François Mauriac
François Mauriac in 1932
Born	François Charles Mauriac (1885-10-11)11 October 1885 Bordeaux, France
Died	1 September 1970(1970-09-01) (aged 84) Paris, France
Occupation	Novelist, dramatist, critic, poet and journalist
Nationality	France
Notable award(s)	Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française 1926 Nobel Prize in Literature 1952
Influenced Gabriel Marcel, Elie Wiesel
Signature

François Mauriac (11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French author; member of the Académie française (1933); laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur (1958).

Biography[link]

He was born François Charles Mauriac in Bordeaux, France. He studied literature at the University of Bordeaux, graduating in 1905, after which he moved to Paris to prepare for postgraduate study at the École des Chartes.

On 1 June 1933 he was elected a member of the Académie française, succeeding Eugène Brieux.^[1]

Mauriac had a bitter dispute with Albert Camus immediately following the liberation of France in World War II. At that time, Camus edited the resistance paper (now an overt daily) Combat while Mauriac wrote a column for Le Figaro. Camus said newly liberated France should purge all Nazi collaborator elements, but Mauriac warned that such disputes should be set aside in the interests of national reconciliation. Mauriac also doubted that justice would be impartial or dispassionate given the emotional turmoil of liberation.

Mauriac also had a bitter public dispute with Roger Peyrefitte, who criticised the Vatican in books such as Les Clés de saint Pierre (1953). Mauriac threatened to resign from the paper he was working with at the time (L'Express) if they did not stop carrying advertisements for Peyrefitte's books. The quarrel was exacerbated by the release of the film adaptation of Peyrefitte's Les Amitiés Particulières and culminated in a virulent open letter by Peyrefitte in which he accused Mauriac of homosexual tendencies and called him a Tartuffe.^[2]

Mauriac was opposed to French rule in Vietnam, and strongly condemned the use of torture by the French army in Algeria.

In 1952, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life".^[3] He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.^[4] He published a series of personal memoirs and a biography of Charles de Gaulle. Mauriac's complete works were published in twelve volumes between 1950 and 1956. He encouraged Elie Wiesel to write about his experiences as a Jew during the Holocaust, and wrote a foreword in Elie Wiesel's book, Night.

He was the father of writer Claude Mauriac and grandfather of Anne Wiazemsky, a French actress and author who worked with and married French director Jean-Luc Godard.

François Mauriac died in Paris on 1 September 1970 and was interred in the Cimetière de Vemars, Val d'Oise, France.

Awards and honours[link]

• 1926 — Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
• 1933 — Member of the Académie française
• 1952 — Nobel Prize in Literature
• 1958 — Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur

Works[link]

Novels, novellas and short stories[link]

• 1913 - L'Enfant chargé de chaînes («Young Man in Chains», tr. 1961)
• 1914 - La Robe prétexte («The Stuff of Youth», tr. 1960)
• 1920 - La Chair et le Sang («Flesh and Blood», tr. 1954)
• 1921 - Préséances («Questions of Precedence», tr. 1958)
• 1922 - Le Baiser au lépreux («The Kiss to the Leper», tr. 1923 / «A Kiss to the Leper», tr. 1950)
• 1923 - Le Fleuve de feu («The River of Fire», tr. 1954)
• 1923 - Génitrix («Genetrix», tr. 1950)
• 1923 - Le Mal («The Enemy», tr. 1949)
• 1925 - Le Désert de l'amour («The Desert of Love», tr. 1949) (Awarded the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, 1926.)
• 1927 - Thérèse Desqueyroux («Thérèse», tr. 1928 / «Thérèse Desqueyroux», tr. 1947 and 2005)
• 1928 - Destins («Destinies», tr. 1929 / «Lines of Life», tr. 1957)
• 1929 - Trois Récits A volume of three stories: Coups de couteau, 1926; Un homme de lettres, 1926; Le Démon de la connaissance, 1928
• 1930 - Ce qui était perdu («Suspicion», tr. 1931 / «That Which Was Lost», tr. 1951)
• 1932 - Le Nœud de vipères («Vipers' Tangle», tr. 1933 / «The Knot of Vipers», tr. 1951)
• 1933 - Le Mystère Frontenac («The Frontenac Mystery», tr. 1951 / «The Frontenacs», tr. 1961)
• 1935 - La Fin de la nuit («The End of the Night», tr. 1947)
• 1936 - Les Anges noirs («The Dark Angels», tr. 1951 / «The Mask of Innocence», tr. 1953)
• 1938 - Plongées A volume of five stories: Thérèse chez le docteur, 1933 («Thérèse and the Doctor», tr. 1947); Thérèse à l'hôtel, 1933 («Thérèse at the Hotel», tr. 1947); Le Rang; Insomnie; Conte de Noël.
• 1939 - Les Chemins de la mer («The Unknown Sea», tr. 1948)
• 1941 - La Pharisienne («A Woman of Pharisees», tr. 1946)
• 1951 - Le Sagouin («The Weakling», tr. 1952 / «The Little Misery», tr. 1952) (A novella)
• 1952 - Galigaï («The Loved and the Unloved», tr. 1953)
• 1954 - L'Agneau («The Lamb», tr. 1955)
• 1969 - Un adolescent d'autrefois («Maltaverne», tr. 1970)
• 1972 - Maltaverne (the unfinished sequel to the previous novel; posthumously published.)

Plays[link]

• 1938 - Asmodée («Asmodée; or, The Intruder», tr. 1939 / «Asmodée: A Drama in Three Acts», tr. 1957)
• 1945 - Les Mal Aimés
• 1948 - Passage du malin
• 1951 - Le Feu sur terre

Poetry[link]

• 1909 - Les Mains jointes
• 1911 - L'Adieu à l'Adolescence
• 1925 - Orages
• 1940 - Le Sang d'Atys

Memoirs[link]

• 1931 - Holy Thursday: an Intimate Remembrance

Biography[link]

• 1951 - Life of Jesus

See also[link]

• Georges Bernanos
• Julien Green

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: François Mauriac

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: François Mauriac

• Le site littéraire François Mauriac (French)
• The François Mauriac Centre at Malagar (Saint-Maixant, Gironde) (French)
• Works by or about François Mauriac in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers (French)Inventory and analysis of François Mauriac's non-noveltistic writing
• Jean le Marchand & John P.C. Train (Summer 1953). "Interviews: François Mauriac, The Art of Fiction No. 2". The Paris Review (2): pp. 1–15. http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5197/the-art-of-fiction-no-2-franois-mauriac.  (English)

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Olavo de Carvalho

Olavo de Carvalho
Born	29 April 1947 Campinas, Brazil
School	Realism, Scholasticism, Phenomenology, Conservatism
Main interests	Metaphysics, Epistemology, Politics, Religion, History, Symbology,
Influenced by Aristotle, Louis Lavelle, Thomas Aquinas, Julius Evola, Gottfried Leibniz, Edmund Husserl, Xavier Zubiri, René Guénon, Frithjof Schuon, Mário Ferreira dos Santos, Viktor Frankl, Eric Voegelin, Ludwig von Mises, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Bernard Lonergan, René Girard, Léopold Szondi, Constantin Noica, Otto Maria Carpeaux, Wolfgang Smith, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Miguel Reale, Leo Strauss, Mortimer J. Adler
Website	olavodecarvalho.org

Olavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho (Campinas, April 29, 1947^[1]) is a Brazilian journalist,^[2], and essayist on several issues like the history of astrology and mysticism; the history of revolutionary mentality; and philosophical anthropology,^[3] known for his conservative political stances, and for being a vehement critic of leftist.

Career[link]

Now living in the United States in the state of Virginia, he is an international correspondent and writes a weekly column for the Brazilian newspaper Diário do Comércio. He also teaches philosophy on a free course to over 1000 students online. Carvalho has previously written for several other magazines and newspapers, such as Bravo!, Primeira Leitura, O Globo, Época and Zero Hora,^[4] and taught philosophy to a smaller circle of students, while still living in Brazil. He also translated to Portuguese works of important philosophers of the 20th century, such as the Romanian Constantin Noica, the Spanish Xavier Zubiri, the French René Guénon, the German-American Eric Voegelin and Leo Strauss.^[5][6] He has commented and developed researches and theories on the works of Aristotle.^[7] He has also delivered lectures on his own work and on the work of several of those philosophers mentioned above.^[8]

In 2009, Carvalho was the founding President of the Inter-American Institute for Philosophy, Government, and Social Thought.^[9]

He is the host of the popular weekly show "True Outspeak" on Blogtalkradio.^[10]

Opinions[link]

Carvalho's study of the revolutionary mind has been well regarded in Brazil by people such as Roberto de Oliveira Campos,^[11] Paulo Francis,^[12] and Bruno Tolentino.^[13]

He sees a characteristic of the revolutionary mind in the inversion of the perception of time. He says normal individuals, based on common sense, view the past as something immutable and the future as something that can be changed (it is contingent, as de Carvalho puts it). However, the leftist revolutionary sees the utopian future as a goal that eventually will be reached no matter what and the past as something that can be changed, through reinterpretation, to accommodate it.^[14]

Carvalho also points out that because the revolutionary believes implicitly in a future utopia where there will be no evil, this same leftist revolutionary believes that no holds should be barred in achieving that utopia. Thus, his own criminal activities in achieving that goal are above reproach.^[14]

However Carvalho believes that by the definition of revolution, the American Revolution was not a revolution at all because, for him, the Founding Fathers were men who held themselves (not just others) to high moral standards and in no way tried to usher in a novel experimental utopian system by centralization of power, basing their actions and policies on older English traditions and common law, and modeling the new Republic on these tried and true common sense precepts.^[14]

Carvalho collaborates with Ted Baehr, Paul Gottfried, Judith Reisman, Alejandro Peña Esclusa and Donald Hank through the Inter-American Institute. He is also a friend of American political analyst Alan Keyes.

According to Carvalho, Karl Popper's open society defines itself as "not recognizing any transcendent values and by leaving everything at the mercy of economic conveniences – conveniences that are something alleged even to justify the very demolition of the free market and its replacement by the welfare state, based upon taxation and debt." Carvalho believes that the free market doesn not make men good by itself, as it does not train them to be moral. Alone, it does not bother to defend itself against socialism. According to Carvalho, Christian values protect the free market system, not the other way around.^[15][16]

Science[link]

Olavo strongly criticized Isaac Newton, seeing him as a source of a "formidable stupidity", and has attempted to refute Inertia Law with philosophical arguments.^[17] Moreover, according to him, "Galileu and Newtons's science belittled the observation of natural phenomena in favour of formulating mathematical models with no relation to empirical reality".^[18]

Another target of criticism is darwinism. According Olavo, "all he [Charles Darwin] did was to venture a new explanation for that theory [evolutionism] — and his explanation was wrong. No one else, among the self-proclaimed Darwin’s disciples, believes in 'natural selection'. The theory in vogue, the so-called neo-Darwinism, proclaims that, instead of a selection mysteriously oriented toward the improvement of the species, all that happened were random changes. (...) 'intelligent design' is not only the final touch of the Darwinist theory, but also its fundamental premise, discreetly spread throughout the whole argumentative edifice of The Origin of Species". He goes on saying that "darwinism is genocidal by itself, from its very roots. It did not have to be deformed by disloyal disciples to become something it was not".^[19]

Olavo also accuses Georg Cantor of confusing “numbers with their mere symbols” in his works about transfinite numbers, and calls his math a “play on words" and a "false logic".^[20][21]

Works (in Portuguese)[link]

• A imagem do homem na astrologia. São Paulo: Jvpiter. 1980.
• O crime da Madre Agnes ou A confusão entre espiritualidade e psiquismo. São Paulo: Speculum. 1983.
• Questões de simbolismo astrológico. São Paulo: Speculum. 1983
• Universalidade e abstração e outros estudos. São Paulo: Speculum. 1983.
• Astros e símbolos. São Paulo: Nova Stella. 1985.
• Astrologia e religião. São Paulo: Nova Stella. 1986.
• Fronteiras da tradição. São Paulo: Nova Stella. 1986.
• Símbolos e mitos no filme "O silêncio dos inocentes". Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Artes Liberais. 1992.
• Os gêneros literários: seus fundamentos metafísicos. 1993.
• O caráter como forma pura da personalidade. 1993.
• A nova era e a revolução cultural: Fritjof Capra & Antonio Gramsci. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro : Instituto de Artes Liberais & Stella Caymmi. 1994^[22]
• Uma filosofia aristotélica da cultura. Rio de janeiro: Instituto de Artes Liberais. 1994.
• O jardim das aflições: de Epicuro à ressurreição de César - Ensaio sobre o materialismo e a religião civil. Rio de Janeiro: Diadorim. 1995.
• Aristóteles em nova perspectiva: Introdução à teoria dos quatro discursos. Rio de janeiro: Topbooks. 1996.
• O imbecil coletivo: atualidades inculturais brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro: Faculdade da Cidade. 1996.
• O futuro do pensamento brasileiro. Estudos sobre o nosso lugar no mundo. 1998.
• O imbecil coletivo II: A longa marcha da vaca para o brejo e, logo atrás dela, os filhos da PUC, as quais obras juntas formam, para ensinança dos pequenos e escarmento dos grandes. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks. 1998.
• Coleção história essencial da filosofia. São Paulo: É Realizações. 2002-2006.
• A Dialética Simbólica - Ensaios Reunidos São Paulo: É Realizações. 2006.
• Maquiavel ou A Confusão Demoníaca. São Paulo: Vide Editorial. 2011.

Collaborations

• Arthur Schopenhauer - Como vencer um debate sem precisar ter razão: em 38 estratagemas (dialética erística). Introduction, notes and comments by Olavo de Carvalho. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1997.
• Otto Maria Carpeaux - Ensaios reunidos, 1942-1978. Edition, introduction and comments by Olavo de Carvalho. Rio de Janeiro: UniverCidade & Topbooks. 1999.^[23]
• Émile Boutroux - Aristóteles. Introduction and notes by Olavo de Carvalho. Rio de Janeiro: Record. 1999.

References[link]

External links[link]

Online books

• "A Nova Era e a Revolução Cultural: Fritjof Capra e Antonio Gramsci" (complete text)
• "Aristóteles em Nova Perspectiva" (excerpt)
• "O Jardim das Aflições" (Cap. VI, § 16-17, Epicuro e Marx)

Others

• Official website
• Mídia Sem Máscara - Electronic newspaper with political analysis, edited by Olavo de Carvalho and other collaborators
• True Outspeak - Radio program (streaming)
• Seminário de Filosofia - Website with transcripts, audios and videos of Olavo de Carvalho's courses
• The Philosophy Seminar (English)
• The Inter-American Institute: For Philosophy, Government, and Social Thought (English)