- published: 16 May 2016
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A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. Model organisms are in vivo models and are widely used to research human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical. This strategy is made possible by the common descent of all living organisms, and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genetic material over the course of evolution. Studying model organisms can be informative, but care must be taken when extrapolating from one organism to another.
In researching human disease, model organisms allow for better understanding the disease process without the added risk of harming an actual human. The species chosen will usually meet a determined taxonomic equivalency to humans, so as to react to disease or its treatment in a way that resembles human physiology as needed. Although biological activity in a model organism does not ensure an effect in humans, many drugs, treatments and cures for human diseases are developed in part with the guidance of animal models. There are three main types of disease models: homologous, isomorphic and predictive. Homologous animals have the same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease. Isomorphic animals share the same symptoms and treatments. Predictive models are similar to a particular human disease in only a couple of aspects, but are useful in isolating and making predictions about mechanisms of a set of disease features.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently, at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.
Most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, about 542 million years ago. Animals are divided into various sub-groups, some of which are: vertebrates (birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish); molluscs (clams, oysters, octopuses, squid, snails); arthropods (millipedes, centipedes, insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs, lobsters, shrimp); annelids (earthworms, leeches); sponges; and jellyfish.
The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.
2 - Session 1: Animal models for human disease
Handicrafts Animal models
Making a Simple Animal out of Clay
Animal Models for Atherosclerosis
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A Project on Model of Zoo with Wild Animal
Patricio O'Donnell - Animal models in psychiatry research'
Sayamwong Jom Hammack on Animal Models of Anxiety
Dancing with Epilepsy: Pathology, Animal Models, and Translation
Brian Berridge, DVM, PhD– Modeling pharmacology and safety in animals-‐ A translational dilemma Elaine Ostrander, PhD– Comparative studies of naturally occurring cancers in dogs – Relevance to human cancer Elizabeth Pluhar, DVM, PhD– Canine companions as a model for brain tumor research Joseph Garner, PhD- Animal models or animal patients? Improving translation and reducing attrition by bringing animal studies in line with best practice in human studies Panel Discussion
Coconut husk Handicrafts Animal models made in Kerala, India
This is how I teach my grade one to grade seven students to make animals out of clay, starting out with the most basic shapes and then moving up to more complex ones. Process: 1. have a good photo/picture of the animal in side view handy 2. look for the most basic shapes in the animal 3. keeping proportions in mind, recreate those simple shapes in clay, e.g. oval for body, columns for legs etc. Note: for long legged animals will need to make legs much thicker than in nature so they can support the body, cannot put supporting armature in pottery clay as clay shrinks as it dries and armatures cannot be fired 4. make sure all attachments are smooth and seamless like in nature 5. look for more complex shapes in animal, the more shapes you see and the more shapes you make, the more real your a...
In this video we discuss the different models for atherosclerosis.
15 units of animatronic rainforest animals will be sent tomorrow(2016.7.28). The 15 rainforest style animal models are ordered by Lebanon client. In the end of Auguest, he will have a Animal Theme Exhibition. Website: http://onlydinosaurs.com/features/animatronic-animal/ Phone: +86-13388337810 Email: info@onlydinosaurs.com, onlydinosaurs@gmail.com
coursera
Watch this webinar on LabRoots at http://www.labroots.com/virtual-event/neuroscience-2016 Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder are all uniquely human conditions. Psychiatric conditions include alterations in several different and overlapping domains (NIMH RDoC). Each domain may have unique biological bases. Drug development efforts are now based on addressing domains/RDoC. Can we model psychiatric conditions in rodents? Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder are all uniquely human conditions. Psychiatric conditions include alterations in several different and overlapping domains (NIMH RDoC). Each domain may have unique biological bases. Drug development efforts are now based on addressing domains/RDoC.
Dr. Hammack will describe how animal models have enhanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying anxiety-related behaviors, leading to the discovery of novel neuropeptides and brain circuits that are now implicated in human anxiety disorders. Professor Hammack (PhD University of Colorado, Boulder) is currently assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Vermont (UVM). He currently directs a laboratory at UVM that is conducting multiple studies associated with the neurobiology of emotion and stress-resilience, with a particular interest in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and its modulation by serotonin. About PsychTalks: OUP Higher Ed seasonally offers a series of live online PsychTalks, which provide faculty access to speakers and sessions...
Molecular mechanisms by which signaling pathways modulate neuronal excitability in the immature hippocampus; the processes whereby seizures induce long-term changes in ion channel plasticity (acquired channelopathies) and the use of animal models in studies of cortical dysplasia, autism and epilepsy in children; cardiac mechanisms underlying sudden death in epilepsy in children
Zebrafish as a animal model!
fist creation
3ds Max And C4d Animating(And Modeling)
This is a 1 hour loop of BebopVox's Enchanted Music Video, enjoy! BebopVox is selling this song on iTunes! https://itunes.apple.com/album/id860702759 Produced, directed, written, set design by BebopVox https://www.youtube.com/BebopVox Audio production & composing by Tyler Clark https://www.youtube.com/tylerclarkoff... Modeling, animation, rigging, lighting by The MineCrafter https://www.youtube.com/TheXminecrafterX Vocals sung by Eli Lieb https://www.youtube.com/elilieb Storyboard artwork by Ian Strandberg https://twitter.com/VerbalProcessin
Maya 3D Animation and Modeling Tutorial Rigging Mechanical Objects in Maya
Official Website: http://www.titanichg.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TitanicHonorandGlory/ Created to be played along with our 104th anniversary podcast: http://www.titanichg.com/archives/ Watch Britannic Sink in Real Time: https://youtu.be/Qr5HmOJtgSI This animation was created to go along with the 104th Titanic sinking anniversary podcast we held on April 14th, 2016. You can listen to the recording of that podcast (nearly 4 hours long) along with this video to get additional minute-by-minute, in-depth information on the sinking. Go to - http://www.titanichg.com/archives/ - play the podcast at the top of the page, then play this video at the point in the podcast we say to play, and the podcast will be synced with the animation. This is our full-length animation of the Titanic...
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Website: http://goo.gl/7YAACo
Zaza Khuchua, PhD Associate Professor, UC Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Dr. Khuchua discusses the importance of animal models in Barth syndrome research.