Hutsuls

, 1872; lithograph]]

Hutsuls (, , singular Huţul, Hutsul dialect: Hutsule, singular Hutsul; alternatively spelled Huculs, Huzuls, Hutzuls, Gutsuls, Guculs, Guzuls, or Gutzuls; , plural Huculi, Hucułowie) are an ethno-cultural group of Ukrainian highlanders who for centuries have inhabited the Carpathian mountains, mainly in Ukraine, the northern extremity of Romania (in the areas of Bukovina and Maramureş), as well as in Slovakia and Poland.

Etymology

There are different versions for the origins of the name Hutsul. An explanation is that it comes from the Romanian word for "outlaw" (cf. Rom. hoţ - "thief", hoţul - "the thief"). Other explanations place their origins in the Slavic kochul - "wanderer","migrant", in reference to their semi-nomadic lifestyle, to the name of the Turkic tribe of the Uzy, and even to the name of the Moravian Grand Duke Hetsyla.

History and origins

Hutsuls inhabit areas situated between the south-east of those inhabited by the Boykos, down to the northern part of the Romanian segment of the Carpathians. There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of Hutsuls. According to one of them, Hutsuls are descendants of White Croats, Slavic tribe that inhabited area from 4th until 12th century or Slavic tribe Ulichs, that had to leave their previous homes near the Buh river under the pressure of Pechenegs. Hutsuls identify themselves as a part of Ukrainian ethnos, having at the same time their local identity as a sub-ethnos.

Other theories state that the Hutsuls may have begun as an early non-Romanised Thracian or Dacian population, which was later linguistically assimilated with the neighboring Slavs, or the origin may only go back as far as a later Romanised Dacian. Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu who had lived in Bucovina and had contacts with Hutsul people believed that they are descendents of the free Dacians who were slavicised. There is also a theory that Hutsuls are a mix of free Dacians and Goths that lived together in Bucovina.

Language

The Hutsul language is relatively unique. It is considered to be a dialect of Ukrainian with some Polish influences. Several words in their dialect have Romanian origins (e.g. kyptar - "vest", from Rom. cheptar cf. Latin pectus; zgardy - "necklace", from Rom. zgardă, cf.Rom. brânză).

Due to the current educational system, the Hutsul dialect is in danger of extinction. Compulsory education is done only in standardized literary Ukrainian. In recent times there has been a roots movement to keep the traditional Hutsul language alive.

Way of life and culture

Traditional Hutsul culture is often represented by the colorful and intricate craftsmanship of their clothing, sculpture, architecture, woodworking, metalworking (especially in brass), rug weaving, pottery, and egg decorating (see pysanka). Along with other Hutsul traditions, as well as their songs and dances, this culture is often celebrated and highlighted by the different countries that Hutsuls inhabit.

Ukrainian Hutsul culture bears a resemblance to neighboring cultures of western and southwestern Ukraine , particularly Lemkos and Boykos. These groups also share similarities with other Slavic highlander peoples, such as the Gorals in Poland and Slovakia. Similarities have also been noted with some Vlach cultures such as the Moravian Wallachians in the Czech Republic, as well as some cultures in Romania . Most Hutsuls belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

Hutsul society was traditionally based on forestry and logging, as well as cattle and sheep breeding; the Hutsuls are credited with having created the breed of horse known as the Hucul pony. One of the main attributes of Hutsul males is their bartok, a small head axe on a long handle. They use unique musical instruments, including the "trembita" (trâmbiţa), a type of alpenhorn of Dacian origin, as well multiple varieties of the fife, or sopilka, that are used to create unique folk melodies and rhythms. Also frequently used are the bagpipe (duda), the jew's harp (drymba), and the hammered dulcimer - tsymbaly.

The Hutsuls served as an inspiration for many writers, such as Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Vasyl Stefanik, Marko Cheremshyna, Mihail Sadoveanu, Stanisław Vincenz and painters, such as Teodor Axentowicz famous for his portraits and subtle scenes of Hutsul life. Sergei Parajanov's 1964 film Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (Тіні забутих предків), which is based on the book by Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, portrays scenes of traditional Hutsul life.

Every summer, the village of Sheshory in Ukraine hosts a three-day international festival of folk music and art. Two Hutsul-related museums are located in Kolomyia, Ukraine: the Pysanky museum and the Museum of Hutsul and Pokuttya Folk Art. Traditional Hutsul sounds and moves were effectively used by the Ukrainian winner of the 2004 Eurovision song contest, Ruslana Lyzhychko.

See also

Hutsul Republic

List of Hutsul people

Gorals

Vlachs

Moravian Wallachia

Arkan

Arcan dance

Hutsulka

Kolomyjka

Holubka

Ukrainian dance

49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment

References

External links

hutsul.museum National Museum of Hutsulshchyna and Pokuttya Folk Art

Romanian-Hutsul and Hutsul-English glossaries

Huţuls of northern Moldavia

Huculs

Famous Hutzul leader Oleksa Dovbush

Introduction to Hutsul Country

Hutsul Region of Ukraine

Hutsul Portal (mostly in Romanian)

The website of Poienile de sub Munte, a Hutsul village in Maramureş, Romania

Photo exposition about Hutsul people in Ukraine

blog of a Hutsul ethnic; some of the articles contain information on Hutsuls

Hutsul Region. Travel information

Category:Slavic ethnic groups Category:Slavic highlanders Category:Bukovina Category:Carpathian Ruthenia Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine Category:Ethnic groups in Romania Category:Rus Category:Ukrainian population groups Category:18th-century Polish people Category:20th-century Polish people