptized the first Pomeranians here. Throughout the German Ostsiedlung the oldest church was built in 1250, an Augustinian cloister in 1256 and a monastery of the Franciscan order in 1281.
In 1263 the town received Magdeburg law. By the Contract of Pyritz of March 26, 1493 the Dukes of Pomerania recognized the right of succession of the House of Brandenburg. A large fire destroyed almost the whole town in 1496. Pyritz was the first town in Pomerania to implement the Lutheran Reformation in 1524.
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Pyrzyce County
Pyrzyce County (Polish: powiat pyrzycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pyrzyce, which lies 38 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Lipiany, lying 16 km (10 mi) south of Pyrzyce.
The county covers an area of 725.71 square kilometres (280.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 39,931, out of which the population of Pyrzyce is 12,642, that of Lipiany is 4,124, and the rural population is 23,165.
Pyrzyce County is bordered by Stargard County to the north, Myślibórz County to the south and Gryfino County to the west.
The county is subdivided into six gminas (two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Radom
Radom [ˈradɔm] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 223,397 inhabitants (December 31, 2009). It is located on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Radom Voivodeship (1975–1998); 100 km south of Poland's capital, Warsaw. In spite of being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs to Lesser Poland.
It is home to the biennial Radom Air Show, the largest and best-attended air show in Poland, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomatic 9 mm Para pistol of Polish design (the Model 35/ViS-35) designed by Piotr Wilniewczyc and Jan Skrzypinski (hence the designation "ViS"), under Director Kazimierz Ołdakowski, which had been in production from 1935 to 1945 at the national arsenal located in the city. The Łucznik Arms Factory (still located in Radom) continues to produces modern military firearms such as assault rifles.
The original settlement dates back to 8th–9th century. It was an early mediaeval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (approximately on the location of present-day Old Town). Around the 2nd half of 10th century, it turned into a fortified town called Piotrówka.
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Randow
Randow is a river in the Uckermark region of Brandenburg and the Vorpommern region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in part constituting these regions' frontier. An ancient name is Lochnitza, the town of Löcknitz derived its name from it. Since 1700, Randow is exclusively used.
The source is near Penkun, from which the river flows both to the North and to the South. The southern fork ends with its confluence to the Welse river, the northern fork ends with the confluence with the Uecker only a few kilometers before reaching the Oder Lagoon. The swampy Randow valley is known as Randowbruch, the historical crossing of the Randowbruch swamps are at its narrowest point in Löcknitz. The river lent its name to the former district of Uecker-Randow in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also to the historical Landkreis Randow of the Province of Pomerania.
Coordinates: 53°41′N 14°04′E / 53.683°N 14.067°E / 53.683; 14.067
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Rega
The Rega is a river in north-western Poland, flowing into the Baltic Sea. It is the country's 24th longest river, with a total length of 168 km and a catchment area of 2,725 km².
Towns on the Rega:
Coordinates: 54°08′46″N 15°17′07″E / 54.1462°N 15.2854°E / 54.1462; 15.2854
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Ryck
The Ryck is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
From its source near Bartmannshagen, part of the Süderholz community northeast of Grimmen, the Ryck flows for about 28 km to the east, reaching Greifswald shortly before its mouth. The larger part of the river outside Greifswald is also referred to as Ryckgraben. In Greifswald, the Ryck provided both the medieval Hanseatic port and natural salt evaporation ponds, as due to the low elevation, hypersaline water of the Baltic Sea is driven into the river by the wind, flooding the lower meadows on the Ryck's northern bank.
In the High Middle Ages, the Ryck marked the southern border of the Principality of Rügen and the northern border of the County of Gützkow. West of Greifswald, the Ryck fed the Boltenhägener Teich, a medieval lake.
The old Hanseatic port in Greifswald is now an open-air ship museum.
"Meadows near Greifswald" Caspar David Friedrich, 1820 (depicting the area used for salt evaporation)
Old port, downtown Greifswald, view from Steinbecker bridge
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Rzeszów
Rzeszów [ˈʐɛʂuf] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Ряшiв, Riashiv; Russian: Ряшев; German: Reichshof; Latin: Resovia; Yiddish: ריישע-rayshe) is a city in southeastern Poland with a population of 179,455 in 2010. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River, in the heartland of the Sandomierska Valley. The city, which was granted a town charter in 1354, has been the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship since 1999, and is also the seat of Rzeszów County.
Rzeszów is served by an international airport, is a member of Eurocities, and is home to a number of higher education schools, company headquarters, and foreign consulates.
First humans appeared in the area of Rzeszów in late Paleolithic Age, as archeologists found a tool made in that period, discovered on site Rzeszów 25. In the mid-6th century BC, ancient farmers came to the area of the city, most likely through the Moravian Gate. Later on, Rzeszów was a settlement of the Lusatian culture, which then was replaced with the Przeworsk culture.
In the 5th century, first Slavs appeared in the area, which is confirmed by numerous archeological findings. Most probably, Rzeszów was then inhabited by the Vistulans. Some time between 11th and 13th century, the town was annexed by the Ruthenians, and Polish princes of the Piast dynasty confirmed it in 1264, when in Tarnów, there was a meeting of Prince Bolesław V the Chaste, and Prince Daniel of Galicia, during which both sides agreed that the border would go between Rzeszów and Czudec (Rzeszów belonged to Red Ruthenia, while Czudec and Strzyżów to Lesser Poland).
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Rügen
Rügen (German pronunciation: [ˈʁyːɡən]) is Germany's largest island by area. It is located off the Pomeranian coast in the Baltic Sea and belongs to the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
The "gateway" to the island of Rügen is the Hanseatic town of Stralsund. The island, which is linked to the mainland by road and railway over the Rügen Causeway and Rügen Bridge over the two-kilometre-wide Strelasund, has a maximum length of 51.4 km (from north to south), a maximum width of 42.8 km in the south and an area of 926 km². The coast is characterized by numerous bays (both lagoons known as bodden and open bays known as Wieken), as well as projecting peninsulas and headlands. In June 2011, UNESCO awarded the status of a World Heritage Site. to the Jasmund National Park, famous for its vast stands of beeches.
The island of Rügen is part of the district of Vorpommern-Rügen with its county seat in Stralsund. The towns on Rügen are: Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnitz, Putbus and Garz/Rügen. In addition, there are the Baltic seaside resorts of Binz, Sellin, Göhren, Baabe and Thiessow. Rügen is very popular with tourists because of its diverse landscape and its long, sandy beaches of many tourists.
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Skolwin
Skolwin is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of Oder river, north of the Szczecin Old Town, and Middle Town, south of the town of Police. As of January 2011 it had a population of 3,265.
Before 1945 when Stettin was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Odermunde.
At Skolwin, there is a remarkable power line crossing of Odra river, which is part of 220 kV powerline Police-Morzyczyn.
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Sopot
Sopot [ˈsɔpɔt] ( listen) (German: Zoppot ( listen); Kashubian: Sopòt) is a seaside town in Eastern Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, with a population of approximately 40,000.
Sopot is a city with powiat (county) status, in Pomeranian Voivodeship. Until 1999 it was in Gdańsk Voivodeship. It lies between the larger cities of Gdańsk (Danzig) (to the south-east) and Gdynia (to the north), the three towns together making up the metropolitan agglomeration called Trójmiasto (Tri-City).
Sopot is a major health-spa and tourist resort destination. It has the longest wooden pier in Europe, at 515.5 metres, stretching out into the Bay of Gdańsk. The city is also famous for its Sopot International Song Festival, the largest such event in Europe after the Eurovision Song Contest. Among its other attractions is a fountain of bromide spring water, known as the "inhalation mushroom".
The name is thought to derive from an old Slavic word sopot meaning "stream" or "spring". The same root occurs in a number of other Slavic toponyms; it is probably onomatopeic, imitating the sound of running water. (Today several streams run into the sea in the area of the town.)
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Stargard County
Stargard County (Polish: powiat stargardzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Stargard Szczeciński, which lies 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains four other towns: Chociwel, 26 km (16 mi) north-east of Stargard Szczeciński, Dobrzany, 27 km (17 mi) east of Stargard Szczeciński, Ińsko, 37 km (23 mi) east of Stargard Szczeciński, and Suchań, 21 km (13 mi) east of Stargard Szczeciński.
The county covers an area of 1,519.59 square kilometres (586.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 119,402, out of which the population of Stargard Szczeciński is 70,534, that of Chociwel is 3,285, that of Dobrzany is 2,420, that of Ińsko is 2,001, that of Suchań is 1,446, and the rural population is 39,716.
Stargard County is bordered by Goleniów County to the north, Łobez County to the north-east, Drawsko County to the east, Choszczno County to the south-east, Myślibórz County and Pyrzyce County to the south, and Gryfino County and the city of Szczecin to the west.
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Stargard Szczeciński
Stargard Szczeciński [ˈstarɡart ʂt͡ʂɛˈt͡ɕiɲskʲi] ( listen) (German: Stargard in Pommern; Kashubian: Stôrgard) is a city in northwestern Poland, with a population of 71,017 (2005). Situated on the Ina River it is the capital of Stargard County and since 1999 has been in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship; prior to that it was in the Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998). Stargard is a major railroad junction, where the southwards connection from Szczecin splits into two directions - one towards Poznań and the other towards Gdańsk. There is also another minor line to Pyrzyce from the town.
Stargard, which was first mentioned in around 1140, received Magdeburg city rights in 1243 from Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania.
In 1363 the city joined the Hanseatic League and was then strongly fortified. During the 15th century the Pomeranian dukes chose it as their residence.
During the Thirty Years' War the city burnt down and in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia it was incorporated, together with the rest of Further Pomerania, into Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1701 Stargard became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and in 1818, after the Napoleonic Wars, Stargard became part of the new district Saatzig within the Province of Pomerania.
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Stołczyn
Stołczyn is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of the Oder river, north of the Szczecin Old Town, and Middle Town. As of January 2011 it had a population of 4,459.
Before 1945 when Stettin was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Stolzenhagen.
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Sturmabteilung
The Sturmabteilung (SA) (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʊʁmʔapˌtaɪlʊŋ] ( listen);Storm Detachment or Assault Division) or Brownshirts) functioned as the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. Their main assignments were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies; the disruption of opposing political parties and the fight against their paramilitary units (esp. the Rotfrontkämpferbund); and the intimidation of Jewish citizens (eg. the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses).
The SA was the first Nazi paramilitary group to develop pseudo-military titles for bestowal upon its members. The SA ranks were adopted by several other Nazi Party groups, chief amongst them the SS, itself originally a branch of the SA. SA men were often called "brownshirts" for the colour of their uniforms (similar to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts). Brown-coloured shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large batch of them were cheaply available after World War I, having originally been ordered during the war for colonial troops posted to Germany's former African colonies.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Swedish Pomerania
Swedish Pomerania (Swedish: Svenska Pommern; German: Schwedisch-Pommern) was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1630 to 1815, situated on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years' War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic coast, including Pomerania and parts of Livonia and Prussia (dominium maris baltici).
Sweden, present in Pomerania with a garrison at Stralsund since 1628, had gained effective control of the Duchy of Pomerania with the Treaty of Stettin in 1630. At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Treaty of Stettin in 1653, Sweden received Western Pomerania, or Vorpommern with the islands of Rügen, Usedom, and Wolin, and a strip of Eastern Pomerania, or Hinterpommern. The peace treaties were negotiated while the Swedish queen Christina was a minor, and the Swedish Empire was governed by members of the high aristocracy. As a consequence, Pomerania was not annexed to Sweden like the French war gains, which would have meant abolition of serfdom which since the Pomeranian peasant laws of 1616 was practiced there in its most severe form. Instead, it remained part of the Holy Roman Empire, making the Swedish rulers Reichsfürsten (imperial princes) and leaving the nobility in full charge of the rural areas and its inhabitants. While the Swedish Pomeranian nobles were subjected to reduction when the late 17th century kings regained political power, the provisions of the peace of Westphalia continued to prevent the pursuit of the uniformity policy in Pomerania until the Holy Roman empire was dissolved in 1806.
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Szczecin
Szczecin ([ˈʂt͡ʂɛt͡ɕin] ( listen); German: Stettin [ʃtɛˈtiːn] ( listen)}), is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407,811.
Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin borders with the town of Police.
The city's beginnings were as an 8th century Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of today's castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the Griffin dynasty established themselves as local rulers, the population was converted to Christianity, and German settlers arrived. The native Slavic population was assimilated and sometimes discriminated against in the following centuries. In 1237/43, the town was built anew and granted vast autonomy rights, and it joined the Hanseatic League.
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Szczecin Lagoon
Szczecin Lagoon or Bay of Szczecin (German: Stettiner Haff, Polish: Zalew Szczeciński), also Oder lagoon (German: Oderhaff), is a lagoon in the Oder estuary, shared by Germany and Poland. It is separated from the Pomeranian Bay of the Baltic Sea by the islands of Usedom and Wolin. The lagoon is subdivided into the Kleines Haff ("small lagoon") in the West and the Wielki Zalew (German: Großes Haff, "great lagoon") in the East. An ambiguous historical German name was Frisches Haff, which later exclusively referred to the Vistula Lagoon.
From the South, the lagoon is fed by several arms of the Oder river (Polish: Odra) and smaller rivers like Ziese, Peene, Zarow, Uecker, and Ina (German: Ihna). In the North, the lagoon is connected to the Baltic Sea's Bay of Pomerania with the three straits Peenestrom, Świna (German: Swine) and Dziwna (German: Dievenow), which divide the mainland and the islands of Usedom (Polish: Uznam) and Wolin (German: Wollin).
The lagoon covers an area of 687 km², its natural depth is in average 3.8 meters, and 8.5 meters at maximum. The depth of shipping channels however can exceed 10.5 meters. Thus, the lagoon holds about 2.58 km3 of water. The annual average water temperature is 11°C.
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Szczecinek County
Szczecinek County (Polish: powiat szczecinecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Szczecinek, which lies 143 kilometres (89 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Borne Sulinowo, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Szczecinek, Barwice, 23 km (14 mi) west of Szczecinek, and Biały Bór, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Szczecinek.
The county covers an area of 1,765.22 square kilometres (681.6 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 77,232, out of which the population of Szczecinek is 38,756, that of Borne Sulinowo is 4,224, that of Barwice is 3,838, that of Biały Bór is 2,127, and the rural population is 28,287.
Szczecinek County is bordered by Koszalin County to the north, Bytów County to the north-east, Człuchów County to the east, Złotów County to the south, Drawsko County and Świdwin County to the west, and Białogard County to the north-west.
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Sławno County
Sławno County (Polish: powiat sławieński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Sławno, which lies 174 kilometres (108 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Darłowo, lying on the coast 19 km (12 mi) west of Sławno.
The county covers an area of 1,043.62 square kilometres (402.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 57,643, out of which the population of Darłowo is 14,380, that of Sławno is 13,314, and the rural population is 29,949.
Sławno County is bordered by Słupsk County to the east and Koszalin County to the south-west. It also borders the Baltic Sea to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into six gminas (two urban and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Słupia
Słupia (German: Stolpe) is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Towns:
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of rivers of Europe.
Coordinates: 54°35′20″N 16°51′10″E / 54.5889°N 16.8528°E / 54.5889; 16.8528
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Słupsk
Słupsk [swupsk] ( listen) (German: Stolp, Kashubian: Stôłpsk or Słëpsk, Latin: Stolpa) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, in the northern part of Poland. Before 1 January 1999, it was the capital of the separate Słupsk Voivodeship. It is also a part of the historic region of Pomerania.
The city is located in the northwestern part of the country, on the Slovincian Coast, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the Baltic Sea on the Słupia River. It is the administrative seat of Słupsk County, although it is not part of that county (the city has county status in its own right). It has a population of 98,757 and occupies 43.15 square kilometres (16.66 sq mi), being one of the most densely populated cities in the country according to the Central Statistical Office. The neighbouring administrative districts (gminas) are Gmina Kobylnica and Gmina Słupsk. There is ongoing discussion regarding extension of the city boundaries to include some territory belonging to those two gminas.
Słupsk had its origins as a Slavic Pomeranian settlement on the Słupia river in early Middle Ages, which later became part of Piast Poland. In 1265 it was given city rights. By the 14th century, the town had become a centre of local administration and trade and a Hanseatic League associate. Between 1368 and 1478, it was the residence of the Dukes of Pomerania. In 1648, according to the peace treaty of Osnabrück, Słupsk became part of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1815 it was incorporated into the newly formed Province of Pomerania. The city became part of the People's Republic of Poland in 1945.
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Toruń
Toruń [ˈtɔruɲ] ( listen) (German: Thorn ( listen), Kashubian: Torń, Latin: Thorunium, see also: other names) is an ancient city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. Its population is 205,934 as of June 2009. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland. The medieval old town of Toruń is the birthplace of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town in Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland. National Geographic Polska rated the old town market and the Gothic town hall as one of the "30 Most Beautiful Places in the World." In 2010 Forbes magazine ranked Toruń as number one of the "Polish Cities Attractive for Business".[citation needed] In 2009 it was listed as one of the "Best Cities to Live in Poland", in a ranking published by Przekrój.[citation needed]
Previously it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–98) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–45). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the self-government of the Kujawy-Pomerania Province and, as such, is one of its two capitals (together with Bydgoszcz). The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bi-polar metropolitan area. In September 2004, Bydgoszcz Medical School joined Toruń's Nicolaus Copernicus University as its Collegium Medicum.
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Ummanz
Ummanz (German pronunciation: [ˈʊmants]) is a small island situated off the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.
Its area is 20 km². Together with the neighboring islands Rügen and Hiddensee it is administrated as the district Rügen.
It is a part of the national park Nationalpark Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft.
Coordinates: 54°28′N 13°11′E / 54.467°N 13.183°E / 54.467; 13.183
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Usedom
Usedom (German: Usedom [ˈuːzədɔm], Polish: Uznam [ˈuznam]) is a Baltic Sea island on the border between Germany and Poland. It is situated north of the Szczecin Lagoon (German: Stettiner Haff) estuary of the River Oder in Pomerania. Most of the island belongs to the German district of Vorpommern-Greifswald in the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, with the exception of the eastern part and the city of Świnoujście (German: Swinemünde) which is in Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Its area is 445 km² (the German part 373 km²; the Polish part 72 km²).
Its population is 76,500 (the German part 31,500; the Polish part 45,000).
The island is separated to the east from the neighbouring island of Wolin by the Świna (German: Swine) strait (or river), which is the main route connecting Szczecin Bay with the Pomeranian Bay, a part of the Baltic Sea. The strait between the island and the mainland is called the Peenestrom; it is a downstream extension of the valley of the Peene river, which flows into the westernmost part of the Stettin Lagoon. The island is mostly flat, partly covered by marshes.
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Vilm
The Baltic Sea island of Vilm lies in the bay south of the much larger island of Rügen, it is one of Germany's most remote and tranquil spots. Covering less than 1 km², Vilm is the remnant of a moraine left as the glaciers retreated about 6000 years ago. Since its formation the shape of the island has gradually changed, with sandbars and beaches forming and eroding continuously. Today the island is shaped like a 2.5 kilometre-long tadpole, consisting of two distinct parts. Great Vilm, the “head” to the north-east, rises to almost 40 m. The low-lying isthmus of Middle Vilm forms a long “tail” to the south-west, which culminates in Little Vilm, a rocky mound about 20 m above sea level. The chalky cliffs to the southern side of Great Vilm are rapidly eroding, while sandbanks are building to add a snail-like curl to the tail.
Vestiges on the island suggest that humans used it in the early Stone Age, not long after its formation. Slavic peoples built a temple there, and its use for spiritual purposes persisted into Christian times, when in the Middle Ages it became a place of pilgrimage. In the early 19th century a law was passed to prevent trees from being felled on the island, and it became a summer residence for aristocrats. In 1936 the fauna and flora of the island were placed under protection to preserve its ancient oak and beech woodlands. After the second world war, Vilm became a favourite destination for tourists from German cities. By 1957 the island's public restaurant was used by some 700 visitors a day. In 1959 the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic closed the island to the public and constructed 11 guesthouses, administrative and farm buildings. From then until the dissolution of the GDR, they used it as a private retreat for high functionaries, including the GDR heads of state Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker.
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Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important[citation needed] river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km2 (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km2 (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
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Wałcz County
Wałcz County (Polish: powiat wałecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Wałcz, which lies 127 kilometres (79 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Mirosławiec, 27 km (17 mi) west of Wałcz, Człopa, 31 km (19 mi) south-west of Wałcz, and Tuczno, 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Wałcz.
The county covers an area of 1,414.79 square kilometres (546.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 54,639, out of which the population of Wałcz is 26,140, that of Mirosławiec is 2,633, that of Człopa is 2,390, that of Tuczno is 1,965, and the rural population is 21,511.
Wałcz County is bordered by Złotów County to the east, Piła County to the south-east, Czarnków-Trzcianka County to the south, Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the south-west, Choszczno County to the west and Drawsko County to the north-west.
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk] (
listen)) is the name given by historians to the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was German Reich (Deutsches Reich)
Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year. The ensuing period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the nascent Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler in 1933. The legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The republic nominally continued to exist until 1945, as the constitution was never formally repealed. However, the measures taken by the Nazis in the early part of their rule rendered the constitution irrelevant. Thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich.
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Wielbark culture
The Wielbark culture (German: Wielbark-Willenberg-Kultur, Polish: Kultura wielbarska, Ukrainian: Вельбарська культура (Vel’bars’ka kul’tura)) or East Pomeranian-Mazovian was a culture that appeared during the first half of the 1st century CE. It replaced the Oksywie culture, in the area of modern-day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, which was related to the Przeworsk culture.
The Wielbark culture has been associated with Jordanes' account of the Goths leaving Scandza (Scandinavia) and their settlement in Gothiscandza.[citation needed]
The Wielbark culture was named after a village where a burial place with over 3000 tombs, attributed to the Goths, and Gepids was discovered back in 1873.[by whom?] Many of the cemetery stones were moved, and many graves were damaged by the early German discoverers. The report of the original excavation, lost during World War II was rediscovered only in 2004 and is about to be[when?] analysed in a cooperation of Polish scientists from Gdańsk, Warszawa, Kraków, and Lublin.
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Wieprza
Wieprza (German: Wipper), a river in north-western Poland, is a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 112 kilometers and a basin area of 2,170km². Its German name is Wipper (Farther Pomerania, where the river flows, belonged prior to 1945 to the German province of Pomerania).
Towns:
See also: rivers of Poland, list of rivers of Europe.
Coordinates: 54°26′25″N 16°22′38″E / 54.44028°N 16.37722°E / 54.44028; 16.37722
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Wittow
Wittow is the northernmost peninsula of the island of Rügen. Wittow was a separate isle until the High Middle Ages, since then it is connected to the Jasmund peninsula of Rügen by the Schaabe spit. Wittow is most famous for Cape Arkona hosting the remnants of a former Rani temple burgh.
Coordinates: 54°38′N 13°20′E / 54.633°N 13.333°E / 54.633; 13.333
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Wolin
Wolin (Pomeranian Wòlin, German: Wollin) is the name both of an island in the Baltic Sea, just off the Polish coast, and a town on that island. It is separated from the island of Usedom by the Świna river, and from mainland Pomerania by the Dziwna river. The origins of the name are unknown, although it is likely of Slavic origin. In the old Slavic language the word "wolyn" meant a wetland, and over time, it was Germanised.
Water from the river Oder (Polish: Odra) flows into the Szczecin Lagoon and from there through the Peene west of Usedom, Świna and Dziwna into the Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.
Most of the island consists of forests and postglacial hills. In the middle is the Wolin National Park. The island is a main tourist attraction of northwestern Poland, and it is crossed by several specially marked tourist trails, such as 73-kilometer long trail from Międzyzdroje to Dziwnówek. There is a main, electrified rail line, which connects Szczecin and Świnoujście, also across the island goes an international road E65 (national road 3 / S3 expressway), which crosses Europe from north to south.
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Wrocław
Wrocław ( /ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ( listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] ( listen); Czech: Vratislav), situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra), in Lower Silesia. It is the largest city in western Poland.
Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia, and today is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II. According to official figures for 2010, its population is 632,996, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.
Wrocław is one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2012, and has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2016. In 2017, Wrocław will host the World Games, a competition in 37 non-olympic sport disciplines.
The city's name was first recorded, in Latin, in the form "Wrotizlava", in the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, which mentions it as a seat of a newly installed bishopric in the context of the Congress of Gniezno. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.
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Złotów County
Złotów County (Polish: powiat złotowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Złotów, which lies 107 kilometres (66 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Jastrowie, 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Złotów, Okonek, 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Złotów, and Krajenka, 7 km (4 mi) southwest of Złotów.
The county covers an area of 1,661 square kilometres (641.3 sq mi). As of 2011, its total population is 68,791, out of which the population of Złotów is 18,303, that of Jastrowie is 8,485, that of Okonek is 3,855, that of Krajenka is 3,659, and the rural population is 34,489.
Before 1772, the area was part of the Kingdom of Poland. From 1772 to 1945, it was part of Prussia and Germany, contained mainly in the district called Kreis Flatow (Złotów), although parts were in Kreis Deutsch Krone (Jastrowie). For more information, see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II.
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Łasztownia
Łasztownia is a part of the Szczecin City, Poland situated on the islands between the West Oder river and East Oder River (Regalica), east of the Szczecin Old Town, and west of Szczecin-Dąbie.
Coordinates: 53°25′20″N 14°34′40″E / 53.42222°N 14.57778°E / 53.42222; 14.57778
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Łobez County
Łobez County (Polish: powiat łobeski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Łobez, which lies 73 kilometres (45 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Resko, 24 km (15 mi) north-west of Łobez, Węgorzyno, 12 km (7 mi) south of Łobez, and Dobra, 22 km (14 mi) west of Łobez.
A Łobez County existed prior to the abolition of the powiats in 1975. When they were reintroduced in the Polish local government reforms of 1999, there was initially no Łobez County. The present-day county was created later, in 2002, out of parts of Gryfice County, Goleniów County and Stargard County (to which Łobez itself had belonged).
The county covers an area of 1,065.61 square kilometres (411.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 38,232, out of which the population of Łobez is 10,617, that of Resko is 4,377, that of Węgorzyno is 3,011, that of Dobra is 2,028, and the rural population is 18,199.
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Łódź
Łódź ([wut͡ɕ] ( listen); Yiddish: לאדז', Lodzh) is the third-largest city in Poland. Located in the central part of the country, it had a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is approximately 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting: depicting a boat, it alludes to the city's name which translates literally as "boat".
Łódź first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek. In 1423 King Władysław Jagiełło granted city rights to the village of Łódź. From then until the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
With the second partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź became part of the Kingdom of Prussia's province of South Prussia, and was known in German as Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalised the town, and it lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 Łódź joined the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and in 1810 it had 190 inhabitants. In the 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty it became part of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.
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Śmierdnica
Śmierdnica (German: Mühlenbeck) is a part of the Szczecin City, Poland situated on the right bank of Oder river, east of the Szczecin Old Town, and south-east of Szczecin-Dąbie.
Coordinates: 53°20′37″N 14°45′09″E / 53.34361°N 14.7525°E / 53.34361; 14.7525
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Świdwin County
Świdwin County (Polish: powiat świdwiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Świdwin, which lies 89 kilometres (55 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Połczyn-Zdrój, lying 23 km (14 mi) east of Świdwin.
The county covers an area of 1,093.1 square kilometres (422.0 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 48,920, out of which the population of Świdwin is 15,637, that of Połczyn-Zdrój is 8,572, and the rural population is 24,711.
Świdwin County is bordered by Kołobrzeg County and Białogard County to the north, Szczecinek County to the east, and Drawsko County and Łobez County to the south.
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Świnoujście
Świnoujście [ɕfʲinɔˈui̯ɕt͡ɕɛ] ( listen) (German: Swinemünde) is a city and seaport on the Baltic Sea and Szczecin Lagoon, located in the extreme north-west of Poland. It is situated mainly on the islands of Uznam and Wolin, but also occupies smaller islands, of which the largest is Karsibór island, once part of Usedom, now separated by a Piast canal (formerly the Kaiserfahrt) dug in the late 19th century to facilitate ship access to Szczecin (Stettin).
Since 1999 Świnoujście has been a city with the administrative rights of a county (powiat) (Polish: miasto na prawach powiatu), within West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It was previously part of Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998). The city lies in the geographic region of Pomerania and had a population of 41,100 in 2006.
The first human settlements, in areas that are now Świnoujście appeared 5 thousand years ago, as confirmed by archaeological findings. For a thousand years the estuary of the river was part of the state of the Świnoujście who were annexed by Polish ruler Mieszko I. In later centuries local Pomeranian princes ruled the area, and on both sides of the river they built fortified castles, which were destroyed several times by the Danish invasions in the twelfth century in 1170 and 1173.
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Żelechowa
Żelechowa is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of Oder river, north of the Szczecin Old Town and Middle Town. As of January 2011 it had a population of 13,971.
Before 1945 when Stettin was a part of Germany, the German name of this suburb was Stettin-Zūllchow.
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Albert the Bear
Albert the Bear (German: Albrecht der Bär; c. 1100 – 18 November 1170) was the first Margrave of Brandenburg (as Albert I) from 1157 to his death and was briefly Duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142.
Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony. He inherited the valuable estates in northern Saxony of his father in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia in 1126, when he suffered a short imprisonment.
Albert's entanglements in Saxony stemmed from his desire to expand his inherited estates there. After the death of his brother-in-law, Henry II, margrave of a small area on the Elbe called the Saxon Northern March, in 1128, Albert, disappointed at not receiving this fief himself, attacked Udo, the heir, and was consequently deprived of Lusatia by Lothar. In spite of this, he went to Italy in 1132 in the train of the king, and his services there were rewarded in 1134 by the investiture of the Northern March, which was again without a ruler.
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Anselm of Havelberg
Anselm of Havelberg (ca. 1100 – 1158) was a German bishop and statesman, and a secular and religious ambassador to Constantinople. He was a Premonstratensian, a defender of his order and a critic of the monastic life of his time, and a theorist of Christian history. According to Friedrich Heer, "the peculiar course of Anselm's life made this much-travelled man the theologian of development, of progress, of the right of novelty in the Church".
Anselm's birthplace is uncertain. He was a pupil of Norbert of Xanten at Laon, and then was appointed to the Bishopric of Havelberg in the Northern March. Because Havelberg was then controlled by the Polabian Slavs, Anselm's provisional seat was in Jerichow. He served as papal legate and overall commander of the 1147 Wendish Crusade. After Havelberg was recovered by the Saxons during the campaign, cathedral construction was begun.
Anselm was sent by Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, to Constantinople in 1136. in the hope of a Byzantine alliance. He held theological discussions with Nicetas of Nicomedia, an account of which he wrote later as his Dialogues, at the request of Pope Eugenius III. His account tended to play down the theological differences, including the filioque clause, but was more stark on the political issues. A later encounter with Basil of Achrida in 1154 proved fruitless.
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Baltic Germans
The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, or Baltendeutsche) were mostly ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, which today form the countries of Estonia and Latvia. The Baltic German population never made up more than 10% of the total. They formed the social, commercial, political and cultural élite in that region for several centuries. Some of them also took high positions in the military and civilian life of the Russian Empire, particularly in Saint Petersburg.
In 1881, there were approximately 46,700 Germans in Estonia (5.3% of the population). According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, there were 120,191 Germans in Latvia, or 6.2% of the population.
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Germans, both colonists (see Ostsiedlung) and crusaders, settled in the Baltic. After the Livonian Crusades they quickly came to control all the administrations of government, politics, economics, education and culture of these areas for over 700 years until 1918, despite remaining a minority ethnic group. Whilst the vast majority of urban lands were colonised by traders, rural estates were soon formed by crusaders and their descendants. With the decline of Latin, German quickly became the language of all official documents, commerce and government business for hundreds of years until 1919.
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Bogusław Liberadzki
Bogusław Liberadzki (pronounced [bɔˈɡuswaf libɛˈrat͡ski]; born 1948 in Sochaczew) is a Polish economist and politician, member of the European Parliament (elected on 13 June 2004).
Bogusław Liberadzki is a professor of economic sciences. He holds the Chair of Transportation at the Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw (Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie - SGH) and is also a professor in the Maritime Academy in Szczecin (Akademia Morska w Szczecinie). He has a wife, Grażyna and two sons (identical twins) - Kamil (MA) and Marcin (PhD), both working at the Department of Banking of the SGH.
He was an undersecretary (viceminister) in the Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Economy 1989-1993 and the minister in years 1993-1997. Since 1997 he has been an MP (member of Sejm, lower house of Polish parliament) representing Democratic Left Alliance. Since 2003 he was permanent observer in European Parliament and on 1 May, 2003 he was appointed a MEP. He is a member of two commissions: regional politics, transport and tourism, and also the commission of industrial development and budget.
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Bronisław Komorowski
Bronisław Maria Komorowski [brɔˈɲiswaf kɔmɔˈrɔfskʲi] ( listen) (born 4 June 1952) is Polish politician and historian. He current serving as President of Poland. As Marshal of the Sejm (Speaker of Parliament), Komorowski exercised powers and duties of head of state following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010. Komorowski was the governing Civic Platform party's candidate in the resulting 2010 presidential election, which he won in the second round of voting on 4 July 2010. He was sworn in as fulltime President on 6 August 2010. Komorowski is thus the second person to serve on two occasions as the Polish head of state since 1918 after Maciej Rataj. Rataj, however, was twice Acting President, while Komorowski first acted as President, and then became elected President.
Komorowski was the Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001.
Bronisław Maria Komorowski was born in Oborniki Śląskie. Komorowski is the son of Count Zygmunt Leon Komorowski (1925–1992) and Jadwiga Komorowska (née Szalkowska) (1921–).
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Canute VI of Denmark
Canute VI (1163 – 12 November 1202) was King of Denmark (1182–1202). Canute VI was the eldest son of King Valdemar I and Sophia of Polotsk.
Canute VI was proclaimed King of Denmark at the Urnehoved Assembly (Danish: landsting) and subsequently at the other assemblies throughout Denmark. He immediately faced a peasant uprising in Skåne. The peasants refused to pay Bishop Absalon's tithe. They met at the Skåne Assembly and chose Harald Skreng, one of Canute friends to represent them to the king to plead their case. The king refused to hear Skreng out and began to gather an army to teach the peasants their place. Before the king could muster his army, the nobles of Halland and Skåne cobbled together their own army and defeated the peasants in a bloody battle at Dysjebro. Canute arrived with his army and proceeded to teach the peasants a lesson with fire and sword. Canute was so relentless that Bishop Absalon begged the king to desist.
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa had compelled Canute's father to acknowledge him as overlord, and in 1184 Barbarossa sent a messenger to Canute requiring him to acknowledge the emperor as his liege. Canute failed to respond, so the emperor sent a second messenger threatening the emperor's wrath if Canute failed to acknowledge his liege lord. Bishop Absalon replied to the messenger on behalf of Canute. "Canute is as free a king as the emperor. He has as much right to Denmark as the emperor has to the Holy Roman Empire, and so the emperor should expect no allegiance from this place."
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Catherine the Great
Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Russian: Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya; German: Katharina die Große), Empress of Russia (2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death at the age of 67. She was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, and came to power following a coup d'état and the assassination of her husband, Peter III, at the end of the Seven Years' War. Russia was revitalised under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever and becoming recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In both her accession to power and in rule of her empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Pyotr Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the vast territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
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Christopher Browning
Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust.
Browning received his bachelor's degree from Oberlin College in 1968 and his doctorate from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1975. He taught at Pacific Lutheran University from 1974 to 1999, eventually becoming a Distinguished Professor. In 1999, he moved to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to accept an appointment as Frank Porter Graham Professor of History. Browning was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006.
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Czesław Dźwigaj
Czesław Dźwigaj (born June 18, 1950 in Nowy Wiśnicz) is a Polish artist, sculptor, and professor. Creator of numerous monuments, he is most often associated with monuments of Pope John Paul II, almost 50 of which have left his workshop.
A student of Antoni Hajdecki, Dźwigaj completed his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków in the years 1972-77, where he now directs the studio of Ceramic Sculpture in addition to lecturing on sacred art at the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków.
He began his artistic career working with the Roman Catholic Church. In the 1980s he completed a series of bronze casts for the cathedral in Tarnów, Poland. This work established his reputation, and he became known and popular as an artist of sacred art in other areas of Poland.
He has also designed numerous church interiors along with monumental bas-relief doors. Professor Dźwigaj is also the laureate of many prestigious awards from exhibitions and art competitions such as the Gold medal at the Biennale in Ravenna.
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Dita Parlo
Dita Parlo (4 September 1906 – 13 December 1971) was a German film actress.
Born Grethe Gerda Kornstädt in Stettin (present-day Szczecin), Parlo made her first film appearance in Homecoming in 1928 and quickly became a popular actress in Germany. During the 1930s she moved easily between German and French language films, achieving success in such films as L'Atalante (1934) and La Grande Illusion (1937).
Parlo attempted to establish a career in American films but despite a couple of roles in Hollywood films, was unable to extend her European success. She was scheduled to appear in the proposed Orson Welles production of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness for RKO Radio Pictures. However, that project did not come to pass, and Welles began work on Citizen Kane. With the outbreak of World War II, Parlo returned to Germany. She appeared in only three films during the last thirty years of her life, making her final film appearance in 1965.
In more recent times, she has been referenced by Madonna, who said she had been fascinated by Parlo, and took her name for the character she created for her Sex book and Erotica album. Its title track commences with the line "My name is Dita, I'll be your mistress tonight... " Burlesque performer Dita Von Teese took her name in tribute to Parlo.
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Erich Wiesner
Erich Wiesner (17 April 1897 – 16 October 1968) was a German communist Politician and last German Mayor of Stettin (today Szczecin).
Wiesner was born in Weimar and worked as a bookprinter, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1914 and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1919. He was drafted into the German Army in the First World War. Wiesner became a member of the Central committee of the Young Communist League of Germany in 1920 and moved to the Soviet Union in 1927, where he worked at the Comintern. Wiesner returned to Germany in 1930 and became a journalist at the communist newspaper "Volkswacht" in Stettin.
After the Nazis took over power in Germany in 1933 Wiesner worked in illegal underground and was arrested e.g. in the Emslandlager.
After the end of World War II Wiesner was appointed the mayor of Stettin on 26 May 1945 by Red Army authorities but was forced to leave office after the city was handed over to Poland on 5 July 1945. From August till December 1945 Wiesner was the mayor of Schwerin and later held several positions within the Communist party and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). He was the head of the district administration (Landrat) of Güstrow in 1950-52 and worked for the official newspaper of the SED (Schweriner Volkszeitung) in Schwerin in 1952-64.
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Gepids
The Gepids (Latin: Gepidae; Old English: Gifð; possibly Proto-Germanic: *Gibiðaz, "giver" or gepanta) were an East Germanic tribe who were closely related to the Goths. The Gepids were recorded in the area along the southern Baltic coast in the 1st century AD, having migrated there from southern Sweden some years earlier. Subsequently, the Gepids migrated further south during the 2nd century and were reported in the mountains north of Transylvania by the end of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, they were incorporated into the Hunnic State.
Under their leader Ardaric, the Gepids united with other Germanic tribes and defeated the Huns at Battle of Nedao in 454. The Gepids then founded a kingdom centered in Sirmium, commonly known as Gepidia or Kingdom of the Gepids.
In the 3rd century (around 260 AD), the Gepids participated with the Goths in an invasion of Dacia. Their early origins are reported in Jordanes' Origins and Deeds of the Goths, where he claims that their name derives from their later and slower migration from Scandinavia:
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion (German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180.
He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI.
At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents.
The Henry The Lion Bible is stored, a book preserved in near mint condition from the year 1170. Located in Wolfenbüttel, a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, located on the Oker river about 13 kilometres south of Brunswick.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Kashubians
Kashubians/Kaszubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi, Polish: Kaszubi/ Kaszuby, German: Kaschuben), also called Kashubs, Kashubes, Kaszubians, Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to as Kashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish: Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien).
They speak Kashubian, classified either as a language or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group.
Slovincians are grouped with the Kashubians as Pomeranians. Similarly the Slovincian and Kashubian languages are grouped as the Pomeranian language, with Slovincian being either a closely related language or a Kashubian dialect.
Among larger cities, Gdynia (Gdiniô) contains the largest proportion of people declaring Kashubian origin. However, the biggest city of the Kashubia region is Gdańsk (Gduńsk), the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the traditional capital of Kashubia. Between 80.3% and 93.9% people of the people in Linia, Sierakowice, Szemud, Kartuzy, Chmielno, Żukowo, etc. are of Kashubian descent.
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Lemovii
The Lemovii (German: Lemovier) were a Germanic tribe, only once named by Tacitus in the late 1st century. He noted that they lived near the Rugii and Goths and that they had short swords and round shields.
The Oxhöft culture is associated with parts of the Rugii and Lemovii. Also, the Plöwen group (German: Plöwener Gruppe) of the Uecker-Randow region is associated with the Lemovii.
The archaeological Dębczyn group might comprise the remnants of the Lemovii, probably identical with Widsith's Glommas, who are believed to have been the neighbors of the Rugii, a tribe dwelling at the Baltic Sea coast in today's Pomerania region before the migration period. Both "Lemovii" and "Glommas" translate "the barking". Germanic sagas report a battle on the isle of Hiddensee between king Hetel (Hethin, Heodin of the Glommas) and Rugian king Hagen, following the abduction of Hagen's daughter Hilde by Hetel. Yet, there are also other hypotheses about the location of the Lemovii, and that their identification as Glommas, though probable, is not certain.
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Mennonite
The Mennonites are a Protestant group based around the church communities of the Christian Anabaptist denominations named after the Frisian Menno Simons (1496–1561), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in adult baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to nonviolence.
There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006. Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from "plain people" to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. The largest populations of Mennonites are in Ethiopia,Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries. There are also significant numbers of Mennonites scattered throughout China. There are German Mennonite colonies in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia,Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, and Paraguay, who are to a large extent descendants of Mennonites living in eastern Europe, and there remains a small congregation in the Netherlands where Simons was born.
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Mieszko I of Poland
Mieszko I (ca. 930 – 25 May 992), was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. A member of the Piast dynasty, he was son of Siemomysł; grandchild of Lestek; father of Bolesław I the Brave, the first crowned King of Poland; likely father of Świętosława (Sigrid), a Nordic Queen; and grandfather of her son, Cnut the Great.
The first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He continued the policy of both his father and grandfather, who were rulers of the pagan tribes located in the area of present Greater Poland. Either through alliances or by use of military force, Mieszko extended the ongoing conquests and early in his reign subordinated Kuyavia and probably Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia. For most of his reign, Mieszko I was involved in warfare for the control of Western Pomerania, eventually conquering it up to the vicinity of the lower Oder. During the last years of his life he fought the Bohemian state, winning Silesia and probably Lesser Poland.
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Mieszko III the Old
Mieszko III the Old (Polish: Mieszko III Stary) (ca. 1126/27 – 13 March 1202), of the royal Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1138 and High Duke of Poland, with interruptions, from 1173 until his death.
He was the fourth but second surviving son of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, by his second wife Salomea, daughter of the German count Henry of Berg-Schelklingen.
According to the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III, Mieszko received the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland, comprising the western part of Greater Poland with Poznań as his main residence. His older half-brother, Władysław II, the eldest son of the late duke with his first wife Zbyslava of Kiev, was proclaimed High Duke and overlord of the Seniorate Province at Kraków, including the Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, as well as Duke of Silesia.
The first major conflict with the High Duke took place during 1140–1141, when his younger half-brothers Bolesław IV the Curly and Mieszko III together with their mother but without Władysław's knowledge divided between them the lands of Łęczyca, which were held only as a wittum by Bolesław's widow Salomea for life and should revert to Władysław's Seniorate Province upon her death.
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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I, christened as Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d'état in 1851, before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
Napoleon III is primarily remembered for an energetic foreign policy which aimed to jettison the limitations imposed on France since 1815 by the Concert of Europe and reassert French influence in Europe and abroad. A brief war against Austria in 1859 largely brought an end to the process of Italian unification. In the Near East, Napoleon III spearheaded allied action against Russia in the Crimean War and restored French presence in the Levant, claiming for France the role of protector of the Maronite Christians. A French garrison in Rome likewise secured the Papal States against annexation by Italy, defeating the Italians at Mentana and winning the support of French Catholics for Napoleon's regime.
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Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, c. 1700-500 BC, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
Even though Scandinavians joined the European Bronze Age cultures fairly late through trade, Scandinavian sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold.
Many rock carvings depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare, fishing and trade. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue in to the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as shown by the Hjortspring boat.
There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. Numerous artifacts of bronze and gold are found. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts, for example bronze axes and swords. (There are also numerous Nordic Stone Age rock carvings in the north of Scandinavia, mostly portraying elk.)
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Otto of Bamberg
Saint Otto of Bamberg (German: Otto von Bamberg, Polish: Otton z Bambergu; 1060 or 1061 – 30 June 1139) was a medieval German bishop and missionary who, as papal legate, converted much of Pomerania to Christianity.
Otto was born into a noble family in Mistelbach, Franconia. Serving initially in the household of Duke Władysław I Herman of Poland, he entered the service of the Emperor Henry IV in 1090 and was appointed Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1101.
In 1102, the Emperor appointed and invested him as Bishop of Bamberg in Franconia (now in the state of Bavaria), and Otto became one of the leading princes of medieval Germany. During his tenure as bishop, Bamberg rose to great prominence, while Otto achieved fame as a missionary and as a diplomat and politician, notably during the Investiture Controversy between Emperor Henry IV and the papacy during which he remained loyal to the emperor. As a consequence, he was suspended by a papal party at the Synod of Fritzlar in 1118. At the Congress of Würzburg in 1121 Otto successfully negotiated the peace treaty, the Concordat of Worms, which was signed in 1122 at Worms.
wn.com/Otto_of_Bamberg -
Peter Oliver Loew
Peter Oliver Loew (born 1967) is a German historian, translator and scholar, specializing in the History of Poland.
Loew was born in Frankfurt am Main and studied Eastern European history, Slavistics and economics at the University of Nuremberg, University of Freiburg and the Free University of Berlin. In 2001 he graduated on the historical culture of Danzig (Gdańsk) between 1793 and 1997.
He is the scientific Vice-director of the Deutsches Polen-Institut (Darmstadt) and has been a lecturer at the University of Mainz (since 2006) and the University of Darmstadt (since 2009).
Loew specializes in the history of Polish-German relations, the History of Danzig, Silesia and Pomerelia.
wn.com/Peter_Oliver_Loew -
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
wn.com/Poles -
Rugii
"Rugi" redirects here. For the Romanian villages by this name, see Păltiniş, Caraş-Severin and Turcineşti.
The Rugii, also Rugians, Rygir, Ulmerugi, or Holmrygir (Norwegian: Rugiere, German: Rugier) were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania around 100 AD, and from there to the Danube River valley. They were allies of Attila until his death in 453, and settled in what is now Austria after the defeat of the Huns at Nedao in 453.
The Rugians helped Odoacer establish the Kingdom of Italy, and converted to Arianism by 482. In 487 they suffered a crushing defeat in Vienna at the hands of Odoacer and his Herulian and Scirian followers. They then joined with the Ostrogothic army of Theodoric in its campaign to take over Italy in 488–493. Within the Ostrogothic Kingdom, they kept their own administrators and avoided intermarriage with the Goths. They disappeared after Totila's defeat in the Gothic war.
The tribal name "Rugii" or "Rygir" is a derivate of the Old Norse term for rye, rugr, and is thus translated "rye eaters" or "rye farmers".Holmrygir and Ulmerugi are both translated as "island Rugii".
wn.com/Rugii -
Saint Nicholas
Saint Nicholas (Greek: Ἅγιος Νικόλαος, Hagios ["Saint", literally "Holy", Latin: Sanctus] Nicolaos ["victory of the people"]) (270 – 6 December 343), also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a historic 4th-century saint and Greek Bishop of Myra (Demre, part of modern-day Turkey) in Lycia. Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker (Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός, Nikolaos ho Thaumaturgos). He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, and thus became the model for Santa Claus, whose modern name comes from the Dutch Sinterklaas, itself from a series of elisions and corruptions of the transliteration of "Saint Nikolaos". His reputation evolved among the faithful, as was common for early Christian saints. In 1087, part of the relics (about half of the bones) were furtively translated to Bari, in southeastern Italy; for this reason, he is also known as Nikolaos of Bari. The remaining bones were taken to Venice in 1100. His feastday is 6 December [O.S. 19 December].
wn.com/Saint_Nicholas -
Saint Peter
Saint Peter or Simon Peter was an early Christian leader and one of the twelve apostles of Jesus who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles and who is venerated as a saint. The son of John or of Jonah, he was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee or Gaulanitis. His brother Andrew was also an apostle. Peter is venerated in multiple churches and is regarded as the first Pope by the Catholic Church. After working to establish the church of Antioch, presiding for seven years as the leader of the city's Christian community, he preached to scattered communities of believers, Jews, Hebrew Christians and the gentiles, in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia Minor and Bithynia.[citation needed] He then went to Rome, where in the second year of Claudius, it is claimed, he overthrew Simon Magus and held the Sacerdotal Chair for 25 years.[citation needed] He is said to have been put to death at the hand of Emperor Nero.
Peter wrote two General epistles. The Gospel of Mark is also ascribed to him (as Mark was his disciple and interpreter). On the other hand, several books bearing his name—the Acts of Peter, Gospel of Peter, Preaching of Peter, Revelation of Peter, and Judgement of Peter—are rejected by the Catholic Church as Apocryphal.
wn.com/Saint_Peter -
Stefan Czarniecki
Stefan Czarniecki [ˈstɛfan t͡szarˈniɛt͡skʲi] ( listen) or Stefan Łodzia de Czarnca Czarniecki (1599 – 16 February 1665) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth general and nobleman. Field Hetman of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. He was a military commander, regarded as a Polish national hero. His status in Polish history is acknowledged by a mention of his name in the Polish national anthem.
Stefan Czarniecki was born in 1599 in the family estate of Czarnca by Włoszczowa in southern Poland in an impoverished szlachta (nobility) family.
He learned the art of war serving with the Lisowczycy mercenaries in 1610s. Already an officer at the age of eighteen, he took part in the battle of Chocim (Khotyn) in 1621, where the Commonwealth army stopped the Ottomans and ended the Polish-Ottoman War (1620–1621).
Later he served under hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski in the campaigns against the Tatars in 1624 (battle of Martynów), and later against Gustavus Adolphus (1626–1629) (part of the Polish-Swedish War), and under Władysław IV in the Smolensk War against Muscovy in 1632–1634. In 1637 he fought against the rebellious Cossacks under Pavel Mikhnovych (battle of Kumejki). In 1644 under Koniecpolski he took part in the battle of Ochmatów where Commonwealth forces dealt a crushing defeat to Toğay bey's (Tuhaj Bej) Tatars.
wn.com/Stefan_Czarniecki -
Sylwester Chruszcz
Sylwester Arkadiusz Chruszcz (born on 22 August 1972 in Głogów) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Lower Silesian Voivodship and Opole Voivodship with the Naprzód Polsko, part of the Union for Europe of the Nations and is member of the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.
Chruszcz is a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a member of the Delegation for relations with Canada.
After 2007 parliamentary election, when Liga lost all seats in Sejm and Senat, leader Roman Giertych resigned and announced his withdrawn from policy. Chruszcz was named acting leader.
See also: European Parliament election, 2004 (Poland)
wn.com/Sylwester_Chruszcz -
Vidivarii
The Vidivarii are described by Jordanes in his Getica as a melting pot of tribes who in the mid-6th century lived at the lower Vistula:
Ad litus oceani, ubi tribus faucibus fluenta Vistulae fluminibus ebibuntur, Vidivarii resident ex diversis nationibus aggregati.
Though differing from the earlier Willenberg culture, some traditions were continued, thus the corresponding archaeological culture is sometimes described as the Vidivarian or widiwar stage of the Willenberg culture. The bearers of the Willenberg culture have been associated with a heterogeneous people comprising Vistula Veneti, Goths, Rugii, and Gepids. One hypothesis, based on the sudden appearance of large amounts of Roman solidi and migrations of other groups after the breakdown of the Hun empire in 453, suggest a partial re-migration of earlier emigrants to their former northern homelands.
wn.com/Vidivarii -
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; his mother, Jenny Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young army officer, he saw action in British India, the Sudan, and the Second Boer War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns.
wn.com/Winston_Churchill -
Zdzisław Chmielewski
Zdzisław Chmielewski (born 4 October 1942 in Falborz) is a Polish historian, rector of Szczecin University, member of the European Parliament (elected on 13 June 2004).
wn.com/Zdzisław_Chmielewski
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Szczecin in 3 minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Szczecin_in_3_minutes
Szczecin - 1967
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Fragment kroniki z 1967 roku wyemitowany przez TVP Szczecin. Film został przycięty i zawarto w nim głównie elementy związane z komunikacją miejską w Szczecinie
http://wn.com/Szczecin_1967
Fragment kroniki z 1967 roku wyemitowany przez TVP Szczecin. Film został przycięty i zawarto w nim głównie elementy związane z komunikacją miejską w Szczecinie
- published: 18 May 2010
- views: 18051
- author: mpaw82
Wyskocz do tego!!! odc. 7 Sobota - Szczecin gośc. Spółdzielnia (prod. Matheo) skrecze Dj FEEL-X
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
Stoprocent zaprasza na siódmy odcinek Wyskocz do tego w którym wystąpił SOBOTA, oraz Spółdzielnia: Sage, Rena, Tony Jazzu, Wini, skrecze DJ FEEL-X W utworze został wykorzystany sampel z piosenki "Szczecin" tekst: Bogdan Kryś, muzyka: Bogdan Kryś Utwór pochodzi z albumu Gorączka Sobotniej Nocy, do nabycia na www.stoprocent.com , oraz w dobrych sklepach muzycznych. mp3 do nabycia na http Zdjęcia: DirtMiron/Montaż: Fabuła Video "Wyskocz Do Tego" to seria teledysków, której inspiracją były proste zazwyczaj jednoujęciowe klipy zalewające youtube od Stanów przez Anglię, po Niemcy. Chcemy przede wszystkim promować polską scenę, od znanych już raperów, po undergrandowych wyjadaczy. Nasze videa są prostymi, niskobudżetowymi klipami opartymi zazwyczaj na jednym planie wzbogaconym małymi smaczkami i paroma cięciami. Staramy się promować zupełnie nowe kawałki, choć może od czasu do czasu, przypomnimy już znany, który nie doczekał jeszcze obrazu, a jednoznacznie na niego zasługiwał. Nasz program nazwaliśmy "Wyskocz do tego", ponieważ mamy nadzieję, że ten cykl stanie się inspiracją dla wszystkich, którzy tworzą i chcą zaistnieć, oraz pokaże, że przy dobrym numerze wystarczy prosty obraz i trochę pomysłu, aby zdobyć znaczącą oglądalność. www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Wyskocz_do_tego!!!_odc_7_Sobota_Szczecin_gośc_Spółdzielnia_prod_Matheo_skrecze_Dj_FEEL-X
Stoprocent zaprasza na siódmy odcinek Wyskocz do tego w którym wystąpił SOBOTA, oraz Spółdzielnia: Sage, Rena, Tony Jazzu, Wini, skrecze DJ FEEL-X W utworze został wykorzystany sampel z piosenki "Szczecin" tekst: Bogdan Kryś, muzyka: Bogdan Kryś Utwór pochodzi z albumu Gorączka Sobotniej Nocy, do nabycia na www.stoprocent.com , oraz w dobrych sklepach muzycznych. mp3 do nabycia na http Zdjęcia: DirtMiron/Montaż: Fabuła Video "Wyskocz Do Tego" to seria teledysków, której inspiracją były proste zazwyczaj jednoujęciowe klipy zalewające youtube od Stanów przez Anglię, po Niemcy. Chcemy przede wszystkim promować polską scenę, od znanych już raperów, po undergrandowych wyjadaczy. Nasze videa są prostymi, niskobudżetowymi klipami opartymi zazwyczaj na jednym planie wzbogaconym małymi smaczkami i paroma cięciami. Staramy się promować zupełnie nowe kawałki, choć może od czasu do czasu, przypomnimy już znany, który nie doczekał jeszcze obrazu, a jednoznacznie na niego zasługiwał. Nasz program nazwaliśmy "Wyskocz do tego", ponieważ mamy nadzieję, że ten cykl stanie się inspiracją dla wszystkich, którzy tworzą i chcą zaistnieć, oraz pokaże, że przy dobrym numerze wystarczy prosty obraz i trochę pomysłu, aby zdobyć znaczącą oglądalność. www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
- published: 06 Dec 2011
- views: 281988
- author: stoprocentTV
Zima w Szczecinie 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
11.01.2013 - Relaks na łyżwach w Szczecinie. Po 4 godzinach spędzonych w korkach, widząc po drodze pługi taranujące samochody, tramwaje wjeżdżające na taksówkarzy, przechodniów przeprowadzających staruszki przez pasy, autobusy i tiry tarasujące drogi, kierowców usiłujących wjechać pod górkę z nadzieją, że nie będą musieli po drodze hamować, postanowiłem rozprostować kości. A najlepszym do tego sposobem pośród tej ślizgawki wydały mi się dawno nieużywane łyżwy. Rondo to nie jest może najbardziej ruchliwym miejscem w mieście, ale wierzcie mi, na głównych ulicach było jeszcze gorzej. A wszystko to jakieś 3-4 godziny po ustaniu opadów śniegu w mieście... Muzyczka w tle: Hi-Potion - Happy Days soundcloud.com soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/Zima_w_Szczecinie_2013
11.01.2013 - Relaks na łyżwach w Szczecinie. Po 4 godzinach spędzonych w korkach, widząc po drodze pługi taranujące samochody, tramwaje wjeżdżające na taksówkarzy, przechodniów przeprowadzających staruszki przez pasy, autobusy i tiry tarasujące drogi, kierowców usiłujących wjechać pod górkę z nadzieją, że nie będą musieli po drodze hamować, postanowiłem rozprostować kości. A najlepszym do tego sposobem pośród tej ślizgawki wydały mi się dawno nieużywane łyżwy. Rondo to nie jest może najbardziej ruchliwym miejscem w mieście, ale wierzcie mi, na głównych ulicach było jeszcze gorzej. A wszystko to jakieś 3-4 godziny po ustaniu opadów śniegu w mieście... Muzyczka w tle: Hi-Potion - Happy Days soundcloud.com soundcloud.com
- published: 11 Jan 2013
- views: 493524
- author: Hi Potion
Szczecin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
"Szczecin" - a movie made by 3 students for the local division of IFMSA - Poland (International Federation of Medical Students' Associations). The aim was to show our beautiful city in a bit different way than it is usually described. Well, it is our work, we did our best as amateurs, we hope that you will like it. Cheers.
http://wn.com/Szczecin
"Szczecin" - a movie made by 3 students for the local division of IFMSA - Poland (International Federation of Medical Students' Associations). The aim was to show our beautiful city in a bit different way than it is usually described. Well, it is our work, we did our best as amateurs, we hope that you will like it. Cheers.
- published: 22 Oct 2006
- views: 42033
- author: euzbigiusz
Szczecin: Tajemniczy tunel odkryty podczas budowy osiedla
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Przy ul. Kusocińskiego w Szczecinie podczas prac budowlanych nowego osiedla Nowe Forty odkryto tunel. Jest on prawdopodobnie pozostałością po fortyfikacjach dawnego Szczecina. więcej na www.gs24.pl, http
http://wn.com/Szczecin_Tajemniczy_tunel_odkryty_podczas_budowy_osiedla
Przy ul. Kusocińskiego w Szczecinie podczas prac budowlanych nowego osiedla Nowe Forty odkryto tunel. Jest on prawdopodobnie pozostałością po fortyfikacjach dawnego Szczecina. więcej na www.gs24.pl, http
- published: 07 Feb 2013
- views: 1018
- author: onlineGS24
Wizyta w najstarszej pizzerii w Szczecinie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Wizyta_w_najstarszej_pizzerii_w_Szczecinie
Bartas - Szczecin żyje ft. Pirat, Sochan (Sprzymierzeni), Kari, Truskav - KLIP [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Oddajemy w wasze ręce klip do numeru zatytułowanego "Szczecin Żyje" z solowej płyty Bartasa "Rap rodzina" z gościnnym udziałem Pirata, Sochana (Sprzymierzeni) oraz Kariego i Truskavy. Kolejność: Bartas, Pirat, Kari, Sochan, Truskav Realizacją oraz montażem klipu zajął się Michał Lewandowski. Linki do pobrania płyty Bartas "Rap rodzina" : www.megaupload.com www.sendspace.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Bartas_Szczecin_żyje_ft_Pirat,_Sochan_Sprzymierzeni,_Kari,_Truskav_KLIP_HD_
Oddajemy w wasze ręce klip do numeru zatytułowanego "Szczecin Żyje" z solowej płyty Bartasa "Rap rodzina" z gościnnym udziałem Pirata, Sochana (Sprzymierzeni) oraz Kariego i Truskavy. Kolejność: Bartas, Pirat, Kari, Sochan, Truskav Realizacją oraz montażem klipu zajął się Michał Lewandowski. Linki do pobrania płyty Bartas "Rap rodzina" : www.megaupload.com www.sendspace.com www.facebook.com
- published: 13 Jul 2011
- views: 99871
- author: MPsznTV
Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Szczecin to Poznan + Giveaway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:15
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Szczecin to Poznan + Giveaway Don´t forget to like, comment and favorite! :) Seen in this episode: Game update, new features and derpy driving. :) For the coming episodes there will be Q&A; in each episode so don't forget to write a question in the comments below. :) Keralis Scania Skin - www.mediafire.com Maker of the Skin - www.youtube.com ● Twitter: bit.ly ● Facebook: on.fb.me ● Website: www.keralis.net Truckers! The Giveaways are back thanks to SCS Software. So do write a comment if you are interested in the game. Check out the game @ http In-Game Music by: Josh Woodward www.joshwoodward.com Outro Music: Vud Vuzela - Silly www.youtube.com www.facebook.com www.soundcloud.com I hope you all enjoy! Happy Trucking! I hope you all enjoy! Happy Trucking!
http://wn.com/Euro_Truck_Simulator_2_Szczecin_to_Poznan_+_Giveaway
Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Szczecin to Poznan + Giveaway Don´t forget to like, comment and favorite! :) Seen in this episode: Game update, new features and derpy driving. :) For the coming episodes there will be Q&A; in each episode so don't forget to write a question in the comments below. :) Keralis Scania Skin - www.mediafire.com Maker of the Skin - www.youtube.com ● Twitter: bit.ly ● Facebook: on.fb.me ● Website: www.keralis.net Truckers! The Giveaways are back thanks to SCS Software. So do write a comment if you are interested in the game. Check out the game @ http In-Game Music by: Josh Woodward www.joshwoodward.com Outro Music: Vud Vuzela - Silly www.youtube.com www.facebook.com www.soundcloud.com I hope you all enjoy! Happy Trucking! I hope you all enjoy! Happy Trucking!
- published: 09 Feb 2013
- views: 11516
- author: Keralis
Lets Play Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Ep 21 (Off to Szczecin !)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:28
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Szczecin, is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and a major seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407811 www.ets2-mods.com My Lets Play of Euro Truck Simulator 2 :) Travel across Europe as king of the road, a trucker who delivers important cargo across impressive distances! With dozens of cities to explore from the UK, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and many more, your endurance, skill and speed will all be pushed to their limits. If you've got what it takes to be part of an elite trucking force, get behind the wheel and prove it! Thank you for watching , please like and subscribe :) Chow 4 Now www.eurotrucksimulator2.com
http://wn.com/Lets_Play_Euro_Truck_Simulator_2_Ep_21_Off_to_Szczecin_!
Szczecin, is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and a major seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407811 www.ets2-mods.com My Lets Play of Euro Truck Simulator 2 :) Travel across Europe as king of the road, a trucker who delivers important cargo across impressive distances! With dozens of cities to explore from the UK, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and many more, your endurance, skill and speed will all be pushed to their limits. If you've got what it takes to be part of an elite trucking force, get behind the wheel and prove it! Thank you for watching , please like and subscribe :) Chow 4 Now www.eurotrucksimulator2.com
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- views: 9932
- author: Stockoglaws
Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Poznan - Szczecin Mission
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:04
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Poznan - Szczecin Mission PC: Intel Core i5-760 2.8GHz + Zalman CNPS10X QUIET Asus P7P55D Corsair Vengeance Blue DDR3 2x4GB 1600MHz Kingston HyperX 3K SSD 120GB WD Caviar Green 2TB Gigabyte AMD Radeon HD 7850 2GB GDDR5 OCZ ModXStream Pro 500W Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit www.facebook.com twitter.com MotoGamesTV
http://wn.com/Euro_Truck_Simulator_2_Poznan_Szczecin_Mission
Euro Truck Simulator 2 - Poznan - Szczecin Mission PC: Intel Core i5-760 2.8GHz + Zalman CNPS10X QUIET Asus P7P55D Corsair Vengeance Blue DDR3 2x4GB 1600MHz Kingston HyperX 3K SSD 120GB WD Caviar Green 2TB Gigabyte AMD Radeon HD 7850 2GB GDDR5 OCZ ModXStream Pro 500W Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit www.facebook.com twitter.com MotoGamesTV
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 54898
- author: MotoGamesTV
Szczecin 1989r. Nagranie z samochodu cz.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Szczecin_1989r_Nagranie_z_samochodu_cz1
JP85.PL - Pogoń Szczecin 0-3 Legia Warszawa (ona tańczy dla mnie)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
by KE86 www.jp85.pl www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/JP85PL_Pogoń_Szczecin_0-3_Legia_Warszawa_ona_tańczy_dla_mnie
Korona Kielce - Pogoń Szczecin 2:1 - kulisy meczu (27.10.2012 r.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:16
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Zapraszamy do oglądania kulis zwycięskiego meczu Korony Kielce z Pogonią Szczecin. "Żółto-czerwoni" wygrali to spotkanie 2:1 po bramkach Artura Lenartowskiego i Macieja Korzyma. Przez cały mecz towarzyszył im Jigsaw - znany z przedmeczowych zapowiedzi filmowych.
http://wn.com/Korona_Kielce_Pogoń_Szczecin_21_kulisy_meczu_27102012_r
Zapraszamy do oglądania kulis zwycięskiego meczu Korony Kielce z Pogonią Szczecin. "Żółto-czerwoni" wygrali to spotkanie 2:1 po bramkach Artura Lenartowskiego i Macieja Korzyma. Przez cały mecz towarzyszył im Jigsaw - znany z przedmeczowych zapowiedzi filmowych.
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 22016
- author: TVKorona
Szczecin/Stettin Poland visit Sept 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:53
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
on way back to Berlin from Eastern Poland
http://wn.com/Szczecin_Stettin_Poland_visit_Sept_1991
KORONA KIELCE - Pogoń Szczecin 2:1 - doping (27.10.2012 r.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:12
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Zapraszamy do oglądania świetnego dopingu kibiców Korony Kielce z meczu z Pogonią Szczecin. Młyn wreszcie wyglądał tak jak powinien, ale może być jeszcze lepiej! Widzimy się teraz na Polonii w Warszawie, a następnie na meczu z Wisłą w Kielcach!
http://wn.com/KORONA_KIELCE_Pogoń_Szczecin_21_doping_27102012_r
Zapraszamy do oglądania świetnego dopingu kibiców Korony Kielce z meczu z Pogonią Szczecin. Młyn wreszcie wyglądał tak jak powinien, ale może być jeszcze lepiej! Widzimy się teraz na Polonii w Warszawie, a następnie na meczu z Wisłą w Kielcach!
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 6157
- author: Siejo89
Euro Truck Simulator 2 Winter Poznan to Szczecin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:28
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Winter mod by BleDrajor
http://wn.com/Euro_Truck_Simulator_2_Winter_Poznan_to_Szczecin
Szczecin Calling - odc.1: Początki clubbingu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Początki szczecińskiego clubbingu sięgają lat dziewięćdziesiątych. To był czas, kiedy Szczecin był mylony z Berlinem z racji wielu imprez, jakie się tu odbywały. Wydarzenia z cyklu Techno Dance Mission, gromadziły po kilka tysięcy osób. Funkcjonowało sporo nielegalnych miejsc, powstawały pierwsze legalne miejscówki. Jak wspominają nasi rozmówcy -- to był czas, kiedy wszyscy się jednoczyli. Reprezentanci różnych stylów muzycznych bawili się na jednych imprezach. Realizacja: Panda Kru [ www.facebook.com ] wSzczecinie.pl [ www.wszczecinie.pl ] Muzyka Technicolour, Komatic- Daydreamer
http://wn.com/Szczecin_Calling_odc1_Początki_clubbingu
Początki szczecińskiego clubbingu sięgają lat dziewięćdziesiątych. To był czas, kiedy Szczecin był mylony z Berlinem z racji wielu imprez, jakie się tu odbywały. Wydarzenia z cyklu Techno Dance Mission, gromadziły po kilka tysięcy osób. Funkcjonowało sporo nielegalnych miejsc, powstawały pierwsze legalne miejscówki. Jak wspominają nasi rozmówcy -- to był czas, kiedy wszyscy się jednoczyli. Reprezentanci różnych stylów muzycznych bawili się na jednych imprezach. Realizacja: Panda Kru [ www.facebook.com ] wSzczecinie.pl [ www.wszczecinie.pl ] Muzyka Technicolour, Komatic- Daydreamer
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 8203
- author: wSzczecinie
![Szczecin z lotu ptaka [Full HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130211022507im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/rCk5KFXBGzQ/default.jpg "Szczecin z lotu ptaka [Full HD]")
Szczecin z lotu ptaka [Full HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Szczecin z lotu ptaka, zdjęcia - Cezary Skórka, muzyka - The XX - Intro
http://wn.com/Szczecin_z_lotu_ptaka_Full_HD_
Szczecin z lotu ptaka, zdjęcia - Cezary Skórka, muzyka - The XX - Intro
- published: 01 Jan 2011
- views: 17556
- author: djdark84pl
Kibice podczas meczu Lech Poznań - Pogoń Szczecin 1-1 23.09.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
W spotkaniu 5. kolejki T-Mobile Ekstraklasy Lech Poznań zremisował na własnym boisku z Pogonią Szczecin 1:1. Na trybunach pojawiła się bardzo duża liczba kibiców, którzy głośnym dopingiem wspierali swoja drużynę. Ultrasi Lecha Poznań na początku spotkania zaprezentowali wspaniałą oprawę meczową, a przez cały mecz głośno dopingowali swoją drużynę.
http://wn.com/Kibice_podczas_meczu_Lech_Poznań_Pogoń_Szczecin_1-1_23092012
W spotkaniu 5. kolejki T-Mobile Ekstraklasy Lech Poznań zremisował na własnym boisku z Pogonią Szczecin 1:1. Na trybunach pojawiła się bardzo duża liczba kibiców, którzy głośnym dopingiem wspierali swoja drużynę. Ultrasi Lecha Poznań na początku spotkania zaprezentowali wspaniałą oprawę meczową, a przez cały mecz głośno dopingowali swoją drużynę.
- published: 24 Sep 2012
- views: 20855
- author: LechTV
![Pogoń Szczecin - Legia Warszawa 22.10.2012 oprawa [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130211022507im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/khNT9GFwmOQ/default.jpg "Pogoń Szczecin - Legia Warszawa 22.10.2012 oprawa [HD]")
Pogoń Szczecin - Legia Warszawa 22.10.2012 oprawa [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Pogoń Szczecin 0 - 3 Legia Warszawa 22.10.2012 Szczecin Oprawa FullHD 1080p
http://wn.com/Pogoń_Szczecin_Legia_Warszawa_22102012_oprawa_HD_
Pogoń Szczecin 0 - 3 Legia Warszawa 22.10.2012 Szczecin Oprawa FullHD 1080p
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 18068
- author: michalrx666
Bo ja uczuciowy jestem. 11.11.12 Szczecin / Miasta w Komie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
88 letni kombatant ze Szczecina każdy dzień wojny widzi jak by to było wczoraj. Teraz przychodzi co roku na Wały Chrobrego żeby się cieszyć i upewniać, że to wszystko miało sens. W jego wypowiedzi jest misterium. On odkrywa przed nami to, co większość zapomniała dawno lub nigdy się nie dowiedziała. Patriotyzm to zwykłe ludzkie uczucie.
http://wn.com/Bo_ja_uczuciowy_jestem_111112_Szczecin_Miasta_w_Komie
88 letni kombatant ze Szczecina każdy dzień wojny widzi jak by to było wczoraj. Teraz przychodzi co roku na Wały Chrobrego żeby się cieszyć i upewniać, że to wszystko miało sens. W jego wypowiedzi jest misterium. On odkrywa przed nami to, co większość zapomniała dawno lub nigdy się nie dowiedziała. Patriotyzm to zwykłe ludzkie uczucie.
- published: 12 Nov 2012
- views: 139342
- author: miastawkomie1
Pogoń Szczecin - Legia Warszawa 22.10.2012 (kulisy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:26
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
Kolejna odsłona meczowych kulis
http://wn.com/Pogoń_Szczecin_Legia_Warszawa_22102012_kulisy
photo: AP / Ugarit News via AP video
09 Feb 2013
BEIRUT, Lebanon — The video has gone viral in recent days. Syrian government soldiers, in camouflage gear, carrying rocket-propelled grenades and brandishing rifles, mugging for the camera while dancing in a circle to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Enlarge This Image. Ugarit News, via Associated Press. In a video posted online, Syrian soldiers chant and dance to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Related. U.N ... Twitter List ... Raw ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
10 Feb 2013
A protester holds a banner reading "Be careful Mr President Hollande, Tunisia is not Mali" at a demonstration in Tunis on February 9. (AP). More Coverage. Late last year, largely unnoticed in the West, Tunisia's president, Moncef Marzouki, gave an interview to Chatham House's The World Today ... "We didn't realise how dangerous and violent these Salafists could be ... They are a tiny minority within a tiny minority ... Threats ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)
photo: AP / Elaine Thompson
10 Feb 2013
Boeing sent a 787 up on a test flight Saturday, the first since the new airliner was grounded three weeks ago because of a battery fire ... The plan was to spend two and a half hours in the air ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
09 Feb 2013
NEW DELHI (AP) — Indian news channels are reporting that a Kashmiri man convicted in the 2001 attack on India's Parliament has been hanged ... World news. Last 24 hours....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez
10 Feb 2013
Top scorer Emenike fails to make final for Nigeria. Africa Cup of Nations 7 minutes ago. Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams. Africa Cup of Nations 21 minutes ago. Blatter angry with UEFA over declaration on FIFA reforms. Rest of Europe 1 hours ago. Mali bank on Keita to deliver first World Cup place. Africa Cup of Nations 1 hours ago. Nigeria start favourites in African Nations Cup final ... Rest of Europe Yesterday, 22.28....(size: 6.8Kb)
noodls
10 Feb 2013
(Source. Government of the Czech Republic). Representatives of 18 NATO Military Police corps meet in the Czech Republic to discuss further cooperation within allied structures and doctrinal issues ... Priorities of the talks include support of the NATO Multinational Military Police Battalion, which is to be affiliated to the NATO Multinational Corps Northeast in Szczecin, Poland. The Battalion was certified last year ... Visit also. ... Posted....(size: 2.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
08 Feb 2013
Winithemes.com (a service managed by Red Sky) - one of the largest online collections of premium themes is happy to announce its launching ... Szczecin, Poland (PRWEB) February 08, 2013 Winithemes aims to deliver high quality templates and themes to everyone looking for a highly personalized website or blog with professional design ... It is amazing how blogging and e-commerce platforms evolved over the past years ... Igor Pisov. Winithemes ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
31 Jan 2013
It's all because of the social scheme -'Children's world in colour' being realized by Sniezka, thanks to which Szczecin can be the beneficiary. . The Isolation and Observatory Ward for Children of Independent Province Hospital in Szczecin is the 13th place of Sniezka's social scheme ... in Szczecin is a great challenge due to other reasons. ....(size: 4.5Kb)
noodls
30 Jan 2013
(Source. Echo Investment SA) 30-01-2013 Schneider Electric in Park Rozwoju. Schneider Electric Polska has leased 7,000 sqm in Park Rozwoju - a modern 'A' class office complex which is being developed by Echo Investment on Konstruktorska Street in Warsaw. Colliers International acted as the agent in the lease transaction ... Oxygen in Szczecin, Park Postępu in Warsaw's Mokotów district and the Astra Park office buildings in Kielce ... (noodl....(size: 8.3Kb)
noodls
24 Jan 2013
(Source. Echo Investment SA) 24-01-2013 100 projects of Echo Investment. After sixteen years of its presence on the market, Echo Investment completed its one hundredth project ... In 2002 Echo Investment started building the seat of the Polish Olympic Committee, which was followed by the opening of the Galaxy shopping and entertainment centre in Szczecin a year later ... Oxygen in Szczecin and Avatar in Kraków ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17302909) ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Fox News
21 Jan 2013
Hyper-realistic busts of human ancestors -- like this version of homo neandertal -- give us a glimpse of what our ancient relatives may have looked like.John Gurche. An artist imagines the typical Neanderthal family.NASA/JPL-Caltech. In this picture made available by Szczecin University's Department of Archaelogy on Monday, Feb. 1, 2010 one of three Neanderthal teeth discovered in Poland is pictured ... Next Slide Previous Slide ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
18 Jan 2013
(Source. Motherwell Football & Athletic Club Ltd). Friday, January 18, 2013. Henrik Ojamaa has been included in the Estonia squad to face Scotland at Pittodrie next month ... The match will be the first for the new Scotland management team of Gordon Strachan and former Steelmen gaffer Mark McGhee ... Goalkeepers ... Defenders ... Sergei Mošnikov - Pogoń Szczecin....(size: 2.6Kb)
noodls
18 Jan 2013
(Source. City of Helsinki). The Tall Ships Races 2013 Helsinki between 17 and 20 July. Photo. Kari Martiala. Helsinki will once again offer major events this year, including the Tall Ships Races 2013 Helsinki and the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship ... Helsinki's tourism year once again boasts a wide range of top events ... This year the race begins in Aarhus, Denmark and then continues to Helsinki, Riga, and Szczecin in Poland ... distributed by....(size: 4.7Kb)
noodls
17 Jan 2013
(Source. City of Helsinki). Apply to volunteer - The Tall Ships Races 2013 in Helsinki 17-20 July, 2013. 17.01.13 ... The background to the sailing competition is Sail Training International (STI), an international non-profit organisation ... Aarhus, Denmark 4-7 July Helsinki 17-20 July Riga, Latvia 25-28 July Szczecin, Poland 3-6 August ... (noodl....(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
11 Jan 2013
... (FR), the Direção-Geral do Polítca do Mar (PT), the Fundación Internacional y paralberoamérica de Administración y Políticas Públicas (ES), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK), the Satakunta University of Applied Sciences (FI), the International Maritime Safety Security Environment Academy (IT), and the Szczecin Maritime University (PL)....(size: 6.0Kb)
noodls
10 Jan 2013
PR Newswire
10 Jan 2013
A new software directory, aptly named SoftFinder.com went online on January 2, 2013. The website is owned by RedSky, known for projects such as Filestube.com. SoftFinder is open to freelance software enthusiasts, reviewers and other computer users. Google. SZCZECIN, Poland, Jan. 10, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- January 2, 2013 marked the entrance of a new player on the market of free online software directories ... speed, quality and security....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
09 Jan 2013
Echo Investment SA) 09-01-2013 New brands in Outlet Park Szczecin ... New brands open their shops in Outlet Park Szczecin - the first outlet centre in the West Pomeranian region. The project, which was developed by Echo Investment in Szczecin's Prawobrzeże district, reaches record footfall numbers - it was visited by 460,000 customers within two months from its opening....(size: 2.3Kb)
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This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2011) |
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This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language. Please help improve it by merging similar text or removing repeated statements. (May 2011) |
- For other meanings, see Szczecin (disambiguation) and Stettin (disambiguation).
| Szczecin | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Middle: The Oder, Sea Museum and Voivodeship Office Bottom: St James' Cathedral, Virgin Tower, PAZIM building |
|||
|
|||
| Motto: "Szczecin jest otwarty" ("Szczecin is open") |
|||
 Szczecin
|
|||
| Coordinates: 53°25′N 14°35′E / 53.417°N 14.583°E / 53.417; 14.583 | |||
| Country |  Poland |
||
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian | ||
| County | city county | ||
| Established | 8th century | ||
| Town rights | 1243 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Piotr Krzystek | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 301 km2 (116 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2009) | |||
| • City | 406,427 | ||
| • Density | 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 777,000 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | PL-70-017 to 71-871 |
||
| Area code(s) | +48 91 | ||
| Car plates | ZS | ||
| Website | http://www.szczecin.pl | ||
Szczecin ([ˈʂt͡ʂɛt͡ɕin] ( listen); German: Stettin [ʃtɛˈtiːn] ( listen)}), is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407,811.[1]
Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin borders with the town of Police.
The city's beginnings were as an 8th century Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of today's castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the Griffin dynasty established themselves as local rulers, the population was converted to Christianity, and German settlers arrived. The native Slavic population was assimilated and sometimes discriminated against in the following centuries. In 1237/43, the town was built anew and granted vast autonomy rights, and it joined the Hanseatic League.
After the Treaty of Stettin (1630) the town came under Swedish control. It was fortified and remained a Swedish fortress until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and became capital of the Province of Pomerania, which after 1870 was part of the German Empire. In the late 19th century, Stettin became an industrial town, and vastly increased in size and population, serving as a major port for Berlin. During the Nazi era, opposition groups were persecuted and minorities such as the city's Jews and the few Poles living there were classified as subhumans and subjected to genocide. At the end of World War II Stettin's status was in doubt, and the Soviet occupation authorities at first appointed officials from the city's almost entirely German pre-war population. In July 1945, however, Polish authorities were permitted to take power. Stettin was renamed Szczecin and became part of the People's Republic of Poland, and from 1989 the Republic of Poland. After the flight and expulsion of the German population and Polish settlement, Szczecin became the administrative and industrial center of Polish Western Pomerania, the site of the University of Szczecin and Szczecin University of Technology, and the see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień. Szczecin was an important site of anti-communist unrest in the communist era.
Name and its etymology[link]
Main article: Etymology of Szczecin
The city's first recorded name is "Stetin", in the early 12th century.[2] The German version "Stettin", and the Polish version, "Szczecin" as well as the names of the town's neighbourhoods and oldest districts are of Pomeranian language origins (West Slavic language group), however the exact words upon which they is based on is subject of ongoing research.[3]
Historian Marian Gumowski (1881–1974) argued, based on his studies of early city stamps and seals, that the earliest name of the town was, in modern Polish spelling, Szczycin.[4][5]
History[link]
Main article: History of Szczecin
Middle Ages[link]
The history of Szczecin, began in the 8th century, when West Slavs settled Pomerania and erected a new stronghold on the site of the modern castle.[6] Since the 9th century, the stronghold was fortified and expanded toward the Oder bank.[6] Mieszko I of Poland took control of part of Pomerania between the 960s and 1005 and annexed the city of Szczecin to Poland[7] in 967[8] Subsequent Polish rulers, the Holy Roman Empire and the Liutician federation aimed at control of the territory.[3]
After the decline of neighboring regional center Wolin in the 12th century, the city became one of the more important and powerful seaports of the Baltic Sea south coasts.
In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122,[9] Bolesław III Wrymouth, the Duke of Poland, gained control of the region as well the city of Szczecin and its stronghold.[3][10][11][12][13][14][15] The inhabitants were converted to Christianity[3] by two missions of bishop Otto of Bamberg in 1124 and 1128.[16] At this time, the first Christian church of St. Peter and Paul was erected. Polish minted coins were commonly used in trade in this period.[3] The population of the city at that time is estimated to be at around 5,000-9,000 people[17]
Polish rule ended with Boleslaw's death in 1138.[18] During the Wendish Crusade in 1147, a contingent led by the German margrave Albert the Bear, an enemy of Slavic presence in the region,[3] papal legat, bishop Anselm of Havelberg and Konrad of Meißen besieged the town.[19][20][21][22] There, a Polish contingent supplied by Mieszko III the Old[23][24] joined the crusaders.[19][20] However the citizens had placed crosses around the fortifications,[25] indicating they already had been Christianized.[3][26] Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania, negotiated the disbandement of the crusading forces.[19][20][27]
A.png)
After the Battle of Verchen in 1164, Szczecin duke Bogislaw I became a vassal of the Saxony's Henry the Lion.[28] In 1173, Szczecin castellan Wartislaw II could not resist a Danish attack and became vassal of Denmark.[28] In 1181, duke Bogislaw I of Szczecin became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.[29] In 1185, Bogislaw again became a Danish vassal.[29] Following a conflict between his heirs and king Canute VI, the settlement was destroyed in 1189,[30] but the fortress was reconstructed and manned with a Danish force in 1190.[31] While the empire restored her superiority over Pomerania in the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227,[29] Szczecin was one of two bridgeheads remaining under Danish control (until 1235, Wolgast until 1241/43 or 1250).[30]
In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen ("multus populus Teutonicorum"[32] from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St. Jacob's Church, which was donated in 1180[32] by Beringer, a trader from Bamberg, and consecrated in 1187.[32][33] Hohenkrug (now in Szczecin-Struga) was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania which was clearly recorded as German (villa teutonicorum) in 1173.[34] Ostsiedlung accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century.[35] Duke Barnim I of Pomerania granted Szczecin a local government charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around the St. Nicholas Church in the neighborhood of Kessin (Polish: Chyzin). In the charter, the Slavs were put under German jurisdiction.[36]
When Barnim granted Szczecin Magdeburg rights in 1243, part of the Slavic settlement was reconstructed[37] The duke had to promise to level the burgh in 1249.[38] Most Slavic inhabitants were resettled to two new suburbia north and south of the town.[39] Last records of Slavs in Stettin are from the 14th century, when a Slavic bath (1350) and bakery are recorded, and within the walls, Slavs lived in a street named Schulzenstrasse.[40][inconsistent] By the end of the century, the remaining Slavs had been assimilated.[41][inconsistent]
In 1249, Barnim I granted town law also the town of Damm (also Altdamm) on the eastern bank of the Oder,[42][43] which only on 15 October 1939 was merged to neighboring Szczecin and is now the Dąbie, Szczecin neighborhood.[44] This town had been built on the site of a former Pomeranian burg, "Vadam" or "Dambe", which Boleslaw had destroyed during his 1121 campaign.[43]
On 2 December 1261, Barnim I allowed Jewish settlement in Szczecin according to Magdeburg law in a privilege renewed in 1308 and 1371.[45] The Jewish Jordan family was granted citizenship in 1325, but none of the 22 Jews allowed to settle in the duchy in 1481 lived in the city, and in 1492, all Jews in the duchy were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave - this order remained effective throughout the rest of the Griffin era.[45]
Stettin was part of the federation of Wendish towns, a predecessor of the Hanseatic League, in 1283.[46] The city prospered due to the participation in the Baltic Sea trade, primarily with herrings, grain and timber; also craftmenship prospered and more than forty guilds were established in the city.[47] The far-reaching autonomy from the House of Pomerania was in part reduced when the dukes reclaimed Stettin as their main residence in the late 15th century.[47] The anti-Slavic policies of German merchants and craftsmen intensified in this period, resulting in bans on people of Slavic descent joining craft guilds, doubling customs tax for Slavic merchants, or bans against public usage of their native language.[3] More prosperous Slavic citizens were forcefully stripped of their possessions which were awarded to Germans.[3] In 1514, the guild of the tailors added a Wendenparagraph to its statutes, banning Slavs.[48]
While not as heavily affected by medieval witchhunts as other regions of the empire, there are reports of the burning of three women and one man convicted of witchcraft in 1538.[49]
In 1570, during the reign of Pomeranian duke Johann Friedrich, a congress was held at Stettin ending the Northern Seven Years' War. During the war, Stettin had tended to side with Denmark, while Stralsund tended toward Sweden - as a whole, the Duchy of Pomerania however tried to maintain neutrality.[50] Nevertheless, a Landtag that had met in Stettin in 1563 introduced a sixfold rise of real estate taxes to finance the raising of a mercenary army for the duchy's defense.[50] Johann Friedrich also succeeded in elevating Stettin to one of only three places allowed to coin money in the Upper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two places were Leipzig and Berlin.[51] Bogislaw XIV, who resided in Stettin since 1620, became the sole, and Griffin duke when Philipp Julius died in 1625. Before the Thirty Years' War reached Pomerania, the city as all of the duchy declined economically due to the sinking importance of the Hanseatic League and a conflict between Stettin and Frankfurt (Oder).[52]
The 17th to 19th Centuries[link]
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Following the Treaty of Stettin of 1630, the town (along with most of Pomerania) was allied to and occupied by the Swedish Empire, which managed to keep the western parts of Pomerania after the death of Bogislaw XIV in 1637 and the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 – despite the protests of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg, who had a legal claim to inherit all of Pomerania. The exact partition of Pomerania between Sweden and Brandenburg was settled in Stettin in 1653.
Stettin was turned into a major Swedish fortress, which was repeatedly besieged in subsequent wars.[53] It was on the path of Polish forces led by Stefan Czarniecki moving from Denmark; Czarniecki's sea based route which led his forces to the city[54] is today mentioned in Polish anthem and numerous locations in the city honour his name. Wars inhibited the city's economical prosperity, which had undergone a deep crisis during the devastations of the Thirty Years' War and was further impeded by the new Swedish-Brandenburg-Prussian frontier, cutting Stettin off its traditional Farther Pomeranian hinterland.[47] Due to a Black Death epidemic during the Great Northern War, the city's population dropped from 6,000 people in 1709 to 4,000 inhabitants in 1711.[55] In 1720, after the Great Northern War, Sweden was forced to cede the city to King Frederick William I of Prussia. Stettin was made the capital city of the Brandenburg-Prussian Pomeranian province, since 1815 reorganized as Province of Pomerania. In 1816, the city had 26,000 inhabitants.[56]
The Prussian administration deprived Stettin of her administrative autonomy rights, abolished guild privileges as well as its status as a staple town, and subsidized manufacturers.[53] Also, colonists were settled in the city, primarily Hugenots.[53]
In October 1806, during the War of the Fourth Coalition, believing he was facing a much larger force and after a threat to treat the city harshly, the Prussian commander Lieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg agreed to surrendered the city to the French led by General Lassalle. In fact Lassalle had only 800 men against von Romberg's 5,300 men. In March 1809, Romberg was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for giving up Stettin without a fight.
From 1683 to 1812, one Jew was permitted to reside in Stettin, and an additional Jew was allowed to spend a night in the city in case of an "urgent business".[45] These permissions were repeatedly withdrawn between 1691 and 1716, also between 1726 and 1730 although else the Swedish regulation was continued by the Brandenburg-Prussian administration.[45] Only after the Prussian Edict of Emancipation of 11 March 1812, which granted Prussian citizenship to all Jews living in the kingdom, did a Jewish community emerge in Stettin, with the first Jews settling in the town in 1814.[45] Construction of a synagogue started in 1834; the community also owned a religious and a secular school, an orphanage since 1855 and a retirement home since 1893.[57] The Jewish community had between 1,000 and 1,200 members by 1873 and between 2,800 and 3,000 members by 1927/28.[57] These numbers dropped to 2,701 in 1930 and to 2,322 in late 1934.[57]
After the Franco Prussian war of 1870–1871, 1,700 French POWs were imprisoned there in deplorable conditions. As a result, 600 of them died;[58] after the Second World War monuments in their memory were built by the Polish authorities.
Until 1873, Stettin remained a fortress.[53] When part of the defensive structures were levelled, a new neighborhood, Neustadt ("New Town") as well as canalization, water pipes and gas works, were built to meet the demands of the growing population.[53]
19th-20th century[link]
Stettin developed into a major Prussian port and became part of the German Empire in 1871. While most of the province retained an agrarian character, Stettin was industrialized and its population rose from 27,000 in 1813 to 210,000 in 1900 and 255,500 in 1925.[60] Major industries prospering in Stettin since 1840 were shipbuilding, chemical and food industries and machinery construction.[53] Starting in 1843, Stettin became connected to the major German and Pomeranian cities by railways, and the water connection to the Bay of Pomerania was enhanced by the construction of the Kaiserfahrt (now Piast) canal.[53] On 20 October 1890, some of the city's Poles created the Towarzystwo Robotników Polsko Katolickich (Society of Polish-Catholic Workers) in the city, one of the first Polish organisations.[61] In 1914, before World War I, the Polish community in the city numbered about 3,000 people.[3] These were primarily industrial workers and their families who came from the Poznań (Posen) area[62] and a few local wealthy industrialists and merchants. Among them was Kazimierz Pruszak, director of the Gollnow industrial works and a Polish patriot, who predicted the eventual return of Szczecin to Poland.[3]
During the interwar era, Stettin was Weimar Germany's largest port at the Baltic Sea, and her third-largest port after Hamburg and Bremen.[63] Cars of the Stoewer automobile company were produced in Stettin from 1899 to 1945. By 1939, the Reichsautobahn Berlin-Stettin was completed.[53]
In the March 1933 German elections to Reichstag, the Nazis and German nationalists from DNVP won most of the votes in the city, obtaining together 98,626 of 165,331 votes (59.3%), with the NSDAP getting 79,729 (47.9%) and the DNVP 18,897 (11.4%)[64]
In 1935 the Wehrmacht made Stettin the headquarters for Wehrkreis II, which controlled the military units in all of Mecklenburg and Pomerania. It was also the Area Headquarters for units stationed at Stettin I and II; Swinemünde; Greifswald; and Stralsund.
In the interwar period the Polish minority numbered 2,000 people.[3][65] A number of Poles were members of the Union of Poles in Germany (ZPN), which was active in the city since 1924,[66] A Polish consulate was hosted in the city between 1925 and 1939.[67] On initiative of the consulate[67] and ZPN activist Maksymilian Golisz,[68] a number of Polish institutions were established, e.g. a Polish Scout team and a Polish school.[3][67] German historian Musekamp writes that "however, only very few Poles were active in these institutions, which for the most part were headed by employees of the [Polish] consulate."[68] The withdrawal of the consulate from these institutions led to a general decline of these activities, which were in part upheld by Golisz and Aleksander Omieczyński.[69] Intensified repressions by the Nazis,[3][65] who exaggerated the Polish activities to propagate an infiltration,[68] led to the closing of the school.[3] In 1938 the head of Szczecin’s Union of Poles unit, Stanisław Borkowski, was imprisoned in Oranienburg.[3] In 1939 all Polish organisations in Szczecin were disbanded by the German authorities.[3] Golisz and Omieczyński were murdered during the war.[3] According to Musekamp the role of the pre-war Polish community has been exaggerated for propagandistic purposes in post-war Poland which made "the numerically insignificant Polonia of Stettin... probably the best-researched social group" in the history of the city[67] After Nazi Germany was defeated, Golisz had a street named after him.[68]
World War II[link]
During the 1939 invasion of Poland, which started World War II in Europe, Stettin was the base for the German 2nd Motorized Infantry Division, which cut across the Polish Corridor and was later used in 1940 as an embarkation point for Operation Weserübung, Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway.[70]
On 15 October 1939, neighbouring municipalities were amalgamated into Stettin, creating Groß-Stettin with about 380,000 inhabitants in 1940.[53] The city had become the third-largest German city by area, after Berlin and Hamburg.[71]
As the war started, the number of non-Germans in the city increased as slave workers were brought in. The first transports came in 1939 from Bydgoszcz, Toruń and Łódż. They were mainly used in a synthetic silk factory near Szczecin.[3] The next wave of slave workers was brought in 1940, in addition to PoWs who were used for work in the agricultural industry.[3] According to German police reports from 1940, 15,000 Polish slave workers lived within the city.[3][72]
During the war, 135 forced labour camps for slave workers were established in the city. Most of the 25,000 slave workers were Poles, but Czechs, Italians, Frenchmen and Belgians, as well as Dutch citizens, were also enslaved in the camps.[3]
In February 1940, the Jews of Stettin were deported to the Lublin reservation. International press reports emerged, describing how the Nazis forced Jews, regardless of age, condition and gender, to sign away all property and loaded them on to trains headed to the camp, escorted by members of the SA and SS. Due to publicity given to the event, German institutions ordered such future actions to be made in a way unlikely to attract public notice.[73]
With the remaining and returned Germans expelled after the war, Poles rebuilt and resettled the city, which became capital of the Szczecin Voivodeship. It played an important role in the anti-communist uprisings of 1970 and the rise of Solidarity trade union in the 1980s.
Allied air raids in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German and Soviet armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport and local industries. Polish Home Army intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.[74] The city itself was covered by Home Army's structure "Bałtyk" and Polish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards[75][76] Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people to Sweden.[77]
In April 1945, Nazi authorities of the city issued an order of evacuation and most of the city’s German population fled. The Soviet Red Army captured the city on 26 April. Stettin was virtually deserted when it fell, with only approx. 6,000 Germans in the city, when Polish authorities tried to gain control.[3] In the following month the Polish administration was forced to leave again twice. Finally the permanent handover occurred on 5 July 1945.[78] In the meantime, part of the German population had returned, believing it might become part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany[79] and the Soviet authorities had already appointed the German Communists Erich Spiegel and Erich Wiesner as mayors.[80] Stettin is located mostly west of the Oder river, which was considered to become Poland's new western border, placing Stettin in East Germany. This would have been in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement between the victorious Allied Powers, which envisaged the new border to be in "a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemünde, and thence along the Oder River[...]". Because of the returnees, the German population of the town swelled to 84,000 again.[79] The mortality rate was at 20%, primarily due to starvation.[81] However, Stettin and the mouth of the Oder River (German: Stettiner Zipfel) became Polish on 5 July 1945, which had been decided in a treaty signed on 26 July 1944 between the Soviet Union and the Soviet-controlled Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) (also known as "the Lublin Poles," as contrasted with the London-based Polish government-in-exile).[3] On 4 October 1945, the decisive land border of Poland was established west of the 1945 line,[3][82] but excluded the Police (Pölitz) area, the Oder river itself and the Szczecin port, which remained under Soviet administration.[82] The Oder river was handed over to Polish administration in September 1946, and the port was subsequently handed over between February 1946 and May 1954.[82]
After 1945[link]
After World War II the city was transferred to Poland. Szczecin, as it was now called, was also demographically transformed from a German into a Polish city. At the same time as the flight and expulsion of the German population, Poles moved in. Settlers from Central Poland made up about 70% of Szczecin's new population.[83] Additionally Poles and Ukrainians from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. settled there.[83] In 1945 and 1946 the city was the starting point of the northern route used by the Jewish underground organization Brichah to channel Jewish DPs from Eastern Europe to the American occupation zone.[84]
Szczecin was rebuilt and the city's industry was expanded. At the same time, Szczecin became a major Polish industrial centre and an important seaport (particularly for Silesian coal) for Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany.[citation needed] Cultural expansion was accompanied by a campaign resulting in the "removal of all German traces."[85] In 1946 Winston Churchill prominently mentioned Szczecin in his Iron Curtain speech: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent".[86]
The 1962 Szczecin military parade led to a road traffic accident in which a tank of the Polish People's Army crushed bystanders, killing seven children and injuring many more. The resultant panic in the crowd led to further injuries in the rush to escape. The incident was covered up for many years by the Polish communist authorities.
The city witnessed anti-communist revolts in 1970. In 1980, one of the four agreements, known as the August Agreements, which led to the first legalization of Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11 June 1987.[87] The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities.[88][89] Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi free elections in Poland.
Since 1999 Szczecin has been the capital of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Architecture and urban planning[link]
Szczecin's architectural style is due to trends popular in the last half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, Academic art and Art Nouveau. In many areas built after 1945, especially in the city centre, which had been destroyed due to Allied bombing, social realism is prevalent.[citation needed]
The city has an abundance of green areas: parks and avenues – wide streets with trees planted in the island separating opposite traffic (where often tram tracks are laid); and roundabouts. In that manner, Szczecin's city plan resembles that of Paris, mostly because Szczecin was rebuilt in the 1880s according to a design by Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who had redesigned Paris under Napoléon III.[citation needed] This course of designing streets in Szczecin is still used, as many recently built (or modified) city areas include roundabouts and avenues.[citation needed]
During the city's reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, the communist authorities of Poland wanted the city's architecture to reflect a old Polish Piast era. Since no buildings from the that time existed, instead Gothic, as well as Renaissance buildings,were picked as worthy of conservation.[90][Need quotation to verify] The motivation behind this decision was that Renaissance architecture was used by the Griffin dynasty, who had Slavic roots and was viewed to be of Piast extraction by some historians[91][Need quotation to verify] (later the Piast myth was replaced by a local Griffin myth, whereby the Slavic roots of the Griffin dynasty were to justify the post-war Polish presence in Pomerania).[91] This view was manifested e.g. by erecting respective memorials, and the naming of streets and enterprises,[92] while else German traces were replaced by symbols of three main categories: Piasts, Martyrdom of Poles and gratitude to the Soviet and Polish armies which ended Nazi German genocide of Polish people.[93] The ruins of the former Griffin residence, initially renamed "Piast Palace", also played a central role in this concept[91] and were reconstructed in Renaissance style, with all traces of later eras removed.[94] In general, post-Renaissance buildings, especially from the 19th and early 20th centuries were deemed unworthy of conservation until the 1970s,[90] and were in part used in the Bricks for Warsaw campaign (an effort to rebuild Warsaw after it had been razed to the ground by the Germans as part of genocide against Polish people): with 38 million bricks, Szczecin became Poland's largest brick supplier.[95]
The Old Town was rebuilt in the late 1990s, consisting of new buildings, some of which were reconstructions of buildings destroyed in World War II.
A portion of the Szczecin Landscape Park, in the forest of Puszcza Bukowa, lies within Szczecin's boundaries.
Municipal administration[link]
The city is administratively divided into districts (Polish: dzielnica), which are further divided into smaller neighbourhoods. The governing bodies of the latter serve the role of auxiliary local government bodies called Neighborhood Councils (Polish: Rady Osiedla). Elections for Neighborhood Councils are held up to six months after each City Council elections. Attendance is rather low (on 20 May 2007 it ranged from 1.03% to 27.75% and was 3.78% on average). Councillors are responsible mostly for small infrastructure like trees, park benches, playgrounds, etc. Other functions are mostly advisory. Official list of districts
Dzielnica Śródmieście (City Centre) Centrum, Drzetowo-Grabowo, Łękno, Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka, Niebuszewo-Bolinko, Nowe Miasto, Stare Miasto, Śródmieście-Północ, Śródmieście-Zachód, Turzyn.
Dzielnica Północ (North) Bukowo, Golęcino-Gocław, Niebuszewo, Skolwin, Stołczyn, Warszewo, Żelechowa.
Dzielnica Zachód (West) Arkońskie-Niemierzyn, Głębokie-Pilchowo, Gumieńce, Krzekowo-Bezrzecze, Osów, Pogodno, Pomorzany, Świerczewo, Zawadzkiego-Klonowica.
Dzielnica Prawobrzeże (Right-Bank) Bukowe-Klęskowo, Dąbie, Kijewo, Osiedle Majowe, Osiedle Słoneczne, Płonia-Śmierdnica-Jezierzyce, Podjuchy, Wielgowo-Sławociesze, Załom, Zdroje, Żydowce-Klucz.
Other historical neighborhoods[link]
Babin, Barnucin, Basen Górniczy, Błędów, Boleszyce, Bystrzyk, Cieszyce, Cieśnik, Dolina, Drzetowo, Dunikowo, Glinki, Grabowo, Jezierzyce, Kaliny, Kępa Barnicka, Kijewko, Kluczewko, Kłobucko, Kniewo, Kraśnica, Krzekoszów, Lotnisko, Łasztownia, Niemierzyn, Odolany, Oleszna, Podbórz, Port, os.Przyjaźni, Rogatka, Rudnik, Sienna, Skoki, Słowieńsko, Sosnówko, Starków, Stoki, Struga, Śmierdnica, os.Świerczewskie, Trzebusz, Urok, Widok, Zdunowo.
Demographics[link]
Up to the end of World War II the vast majority of the population of Stettin were German Lutheran Protestants.
- Number of inhabitants in years
- 1720: 6,081[96]
- 1740: 12,360[96]
- 1756: 13,533[96]
- 1763: 12,483[96]
- 1782: 15,372 (no Jews)[96]
- 1794: 16,700 (no Jews)[96]
- 1812: 21,255 incl. 476 Catholics and 5 Jews[96]
- 1816: 21,528, incl. 742 Catholics and 74 Jews.[96]
- 1831: 27,399, incl. 840 Catholics and 250 Jews[96]
- 1852: 48,028, incl. 724 Catholics, 901 Jews and 2 Mennonites.[96]
- 1861: 58,487, incl. 1,065 Catholics and 1,438 Jews, 6 Mennonites, 305 German Catholics and 3 other citizens.[96]
- 1875: 80,972[97]
- 1880 91,756[97]
- 1885 99,543[97]
- 1905: 224,119 (incl. the military), among them 209,152 Protestants, 8,635 Catholics and 3,010 Jews.[98]
- 1933: 269,557, mostly Protestant inhabitants.[99]
- 1939: 268,421 including 233,424 Protestants, 10,845 Catholics, and 1,102 Jews[97]
- 2009: 406,427
Politics[link]
Recently the city has favoured the centre right Civic Platform. Over two thirds (64.54%) of votes cast in the second round of the 2010 presidential election went to the Civic Platform's Bronisław Komorowski [100] and in the next year's Polish parliamentary election the party won 46.75% of the vote in the Szczecin constituency with Law and Justice second garnering 21.66% and Palikot's Movement third with 11.8%.[101]
Members of European Parliament (MEPs) from Szczecin[link]
- Zdzisław Chmielewski, PO, historian, former rector of University of Szczecin.
- Bogusław Liberadzki, SLD-UP, economist, minister of transport.
- Sylwester Chruszcz, LPR, architect and politician, elected in Silesian constituency, but lives in Szczecin.
Economy[link]
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Szczecin has three shipyards (Stocznia Remontowa Gryfia, Stocznia Pomerania, Stocznia Szczecińska). Stocznia Szczecińska is the biggest shipyard in Poland. It has a fishing industry and a steel mill. It is served by Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport and by the Port of Szczecin, third biggest port of Poland. It is also home to several major companies. Among them is the major food producer Drobimex, Polish Steamship Company, producer of construction materials Komfort, Bosman brewery and Cefarm drug factory. It also houses several of the new business firms in the IT sector.
Transportation[link]
There is a popular public transit system operating throughout Szczecin, including a bus network and electric trams, that is run by.[102]
The A6 motorway (recently upgraded) serves as the southern bypass of the city, and connects to the German A11 autobahn (portions of which are currently undergoing upgrade), from where one can reach Berlin in about 90 minutes (about 150 km). Road connections with the rest of Poland are of lower quality (no motorways), though the S3 Expressway that is currently under construction will begin to improve the situation after its stretch from Szczecin to Gorzów Wielkopolski is opened around 2010. Construction of Express Roads S6 and S10 which are to run east from Szczecin has also started, though these roads will not be fully completed until about 2015.
Szczecin has good railway connections with the rest of Poland, but it is connected by only two single track, non-electrified lines with Germany to the west (high quality double-track lines were degraded after 1945). Because of this, the rail connection between Berlin and Szczecin is much slower and less convenient than one would expect between two European cities of that size and proximity. Plans have been made to restore the double track on the Berlin-Szczecin main line with complete electrification and other upgrades to allow 160 km/h (99.42 mph) running, but these have not been funded yet.
Szczecin is served by Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport which is 45 km northeast of the city.
Culture[link]
Cultural events[link]
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Major cultural events in Szczecin are:
- Days of the Sea (Polish Dni Morza) held every June.
- European Night of Museums (Polish Europejska Noc Muzeów)
- Street Artists' Festival (Polish Festiwal Artystów Ulicy) held every July.
- Days of The Ukrainian Culture (Polish Dni Kultury Ukraińskiej) held every May.
- Air show on Dabie airport held every May.
- InSPIRATIONS (Polish InSPIRACJE)
Szczecin was a candidate for The European Capital of Culture 2016.[103]
Museums and galeries[link]
- National Museum in Szczecin (Polish Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie) is the largest cultural institution in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has branches:
- The Main Building of Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie, Wały Chrobrego 3 Street.[104]
- Szczecin's History Museum (Polish Muzeum Historii Szczecina) in the Old City Town Hall, Szczecin, Księcia Mściwoja II Street.[104]
- The Old Art Galery of Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie, Staromłyńska 27 Street.[104]
- The Museum of Contemporary Art, Staromłyńska 1 Street.[104]
- The Narrow Gauge Railway Exhibition in Gryfice[104]
- Planned investments: Dialogue Center Breakthroughs (Polish Centrum Dialogu Przełomy)[105] and Maritime Museum - Science Center (Polish Muzeum Morskie - Centrum Nauki).
- Literature Museum (Polish Muzeum Literatury)[106]
- EUREKA - the miracles of science.[107]
- The Castle Museum (Polish Muzeum Zamkowe) in the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin.
- Museum of Technique and Communication - Art Depot (Polish Muzeum Techniki i Komunikacji - Zajezdnia Sztuki).[108]
Arts and entertainment[link]
- Bismarck tower Szczecin
- Kana Theatre (Polish Teatr Kana)
- Modern Theatre (Polish Teatr Współczesny)
- Opera in the Castle (Polish Opera na Zamku)
- Polish Theatre (Polish Teatr Polski)
- (ruins of) The Quistorp's Tower (Polish Wieża Quistorpa, German Quistorpturm)
- The Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Szczecin (Polish Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie)
- The Castle Cinema (Polish Kino Zamek)
- The Cellar by the Vault Cabaret (Polish Kabaret Piwnica przy Krypcie)
- The Crypt Theatre (Polish Teatr Krypta)
- The Pleciuga Puppetry Theatre[109] (Polish Teatr Lalek Pleciuga)
- The Niema Theatre (Polish Teatr Niema)
Education and science[link]
- University of Szczecin (Polish Uniwersytet Szczeciński) with 35.000 students, rector Waldemar Tarczyński
- West Pomeranian University of Technology (Polish: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny)
- Pomeranian Medical University (Polish Pomorska Akademia Medyczna)
- Branch of Academy of Music in Poznań (Polish Akademia Muzyczna w Poznaniu)
- Maritime University of Szczecin (Polish Akademia Morska w Szczecinie)
- The West Pomeranian Business School (Polish Zachodniopomorska Szkoła Biznesu)
- Higher School of Public Administration in Szczecin (Polish Wyższa Szkoła Administracji Publicznej w Szczecinie)
- High Theological Seminary in Szczecin (Polish Arcybiskupie Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Szczecinie)
- Higher School of Applied Arts (Polish Wyższa Szkoła Sztuki Użytkowej)
- Academy of European Integration (Polish Wyższa Szkoła Integracji Europejskiej)
- Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Turystyczna
- Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna TWP
- Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych
- Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna
- Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa- Collegium Balticum
- Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa "OECONOMICUS" PTE
- Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
Scientific and regional organizations[link]
- Western Pomeranian Institute (Polish Instytut Zachodnio-Pomorski)
- Szczecin Scientific Society (Polish Szczecińskie Towarzystwo Naukowe)
Sports[link]
There are many popular professional sports team in Szczecin area. The most popular sport today is probably football (thanks to Pogoń Szczecin just promoted to play in the 1st league in season 2004/2005). Amateur sports are played by thousands of Szczecin citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).
Professional teams[link]
- Pogoń Szczecin - football team (2nd league in season 2008/2009)
- STK Wilki Morskie Szczecin - basketball team
- Arkonia Szczecin - football team (5th league in season 2008/2009)
- Pogoń II Szczecin - 2nd Pogoń football team (regional 6th league in season 2008/2009)
- KS Stal Szczecin - 15 youth and junior teams, 1 senior, being in 4th regional league in season 2008/2009
- Pogoń '04 Szczecin - futsal team (1st league of Polish futsal in season 2008/2009)
- KS Piast Szczecin - women's volleyball team, (Seria A in season 2003/2004 and 2004/2005)
- Pogoń Handball Szczecin - handball men and women teams playing in 2nd Polish Handball League
- Wicher Warszewo - futsal team playing in Środowiskowa Liga Futsalu (Futsal League) - 2 regional Futsal League: 2nd place in 2006/2007 season - promotion in the first regional Futsal League
- Husaria Szczecin - American football team playing in Polish American Football League
Amateur leagues[link]
- Halowa Amatorska Liga Pilkarska - Hall Amateur Football League[110]
- Halowa Liga Pilki Noznej- Hall Football League
- Szczecinska Liga Amatorskiej Koszykowki - Szczecin Amateur Basketball League[111]
- Szczecinska Amatorska Liga Pilki Siatkowej - Szczecin Amateur Volleyball League[112] - women league, 1st, 2nd and 3rd men league
- Elita Professional Sport - Elita Hall Football League[113] - 1st and 2nd league, futsal cup
- Kaskada Szczecin Rugby Club - club rugby[114] - 7 and 15 league, rugby cup
International relations[link]
Twin towns — Sister cities[link]
The twin towns and sister cities of Szczecin are:
Famous residents[link]
Main article: Notable people of Szczecin
Over the long course of its history Szczecin has been a place of birth and of residence for many famous individuals, including Empress Catherine the Great, actress Dita Parlo, the mathematician Hermann Günther Grassmann, and the poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński.
Panorama[link]
OZach-panoramic-fragment.jpg)
See also[link]
- Towns near Szczecin: Stargard Szczeciński, Police, Gryfino, Goleniów, Pyrzyce, Cedynia, Chojna, Mieszkowice, Moryń, Trzcińsko-Zdrój, Nowe Warpno, Penkun (Germany), Pasewalk (Germany), Eggesin (Germany), Gartz (Germany)
- Villages near Szczecin: Kolbacz, Przęsocin, Kołbaskowo
- Szczecin Lagoon
- Wkrzanska Forest
- Central Cemetery in Szczecin
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
- Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. I, A-O. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 1999, ISBN 83-87341-45-2 (pl)
- Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. II, P-Ż. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 2000, ISBN 83-7241-089-5 (pl)
- Jan M. Piskorski, Bogdan Wachowiak, Edward Włodarczyk, A short history of Szczecin, Poznań 2002, ISBN 83-7063-332-3 (pl)
- (German) Jan Musekamp: Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin - Metamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2001 (Between Stettin and Szczecin - a town's metamorphoses from 1945 to 2005). Wiesbaden 2010 (restricted online preview)
- (German) Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. Stettin 1911 (reprinted in 1993 by Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, ISBN 3-89350-119-3).
- (German) W. H. Meyer: Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin in ancient and modern times). Stettin, 1887.
- (German) Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern - Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The towns of the Province of Pomerania - Sketch of their history, mostly according to historical records). Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, U.S.A., ISBN 1-161-12969-3), pp. 376–412 (online)
- (German) Fr. Thiede: Chronik der Stadt Stettin - Bearbeitet nach Urkunden und bewährtesten historischen Nachrichten (Chronicle of the town of Stettin - Worked out according to documents and reliable historical records). Stettin 1849 (online)
Notes[link]
- ^ [1]
- ^ Gerard Labuda, Władysław Filipowiak, Helena Chłopocka, Maciej Czarnecki, Tadeusz Białecki, Zygmunt Silski, Dzieje Szczecina 1-4, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1994, p.14, ISBN 83-01-04342-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Tadeusz Białecki, "Historia Szczecina" Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1992 Wrocław. Pages 9,20-55, 92-95, 258-260, 300-306
- ^ Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk, Problematyka polsko-niemiecka i polskich Ziem Zachodnich w badaniach Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu (1919-1969), Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1971, pg 134
- ^ Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Wydział Filologiczno-Filozoficzny, Slavia occidentalis, 1974, pg. 13
- ^ a b Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.52, ISBN 839061848
- ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998, page 473 "In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial settlement in later named Western Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie) During the 10th century, it was annexed to Poland by Mieszko
- ^ The Origins of Polish state.Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry.Professor Henry Lang,Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. info-poland.buffalo.edu
- ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.36, ISBN 839061848
- ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp.31,36,43 ISBN 839061848: p.31 (yrs 967-after 1000 AD):"[...] gelang es den polnischen Herrschern sicherlich nicht, Wollin und die Odermündung zu unterwerfen." p.36: "Von 1119 bis 1122 eroberte er schließlich das pommersche Odergebiet mit Stettin, [...]" p.43: "[...] während Rügen 1168 erobert und in den dänischen Staat einverleibt wurde."
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.100-101, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, pp.11ff, ISBN 3-931185-07-9
- ^ Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pp.15ff, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: pp.14-15:"Die westslawischen Stämme der Obroditen, Lutizen und Pomoranen konnten sich lange der Eroberung widersetzen. Die militärisch überlegenen Mächte im Norden und Osten, im Süden und im Westen übten jedoch einen permanenten Druck auf den südlichen Ostseeraum aus. Dieser ging bis 1135 hauptsächlich von Polen aus. Der polnische Herzog Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Schiefmund) unterwarf in mehreren Feldzügen bis 1121 pomoranisches Stammland mit den Hauptburgen Cammin und Stettin und drang weiter gen Westen vor." p.17: Das Interesse Waldemars richtete sich insbesondere auf das Siedlungsgebiet der Ranen, die nördlich des Ryck und auf Rügen siedelten und die sich bislang gegen Eroberer und Christianisierungsversuche gewehrt hatten. [...] und nahmen 1168 an König Waldemar I. Kriegszug gegen die Ranen teil. Arkona wurde erobert und zerstört. Die unterlegenen Ranen versprachen, das Christentum anzunehmen, die Oberhoheit des Dänenkönigs anzuerkennen und Tribut zu leisten."
- ^ Malcolm Barber, "The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050-1320", Routledge, 2004, pg. 330 books.google.com
- ^ An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.-A.D.1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973,page 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin"
- ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, pp.36ff, ISBN 839061848
- ^ Archeologia Polski, Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, page 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993
- ^ Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.17, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: "Mit dem Tod Kaiser Lothars 1137 endete der sächsische Druck auf Wartislaw I., und mit dem Ableben Boleslaw III. auch die polnische Oberhoheit."
- ^ a b c Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, Könige und Fürsten, Kaiser und Papst nach dem Wormser Konkordat, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996, p.16, ISBN 3-486-55034-9
- ^ a b c Horst Fuhrmann, Deutsche Geschichte im hohen Mittelalter: Von der Mitte des 11. Bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts, 4th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, p.147, ISBN 352533589
- ^ Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, The Encyclopedia of world history, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001, pg 206, books.google.com
- ^ Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-06-097468-0, p. 362
- ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.43, ISBN 839061848: Greater Polish continguents of Mieszko the Elder
- ^ Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995) (in German). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 163. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- ^ Jean Richard, Jean Birrell, "The Crusades, c. 1071-c. 1291", Cambridge University Press, 1999, pg. 158, books.google.com
- ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, "The Crusades: A History", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, pg. 130, books.google.com
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.30, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ a b Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.34, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ a b c Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.35, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ a b Riis, Thomas (2003). Studien Zur Geschichte Des Ostseeraumes IV. Das Mittelalterliche Dänische Ostseeimperium. Ludwig. p. 48. ISBN 87-7838-615-2.
- ^ Université de Caen. Centre de recherches archéologiques médiévales, Château-Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale, XVIII : actes du colloque international tenu à Gilleleje, Danemark, 24-30 août 1996, CRAHM, 1998, p.218, ISBN 290268505
- ^ a b c Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995) (in German). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 168. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.43, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.85, ISBN 3-05-004155-2
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.43ff, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.86, ISBN 3-05-004155-2
- ^ North, Michael (2008) (in German). Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns. Beck. p. 21. ISBN 3-406-57767-9.
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.83, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.84, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.87, ISBN 3-05-004155-2
- ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.88, ISBN 3-05-004155-2
- ^ Roderich Schmidt, Pommern und Mecklenburg, Böhlau, 1981, p.61, ISBN 3-412-06976-0
- ^ a b Peter Johanek, Franz-Joseph Post, Städtebuch Hinterpommern 2-3, Kohlhammer, 2003, p.277, ISBN 3-17-018152-1
- ^ Johannes Hinz, Pommernlexikon, Kraft, 1994, p.25, ISBN 3-8083-1164-9
- ^ a b c d e Heitmann, Margret (1995), "Synagoge und freie christliche Gemeinde in Stettin", in Heitmann, Margret; Schoeps, Julius (in German), "Halte fern dem ganzen Lande jedes Verderben..". Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms, pp. 225–238; p.225, ISBN 3-487-10074-6
- ^ Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (in German). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom. Lang. pp. 137–48; here p. 142. ISBN 3-631-56149-0.
- ^ a b c Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p. 344, ISBN 3-486-57641-0
- ^ Ślaski, Kazimierz (1987). "Volkstumswandel in Pommern vom 12. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert". In Kirchhoff, Hans Georg (in German (translated from Polish)). Beiträge zur Geschichte Pommerns und Pommerellens. Mit einem Geleitwort von Klaus Zernack. Dortmund. pp. 94–109; p. 97. ISBN 3-923293-19-4.
- ^ Hubertus Fischer, Klosterfrauen, Klosterhexen: Theodor Fontanes Sidonie von Borcke im kulturellen Kontext : Klosterseminar des Fontane-Kreises Hannover der Theodor-Fontane-Gesellschaft e.V. mit dem Konvent des Klosters St. Marienberg vom 14. bis 15. November 2003 in Helmstedt, Rübenberger Verlag Tania Weiss, 2005, p.22, ISBN 3-936788-07-3
- ^ a b Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.62, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
- ^ Joachim Krüger, Zwischen dem Reich und Schweden: die landesherrliche Münzprägung im Herzogtum Pommern und in Schwedisch-Pommern in der frühen Neuzeit (ca. 1580 bis 1715), LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006, pp.53-55, ISBN 3-8258-9768-0
- ^ Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.65, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p. 345, ISBN 3-486-57641-0
- ^ Historia Szczecina: zarys dziejów miasta od czasów najdawniejszych Tadeusz Białecki - 1992 Nowa wojna polsko-szwedzka w połowie XVII w. nie ominęła i Szczecina. Oprócz zwiększonych podatków i zahamowania handlu w 1657 r. pod Szczecinem pojawiły się oddziały polskie Stefana Czarnieckiego
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 532, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 416, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ a b c Heitmann, Margret (1995), "Synagoge und freie christliche Gemeinde in Stettin", in Heitmann, Margret; Schoeps, Julius (in German), "Halte fern dem ganzen Lande jedes Verderben..". Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms, pp. 225–238; p.226, ISBN 3-487-10074-6
- ^ Kultura i sztuka Szczecina w latach 1800-1945:materiały Seminarium Oddziału Szczecińskiego Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, 16-17 październik 1998 Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki. Oddział Szczeciński. Seminarium, Maria Glińska
- ^ Ewidencja pomników, akcentów rzeźbiarskich, tablic pamiątkowych i miejsc pamięci
- ^ Schmidt, Roderich (2009) (in German). Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern. 41 (2 ed.). Köln-Weimar: Böhlau. pp. 19–20. ISBN 3-412-20436-6.
- ^ Dzieje Szczecina:1806-1945 page 450 Bogdan Frankiewicz 1994
- ^ Musekamp, Jan (2009) (in German). Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 27. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 72. ISBN 3-447-06273-8. . Quote1: "[...] Polen, die sich bereits vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in der Stadt befunden hatten. Es handelte sich bei ihnen zum einen um Industriearbeiter und ihre Angehörigen, die bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg meist aus der Gegend um Posen in das damals zum selben Staat gehörende Stettin gezogen waren [...]"
- ^ Schmidt, Roderich (2009) (in German). Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern. 41 (2 ed.). Köln-Weimar: Böhlau. p. 20. ISBN 3-412-20436-6.
- ^ "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Pommern, Kreis Stettin". Verwaltungsgeschichte.de. http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/stettin.html. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ a b Polonia szczecińska 1890-1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961
- ^ Historyczna droga do polskiego Szczecina:wybór dokumentów i opracowań. Kazimierz Kozłowski, Stanisław Krzywicki. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, page 79, 1988
- ^ a b c d Musekamp, Jan (2009) (in German). Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 27. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 73. ISBN 3-447-06273-8.
- ^ a b c d Musekamp, Jan (2009) (in German). Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 27. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 74. ISBN 3-447-06273-8.
- ^ Skóra, Wojciech (2001) (in Polish). Konsulat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Szczecinie w latach 1925-1939. Powstanie i działalność. Pomorska Akademia Pedagogiczna w Słupsku. p. 139. ISBN 83-88731-15-7.
- ^ Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P52
- ^ Stolzenburg, Katrin (2002). "Hans Bernhard Reichow (1899-1974)". In Lichtnau, Bernfried (in German). Architektur und Städtebau im südlichen Ostseeraum zwischen 1936 und 1980. Lukas Verlag. pp. 137–152; p. 140. ISBN 3-931836-74-6.
- ^ Musekamp, Jan (2010) (in German). Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Deutsches Polen-Institut. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-447-06273-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tey6mM1RCs0C&pg=PA72&dq=autochthons+poland&hl=de&ei=iZ8eTun3D9DGswaFwsSRAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
- ^ The Origins of the Final Solution Christopher R. Browning, Jürgen Matthäus page 64 University of Nebraska Press, 2007
- ^ Polski ruch oporu 1939–1945 Andrzej Chmielarz, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny im. Wandy Wasilewskiej, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1988 page 1019
- ^ Wywiad Związku Walki Zbrojnej--Armii Krajowej, 1939-1945 Piotr Matusak 2002 page 166
- ^ Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939–1945 Andrzej Pepłoński AWM, 1995 page 342
- ^ Cudzoziemcy w polskim ruchu oporu: 1939-1945 Stanisław Okęcki 1975 page 49
- ^ Szczecin.pl
- ^ a b Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.376, ISBN 839061848
- ^ Grete Grewolls: Wer war wer in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern? Ein Personenlexikon. Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, ISBN 3-86108-282-9, p. 467.
- ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p. 377, ISBN 839061848
- ^ a b c Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp. 380–381, ISBN 839061848
- ^ a b Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35; p. 20. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ Königseder, Angelika (1997). "Durchgangsstation Berlin. Jüdische Displaced Persons 1945-1948". In Giere, Jacqueline et. al. (in German). Überlebt und unterwegs. Jüdische Displaced Persons im Nachkriegsdeutschland. Campus Verlag. pp. 189-206; pp. 191-192. ISBN 3-593-35843-3.
- ^ Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19-35; pp. 22-23. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ Peter H. Merkl, German Unification, Penn State Press, 2004, pg. 338
- ^ Monika Stefanek (11 April 2008). "Papież w Szczecinie" (in Polish). GS24.pl - Serwis Głosu Szczecińskiego. http://www.gs24.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080411/SZCZECIN/542492938. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "Dziś rocznica wprowadzenia stanu wojennego - Wiadomości - Szczecin". Naszemiasto.stetinum.pl. http://www.naszemiasto.stetinum.pl/pl/wiadomosci/kalendarium/Dzis_rocznica_wprowadzenia_stanu_wojennego. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Wprowadzenie stanu wojennego w Szczecinie - Wiadomości - Szczecin". Sedinum.stetinum.pl. 2009-12-13. http://www.sedinum.stetinum.pl/pl/druk/wiadomosci/historia_Szczecina_po_1945_roku/Wprowadzenie_stanu_wojennego_w_Szczecinie/page/1. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ a b Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35; p. 23. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ a b c Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35; p. 31. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35; p. 33. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ Wawrzyniak, Joanna (2006). "Die Westgebiete in der Ideologie des polnischen Kommunismus". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 298–319; p. 306. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35; p. 30. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (in German). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35; p. 28. ISBN 344705297.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kratz (1865), p. 405
- ^ a b c d http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/stettin.html
- ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 9 (in German).
- ^ Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 153 (in German)
- ^ http://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT/EN/WYN/W/326201.htm
- ^ http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/poland/
- ^ zditm.szczecin.pl, ZDiTM
- ^ szczecin2016.pl
- ^ a b c d e muzeum.szczecin.pl
- ^ przelomy.muzeum.szczecin.pl
- ^ "Książnica Pomorska - Muzeum Literatury". Ksiaznica.szczecin.pl. http://www.ksiaznica.szczecin.pl/www/muzeum-literatury. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ eureka.univ.szczecin.pl
- ^ muzeumtechniki.eu
- ^ bip.pleciuga.pl
- ^ halp.com.pl
- ^ infoludek.pl/slak
- ^ salps.home.pl
- ^ futsal.szczecina.pl
- ^ kaskada.szczecin.pl
- ^ esbjergkommune.dk accessed Feb-2008
- ^ "Guide to Hull Humberside and general Hull information". city-visitor.com. http://www.city-visitor.com/hull/information.html. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
- ^ "Malmö stads vänortssamarbete" (in Swedish). © 2004-2009 Malmö stad, 205 80 Malmö, Organisationsnummer: 212000-1124. http://www.malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Sa-arbetar-vi-med.../Internationellt-samarbete/Vanortssamarbetet.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "St. Louis Sister Cities". St. Louis Center for International Relations. http://www.slcir.org/sistercities.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Greifswald.de (German)
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Szczecin |
- Szczecin City Official website (in Polish, some material available in English, German)
- ZDiTM - Szczecin Public Transport
- A portal for Old Szczecin (Stettin) enthusiasts
- art1900.info SZCZECIN Art Nouveau in Szczecin
- naszszczecin.pl (Polish)
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Coordinates: 53°25′N 14°35′E / 53.417°N 14.583°E / 53.417; 14.583vep:Ščecin
http://wn.com/Szczecin
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Stettino
http://cs.wn.com/Štětín
http://id.wn.com/Szczecin
http://es.wn.com/Szczecin
http://nl.wn.com/Szczecin
http://pl.wn.com/Szczecin
http://fr.wn.com/Szczecin
http://ru.wn.com/Щецин
http://de.wn.com/Stettin
http://pt.wn.com/Estetino
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
