- published: 11 Sep 2012
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- author: Euronews
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Akmola Province
Akmola Province (Kazakh: Ақмола облысы, Aqmola oblısı Russian: Акмолинская область, Akmolinskaya oblast) is a centrally located province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kokshetau. The capital of the whole country, Astana, is enclosed in the province, but is politically separate from Akmola Province. The province's population is 748,300; Kokshetau's is 124,000. The area is 146,200 square kilometers. It and Karagandy Province are Kazakhstan's only two provinces which don't touch the country's outer borders. As well as Karagandy Provinceto the south, the Akmola Province borders the North Kazakhstan Province to the north, the Pavlodar Province to the east, and the Kostanay Province to the west. Some gold and coal mining occur in the area.
Aqmola or Akmola in Kazakh language means the white burial.
Ethnic Kazakhs account for 43.5% of the population in 2009 census, compared to 36.5% for Russians.
In the steppes north of Astana
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Aktau
Aktau (Kazakh: Ақтау, Russian: Актау), formerly known as Shevchenko (Russian: Шевченко, 1964–1991), is one of the biggest cities of western Kazakhstan, with a population of 162,400 (2005), and the country's only seaport on the Caspian Sea. It is located on the Mangyshlak Peninsula and is the capital of Mangystau Province. Aktau literally means "white mountain" in Kazakh, so named after the cliffs overlooking the sea.
Aktau is known for its unique block address system. The streets of the city have no names, and all addresses in Aktau consist of three numbers: the microdistrict (block) number, the building number and the apartment number. This is because Aktau was originally planned as a camp for the workers of the oil industry.[citation needed]
The territory of Aktau was once inhabited by ancient tribes of Scythians. Current archeological finds are the demonstrations of old settlements and utensils. Aktau was founded in 1961 as a covert settlement, Guriyev-20, when development of uranium deposits was started. In 1963 the settlement was open and gained status of a city. From 1963 to 1991, the city was named Shevchenko to honour the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, who was once exiled to this then remote location because of his political views. The name Aktau was brought back in 1991 as the Soviet Union collapsed and Kazachstan gained independence.
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Aktobe
Aktobe (Kazakh: Ақтөбе / Aqtöbe / اقتٶبه ), formerly known as Aktyubinsk (Russian: Актюбинск, until 1999), is a city on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan. With a population of 277,700, it is the capital of Aktobe Province.
The name "Aktobe" comes from Kazakh "ақ" (white) and "төбе" (hill); the name is a reference to the heights on which the original 19th century settlement was located.
The territory of modern-day Aktobe province has borne witness to the rise and fall of many Central Asian cultures and empires. The region has figured prominently in the history of the Kazakh "Little Horde" (Kaz. Кіші Жуз, Rus. Младший Жуз). The Kazakh war-leader Eset Batyr (Kaz. Есет Батыр) based his campaigns against the Dzungars from this area. His mausoleum is located 35 km. to the south of Aktobe city. Abulkhair Khan (1693–1748) was also based in this region.
In March 1869 a Russian military fort with a garrison of 300 was built at the confluence of the Kargala and Ilek Rivers, along the Orenburg - Kazalinsk caravan route. From this period Slavic settlers began to immigrate to the region in order to farm, and very soon neighborhoods had been built around the fort. In 1874 the fort was expanded in size, and streets were laid out to and from the fort's gate. In 1891 the settlement was labelled a district city, and officially named "Aktyubinsk": Актюбинск.
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Aktobe Province
Aktobe (Kazakh: Ақтөбе облысы, Aqtöbe oblısı, اقتوبە وبلىسى) is a province of Kazakhstan. The Aktobe provincial capital is the city of Aktobe, with a population of more than 340,000. The province itself has a population 678,900. The area of the province is 300,600 square kilometers, making it the second largest province of Kazakhstan, after Karagandy Province. Aktobe Province borders Russia to the north and Uzbekistan to the south, and also borders six other Kazakh provinces: the Atyrau Province to the west, the Mangystau Province to the south-west, the Karagandy Province to the east, the Kostanay Province to the north-east, the Kyzylorda Province to the south-east, and the West Kazakhstan Province to the north-west. The Ilek River, a tributary of the Ural River, flows through the province. The name "Aktobe" comes from Kazakh "Ақ" (white) and "төбе" (hill); supposedly, Aktobe's initial settlers were able to see white mountains far to the north.
According to the national census of 2009, the area's population was 779542 persons, 407217 women and 372325 men. Kazakhs — 614961 persons (79 %), unlike in other areas of the country they form an overwhelming majority of the population of the area. There are a lot of Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Germans, Koreans, Moldavians, Jews, Armenians, Chechens and others in the area as well.
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Almaty Province
Almaty (Kazakh: Алматы облысы, Almatı oblısı, Arabic: الماتى, Russian: Алматинская область ) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taldykorgan, which has a population of 118,400. The province itself has 1,603,700 people.
Almaty Province is the province which surrounds the city of Almaty. The province borders Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang in the People's Republic of China. The province also touches three other Kazakh provinces: Jambyl Province to the West, Karagandy Province to the Northwest and East Kazakhstan Province to the north. Almaty Province has an area of 224,000 square kilometres.
Lake Balkhash (Balqash Koli in Kazakh) takes up part of the northwest of the province. The Trans-Ili Alatau branch of Tian Shan Mountains extend from China and Kyrgyzstan into Almaty Province, along its southern border with Kyrgyzstan.
Charyn Canyon, Ili river, Bartogai and Kapshagay lakes, Kaindy and Kolsai lakes, Lake Issyk, Lake Alakol , Lake Sasykkol , Lake Zhasylkol are located in the province.
Alma-Ata Province, the predecessor of today's Almaty Province, was created from the historical region of Zhetysu on March 10, 1932. Its capital was Alma-Ata (Almaty). Several times during the Soviet period, the north-eastern part of the province, centred on Taldykorgan, was separated from Alma-Ata Province, forming a separate Taldy-Kurgan Province, only to be merged into Alma-Ata Province again several years later.
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Astana
Astana (Russian/Kazakh: Астана, formerly known as Akmola (Kazakh: Ақмола / Aqmola, until 1998), Целиноград / Tselinograd until 1992) and Akmolinsk (Russian: Акмолинск, until 1961), is the capital and second largest city (after Almaty) of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010. It is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Province, though administrated separately from the province as a federal city area.
The current mayor of Astana is Imangali Tasmagambetov. He was appointed on 4 April 2008.
The word Astana in Kazakh literally means Capital but the word itself originates from Persian Astane (Persian: آستانه means "sublime threshold," "royal porte" implying a royal capital city or a holy shrine town, (from the Persian verb Istadan (آستان) 'to stand' (in respect)), and literally means "threshold" (royal or sacred, where people stand in respect or awe),[citation needed] implying where the court is seated (the capital city) or the body of a sacred person is interred (a shrine town). The city of Turkistan in Kazakhstan that hosts the body of the saint Ahmad Yasavi is also called the "astana" as is the city of Mashhad in Iran that is the burial place of the 8th Shiite Imam Reza. In fact, long before becoming the new capital of Kazakhstan, the city was "an astana," a burial ground of a saint, hence the old name of the city, Ak Mola (Ақмола), "white mausoleum."
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Birmingham
Birmingham (
i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
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Brittany
Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] (
listen); Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Previously a kingdom and then a duchy, Brittany was united to the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain). Brittany is considered as one of the six Celtic nations.
Brittany occupies the northwest peninsula of continental Europe in northwest France. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,023 km² (13,136 sq mi). The historical province of Brittany is divided into five departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north east, Loire-Atlantique in the south east and Morbihan in the south on the Bay of Biscay.
In 1956, French regions were created by gathering departments between them. The Region of Brittany comprises, since then, four of the five Breton departments (80% of historical Brittany), while the remaining area of the old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department, around Nantes, forms part of the Pays de la Loire region. This territorial organisation is regularly contested. The Kingdom and the Duchy of Brittany, the province of Brittany, and the modern Region of Brittany cover the Western part of Armorica, as it was known during the period of Roman occupation.
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Calgary
Calgary
/ˈkælɡᵊri/ is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The city is located in the grassland and parkland natural regions of Alberta.
As of 2011, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833 and a metropolitan population of 1,214,839, making it the largest city in Alberta, and the third-largest municipality and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.
Located 294 km (183 mi) south of Edmonton, Statistics Canada defines the narrowly populated area between these cities as the "Calgary–Edmonton Corridor."
Economic activity in Calgary is mostly centred on the petroleum industry and agriculture. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Olympic Winter Games.
Before the Calgary area was settled by Europeans, it was inhabited by pre-Clovis people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. In 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was the first recorded European to visit the area, and John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the sixteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology. Modern Columbus has emerged as a technologically sophisticated city. It is home to the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.
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Daegu
Coordinates: 35°52′N 128°36′E / 35.867°N 128.6°E / 35.867; 128.6
Daegu (Korean: [tɛɡu]), (대구, 大邱, literally 'large hill') formerly spelled Taegu, and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third largest metropolitan area in the country with over 2.5 million residents. The city is the capital and principal city of the surrounding Gyeongsangbuk-do province, although it is not legally part of the province. The two areas combined are often referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population of over 5 million.
Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 km from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, Nakdong River in Gyeongsang-do. The Daegu basin, where the city lies, is the central plain of the Yeongnam region, making the city the natural center of the region's politics, economy, and culture.
In ancient times, Daegu was part of the Silla Kingdom which was the first successful attempt to unify the Korean Peninsula. During the Joseon Dynasty period, the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do which was one of eight provinces of the country. Daegu was an important motor during South Korea's rapid economic growth period (1960s–1980s) and is currently focused on becoming a leading center in Korea for the fashion and high-tech industries. Due to its status as a cultural center, popular nicknames for Daegu include "Apple City", "Beauty City", "Textile City", and "Fashion City".
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Detroit
Detroit ( /diˈtrɔɪt/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan, and the seat of Wayne County. It is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people, and serves as a major port on the Detroit River connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the French explorer, adventurer, and nobleman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac.
In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States. The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area with a population of 4,296,250 for the six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, the United States' eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,218,852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census. The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.
Known as the world's traditional automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,The D, D-Town, Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"), and The 313 (its telephone area code) Detroit became known as the "great arsenal of democracy" for its support of the U.S. role among the Allied powers during World War II.
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Doha
Doha (Arabic: الدوحة, ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa, literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 60% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
Doha also serves as the seat of government of Qatar, which is ruled by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. Doha is home to the Education City, an area devoted to research and education. Doha was the site of the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations. The city of Doha held the 2006 Asian Games, which was the largest Asian Games ever held. Doha also hosted the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Doha will also host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha in December 2011.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
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Ekibastuz
Ekibastuz (Kazakh: Екібастұз / Ekibastuz, Russian: Экибастуз) is a town in Pavlodar Province, northeastern Kazakhstan. As of 2007[update] it had a population of 141,000. It is served by Ekibastuz Airport.
The history of Ekibastuz begins in the 19th century, when Kosym Pshembayev, a native Kazakh who was commissioned by Russian merchants to look for mineral resources in that region, alighted on a coal field southeast of Pavlodar.[citation needed] The commercial exploitation of the field started soon after. The field afterwards was sold to a British businessman named Urquart. The railway connection was constructed and the village Ekibastuz was established in 1899, named after the nearby lake of the same name, which means 'two-headed lake' in Kazakh (eki 'two' + bas 'head' + tuz 'salt').
The revolution in the Russian Empire, as well as two World Wars, distracted the attention of the state from the exploitation of the field. The village was totally deserted. However, in 1948 the first team (only 50 people) started construction of the future town. The borders of the future open-cast coal fields were also marked at that time.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jambyl Province
Jambyl Province (Kazakh: Жамбыл облысы, Jambıl oblısı) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taraz. The population of the province is 1,000,000; the city is 335,100. The province borders Kyrgyzstan, and is very near Uzbekistan(all to the south). Jambyl also borders three other provinces: Karagandy Province(to the north), South Kazakhstan Province(to the west) and Almaty Province(to the east). The total area is 144,200 square kilometers. The province borders Lake Balkhash to its northeast. The province (and its capital during the Soviet era) was named after the Kazakh akyn (folk singer) Jambyl Jabayev.
In area lives an order of 1,2 million persons (2010, an estimation). The population is presented more, than 100 nationalities and nationalities. About 65 % of resident population Kazakhs make. The least concentration of Kazakhs is observed to Taraz (Dzhambul) though and there their share has grown from 23 % in 1989 to 60 % in 2009.
See Taraz for a detailed account of the history of the provincial capital.
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Jezkazgan
Jezkazgan or Zhezkazgan (Kazakh: Жезқазған / Jezqazğan), formerly known as Dzhezkazgan (Russian: Джезказган, until 1992), is a city in Karagandy Province, Kazakhstan, on a reservoir of the Kara-Kengir River. The city population is of 90,000 (1999 census). Its urban area includes the neighbouring mining town of Satpayev, for a total city population of 148,700.
55% of Jezkagan population are Kazakhs, 30% Russians, with smaller minorities of Ukrainians, Germans, Chechens and Koreans.
Jezkazgan is situated in the very heart of the Kazakh upland, far away from a big river. It has an extremely continental semi-arid climate (BSk); rain is frequent but never heavy and monthly rainfall has never reached 100 millimetres (4 in). The average temperature ranges from 24 °C (75 °F) in July to −16 °C (3 °F) in January, whilst extremes ranges from 43 °C (109 °F) in June 1988 to −41.1 °C (−42.0 °F) in February 1951.
The city was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich local copper deposits. In 1973 a large mining and metallurgical complex was constructed to the southeast to smelt the copper that until then had been sent elsewhere for processing. Other metal ores mined and processed locally are manganese, iron and gold.
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Karagandy
Karagandy (Kazakh: Қарағанды / Qarağandı), more commonly known by its Russian name Karaganda, (Russian: Караганда, until 1993), is the capital of Karagandy Province in Kazakhstan. It is the fourth most populous city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty (Alma-Ata), Astana and Shymkent, with a population of 471,800 (as of 1 January 2010). In the 1940s up to 70% of the city's inhabitants were ethnic Germans. Most of the ethnic Germans are descendants of Soviet Volga Germans who were collectively deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan on Stalin's order when Hitler invaded Poland. Until the 1950s, many were interned in labor camps, often only due to their heritage. The population of Karaganda fell by 14% from 1989-1999; it was once Kazakhstan's second largest city after Almaty. One hundred thousand people have since emigrated to Germany. There is also a smaller concentration of ethnic Poles.
It is the home city of Kazakh World War II hero Nurken Abdirov. A statue in Abdirov's honor is located in the center of the city.
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Karagandy Province
Karagandy Province (Kazakh: Қарағанды облысы, Qarağandı oblısy) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The population of the province is 1,375,000; that of the city is 437,000.
The province was the site of intense coal mining during the days of the Soviet Union and also have been the site of several gulag forced labor camps. Following World War II, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, had many ethnic Germans deported to the area.
With an area of 428,000 sq. km, Karagandy Province is the largest province. Although it doesn't touch the borders of any country, it touches nearly every other province. They are: Aktobe Province to the West; Kostanay Province to the Northwest; Akmola Province to the North; Pavlodar Province to the Northeast; East Kazakhstan Province to the East; Almaty Province to the Southeast; Jambyl Province and South Kazakhstan Province to the South; and Kyzylorda Province to the Southwest. The Ishim (Esil) River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, begins in Karagandy Province.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Kentau
Kentau (Kazakh: Кентау / Kentaw, Russian: Кентау), is a town in South Kazakhstan Province of Kazakhstan. It is located at the foot of the Karatau mountains 30 km northeast of the city of Turkestan (City). Kentau was formed in August 1955. In Soviet times, the population of the city was mainly from Russia, the descendants of the repressed: Greeks, Russians, Germans, Koreans, Jews, Chechens, etc., as well as Uzbeks, and majority of population comprising an ethnic Kazakhs. Major mining ore operations are supported by excavator and transformer plants. The late 1980s or early 1990s saw massive emigration of population and the closures of mines and industrial enterprises. Today, the population is approximately 80 thousand, mostly Kazakhs.
There are two plants in Kentau: Transformer Plant and Excavator Plant. Both of them were famous in USSR. Nowadays Excavator Plant is working, but not so active as about 25-30 years ago.
Coordinates: 43°31′N 68°31′E / 43.517°N 68.517°E / 43.517; 68.517
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KIMEP
KIMEP University (formerly: the Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research) is an institution of higher education in Almaty, Kazakhstan. KIMEP is a private, non-profit university offering credit-based, North American-style degree curricula. Most classes are taught in English and strive to create and transfer knowledge relevant to Central Asian society.
KIMEP was founded in 1992 under the instructions of Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev. KIMEP's campus in south-central Almaty occupied the premises of the former Central Training School of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. KIMEP was among the first private institutions of higher education founded in the former Soviet Union. Nazarbayev appointed Chan Young Bang, his former economic advisor President, as the institute’s first Executive Director. The first MBA and MA in Economics programs were launched in 1992 and the MPA program began enrolling students in 1993. The first class, consisting of 81 MBA and MA students, graduated from KIMEP in 1994.
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Kokshetau
Kokshetau (Kazakh: Көкшетау / Kökşetaw / كوكشەتاۋ), formerly known as Kokchetav (Russian: Кокчетав, until 1993) is the administrative center of Akmola Province, northern Kazakhstan. It has a population of 125,225 (2007 census).
Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan, is distant 299 km south-eastwards. Kokshetau is well known for its nature and tourist sites, such as Burabay (Borovoe) Resort, among others. Kokshetau was settled on a lake, called Kopa (Russian: Копа).
The town was founded in 1824 as a fortress, named for the Kokshetau hill it was built on; the name is Kazakh for "blue mountain". In 1868 it became an uyezd center. In 1997 Kokshetau region was abolished.After a change in administrative structure of Akmola and North Kazakhstan region Kokshetau has become as a regional center of Akmola region.
During the late 1930s, as a result of the Polish operation of the NKVD and related national operations, especially against Germans, many former residents of the kresy were forcibly settled in this region, and Kokchetav became the center of the Polish diaspora in Kazakhstan. On March 16, 1944, the Kokchetav Oblast was created, with Kokchetav as its administrative center.
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Kostanay
Kostanay (Kazakh: Қостанай / Qostanay), formerly known as Kustanay (Russian: Кустанай, until 1997) and Nikolayevsk (Russian: Николаевск, until 1895), is a city located in the northern part of Kazakhstan at the Tobol River. The population living in Kostanay is 301,317 people. Kostanay is the capital of Kostanay Province.
In Kostanay there are 8 higher educational institutions. There are also 22 colleges in which over 12,200 pupils are taught. In 2002-2003 there were 723 schools open, with a total number of 155,500 students. The state network of culture totals 380 libraries, 201 club establishments, 8 museums and 2 theatres. There are numerous athletic facilities: two sports arenas, 26 stadiums, 10 sports complexes and 567 sports halls.
There are 15 functional institutions in Kostanay region, 5 of them are state and 10 are non state. One of the leading institutions of the region is Kostanay State University named after A. Buitursynov. There are also 23 colleges and 715 secondary schools in Kostanay region.
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Kostanay Province
Kostanay Province (Kazakh: Қостанай облысы, Qostanay oblısı) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kostanay City. The population of the province is 900,300. Population living in Kostanay is 207,000 that makes 23 % of the population of province. The other large cities in the province are Rudni.
Kostanay Province is adjacent to the Russian federal subjects Orenburg Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, and is near the Ural Mountains. It also touches four other Kazakh provinces: Aktobe Province to the southwest, Karagandy Province to the south, Akmola Province to the southeast, and North Kazakhstan Province to the northeast. The Tobol (Tobyl) River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, starts in and flows through the province on its way to Russia. Kostanay Province's area is 197,000 square kilometers, making it the sixth largest of the Kazakh provinces.
Resources of an animal and flora of Kostanay Province are suitable for the organization and development of zones and objects of civilized fishery and a hunt, lake-commodity fish culture, hunt facilities development. The fauna of ground animal includes 52 kinds of mammal, 267 is constant or temporarily living birds, 10 kinds of amphibious and kowtowing, in reservoirs 24 kinds of fishes live.
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Kyzyl-Orda
Kyzylorda (Kazakh: Қызылорда / Qızılorda), formerly known as Kzyl-Orda (Russian: Кзыл-Орда, 1925–1991), Ak-Mechet (Russian: Ак-Мечеть, until 1853 and 1922–1925), Perovsk (Russian: Перовск, 1867–1925) and Fort Perovsky (Russian: Форт Перовский, 1853–1867), is a city in Kazakhstan, capital of Kyzylorda Province. The city has a population of 157,400 (1999 census). The Syr Darya river passes through the city.
Kyzylorda was founded in 1820 as a Kokand fortress of Ak-Mechet (also spelt Aq Masjid, Aq Mechet, 'white mosque'). Yaqub Beg was the fort's commander until it was taken by the Russian troops of General Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky in 1853. The Russians then renamed the fort Fort Perovsky. From 1867-1922, it was city was known as Perovsk; and then Ak-Mechet again between 1922 and 1925. In 1925, the city was renamed Kyzyl-Orda when it briefly became the capital of Kazakhstan. The name of the city is translated as "Red Center" from the Kazakh "Қызыл" which means red and "орда"' which means center or capital city.
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Kyzylorda
Kyzylorda (Kazakh: Қызылорда / Qızılorda), formerly known as Kzyl-Orda (Russian: Кзыл-Орда, 1925–1991), Ak-Mechet (Russian: Ак-Мечеть, until 1853 and 1922–1925), Perovsk (Russian: Перовск, 1867–1925) and Fort Perovsky (Russian: Форт Перовский, 1853–1867), is a city in Kazakhstan, capital of Kyzylorda Province. The city has a population of 157,400 (1999 census). The Syr Darya river passes through the city.
Kyzylorda was founded in 1820 as a Kokand fortress of Ak-Mechet (also spelt Aq Masjid, Aq Mechet, 'white mosque'). Yaqub Beg was the fort's commander until it was taken by the Russian troops of General Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky in 1853. The Russians then renamed the fort Fort Perovsky. From 1867-1922, it was city was known as Perovsk; and then Ak-Mechet again between 1922 and 1925. In 1925, the city was renamed Kyzyl-Orda when it briefly became the capital of Kazakhstan. The name of the city is translated as "Red Center" from the Kazakh "Қызыл" which means red and "орда"' which means center or capital city.
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Kyzylorda Province
Kyzylorda Province (Kazakh: Қызылорда облысы, Qızılorda oblısı; Russian: Кызылординская область, Kyzylordinskaya oblast) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Kyzylorda, with a population of 157,400. The province itself has a population of 590,000. Other notable settlements include Aral, Qazaly (Kazalinsk) and the Russian-administered Baikonur, which services the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The province borders neighboring country Uzbekistan, as well as three other provinces: Aktobe Province (to the west), Karagandy Province (to the north) and South Kazakhstan Province (to the east). The Syr Darya River, flowing from the Tian Shan mountains to the Aral Sea, passes through Kyzylorda Province. The total area of the province is 226,000 square kilometers.
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Leningrad
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (
listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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Manchester
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467°N 2.233°W / 53.467; -2.233
Manchesteri/ˈmæntʃɛstər/ is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England with an estimated population of 498,800 in 2010. Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest urban areas; the Greater Manchester Urban Area which has a population of 2.2 million. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian and the local authority is Manchester City Council.
Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.
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Mangystau Province
Mangystau Province (Kazakh: Маңғыстау облысы, Mañğıstaw oblısı) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Aktau (a seaport), which has a population of 154,500 (2004 census); the entire Mangystau province has a population of 373,400.
The province is located in the southwest of the country, and includes Mangyshlak Peninsula. It has much of Kazakhstan's Caspian Shore. It also borders neighboring countries Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Mangystau also borders two other Kazakh provinces(counter-clockwise), Aktobe Province and Atyrau Province. The area of the province is 165,600 square kilometers. Engineers discovered petroleum in the area in the days of the Soviet Union, drilling commenced, and much of the area was built up around the industry.
The territory of Mangystau includes lots of different landscapes and desert lands: Caspian lowland, plateaus (Usturt, Mangyshlak, Kendirli-Kayasan), mountains (Aktau, Karatau), cavities, desert, mountains and mountain ridges. That kind of landscape forms an original multigraded labyrinth, painted with green, yellow, pink and red sediment of loam. The highest point is Otpan mountain at 556 metres (1,824 ft). The lowest point is the bottom of Karagie cavity, 132 metres (433 ft) below sea level.
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Medeo
The Medeu, (Kazakh: Медеу; Medew) or Medeo (Russian: Медео) is an outdoor speed skating and bandy rink. It is located in a mountain valley (Medeu Valley, or the valley of Malaya Alma-Atinka River) on the south-eastern outskirts of Almaty, Kazakhstan. Medeu sits 1,691 metres above sea level, making it the highest skating rink in the world. It has 10.5 thousand square meters of ice and utilizes a sophisticated freezing and watering system to ensure the quality of the ice.
Construction of the stadium began in the fall of 1949, and the first competition took place at the stadium on the February 4th, 1951. Medeu switched to its current system of artificial ice in 1972 by a team of Soviet engineers.
The Medeu Dam, built in the late 1960s, stands immediately south of the skating rink, protecting it - and the city of Almaty itself - from potentially devastating mud flows. Viewpoints on top of the dam provide great views of the stadium.
Medeu has seen many world records in all the speed skating distances from 1951 through the 1980s: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, and the 10000 m. In 1972, the rink made a very successful transition from natural ice rink to artificial ice rink.
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Medeu Dam
Medeu (Medeo) Mudflow Control Dam (Russian: Противоселевая плотина Медео) is a dam across the Medeu Valley south-east of Almaty, Kazakhstan, designed to protect the city from devastating debris flows (or mudflows).
Much of downtown Almaty is built on the alluvial fan of the Malaya Almatinka River, at the point where the river leaves the steep and narrow Medeu Valley for the wider plain. The river valley, steeply descending to the city from the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains, is highly susceptible to the formation of debris flows and/or mudflows. During the 20th century, five catastrophic debris/mudflows happened in the valleys of Malaya Almatinka, or its sister river (further west), Bolshaya Almatinka. The most severe of them was the catastrophic mudflow of 1921 in the Malaya Almatinka valley, triggered by heavy rainfall. It killed 500 people out of Almaty's 45,000 population at the time, and destroyed much of the city. The total volume of that flow is thought to have been 10 million cubic meters (including some 3 million cubic meters of hard material, i.e. rock), coming down to the city at the discharge rate of 900 cubic meters per second. It is estimated that if a repetition of the 1921 mudflow were to strike the city in the early 21st century, the damage would be on the order of US $100 million.
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Moscow
Moscow (
/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Oral, Kazakhstan
Oral (Kazakh: Орал), Uralsk (Russian: Уральск) in Russian, formerly known as Yaitsk (Russian: Яицк, until 1775), is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan, at the confluence of the Ural and Chogan Rivers close to the Russian border. As it is located on the western side of the Ural river, it is considered geographically in Europe. It has a population of 350,000. It is the capital of the West Kazakhstan Province. Ethnic composition is dominated by Kazakhs (60%).
Oral is an agricultural and industrial center, and has been an important trade stop since its founding. Barge traffic has passed up and down the Ural River between the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains for centuries. Today it is one of the major entry points for rail traffic from Europe to Siberia, servicing the many new oil fields in the Caspian basin and the industrial cities of the southern Urals. It is served by Oral Ak Zhol Airport.
Oral, founded in 1613 by Cossacks, was originally named Yaitsk, after the Yaik river, the name of the Ural river at the time. Because the Yaik Cossacks (Ural Cossacks) sided with the insurrectionists during the rebellions of Stenka Razin and Pugachev, Empress Catherine II declared on January 15, 1775 that the Yaik river would henceforth be renamed the Ural River and Yaitsk would be known as Uralsk.
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Oskemen
Oskemen (Kazakh: Өскемен / Öskemen; Russian: Усть-Каменогорск) and Ust-Kamennaya (Russian: Усть-Каменная), until 1868, is the capital of the East Kazakhstan Province. It is served by the Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport.
Founded in 1720 at the confluence of the Irtysh and Ulba rivers as a fort and trading post named Ust-Kamennaya. The city was established in 1720 according to the order of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great, who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev’s expedition directed up the Irtysh river to Zaysan Lake. There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line. In 1868 the city became the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast. It was the site of Georgy Malenkov's 30-year internal exile, during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant.
The city developed into a major mining and metallurgical center during the Soviet period. Mining of non-ferrous metals, especially uranium, beryllium, tantalum, copper, lead, silver and zinc remain important. It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and ferroconcrete articles. The post-war industrial history of the city is very closely intertwined with the Soviet nuclear bomb project, and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders. One of the main industrial enterprises, the Ulba Metal Works (UMW) which produced and still produce uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at the UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly due to the fact that the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities.
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Pavlodar
Coordinates: 52°18′N 76°57′E / 52.3°N 76.95°E / 52.3; 76.95 Pavlodar (Kazakh and Russian: Павлодар) is a city in northeastern Kazakhstan and the capital of Pavlodar Province. It is located 350 km northeast of the national capital Astana, and 400 km southeast of the Russian city of Omsk along the Irtysh River. As of 2010[update], the city has a population of 331710. The population of Pavlodar is composed predominantly of ethnic Russians and Kazakhs with significant Ukrainian, German and Tatar minorities. The city is served by Pavlodar Airport.
One of the oldest cities in northern Kazakhstan, Pavlodar was founded in 1720 as Koryakovsky, an Imperial Russian outpost. The settlement was created to establish control over the region's salt lakes, an important source of valuable salt. In 1861 the settlement was renamed Pavlodar and incorporated as a town. Pavlodar's significance was due in large measure to the substantial agricultural and salt-producing industries that had developed there despite the town's relatively small population. Pavlodar's population numbered only about 8,000 in 1897. The name Pavlodar signifies The Gift of Paul, and was chosen to commemorate the birth of the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia.
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Pavlodar Province
Pavlodar Province (Kazakh: Павлодар облысы, Pavlodar oblısı) is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Pavlodar, which has a population of 300,200. The province itself has 744,860 people. Pavlodar borders Russia to the north, and also borders the following Kazakh provinces: Akmola (to the west), East Kazakhstan (to the south-east), North Kazakhstan (to the north-west), and Karagandy (to the south). Many people, especially Ukrainians, immigrated to Pavlodar in Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign. The Irtysh River flows from the Altay Mountains in the China to Russia through the province. Bayanaul National Park is located in the province within 100 km of Ekibastuz.
Pavlodar province hosts a diverse range of ethnic groups :
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Port Louis
Port Louis (French pronunciation: [pɔʁlwi]) is the capital of Mauritius. It is the largest city of the country and main port, which borders the Indian Ocean. It is located in the Port Louis District. The population of the administrative district was estimated at 128,483, and the urban area at 148,416 in December 2010[update].
Port Louis was already in use as a harbor in 1638. In 1735, under French government, it became the administrative center of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning halt for French ships travelling around the Cape of Good Hope. The Port is named in honour of King Louis XV. The first Governor was Count Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais.
The population of the city is now largely made up of the descendants of laborers who were hired for labour from India in the 19th century. Slaves were previously introduced by the British and French who colonized the island in the 18th century. After the abolition of slavery in 1835, many Indian and Chinese workers were brought to work the land, and cultivate sugar cane, at that time used to produce rum. The Immigration Depot in Port Louis is a World Heritage Site commemorating this great migration.
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Ridder, Kazakhstan
Ridder (Kazakh and Russian: Риддер), formerly known as Leninogorsk (Russian: Лениногорск, 1941–2002) is a city in the East Kazakhstan Province in north-eastern Kazakhstan. As of 2006[update], it has a population of 51,975.
Ridder is located at north-east of the region's capital, Oskemen. Its surroundings are dominated by the foothills of the Altay Mountains.
Ridder was founded in 1786, receiving the rights of a town in 1934. Until 1941 it carried its present name, named after Philip Ridder who discovered the local ore deposits. In 1941 the town was renamed Leninogorsk, in 2002 it once more received its old name of Ridder.
Ridder is a center of mining operations and processing of nonferrous metals. Other branches of industry include wood and textile industry, food production, and mechanical engineering.
The European route E40, originating in Calais, France, has its eastern terminus in Ridder. Over 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) long, it is the longest European route.
Points of interest include a local museum and a botanical garden.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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San Salvador
The city of San Salvador (English: "Holy Saviour") is the capital city of the Republic of El Salvador. San Salvador is a part of the San Salvador Department, one of fourteen in the nation. San Salvador is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center. As a "gamma" global city, San Salvador is one of the most important financial centers in Central America. It is located in the Salvadoran highlands, surrounded by volcanoes and prone to earthquakes, which is why the Pipil and the Spaniards called the area in which the city is located "el valle de las hamacas" (the valley of the hammocks, "salcoatitan" in Pipil language). The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 540,000 people (2.3million metropolitan), making it the third largest Central American city and the second largest metropolitan area. San Salvador is nicknamed "San Sivar" by Salvadorans.
Before the Spanish conquest, the Pipil peoples established their capital, Cuzcatlán, near the current location of San Salvador. Not much is known about Cuzcatlán, as it was abandoned by its inhabitants in an effort to avoid Spanish rule.
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Saran, Kazakhstan
Saran (Kazakh: Саран / Saran, Russian: Сарань) is a city in Karagandy Province of Kazakhstan, on the Nura River. It has around 43,000 inhabitants.
The city was founded on December 20, 1954.
Saran is located in Karaganda oblast (region) of Kazakhstan situated about 15 km from Karaganda city. prevailing. Saran is large center of coal extraction of Karaganda coal deposit. There are coal-preparation, concrete goods plants, brickworks in Saran city. Also there is teacher’s training institute.
Saran places of interest There are unique monuments of history and culture in Saran. Military Glory Obelisk. It was erected in honor of 40th anniversary of Soviet people’s victory in World War II. It is located in the square in Rabochaya street. Victory Obelisk. It was erected in 1975 in honor of 30th anniversary of victory. Zhambyl Zhabayev bust. Zhambyl Zhabayev is a well known Kazakh poet. The monument was erected in 1973 in honor of his 125th anniversary in Zhambyl street. Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin bust. Pushkin is a famous Russian writer, founder of new Russian literature and literary language. The bust was erected at the school #4 in honor of his 157th anniversary. Arkadiy Gaidar bust. Arkadiy Gaidar was a Soviet writer. The bust was erected at the boarding school in 1972. Monument to V.V.Mayakovsky – famous Soviet poet. Mayakovsky is depicted as if he is reciting poems on the tribune. It was erected in 1961 at the House of Culture at mine “Aktasskaya”, settlement Aktas. Monument to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. It was erected in 1970 in honor of his 100th anniversary at the location of local military unit. Mazar of Igilik Utepov bai. This is a monument of history and architecture and is protected by the state to honor historical role of this outstanding personality. It is located in the industrial area of Saran. Mazar is an example of dome funeral buildings of 19th century on the territory of Central Kazakhstan and is also of historical value.
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Satpayev (city)
Satpayev (Kazakh: Сәтпаев; Russian: Сатпаев), until 1990 Nikolsk is a city in Kazakhstan's Karagandy Province. The city is named after Kanysh Satpayev, one of the founders of Soviet metallogeny, principal advocate and the first president of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences.
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Semey
Semey (Kazakh: Семей / Semey), formerly known as Semipalatinsk (Russian: Семипала́тинск, until 2007) and Alash-kala (Kazakh: Алаш-қала / Alaş-qala, 1917–1920), is a city in Kazakhstan, in the northeastern province of East Kazakhstan, near the border with Siberia, around 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north of Almaty, and 700 kilometres (430 mi) southeast of the Russian city of Omsk, along the Irtysh River.
The first settlement was in 1718, when the Russians built a fort beside the river Irtysh, near a ruined Buddhist monastery. The monastery's seven buildings lent the fort (and later the city) the name Semipalatinsk (Russian for Seven-Chambered City).[clarification needed] The fort suffered frequently from flooding caused by the snowmelt swelling the Irtysh, and in 1778 the fort was relocated 18 km upstream to less flood-prone ground. The small city grew around the fort, largely servicing the river trade between the nomadic peoples of Central Asia and the growing Russian Empire. The construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway added to the city's importance, making it a major point of transit between Central Asia and Siberia.
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Shymkent
Shymkent (Kazakh: Шымкент / Şımkent), formerly known as Chimkent (Russian: Чимкент, until 1993), is the capital city of South Kazakhstan Province, the most populated region in Kazakhstan. It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan behind Almaty and Astana with a population of 629,600 (2011-02-01). A major railroad junction on the Turkestan-Siberia Railway, the city is also a notable cultural centre, with an international airport. It is situated 690 km west of Almaty and 120 km to the north of Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Shymkent was founded in the 12th century as a caravanserai to protect the Silk Road town of Sayram, 10 km to the east. Shymkent grew as a market center for trade between nomads and the settled people. It was destroyed several times: by Genghis Khan, soldiers from the southern Khanates, and by nomad attacks. Once part of the Khanate of Kokand, it became part of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1810 and was then annexed by the Russian Empire in 1864. It was renamed Chernyaev in 1914 and renamed Shymkent in 1924. Following the Russian conquest, Shymkent was a city of trade between nomadic Turks and sedentary Turks, and was famous for its kumis.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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Stepnogorsk
Stepnogorsk (Kazakh: Степногор/Stepnogor, Russian: Степногорск) is a town in Akmola Province, Kazakhstan. It was established in 1959, and has been a town since 1964. It is located about 200km North-East of Astana. It was first established as a secret town with code names Tselinograd-25 (Russian: Целиноград-25), Makinsk-2 (Russian: Макинск-2). The town is known as a nuclear and biochemical site. As of 1999 Stepnogorsk, had a population of 50,900.
Coordinates: 52°20′59″N 71°53′24″E / 52.34972°N 71.89°E / 52.34972; 71.89
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Taldykorgan
Taldykorgan (Kazakh: Талдықорған / Taldıqorğan / تالدىقورعان), formerly known as Taldy-Kurgan (Russian: Талды-Курган, until 1993), is the administrative center of Almaty Province, Kazakhstan. It has a population of 143,407 (2010). Most of the people are Kazakhs.
Taldykorgan has a diverse educational system, including a university, institutes, institutions, technical training colleges, secondary schools and kindergartens. There are 27 public health facilities, a theater, amusement parks, libraries, a city cinema, stadium, sports complex and swimming pools.
The ethnic composition of Taldykorgan according to a 2010 census was thus:
Taldykorgan has an airport that services a number Kazakh and Russian cities, while its train station services Central Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Russia, Baltic States and the People's Republic of China.
The city has a football club, FC Zhetysu Taldykorgan.
Coordinates: 45°01′N 78°22′E / 45.017°N 78.367°E / 45.017; 78.367
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Tallinn
Tallinn (/ˈtɑːlɪn/ or /ˈtælɪn/,Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ]) is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) with a population of 416,470. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is ranked as a global city and has been listed among the top 10 digital cities in the world. The city was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku, Finland.
Tallinn is the oldest capital[clarification needed] in Northern Europe. The city was known as Reval from the 13th century until the 1920s.
In 1154 a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (possible derivations of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by the Muslim cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as a small town like a large castle among the towns of Astlanda. It has been suggested that the Quwri in Astlanda may have denoted the predecessor town of today's Tallinn.
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Taraz
Taraz (Kazakh: Тараз / Taraz), is a city and a center of the Jambyl Province in Kazakhstan. It is located in the south of Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan, on the Talas River (Taraz River). It has a population of 330,100 (1999 census), up 9% from 1989, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, after Astana and Türkistan.
Taraz was formerly known as Jambyl or Zhambyl (Kazakh: Жамбыл / Jambıl, until 1997), Dzhambul (Russian: Джамбул, until 1993), Mirzoyan (Russian: Мирзоян, until 1938), Aulie-Ata (Russian: Аулие-Ата, Kazakh: Әулие-Ата / Äwlïe-Ata, Chagatai: اولياه اتا, Persian: تراز, until 1936) and Talas (Талас, until 1856),
One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in Transoxania, Taraz celebrated its official 2000 anniversary (recognized by UNESCO) in 2001, dating from a fortress built in the area by a Xiongnu Chanyu named Zhizhi and was a site of the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BCE. The city was first recorded under the name "Talas" in 568 CE by Menander Protector, the medieval city of Talas was a major trade centre along the Silk Road. Talas was later described by Xuanzang, who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote: Traveling westward from the Thousand Springs 140 or 150 li, we come to the city of Daluosi. The city is 8 or 9 li in diameter; and was settled by Hu ("foreign, non-Oriental") merchants from various nations. The products and the climate are about the same as Suyab. The Talas alphabet, a variant of the Turkic "runiform" Orkhon script, is named for the town. Talas secured a place in history by virtue of the Battle of Talas (751 CE), which was fought between forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and those of the Arab Umayyad Caliphate. The battle took place somewhere along the Talas River in the Talas valley. One of its indirect outcomes was the introduction of paper to the west, via the Arab capture of Chinese paper makers.
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ; Arabic: تل أبيب), is the second most populous city in Israel. It has a population of 404,400 within city limits, on a land area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi). The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in central-west Israel. In 2010, it was the largest and most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area of 3,325,700 residents, known as Gush Dan. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel Avivim.
Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 by the Jewish Community of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ Yafo; Arabic: يافا Yāfā), on the outskirts of the ancient port city. The growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time. Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.
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Temirtau
Temirtau (Kazakh: Теміртау / Temirtaw, Russian: Темиртау) is a city in the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan. Pop 180,000.
Temirtau sent a bandy team to the Winter Sports Tournaments in Karaganda.[1]
Coordinates: 50°03′N 72°57′E / 50.05°N 72.95°E / 50.05; 72.95
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Tian Shan
The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; pinyin: Tiān Shān; literally "celestial mountains"; Mongolian: Тэнгэр уул; Uyghur: تەڭرى تاغ, ULY: Tengri Tagh), also spelled Tien Shan, is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Victory Peak (Jengish Chokusu), 7,439 metres (24,406 ft).
The Chinese name for Tian Shan may be derived from the Xiongnu language name qilian (祁连), which was described by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian as the homeland of the pre-Xiongnu peoples of the region, the Yuezhi, and has been said to refer to the Tian Shan rather than to the range 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) further east now known by this name. The nearby Tannu-Ola Mountains (Tuvan: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula) bear the same name ("heaven/celestial mountains" or "god/spirit mountains").
Tian Shan lies to the north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. It also extends into the Chinese province of Xinjiang and into the northern areas of Pakistan, where it joins the Hindu Kush.[citation needed]
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Time Warner Center
The Time Warner Center is a pair of interconnected mixed-use skyscrapers developed by AREA Property Partners (formerly known as Apollo Real Estate Advisors) and The Related Companies in New York City. Its design, by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, consists of two 750 ft (229 m) twin towers bridged by a multi-story atrium containing upscale retail shops. Construction began in November 2000, following the demolition of the New York Coliseum, and a topping-out ceremony was held on February 27, 2003. The property had the highest-listed market value in New York City, $1.1 billion, in 2006.
Originally constructed as the AOL Time Warner Center, the building encircles the western side of Columbus Circle and straddles the border between Midtown and the Upper West Side. The total floor area of 260,000 m² (2.8 million ft²) is divided between offices (notably the offices of Time Warner Inc. and an R&D Center for VMware), residential condominiums, and the Mandarin Oriental, New York hotel. The Shops at Columbus Circle is an upscale shopping mall located in a curving arcade at the base of the building, with a large Whole Foods Market grocery store in the basement. The complex is also home to a 1,200 seat theater for Jazz at Lincoln Center as well as CNN studios, from where Anderson Cooper 360° and Piers Morgan Tonight among other shows, are broadcast live. CNN's Jeanne Moos, known for her offbeat "man on the street" reporting, frequently accosts her interview subjects just outside the building. In 2005, Jazz at Lincoln Center announced a partnership with XM Satellite Radio which gave XM studio space at Frederick P. Rose Hall to broadcast both daily jazz programming and special events such as an Artist Confidential show featuring Carlos Santana. As of August 2011, Jazz at Lincoln Center's The Allen Room is the recording studio for Anderson Cooper's daytime talk show, Anderson.
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Tokyo Midtown
Tokyo Midtown (東京ミッドタウン, Tōkyō Middotaun?) is a 569,000 square meter (6.1 million sq ft) mixed-use development in Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan. Completed in March 2007, the $3 billion (¥370 billion) project includes office, residential, commercial, hotel, and leisure space, as well as the tallest building in Tokyo and the new quarters of the Suntory Museum of Art.
The project site takes up 78,000 square meters (19.4 acres) previously occupied by the Japan Defense Agency in Roppongi area of Minato, along Gaien Higashi and close to Roppongi Crossing, and less than a kilometer (half a mile) from the similarly scaled Roppongi Hills complex.
The 330,000 square meters (3.5 million square feet) of office space includes as its main tenants Fujifilm, Fuji Xerox, Yahoo! Japan, Cisco Japan, UNIQLO, Nikko Asset Management and Konami, as well as a medical clinic affiliated with the U.S.-based Johns Hopkins Hospital. The luxury 250-room Ritz-Carlton Hotel occupies the 47th through 53rd floors of Midtown Tower, their first hotel in Tokyo, under a long-term lease arrangement. Other tenants include the international law firms Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy and Herbert Smith LLP.
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Trans-Ili Alatau
Trans-Ili Alatau (Russian: Заилийский Алатау, Zailiysky Alatau), (Kazakh: Іле Алатауы), also spelt as Zailiyski Alatau, Zailiysk Alatau, etc., is a part of the Northern Tian Shan mountain system (ancient Mount Imeon) in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is the northernmost mountain range of Tian Shan stretching for about 350 km with maximal elevation of 4,973m (Talgar Peak). The term "Alatau" refers to a kind of mountains. The range is bounded from the north by the Ili Depression of the Ili River, hence the name.
The former capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty, is located at the foot of the range.
A mountain summit in the western Tyran-Shan and Trans-Ili Ala-Tau mountains is named after the late African-American entertainer and activist, Paul Robeson who advocated the U.S.-Soviet friendship.
Coordinates: 43°03′N 77°15′E / 43.05°N 77.25°E / 43.05; 77.25
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Turkestan (city)
Coordinates: 43°17′N 68°16′E / 43.283°N 68.267°E / 43.283; 68.267
Turkistan (Kazakh: Түркістан, Uzbek: Turkiston), formerly known as Turkestan (Russian: Туркестан), is a city in the southern region of Kazakhstan, near the Syr Darya river. It has a population of 85,600 and is situated 160 km (99 mi) north-west of Shymkent on the Trans-Aral Railway between Kyzylorda to the north and Tashkent to the south.
Turkistan is one of Kazakhstan's historic cities with an archaeological record dating back to the 4th century.
During the Han dynasty it may even have been Beitan, the summer capital of ancient Kangju (康居), which is mentioned in the Hanshu.
It became a commercial centre after the final demise of Otrar, the medieval city whose ruins lie near the Syr Darya to the southeast. Throughout most of the medieval and early-modern period it was known as Yasi or Shavgar and after the 16th-17th centuries as Turkistan or Hazrat, both of which names derive from the title 'Hazrat-i Turkistan', which literally means "the Saint (or Blessed One) of Turkistan" and refers to Khoja Ahmad Yasavi, the Sufi Shaikh of Turkistan, who lived here during the 11th century CE and is buried in the town.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Zhanaozen
Janaozen or Zhanaozen (Kazakh: Жаңаөзен / Jañaözen), formerly known as Novy Uzen (Russian: Новый Узень, until 1992), is a town in the Mangystau Province of Kazakhstan located south-east of Aqtau city. The name of the town means "new river" in Kazakh. The population is 51,100 (1999 census). Zhanaozen is a town of Province significance. It is completely surrounded by the territory of Karakiya District, but administratively does not belong to the district.
The town was founded in 1968 to serve the gas plant and oil and gas extraction.
In May 2011, workers from the Ozenmunaigas oil field went on strike over pay. The strike was declared illegal by local courts and the state oil company sacked nearly 1000 employees. Some of the sacked workers then occupied the town square in protest. On 16 December 2011 police were accused of firing on them. Fifteen people (workers and police officers) were killed according to government officials, though opposition sources put the death toll in the dozens. In disturbances that day local government offices, a hotel and an office of the state oil company were set on fire, according to General Prosecutor Askhat Daulbayev. Eighty-six people were injured in the clashes – according to the authorities – and due to shortage of hospital beds in Zhanaozen, many were taken to be treated in the regional capital Aktau, about 150 km away.
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Zhetysu
Coordinates: 45°N 78°E / 45°N 78°E / 45; 78
Zhetysu (Kazakh: Жетісу, pronounced [ʒi̯ɘtɘsʊw] meaning "seven rivers"; also transcribed Zhetisu, Jetisuw, Jetysu, Jeti-su, Jity-su, Жетысу, Джетысу, etc.) is a historical name of a part of Russian Turkestan, corresponding to the South-Eastern part of modern Kazakhstan. It owes its name, meaning "seven rivers" (literally "seven waters") in Kazakh, to the rivers which flow from the south-east into Lake Balkhash.
When the region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, it became known in Russian (and, to an extent, in European languages) as Semirechye (Russian: Семиречье), which is a Russian calque of the Kazakh "Zhetysu". The name has also been transcribed as Semiryechye, Semirech'e, Semirechiye, Semirechie or Semireche.
Zhetysu falls into today's Almaty Province of Kazakhstan. However, the Semirechye Oblast (Семиреченская область), as an administrative unit of the Russian Empire, included not only Zhetysu proper but also lands that now constitute parts of northern Kyrgyzstan and adjacent provinces of Kazakhstan as well.
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Akhmetzhan Yesimov
Akhmetzhan Yessimov (Kazakh: Есімов, Ахметжан Смағұлұлы) is the former Minister of Agriculture in the Government of Kazakhstan and current mayor of Almaty.
Minister Yessimov led a government delegation in negotiations over Kazakhstan's campaign to head the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in 2009 with Finnish Foreign Ministry Secretary of State, Pertti Torstila in July 2006 as Finland held the Presidency of the European Union. Torstila said the EU would not announce its decision until autumn, but at the moment the EU "welcome[s] the candidacy of Kazakhstan in principle" while expressing concerns over treatment of free speech. If Kazakhstan is successful then it will be the first member of the Commonwealth of Independent States to head the OSCE. Yesimov noted that Kazakhstan produced 60 million tons of oil in 2005 and predicted production would soon reach "100 million tons and more. After the adoption of a new version of its 'green book' [draft policy document] on energy policy by the EU," Germany "is looking to import 20% of its energy resources from the Caspian region. Last year, Kazakhstan's exports of energy resources to the EU exceeded $10 billion." On 18 July Yesimov asked the EU to allow Kazakhstan to join its European Neighborhood Policy and to begin negotiating a Strategic Partnership Treaty, but EU officials expressed opposition to the change in European Union-Kazakhstan relations. Torstila and Yesimov said they "thoroughly" discussed refugees from Uzbekistan who left after the May 2005 unrest in Andijan. The delegation also included Konstantin Zhigalov, Kazakhstan's ambassador to Germany.
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Alexander Brener
Alexander Davidovich Brener (Russian: Александр Бренер) born 1957 in Alma-Ata, is a Russian-Jewish performance artist. His performances of note include defecating in front of a painting by Vincent Van Gogh at the Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow, having sex on city streets, and vandalizing art work.
He was jailed in 1997 for painting a green dollar sign on Kazimir Malevich's painting Suprematisme. In the court case Brener said in his defense:
He was sentenced to time in prison, where he wrote obosani pistolet. In the text he explains his beliefs and summarizes his actions. He co-wrote BUKAKA SPAT HERE, Tattoos auf Gefängnissen, and Anti technologies of resistance with Barbara Schurz.
Brener is mentioned in passing in Stewart Home's novel Memphis Underground.
An artwork by the art collective IOCOSE is dedicated to Brener
Brenner challenge president Putin to a boxing match.
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Alexander Parygin
Alexander Parygin (born 25 April 1973) is a Kazakh modern pentathlete and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta where he received a gold medal in modern pentathlon.
He competed for Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
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Alexander Petrenko
Alexander Petrenko (February 4, 1976 – July 21, 2006) was a Russian professional basketball player. He most recently played for BC Khimki in the Russian Super League. He was born in Almaty, Kazakh SSR, and held Russian citizenship. Petrenko died in a car crash near Samara, Russia, on July 21, 2006.
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Altynai Asylmuratova
Altynai Asylmuratova (born 1961) is a former Soviet and Kazakhstani prima ballerina with the Kirov Ballet/Mariinsky Theatre and a guest artist all over the world. Asylmuratova was born in Alma-Ata, Kazakstan, and after graduation from the Vaganova Choreographic Institute she joined the Kirov Ballet in 1978. After four years in the corps de ballet, she was promoted to Principal Dancer in 1982.
Asylmuratova became if anything more popular in Western theaters than her "home" theater due to her frequent guest appearances abroad, including Roland Petit's company. She was much admired both for her looks and the beauty of her dancing. Her repertoire included all the classical ballet rôles in Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, Giselle, Don Quixote, and La Bayadère, Mikhail Fokine pieces such as The Firebird and Les Sylphides, as well as modern classics like Romeo and Juliet, works by choreographer George Balanchine and Roland Petit. She is married to fellow Mariinsky dancer Konstantin Zaklinsky, but her most frequent partner was Farouk Ruzimatov.
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Anatoly Vaisser
Anatoly (Anatoli) Vaisser (born 5 March 1949, Almaty, Kazakhstan) is a French chess Grandmaster and currently Senior Chess Champion of the World.
He shared first with Evgeny Sveshnikov at Sochi 1983, tied for 2nd–3rd with Viswanathan Anand, behind István Csom, at New Delhi 1987, and took second, behind Vladimir Malaniuk, at Budapest 1989.
Since 1991, Vaisser has represented France. He won the French championship at Narbonne 1997, and was twice Sub-Champion (1996 and 2001).
Vaisser played twice for France in Chess Olympiads:
Vaisser was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1982 and the Grandmaster (GM) title in 1985.
In 2010 Vaisser won the World Senior Chess Championship.
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Dmitri Fofonov
Dmitry Fofonov (Kazakh: Дмитрий Фофонов; born August 15, 1976 in Almaty) is a Kazakh professional road bicycle racer who was fired from UCI ProTeam Crédit Agricole for doping.
Fofonov tested positive for heptaminol after the 18th stage of the 2008 Tour de France. Fofonov had completed the race in 19th place, and was fired by Crédit Agricole after the test. After his doping ban ended, Fofonov joined the Astana team for the 2010 season.
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Dmitriy Ogai
Dmitriy Ogai was a Kazakh professional football midfielder of Korean descent, currently manager of FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast. He is one of the most successful coaches in Kazakhstan. Ogai played seven seasons in the Soviet Top League with FC Kairat and FC Pakhtakor Tashkent, appearing in over 100 league matches.
In Kazakhstan Premier League
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Elena Likhovtseva
Elena Alexandrovna Likhovtseva (Russian: Елена Лиховцева [jelena lixɔftseva];[dubious – discuss] born 8 September 1975 in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union, now Kazakhstan) is a Russian former tennis player. She turned professional in January 1992 at the age of 16.
Likhovtseva's career best appearance in a Grand Slam was when she reached the semi finals of the French Open 2005 before she was defeated by Mary Pierce, 6–1 6–1. Elena is also one of the few people in either the men's or women's game to have lost a tiebreaker from 6–0 up (this was also against Mary Pierce, in Moscow; Pierce went on to win the tournament). Together with Mahesh Bhupathi, she won the Wimbledon Mixed Doubles championship in 2002. She has also been a runner-up in a number of other contests, including the Australian Open women's doubles event in 2004, French Open Women's Doubles in 2004 and Mixed Doubles in 2003, and the 2000 and 2004 US Open Women's Doubles. In the 2004 Summer Olympics, she won the first round of the Women's Doubles with partner Svetlana Kuznetsova, but was defeated in the second. She won the 2007 Australian Open Mixed Doubles championship with Daniel Nestor. After losing all four singles of the year, Likhovtseva's best performance in 2008 was the quarter-finals at the Sony Ericsson Open in Miami with Lisa Raymond.
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Elena Zoubareva
Elena Zoubareva (born July 20, 1972) is a Russian American soprano specializing in opera and classical crossover. Zoubareva is also a voice expert and a creator of the FitVoice program
Born in Russia and educated at Moscow State University and Berklee College of Music, Elena has performed in concert halls in Europe and the United States, including the Russian Theatre Academy, Moscow Army Theater,JFK Library, Berklee College of Music and the Boston Conservatory.
Her most recent CD, Allure, was produced by Jonathan Wyner. Elena’s recording of Ennio Morricone’s song C’era una volta il West (Once upon a Time in the West) from the Allure album reached the top song in Opera and Holiday Classical Categories on CDBaby.
Elena Zoubareva was born in Alma-Ata, Soviet Union, the second child of Ivan Zoubarev, a Soviet military conductor, and Zarema Zoubareva, (née Plieva, of a prominent Ossetian family) a lawyer. Many of Zoubareva's relatives on her father's side are artists and musicians, including her aunts: the late Irina Kalik, a ballerina at the Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre, Galina Soboleva, a music critic and a publishing author and Elena G. Zoubareva, a radio music editor.
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Eugen Bauder
Eugen Bauder (Kazakh: Bauder Evgeniy)-born 5 March 1986 is a German model and actor.
Bauder was born in Almaty, Kazakhstan on March 5, 1986. He moved to Germany at the age of five with his mother. Throughout his life he lived in various locations around Germany. After high school, he went to technical school in Binzen in Baden.
Bauder has worked for major fashion houses such as Hugo Boss, Shiatzy Chen, Dsquared, Calvin Klein, Jean Paul Gaultier and Armani. He is the current face of Cacharel's "Amor Pour Homme" fragrance.
There has been lots of speculation on the internet amongst people in the fashion industry as they're under the impression that he has stopped working. Bauder seems to have turned his eyes elsewhere and has been working with the German agency Actors Connection jump starting an acting career.
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Fuat Mansurov
Fuat Mansurov (Tatar: Фуат Шакир улы Мансуров, Russian: Мансуров, Фуат Шакирович) (1 January 1928, Almaty – Moscow, 12 June 2010) was a Soviet and Russian conductor.
National artist of Russia, Tatarstan, and Kazakhstan.
In 1991 Mansurov conducted the Bolshoi at the New York Met for performances of Mlada and Eugene Onegin.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Ivan Panfilov
Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov (Russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич Панфи́лов; January 1 [O.S. December 20, 1892] 1893 – November 18, 1941) was a Soviet general and a posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union, known for his command of the 316th Rifle Division during the defense of Moscow at the Second World War.
Panfilov was born to a clerk's family in Petrovsk. After the death of his mother in 1904, the child was forced to quit school and started working in a local shop when he was twelve years old. His father died in 1912.
In 1915, during the First World War, Panfilov was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army and stationed in the 638th Olpinsk Infantry Regiment. Afterwards, he was transferred to the Southwestern Front, where he was promoted to sergeant. During 1917, following the February Revolution, Panfilov was elected by his fellow soldiers to be a member of the Regimental Soviet.
After the October Revolution and the beginning of the Russian Civil War, Panfilov volunteered into the nascent Red Army in 1918, where he was stationed as a platoon commander in the 25th Rifle Division under the command of Vasily Chapayev. In March 1919, the division was sent to the Urals to confront the Cossack White army led by Alexander Dutov, a follower of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak. In the autumn, Panfilov's regiment was transferred to the southern city of Tsaritsyn, taking part in the battle against Anton Denikin's forces. During the campaign, Panfilov contacted typhus and had to be evacuated to the rear.
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Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар [qɑzɑqtɑ́r]; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).
Kazakhs are descendants of the Turkic tribes - Argyns, Khazars, Qarluqs; and of the Kipchaks and Cumans (the Kipchaks and Cumans being one of their major ancestors) Proto-Tatar groups (Kiyat, Dughlat, Naimans, Kerait, Onggirat, Manghud, Jalayir) and other Proto Turkic tribes such as the Kankalis, origin and Iranian tribes like the Sarmatians, Saka and Scythians. Kazakhs populated the territory between Siberia and the Black Sea and remained in Central Asia when the Turkic and Turko-Tatar groups started to invade and conquer the area between the 5th and 13th centuries AD.
The Kazakhs began using this name during either the 15th or 16th centuries. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkish verb qaz (to wander), because the Kazakhs were wandering steppemen; or that it derives from the prototurk word khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings).
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Koreans
The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula.
South Koreans call Koreans Hanguk-in (한국인; 韓國人)—or simply 한인/Han-in for South Koreans living abroad—or informally Hanguk saram (한국 사람; 韓國 사람), while North Koreans call Koreans Chosŏnin (조선인; 朝鮮人) or Chosŏn saram (조선 사람; 朝鮮 사람). See Names of Korea, Korean romanization, Hangul (한글) and Hanja (한자).
Koreans are believed[by whom?] to be descendants of peoples of Manchuria, often said to be Altaic- or proto-Altaic-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongols, Turkic and Tungusic peoples. Archaeological evidence suggests proto-Koreans were migrants from south-central Siberia, who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age. The same tomb style is an indication telling who lived there. The largest concentration of dolmen in the world is found on the Korean peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35,000 dolmen Korea counts for nearly 40% of the world’s total. Similar dolmens can be found outside of Korea, in Manchuria, Shandong, and Kyushu. Yet it is unclear why this culture only flourished so extensively on the Korean peninsula in the area of Northeastern Asia.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, tr. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejəvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the Soviet Union, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist rule.
Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and soon became very active within it. In 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. Before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level.
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Nagima Eskalieva
Nagima Eskalieva (Kaz: Нагима Ескалиева) (born 1954 in Almaty) is a Kazakhstani singer and awarded national artist of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
After graduating in the Republican School of Variety and Circus Arts (the vocal class of L.Kesoglu) and Alma-Ata Musical School (Department of Choral Conducting, Eskalieva became an ensemble member of the famous Gulder (Гүлдер) formation. She first rose to popularity when she participated on the soviet Singing Competition With Song through Life (С песней по жизни) in 1979, which she won. After that she went on to become one of the most well-known singers of Kazakhstan and was touring through the entire Soviet Union. She eventually moved to Moscow. Eskalievas range goes from Kazakh Folk Songs to modern compositions. In 2008 she recorded a charity Single with the boygroup Percy to support children suffering of Cardiac disease. First planning on becoming an actress, she occasionally appeared in front of the film camera.
Throughout the years, Eskalieva has been supportive of aspiring singers in her homecountry. In 1996 she founded a Music Atelier aiming to find and support young singing talent in Kazakhstan. She was a jury member in SuperStar KZ 3 & 4, the Kazakh version of Pop Idol as well as on X Factor. Currently she is teaching at the Academy of Vocal Arts Zhurgenev.
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Nursultan Nazarbayev
Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев [nʊrsʊlˈtɑn æbəʃʊˈlɯ nɑzɑrˈbɑ.jɪf]; Russian: Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев [nur.suɫˈtan ɐˈbʲi.ʂɨ.vʲɪt͡ɕ nə.zɐrˈba.jɪf]; born 6 July 1940) has served as the President of Kazakhstan since the nation's independence in 1991 from the Soviet Union. In April 2011, President Nazarbayev was reelected to another five-year term receiving 95.54 percent of the vote with 89.9 percent of registered voters participating (up from 76.8 percent in the 2005 presidential election).
Kazakhstan under Nazarbayev has grown prosperous due to oil revenue, but it is also criticised by international bodies for the high level of corruption and lack of democracy.
In 1984, Nazarbayev became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, working under Dinmukhamed Kunayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. He served as First Secretary of the Kazakh Communist Party from 1989 to 1991.
Nazarbayev criticized Askar Kunayev, head of the Academy of Sciences, at the 16th session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in January 1986 for not reforming his department. Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayev's boss and Askar's brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed. Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayev's dismissal while Nazarbayev's supporters campaigned for Kunayev's dismissal and Nazarbayev's promotion. Mikhail Gorbachev accepted the resignation of a deflated Kunayev, replacing him with Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian, triggering three days of riots known as the Jeltoqsan.
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Olga Shishigina
Olga Shishigina (Kazakh: Шишигина Ольга Василийқызы/Shishigina Olga Vasiliykizy; born December 23, 1968 in Almaty) is a retired Kazakh athlete who mainly competed in the 100 metres hurdles. She won an Olympic gold medal in 2000, and many on regional and continental level.
She was banned between 1996 and 1998 for failing a drug test.
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Sergei Ostapenko
Sergei Sergeyevich Ostapenko (Russian: Сергей Остапенко) (born 23 February 1986) is a Kazakh footballer, who currently plays for FC Lokomotiv Astana.
In 2003, Ostapenko had graduated from FC Almaty (FC Tsesna at that time) football academy and had been starting in the first team since then, before his transfer to FC Tobol in 2007. That was definitely an upward move in his career. He helped the team to win the Intertoto Cup that season, to finish second in the Super League and win the Kazakhstan Cup.
On 31 January 2008, along with Maksim Zhalmagambetov, Ostapenko signed a two-year contract with Royal Antwerp FC. The Belgian team's manager noted that the duo's youth, international experience and physical characteristics were key motivations for signing the pair. However, Ostapenko's European adventure was not particularly successful and he did not start a single game for the reds, only playing in the reserve team. Both Ostapenko and Maksim Zhalmagambetov shortly returned to Kazakhstan in the middle of the Kazakhstan Premier League 2008.
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Tatar
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar / Татарлар, sometimes spelled Tartars) are a Turkic people, numbering around 7 million. The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of 5.5 million, 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan, 1 million in the republic of Bashkortostan and other 2.5 million in different regions of Russia. Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.
The Tatars originated with the Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi desert in the 5th century. After subjugation in the 9th century by the Khitans, they migrated southward. In the 13th century Mongol Empire, they were subjugated under Genghis Khan and reassigned once again particularly by his son Jochi. Under the leadership of his grandson Batu Khan, they moved westwards, forming part of the Golden Horde which dominated the Eurasian steppe during the 14th and 15th centuries. In Europe, they were assimilated by the local populations or their name spread to the conquered peoples: Kipchaks, Kimaks and others; and elsewhere with Uralic-speaking peoples, as well as with remnants of the ancient Greek colonies in the Crimea and Caucasians in the Caucasus.
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Tatars
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar / Татарлар, sometimes spelled Tartars) are a Turkic people, numbering around 7 million. The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of 5.5 million, 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan, 1 million in the republic of Bashkortostan and other 2.5 million in different regions of Russia. Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.
The Tatars originated with the Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi desert in the 5th century. After subjugation in the 9th century by the Khitans, they migrated southward. In the 13th century Mongol Empire, they were subjugated under Genghis Khan and reassigned once again particularly by his son Jochi. Under the leadership of his grandson Batu Khan, they moved westwards, forming part of the Golden Horde which dominated the Eurasian steppe during the 14th and 15th centuries. In Europe, they were assimilated by the local populations or their name spread to the conquered peoples: Kipchaks, Kimaks and others; and elsewhere with Uralic-speaking peoples, as well as with remnants of the ancient Greek colonies in the Crimea and Caucasians in the Caucasus.
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
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Vadim Sayutin
Vadim Aleksandrovich Sayutin (Russian: Вадим Александрович Саютин) (born 31 December 1970) is a former speed skater who represented the Soviet Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Kazakhstan, and Russia, in that order. Sayutin was born in Alma-Ata (now Almaty), Kazakhstan, the city where the famous Medeo skating rink is located.
Sayutin performed best on the 5,000 m and the 10,000 m, which often kept him from winning medals during allround championships. However, he also managed to perform well on the 1,500 m a few times, resulting in a bronze medal at the 1998 European Allround Championships and a silver medal at the 1999 World Allround Championships. He participated in four Winter Olympic Games, but never won any medals there.
Sayutin started his speed skating career not long before the dissolution of the Soviet Union and so originally represented the Soviet Union. At the 1992 Winter Olympics of Albertville, he represented the Commonwealth of Independent States. After that, he represented Kazakhstan for two seasons. When he married Russian speed skater Svetlana Bazhanova in 1994, he started skating for Russia. During that time, he lived in the Netherlands for several years, training at the Thialf arena in Heerenveen.
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Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Russian: Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский), born Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein (Russian: Влади́мир Во́льфович Эйдельште́йн) on 25 April 1946, is a Russian politician and political activist. He is colonel of the Russian Army, founder and the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), Vice-Chairman of the State Duma, and a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
Zhirinovsky is often viewed as "a showman of Russian politics, blending populist and nationalist rhetoric, anti-Western invective and a brash, confrontational style".
Zhirinovsky was born in Almaty, the capital of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, modern-day Kazakhstan. His father, Volf Isaakovich Eidelshtein (or Wolf Andreyevich Eidelshtein), was a Polish Jew, and his mother, Alexandra Pavlovna (née Makarova), was of Russian background. Zhirinovsky himself is an Eastern Orthodox Christian.
In July 1964, Zhirinovsky moved from Almaty to Moscow, where he began his studies in the Department of Turkish Studies, Institute of Asian and African Studies at Moscow State University (MSU), from which he graduated in 1969. Zhirinovsky then went into military service in Tbilisi during the early 1970s. He would later get a law degree and work at various posts in state committees and unions. He was awarded a PhD in philosophy by MSU in 1998. Although he participated in some reformist groups, Zhirinovsky was largely inconsequential in Soviet political developments during the 1980s. While he contemplated a role in politics, a nomination attempt for a seat as a People's Deputy in 1989 was quickly abandoned.
wn.com/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky
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euronews Life - Almaty: Kazakhstan's Garden City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
www.euronews.com The city of Almaty lies to the south of Kazakhstan, a stop off point in years gone by on the Silk Road, the great trading route that linked east and west. Trade and economy are still at the heart of Almaty which was once the country's capital. It is the financial centre of central Asia and attracted some six million tourists last year. History, hot summers and a raft of winter sports on tap are among the top attractions. In the hustle and bustle of modern development Almaty has not forgotten long held traditions like the famous steam baths, the Russian Banya. Some like it hot first thing. Bagdat Yermagambedov has been taking the steam for 30 years. "Its a tradition here and everyone likes to start the week with a Banya to gather energy for the rest of the week, but what is a Russian bath without the steam - its not a bath! It's a great pleasure to come here to the steam rooms to re-charge our energy," he explained. The vast Arasan complex was opened in 1982 and has been hailed as the best 'Banya' in central Asia. If a massage is not for you there are many other ways of ending your visit. Some people like to start the day with a good thrashing; birch leaves pummel the skin and its supposed to stimulate the circulation to take the stress out of the day before you have even started. It doesn't so much hurt as it stings. A morning in the Banya is perhaps the perfect preparation for a visit to the busy Green Bazaar. On the Silk Road it is Kazakhstan's biggest ...
http://wn.com/euronews_Life_Almaty_Kazakhstan's_Garden_City
Almaty - The City of Future
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:07
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
The introductionary video presentation about future development of Almaty City, the largest city in Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Almaty_The_City_of_Future
The People of Almaty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
"What is the city but the people?" Ordinbary lifestyle of people in Almaty, the city of Kazakhstan. Music: Leon Sommer - Wonder If
http://wn.com/The_People_of_Almaty
Almaty - the best city in the world
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Video was made being outside of Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Almaty_the_best_city_in_the_world
Trams in Almaty, Kazakhstan (streetcars)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
before the soviet union fell there were 10 tram lines... by the time the metro system (one line = 7 stations) was open in early 2012, 8 tram lines were demolished... Now only 2 are left! Save the trams Almaty!
http://wn.com/Trams_in_Almaty,_Kazakhstan_streetcars
Almaty in HD - Kazakhstan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Almaty city in Kazakhstan is one of the most beautiful in Central Asia. With its European style architecure, modern building and glorious breathtaking mountains just minutes away from the city centre it is a great option for business and leisure travellers alike. In this HD video filmed at the end of April 2011, you will see one of the stunning Almaty lakes, the famous Chimbulak ski resort and Medeo Ice Skating Rink, the awe inspiring ski jump which was made especially for the Winter Games as well as many shots of the famous monuments in the city centre. These include the colourful Cathedral Sobor which is based on Moscow's St. Basil's Cathedral, The Park after 28 Panfilov Guardsment and the Old Square. There is even a shot of the yet to open JW Marriott Hotel. You may also be interested in our HD video of Astana: www.youtube.com www.asiatraveltips.com
http://wn.com/Almaty_in_HD_Kazakhstan
The BEST Video About ALMATY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
It's updated full version of the previous video.
http://wn.com/The_BEST_Video_About_ALMATY
Almaty Supercars NEW VERSION! 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
New Version of Almaty Supercars! Like Rate and Subscribe for More New Videos! Check out my other car videos too!
http://wn.com/Almaty_Supercars_NEW_VERSION!_2012
Food Market in Almaty, Kazakhstan (market scenes)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
the old market in Almaty, Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Food_Market_in_Almaty,_Kazakhstan_market_scenes
I LOVE FASHION in Almaty, 2012 ft Ania J | FashionTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
SUBSCRIBE: bit.ly www.FashionTV.com ALMATY - At this "I Love Fashion" event in Almaty, fashion is on display and runway shows showcase the newest and latest trends in clothing and swimwear from designers like Maral Zhylkeldieva. Ania J performs her hits for the stylish crowd. Appearances:...
http://wn.com/I_LOVE_FASHION_in_Almaty,_2012_ft_Ania_J_|_FashionTV
Supercars of Almaty FV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Cамые новейшие и лучшие суперкары в Алматы: Bugatti Veyron GrandSport, Pagani Zonda F Roadster, Matte Ferrari 599 GTB Hamann, Lamborghini Murcielago lp 640 Imsa Roadster, Mercedes SLR MCLaren, Porsche GT3 RS, Ford GT, Maserati Grand Turismo, Aston Martin DBS, Ariel Atom и множество других суперкаров находятся в этом видео! (Смотрите и оценивайте!) The newest and best supercars in Almaty city! Leave your comments! Ссылка на скачивание: www.megaupload.com
http://wn.com/Supercars_of_Almaty_FV
Paola lands her 747 at Almaty!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
For more on the OCEAN 747 DVD go to www.worldairroutes.com Please like our Facebook page http
http://wn.com/Paola_lands_her_747_at_Almaty!
Haileybury Almaty - International British School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Life at Haileybury Almaty
http://wn.com/Haileybury_Almaty_International_British_School
Weekender - Almaty Summer Festival - 7 July 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Weekender - Almaty Summer Festival twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Weekender_Almaty_Summer_Festival_7_July_2012
Yamaha R 1 Medeo-Almaty 2012.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Yamaha_R_1_Medeo-Almaty_2012
Almaty KAZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Impressionen aus Almaty im September 2008. Musik:www.dennis-hart.com
http://wn.com/Almaty_KAZ
LMFAO - Sexy And I Know It Almaty Kazakhstan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
LMFAO - Sexy And I Know It Almaty Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/LMFAO_Sexy_And_I_Know_It_Almaty_Kazakhstan
Almaty - Astana Kazakhstan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
a little slideshow of our beautiful cities. Almaty and Astana
http://wn.com/Almaty_Astana_Kazakhstan
ALMATY, i love you!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
the best city!
http://wn.com/ALMATY,_i_love_you!
Intercontinental Almaty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
A five night stay in the five star Intercontinental Almaty Hotel, overwhelmed by hospitality and kindness. For free! Many thanks to all the staff and people that arranged this amazing experience.
http://wn.com/Intercontinental_Almaty
Подборка алматинских ДТП | Almaty Car Crashes | KZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Дорожные аварии Алматы, выложенные на видеохостингах Интернета: съемки с уличных камер, а также на видеорегистраторы. --------------------------------------------------------- Будьте осторожны! Соблюдайте ПДД!
http://wn.com/Подборка_алматинских_ДТП_|_Almaty_Car_Crashes_|_KZ
JUDO World Masters - Almaty 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:02
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
World Masters, TOP 16 athletes from the World Ranking List competing for 200000 USD in prize money.
http://wn.com/JUDO_World_Masters_Almaty_2012
Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
20 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling President Barack Obama's whirlwind tour of southeast Asia and meetings with dignitaries will have to walk a tightrope between either appearing to endorse...
Photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza
21 Nov 2012
MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who...
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19 Nov 2012
Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that...
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19 Nov 2012
Yangon, November 19: Newly re-elected US President Barack Obama arrived here Monday to kick off his visit to Myanmar, becoming the first sitting US president to visit the Southeast Asian nation. As...
Photo: UN / Logan Abassi
21 Nov 2012
A report by the UN says global attempts to curb emissions of CO2 are falling well short of what is needed to stem dangerous climate change. The UN's Environment Programme says greenhouse gases are 14%...
The Hollywood Reporter
share The Bottom Line Once upon a time in the Wild East Cast:...(size: 7.2Kb)
Swissinfo
By Dmitry Solovyov and Robin Paxton ALMATY (Reuters) - The Central Asian state of Kazakhstan has moved to ban two opposition movements critical of President Nursultan Nazarbayev and to close dozens of opposition media outlets for "propagating extremism". In a step the opposition denounced as an...(size: 8.4Kb)
Reuters
* Opposition, rights group decry move as attack on dissent * President Nazarbayev in power for more than 20 years * He is popular, but tolerates little dissent * Opposition enjoys little popular support, says squeezed By Dmitry Solovyov and Robin Paxton ALMATY, Nov 21 (Reuters) - The Central Asian...(size: 5.6Kb)
Bloomberg
AO Alliance Bank, the first Kazakh lender to default in 2009, plans to transfer as much as $1 billion of bad loans to a special-purpose vehicle to help cover a capital shortfall as it looks to revive lending and cut costs. “We expect positive capital under international financial reporting...(size: 5.2Kb)
Kazakhstan in bid to ban opposition‚ media
21 Nov 2012
The Himalayan
Added At: 2012-11-21 6:41 PM Last Updated At: 2012-11-21 6:41 PM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s)...(size: 8.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
ALMATY (Reuters) - The Central Asian state of Kazakhstan has moved to ban two opposition movements critical of President Nursultan Nazarbayev and to close dozens of opposition media outlets for "propagating extremism". In a step the opposition denounced as an attack on dissent in the oil-exporting...(size: 10.8Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
ALMATY, Kazakhstan: State prosecutors in Kazakhstan said Wednesday that they want a ban on several opposition publications and parties for alleged extremism in a move that is set to further restrict political and media freedoms in the Central Asian nation. The General Prosecutor’s office said...(size: 3.1Kb)
Kazakh tourists to come for coastal tourism
20 Nov 2012
The Saigon Times
Tourists are seen at Cam Ranh International Airport - Photo: Dao Loan HCMC – Focus Travel of Vietnam will join hands with four travel firms of Kazakhstan to bring Kazakh tourists to Cam Ranh, Khanh Hoa...(size: 1.4Kb)
Otago Daily Times
Kazakhstan men's curling team members (from left) Ilya Kuznetsov, Alexandr Orlov, Marat Smailov and Viktor Kim show off the fruits of a Central Otago hunting expedition this week. Photo supplied. Kazakhstan skip Viktor Kim loves Naseby. He would like to live in the historic former gold mining town....(size: 3.5Kb)
Bloomberg
Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM), Royal Dutch Shell Plc (RDSA) and their partners in Kazakhstan’s Kashagan oil field face a delay of at least two years on a plan to boost output 20 percent, reducing the time they have to recoup costs in the $46 billion project that’s already running eight years late,...(size: 5.7Kb)
Kazakh court upholds opposition leader's jailing
19 Nov 2012
Herald Tribune
ALMATY, Kazakhstan - A court in Kazakhstan has upheld the conviction of an opposition leader accused of fomenting unrest and mounting an attempt to overthrow the Central Asian nation's government. The ruling Monday by the court in the western city of Aktau means Alga party leader Vladimir Kozlov...(size: 4.4Kb)
Soyuz with crew of three lands in Kazakhstan
19 Nov 2012
Swissinfo
ALMATY (Reuters) - A Russian Soyuz capsule landed on the Kazakh steppe on Monday, safely delivering a trio of astronauts from a four-month stint aboard the International Space Station. The Soyuz TMA-05M capsule, carrying Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko and U.S....(size: 5.9Kb)
Three return safely from space station
19 Nov 2012
The Columbus Dispatch
Science Blog...(size: 2.2Kb)
This article is about the city. For the province, see Almaty Province.
| Almaty Kazakh: Алматы |
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 Almaty
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| Coordinates: 43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E / 43.2775°N 76.89583°E / 43.2775; 76.89583Coordinates: 43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E / 43.2775°N 76.89583°E / 43.2775; 76.89583 | |||
| Country | Kazakhstan | ||
| Province | Almaty | ||
| First settled | 10–9th century BC | ||
| Founded | 1854 | ||
| Incorporated (city) | 1867 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Akim (mayor) | Akhmetzhan Yesimov | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 324.8 km2 (125.4 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 500–1,700 m (1,640–5,577 ft) | ||
| Population (1 August 2010)[1] | |||
| • Total | 1,421,868 | ||
| • Density | 4,152/km2 (10,750/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | UTC+6 (UTC+6) | ||
| Postal code | 050000–050063 | ||
| Area code(s) | +7 727[2] | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | ALA | ||
| License plate | A | ||
| Website | http://www.almaty.kz | ||
Almaty (Kazakh: Алматы / Almatı / الماتى , i.e. "city of apples" or "city of apple trees", under the Russian Empire from 1867 to 1921 known by the Russian name of Верный, Vierny, i.e. "the Faithful," and under the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1993 known as Alma-Ata (Russian: Алма́-Ата́, from the Kazakh алма/alma, i.e. "apple", and ата/ata, i.e. "grandfather"), is the former capital of Kazakhstan and the nation's largest city, with a population of 1,348,500 (at 1 September 2008).[3] This represents approximately 9% of the country's population.
Almaty was the capital of the Kazakh SSR from 1929 to 1991 and of independent Kazakhstan from 1991 to 1997. Despite losing its status as the capital to Astana in 1997, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. The city is located in a mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan.
Contents |
Status[link]
From 1927 to 1936, Almaty was the capital of Kazakh ASSR. From 1936 to 1991, it was the capital of Kazakh SSR. From 1991 to 1997, it was the capital of Kazakhstan. Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan. The city is located in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in the extreme south-east and has a peculiar, relatively mild climate regime with a difficult environmental situation. Since the city is located in a tectonically active area there is a constant possibility of the earthquakes, most of which do not represent any significant danger or cause damage. However, Almaty has a record of some large destructive earthquakes too.
In 1997, the capital moved to Astana; since then, Almaty has been referred to as the southern capital of Kazakhstan.
Toponymy[link]
The name "Almaty" derives from the Kazakh word for 'apple' (алма), and thus is often translated as "full of apples;" alma is also 'apple' in other Turkic languages, as well as in Hungarian. The older Soviet-era Russian version in Russia of its name, Alma-Ata, combines two Kazakh words, literally Apple-Father, more loosely Father of Apples.
There is great genetic diversity among the wild apples in the region surrounding Almaty; the region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple, and the wild Malus sieversii is considered a likely candidate for the ancestor of the modern domestic apple, which explains the "Alma Ata" name. The area is often visited by researchers and scientists from around the world in order to learn more about the complex systems of genetics, and also to discover the true beginnings of the domestic apple.
Nowadays many pop artists from Kazakhstan refer to Almaty as Apple City in their songs.[citation needed]
History[link]
Prehistoric Almaty[link]
During 1000–900 BC in the Bronze Age the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements on the territory of Almaty.
During the Saka’s period (from 700 BC to the beginning of the Common Era), these lands were chosen for residence by Saka tribes and later Uisun tribes inhabiting the territory north of the Tian Shan mountain range. The evidences of these times are numerous burial tumuli and ancient settlements, especially giant burial mounds of Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds are the Golden man from the Issyk Kurgan, Zhalauly treasure, Kargaly diadem, Zhetysu arts bronze (boilers, lamps and altars). During the period of Saka and uisun governance, Almaty became the early education center.[4]
Middle Ages[link]
The next stage of Almaty evolution is attributed to the Middle Ages (8–10th centuries) and is characterized by city culture development, transfer to a settled way of living, farming and handicraft development, and the emergence of a number of towns and cities in the territory of Zhetysu.
In the 10–14th centuries, settlements in the territory of the so called "Big Almaty" became part of the trade routes of the Silk Road. At that time, Almaty became one of the trade, craft and agricultural centers on the Silk Road and possessed an official mint. The city was first mentioned as Almatu in books from the 13th century.
15th–18th centuries[link]
In the 15th–18th centuries, the city was on the way to degradation as trade activities were decreasing on this part of the Silk Road. Notwithstanding, this period was saturated with very important political events that had significant impact on the history of Almaty and Kazakhstan as a whole. It was a period of crucial ethnic and political transformations. The Kazakh state and nation were founded here, close to Almaty.
These lands also witnessed the tragic developments related to the Dzungar intervention and rigorous efforts of the Kazakh to protect their land and preserve independence. In 1730 the Kazakh defeated the Dzungar in the Anyrakay mountains, 70 km to north-west from Almaty. It was a critical moment of the Patriotic War between Kazakhs and Dzungars.
Foundation of Verniy[link]
On 4 February 1854 the modern history of the city began with the strengthening of the Russian piedmont Fort Verniy nearby the Zailiysky Alatau mountain range between Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers. The construction of the Verniy Fort was almost finished by autumn 1854. It was a fenced pentagon and one of its sides was built along the Malaya Almatinka. Later, wood fence was replaced with the wall of brick with embrasures. Main facilities were erected around the big square for training and parading.[6]
In 1855 the first displaced Kazakh appeared in Verniy. Since 1856, Verniy started accepting Russian peasants. They founded the Bolshaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa (Cossack village) nearby the fortification. The inflow of migrants was increasing and led to construction of the Malaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa and Tatarskaya (Tashkentskaya) sloboda. It was the place of settlement for Tatar mechants and craftsmen.
In 1867 the Verniy Fort was transformed into the town and called Almatinsk. However, the population did not like the new name of the town and soon the town was renamed as Verniy.
According to the First City Plan, the city perimeters were 2 km on the south along Almatinka river, and 3 km on the west. The new city area was divided into residential parts, and the latter – into districts. Three categories of the city buildings were distinguished. Buildings of the first and second categories were two-storied or, at least, one-storied constructions with the high semi-basement. Buildings of categories I and II were erected around and in the center of the city, others – on the outskirts.
On 28 May 1887, at 4 a.m., an earthquake almost totally destroyed Verniy in 11–12 minutes. Brick buildings were mostly damaged. As a result, people were inclined to build up one-storied construction made of wood or adobe.
Soviet Era[link]
In 1918, Verniy established Soviet power. The city with the region became part of the Turkestan autonomy (Tatarstan) in the RSFSR.
On 5 February 1921 it was decided to rename Verniy to Alma-Ata, which was one of the ancient names of the area: Almaty – "apple."
On 3 April 1927 the capital of Kazak ASSR moved from Kyzylorda to Alma-Ata, within the RSFSR. This was an additional impetus for intensive development. From 1936 (since the formation of the Kazakh SSR), Alma-Ata was the capital of the first Kazakh SSR, and then it used to be a capital of an independent Kazakhstan.
Industrialization in the Soviet period[link]
After 1941, due to the mass evacuation of factories and workers from the European part of Soviet Union during World War II, Alma-Ata of administrative and trading center with a border-security destination and an underdeveloped industry has become one of the largest industrial centers of the Soviet Union. A special role in this process was played by the location of the city, which was in the rearward. During the years 1941–1945 the industrial potential of the city has increased significantly. The economically active population of the city has grown from 104 thousand in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. In 1967 the city had 145 enterprises, with the bulk of their weight – light and food industry, which is slightly different from a typical Soviet city bias towards heavy industry and capital goods production. The main industries are food processing (36% of gross industrial output), based largely on local abundant fruit and vegetable raw materials, and light industry (31%). The main plants and the food industry: Meat, flour and cereals (pasta with a factory), milk, sparkling wines, canned fruit, tobacco factories, confectionery, distillery plants, wine, brewery, yeast, tea-packing factory, light industry, textile and fur mills, factories, cotton spinning, knitting, carpets, footwear, apparel, printing and a Almaty Cotton combine. Heavy industry accounted for 33% of the production was presented by the enterprises of heavy engineering, electrical engineering there are factories, foundry and engineering, car repair, repair bearing, building materials, woodworking, concrete structures and structural elements, house-building.
Revolution of 1917 to World War II[link]
In 1921, the joint solemn sitting was summoned for the participation of the representative of government regional and sub-regional institutions, professional trades, the Muslim people to make a decision to assign a new name to Verniy – Alma-Ata.
In 1926, the Council of Labour and Defence approved the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway railway that was a crucial element of the republic reconstruction, specifically on the east and southeast of the republic. The Turkestan-Siberia Railway construction was also a decisive economic aspect that foreordained the destiny of Alma-Ata as a capital of Kazakh ASSR. In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to the Alma-Ata station was completed.
On 2 March 1927, It was the initiative of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh Republic to transfer the capital from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata. The VI Kazakhstani Congress approved this initiative.[7]
On 29 April 1927, it was officially decided on the sitting of the Russian SFSR Committee to transfer the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata.
Besides, the Alma-Ata airport was opened in 1930 and people from the capital of Kazakhstan could fly now from Alma-Ata to Moscow. Alma-Ata became the air gate to Kazakhstan. Transformation of the small town into the capital of the Republic was supplied by the large-scaled construction of new administrative and government facilities and housing.
Given the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan to Alma-Ata, in 1936 the Architecture and Planning Bureau elaborated the General Plan aimed at re-creating Alma-Ata as the new cultural and comfortable capital of Kazakhstan. The Plan was based on the existing rectangular system of districts that would further be strengthened and reconstructed.
World War II[link]
During World War II the city territory was changed to a large extent. To organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the residential stock was compressed to arrange accommodation for 26,000 persons evacuated. Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities from the front areas, 8 evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools, around 20 cultural institutions, etc. Motion picture production companies from Leningrad, Kiev and Moscow were also evacuated to Alma-Ata.
Over 52,000 Alma-Ata residents received the title: Owing to self-denying labour. 48 residents were granted the title of Hero of The Soviet Union. Three rifle divisions were raised in Alma-Ata, including the well-known 8th Guards Rifle Division 'Panfilov' (originally the 316th rifle division), along with 2 rifle battalions and 3 aviation regiments that were raised on the bases of the air club of Alma-Ata.
1945 to 2000[link]
From 1966 to 1971, 1,400,000 square meters of public and cooperative housing were built. Annually, around 300,000 square meters of dwellings were under construction, and most of the buildings made during this time were earthquake-proof multi-storied buildings. Furthermore, construction unification and type-design practice diversified architectural forms, leading to a more varied cityscape. During this period, lots of schools, hospitals, cultural and entertainment facilities were constructed, including Lenin’s Palace, Kazakhstan Hotel, and the “Medeo” sports complex.
The Medeu Dam, designed to protect the city of Almaty and the Medeo skating rink from catastrophic mudflows, was built in 1966 and reinforced a number of times in the 1960s and 1970s.
The supersonic transport Tupolev Tu-144 went into service on 26 December 1975, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the Tu-144's 55th and last scheduled passenger service.
Since 1981, the underground Almaty Metro construction project has been in development.
On 16 December 1986 Jeltoksan riot took place in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunayev.
In 1993 the government made a decision to rename Alma-Ata. The new name of the city is Almaty.
In 1997 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev approved the Decree to transfer the capital from Almaty to Astana.[8]
On 1 July 1998 a Law was passed concerning the special status of Almaty as a scientific, cultural, historical, financial and industrial center.
21st century[link]
The new 2030 General Plan of Almaty was developed in 1998 and aims at forming ecologically safe, secure and socially comfortable living conditions. The main objective is to promote Almaty’s image as a garden-city. One of the components of the General Plan is to continue multi-storied and individual construction, reorganize industrial territories, improve transport infrastructure and launch Almaty Metro.[citation needed]The first line of Almaty metro was launched December 1, 2011, two weeks ahead of schedule.The extension of the line to Kalkaman is currently under construction and it is planned to open in 2015.The area of the city was expanded during the recent years as the suburban settlements of Kalkaman, Kok Tube,Gorniy Gigant(Mountain Giant), were added to the city. Numerous apartament blocks, and office scycrapers transformed the face of the town, which climbs higher and higher at the mountains.
Climate[link]
The climate in Almaty is a humid continental climate with very warm summers and cold winters. It is characterized by the influence of mountain-valley circulation, which is especially evident in the northern part of the city, located directly in the transition zone of the mountain slopes to the plains.
Average air temperature is equal to 9 °C (48 °F), the coldest month is January, −7 °C (19 °F) (on average), the warmest month (July) 23 °C (73 °F) (on average). In average years frost starts on about 14 October and ends on about 18 April, with sustained extreme cold from about 19 December to about 23 February, a period of about 67 days. Weather with temperature above 30 °C (86 °F) is average for about 36 days a year. In the center of Almaty, like any large city, there is a "heat island" – average daily temperature contrast between the northern and southern suburbs of the city is 3.8% and 0.8°C (1.4°F) in the coldest and 2.2% and 2.6°C (4.7°F) in the hottest five days. Therefore, frost in the city center starts about 7 days later and finishes 3 days earlier than in the northern suburbs. Annual precipitation is about 600 to 650 mm (23.6 to 25.6 in). April and May are the wettest months, during which about a third of the city’s annual precipitation is received. The smallest amount of precipitation is in October and November. The driest season occurs in August and September. Average date of the formation of stable snow is 30 October, though its appearance varies from 5 October until 21 November. The average date of snowmelt is 2 April (ranging from 26 February to 12 May). The city and its suburbs have fog for about 50–70 days annually.
It is not uncommon for snow and a cold snap to hit Almaty as late as the end of May. For example in the last quarter century, such snowfalls were recorded on 5/13/1985, 05/01/1989, 05/05/1993 and 18/05/1998. The record latest snowfall in Almaty was on 17 June 1987.
Almaty sometimes experiences winter rain, despite heavy preceding snowfall and low temperatures. The most memorable winter rain took place at 16 December 1996 during a military parade to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic.
Almaty Weather Station’s GM mostly records south-easterly wind (30%), its resistance increases during the summer (37%) and falls in winter (19%). Wind speeds exceed 15 m/s on about 15 days a year, on average.
| Climate data for Almaty | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
35.1 (95.2) |
39.3 (102.7) |
41.7 (107.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
38.1 (100.6) |
31.1 (88.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
41.7 (107.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.0 (44.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
2.4 (36.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.9 (23.2) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.1 (−22.2) |
−37.7 (−35.9) |
−24.8 (−12.6) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−7 (19.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−3 (26.6) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−34.1 (−29.4) |
−31.8 (−25.2) |
−37.7 (−35.9) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
41 (1.61) |
62 (2.44) |
111 (4.37) |
106 (4.17) |
61 (2.4) |
38 (1.5) |
27 (1.06) |
29 (1.14) |
56 (2.2) |
52 (2.05) |
41 (1.61) |
657 (25.87) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 117.8 | 117.6 | 145.7 | 195.0 | 241.8 | 279.0 | 306.9 | 294.5 | 246.0 | 182.9 | 126.0 | 102.3 | 2,355.5 |
| Source: [9] | |||||||||||||
Seismicity of the territory of Kazakhstan[link]
Industrially developed and densely populated areas in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan are situated in the zones with maximum magnitudes of the expected earthquakes equaled from 6.0 to 8.3 (the intensity of I0=8–10). South seismic active zone of Kazakhstan, main city of which Almaty is located near Zailiski Alatau mountain base, is a part of North Tian-Shan ridge system. In geological past three catastrophic earthquakes took place there. These are time of occurrence and extracts from historical chronicles of that times: 1770 year., «…lake on the place of Belovodka village was buried up»; 1807 y., «in Almaty horrible catastrophe took place» and third strong earthquake took place in the year 1865. Relatively not long ago, within past 110 years three more strong destructive earthquakes occurred here, with focuses not more than 20 – 130 kilometers from current city location. Their magnitudes were 9 and 11 on MSK scale – 64, and focuses located within the range of 100 kilometers. Focuses were located in south and south – east directions: Chilik (1889 y., K���=19.12), Vernenskoe (1887 y., K���=17.14) and Keminskoe (1911 y., K���=18.76). K��� – is energetic class of earthquakes. Due to every of these earthquakes the city was heavily destroyed. (Baimakhan, Dashdorj, 2006). Territory of Kyrgyz State adjoins North Tian-Shan. (Aitmatov, Kojogulov, Nikolskaya, 1994.).
Demographics[link]
Ethnic groups (2003)[citation needed]:
According to the USSR Census of 1989, population of Almaty was 1,071,900; Kazakhstan Census of 1999 reported 1,129,400.[10]
Economy[link]
Almaty generates approximately 20 per cent of Kazakhstan's GDP(or $36 billion in 2010); Almaty is a key financial centre in Central Asia and it's considered to be a Gamma Global City at a similar level to Detroit, Manchester, Edinburgh, San Salvador, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Port Louis, San Diego, Birmingham, Doha, Calgary, and Columbus.
One of the largest industries in Almaty is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the Kazakhstan's balance of payments. Almaty is home to the BTA Bank, which is the largest bank in Central Asia, Kaz Kom Bank and other major banks. The Kazakhstan Stock Exchange is based in Almaty.
Almaty is also developing as the regional financial and business centre – RFCA.[citation needed].
Currently under construction is 'Almaty Financial District and Esentai Park'. This was designed by T.J. Gottesdiener, who designed 7 World Trade Center in New York City, Time Warner Center in New York City and Tokyo Midtown. Its publicised aim is to become the largest business centre in Central Asia. Esentai Tower, a building in the park, is the tallest mixed-use building in Kazakhstan.
Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in Almaty as well. The media distribution industry has been growing rapidly since 2006. Major broadcasting channels KTK and NTK are based in Almaty, as are several national newspapers.
There are plans to construct a Western Europe-Western China highway, passing through Almaty. A new port in Almaty expects to handle about 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.
Air Astana is headquartered in the Air Astana Centre 1 in Almaty.[11] Prior to their dissolution, Air Kazakhstan[12] and Kazakhstan Airlines[13] were also headquartered in Almaty.
Sights[link]
Kök Töbe[link]
An aerial tramway line connects downtown Almaty with a popular recreation area at the top of Kök Töbe (Kazakh: Көктөбе, which means 'Green Hill'), a mountain just to the southeast. The city television tower, Alma-Ata Tower, is located on the hill, as well as a variety of tourist attractions, such as amusement-park style rides and restaurants.
Fountains[link]
According to the city's Department of Natural Resources and Resource Use Management,[14] as of 2007 the city has 125 fountain groups or isolated fountains. Among them is the "Oriental Calendar" Fountain, whose 12 sculpture figures represent the 12 animals of the Kazakh 12-year animal cycle (similar to its Chinese counterpart).
Universities[link]
Main article: List of universities in Kazakhstan
- International IT University (IITU)
- Kazakh-British Technical University (KBTU)
- University of International Business
- Kazakh National Medical University
- Almaty Institute of Power Engineering and Telecommunications
- Kazakh-American University
- Kazakh National Technical University (KazNTU)
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KazNU)
- Suleyman Demirel University (SDU)
- KIMEP (Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics, and Strategic Research)
- Kazakh-American University (KAU)
- Kazakh National Academy of Arts named by T.Zhurgenov
- Kazakh Academy of Sciences
- Kazakh Academy of Labour and Social Relations
- Almaty State University (named after Abay)
- Turan University
- Kazakhstan University of Global Relationships and Languages (КазУМОиМЯ)
- Central Asian University (ЦАУ)
- Kazakh-German University (КНУ)
- Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Kazakh Economic University named after T. Ryskulov (KazEU, Narxoz)
Sports[link]
The historic bandy team Dinamo won the Soviet Championships in 1977 and 1990 and the European Cup in 1978. Their home ground was Medeo, where bandy was the only sport at the 2011 Winter Asian Games.[15] Medeo is the main arena at the 2012 Bandy World Championships.[16] The second arena, built for the championships, is an alternative field of Almaty Central Stadium.[1] Federation of International Bandy has opened an office for Asia, which is located in Almaty.[2]
It is also home to Almaty United Football club.,[17][18]
Olympic aspirations[link]
Almaty was a bidder to host the XXII Olympic Winter Games in 2014,[19] but was eliminated from consideration, not making the "short list" of candidate cities. Almaty won its bid to host the 2011 Winter Asian Games. It will be the 2017 Winter Universiade host.[20] The city was exploring possible future bids, such as the 2018 Winter Olympics, but did not actually submit a bid.
People from Almaty[link]
- Altynai Asylmuratova (* 1961), prima ballerina with the Kirov ballet
- Eugen Bauder (* 1986), model in Germany
- Alexander Brener (* 1957), film star in Russia
- Dmitri Chvykov (* 1974), ski jumper
- Nagima Eskalieva (* 1954), singer and entertainer
- Stanislav Filimonov (* 1979), ski jumper
- Dmitri Fofonov (* 1976), Racing cyclist
- Pavel Gaiduk (* 1976), ski jumper
- Valery Yurlov (* 1933), actor in Russia
- Alexey Korolev (* 1987), ski jumper
- Nikolay Karpenko (* 1981), ski jumper
- Ruslana Korshunova (1987–2008), model in Russia
- Olessya Kulakova (* 1977), volleyball representative for Germany
- Regina Kulikova (* 1989), tennis player
- Dinmukhamed Konayev (1912–1993), politician
- Yelena Lichovzeva (* 1975), tennis player in Russia
- Fuat Mansurov (1928–2008), Soviet and Russian conductor
- Dmitriy Ogai (* 1960), soccer trainer and Soviet soccer player
- Sergei Ostapenko (* 1986), soccer player
- Alexander Parygin (* 1973), olympic athlete
- Alexander Petrenko (1976–2006), basketball representative for Russia
- Dennis Pohl (* 1986), cycle racer in Germany
- Oxana Rakmatulina (* 1976), basketball player in Russia
- Vadim Sayutin (* 1970), ice speed skater in Russia
- Thomas Schertwitis (* 1972), water polo
- Olga Shishigina (* 1968), Olympic Champion in hurdling
- Elena Likhovtseva (* 1975), tennis player
- Susanna Simon (* 1968), actress in Germany
- Assan Tachtachunov (* 1986), ski jumper
- Denis Ten (* 1993), figure skater
- Taimuraz Tigiev (* 1982), gymnast
- Anatoly Vaisser (* 1949), French chess grandmaster
- Irina Vygusova (* 1974), diver
- Radik Zhaparov (* 1984), ski jumper
- Vladimir Zhirinovsky (* 1946), politician
- Elena Zoubareva (* 1972), opera singer
- Konstantin Sokolenko (* 1987), Nordic combined skier/ski jumper
- Kalila Umarov (* 1957), film director
- Anatoly Bose (* 1988), Australian basketball player
| Other pictures of Almaty | ||||||||||||||
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Sister city[link]
Tel Aviv, Israel
Rennes, Brittany, France
New York City, New York, USA- Paris,France
Moscow,Russia
Daegu, South Korea
See also[link]
- Almaty International Airport
- Jeltoqsan – Kazakh nationwide revolt of 1986
- Kazakhstan Stock Exchange
- Medeo – bandy and speed skating rink
- Shymbulak – ski resort
- Haileybury Almaty British international school
- Kazakhstan International School
- FC Kairat Almaty
- Alma Ata Declaration
References[link]
- ^ "2010 жыл басынан 1 тамызға дейінгі Қазақстан Республикасы халық санының өзгеруі туралы". http://www.stat.kz/digital/naselsenie/2010/hs1007eks.xls. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Code Of Access". Almaly.almaty.kz. http://www.almaly.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=93&lang=2&news_id=483. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Almaty population as of September 1, 2008 made 1 million 348.5 thousand people". http://www.kt.kz/index.php?lang=eng&uin=1133435211&chapter=1153468039. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
- ^ "www.almaty.kz – History of Almaty". Almaty.kz. http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Ness, Immanuel. Encyclopedia of World Cities. M E Sharpe Reference, 1999. ISBN 0-7656-8017-3. Page 19.
- ^ 150 ЛЕТ ИЗ ЖИЗНИ АЛМАТЫ. ХРОНИКА СОБЫТИЙ
- ^ Materials of the VI Kazakhstani Congress, Kyzyl-Orda, 1927
- ^ "Astana – new capital", official from AkOrda.kz
- ^ "Погода и Климат – Климат Алматы". Pogoda.ru.net. http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/36870.htm. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ О некоторых итогах переписи населения Казахстана (About some results of the Kazakhstan population census) (Russian)
- ^ "Head Office." Air Astana. Retrieved on 8 October 2009.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight Global. 16–22 March 2004. 66.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight Global. 29 March – 4 April 1995. 79.
- ^ Фонтаны города Алматы (The Fountains of Almaty) (Russian)
- ^ http://astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/News_Center/news.aspx?pagenum=1&tid=2
- ^ Official home page of Bandy World Championships
- ^ http://www.yourfootballclub.org/
- ^ "Homepage | Almaty United Football Club | Almaty United Football Club". Clubwebsite.co.uk. http://www.clubwebsite.co.uk/almatyunitedfootballclub/. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "2014 Winter Olympic Games Bids". Gamesbids.com. http://www.gamesbids.com/english/bids/2014.shtml. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Almaty 2017 home page". Almaty2017.kz. 11 November 2011. http://almaty2017.kz/index.php/en/. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
External links[link]
- Almaty and Kazakhstan multilingual travel guide
- Almaty english language visitor guide
- MyCity – Almaty map Interactive map of Almaty (in Russian)
- City of Almaty Official website
- About Almаty City news and references communicator (only English language)
- Almaty Street Fashion – People on the streets of Almaty
- View of Almaty city from the tallest building
- MSN Map
- Photos Almaty
Travel-related[link]
- Almaty travel guide from Wikitravel
- Almaty Layover Guide
- Almaty Airport
- Almaty Guide
- Almaty Fashion Week
- Almaty Expatriate site
- Almaty or Bust!
- Alatau IT CIty
- Satellite picture by Google Maps
- Up, Up and Away: New Towers, and Ambitions to Match – The New York Times
- Oh, the Places You'll Go {To}! – The New York Times Travel
- Almaty Guide
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
