- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 2196
- author: zx459
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- A283 road
- A286 road
- A3 road (England)
- A31 road
- A3100 road
- Airport
- Alan Hansen
- Aldershot
- Aldous Huxley
- Alfold
- Alford Crossways
- Alfred the Great
- Alternating current
- Alternator
- Alvin Stardust
- Anglican Church
- Angling
- Anglo-Saxons
- Arc lamp
- Ashley Cole
- Badshot Lea
- Baptist
- Bargate stone
- Ben Travers Theatre
- Billy Dainty
- Birdham
- Bishop of Salisbury
- Blackheath, Surrey
- Bowlhead Green
- Bowls
- Bramley, Surrey
- Brian Richards
- Brickwork
- Bridewell Palace
- Brighton
- Broadwater School
- Brook, Surrey
- Busbridge
- Busbridge Church
- Bypass (road)
- Canalisation
- Chancel
- Charterhouse School
- Cheryl Cole
- Chichester
- Chiddingfold
- Christopher Timothy
- Churt
- Cloth
- Compton, Surrey
- Compton, Waverley
- Contract Bridge
- Cranleigh
- Cricket
- Cupola
- David Nobbs
- Dippenhall
- Districts of England
- Dockenfield
- Domesday Book
- Dunsfold
- Eashing
- Edward I of England
- Edwin Lutyens
- Electrical generator
- Electricity
- Elstead
- England
- English studies
- Enton
- Eton College
- Ewhurst, Surrey
- FA Cup
- Fair
- Farncombe
- Farnham
- Farnham, Surrey
- Fleet Street
- Frensham
- GCSE
- Genesis (band)
- George Mallory
- Georgia (U.S. state)
- Gertrude Jekyll
- Godalming
- Godalming (hundred)
- Godalming College
- Godalming Town F. C.
- Grayswood
- Great Britain
- GU postcode area
- Guildford
- Guildford Rugby Club
- Hale, Surrey
- Hambledon, Surrey
- Harrow School
- Hascombe
- Haslemere
- Heath End, Surrey
- Hindhead
- History of Surrey
- Hog (swine)
- Hog's Back
- Hurtmore
- Huxley family
- Hydestile
- James Oglethorpe
- Joigny
- Joseph Swan
- Knitting
- Leather
- Listed building
- London
- London commuter belt
- Lords of the manor
- Lower Bourne
- Loxhill
- Mail coach
- Market
- Marshalls Solicitors
- Mary Toft
- Maths
- Mayen
- MBE
- Meadow
- Mick Mills
- Middle Ages
- Milford Bowls Club
- Milford School
- Milford, Surrey
- Mill (grinding)
- Moscow
- Moss Lane School
- Mount Everest
- Mountaineering
- Nick Clarke
- Norman architecture
- Norney
- North Munstead
- Ockford Ridge
- Old Carthusians F.C.
- Ordnance Survey
- Paper
- Papermaking
- Paul Merrett
- Peper Harow
- Pepperpot, Godalming
- Peter Gabriel
- Plough
- Portsmouth
- Post town
- Prior's Field School
- Puttenham, Surrey
- Rachel Hurd-Wood
- Ramsnest Common
- Regions of England
- River Thames
- River Wey
- RMS Titanic
- Road Atlas
- Rowledge
- Rowly
- Runwick
- Russia
- Sam Worthington
- Shackleford
- Shamley Green
- Shoreham-by-Sea
- Shottermill
- Shrub
- Siemens AG
- South East England
- South West Surrey
- South West Trains
- St Bride's Church
- St Hilary's School
- Stagecoach
- Stocking
- Suburb
- Surrey
- Surrey Police
- Template Waverley
- Terry Scott
- Terry-Thomas
- The Holiday
- Thorncombe Street
- Thursley
- Tilford
- Timber framing
- Town hall
- Town twinning
- Tree
- Trunk road
- Tudor period
- Tuesley
- United Kingdom
- University of Surrey
- Waterloo station
- Waverley Hoppa
- Waverley, Surrey
- Weaving
- Wetherspoons
- Wey Navigation Canal
- Wheelerstreet
- Wilfrid Noyce
- Winchester
- Winkworth Arboretum
- Witley
- Wonersh
- Woodland
- Woollen
- Wormley, Surrey
- Wrecclesham
-
A281 road
The A281 is a northwest-southeast road in southern England that passes through the countryside between Guildford, Surrey and Pyecombe, West Sussex near Brighton.
Coordinates: 51°04′53″N 0°22′41″W / 51.08128°N 0.37817°W / 51.08128; -0.37817
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A31 road
The A31 is a major trunk road in southern England that runs from Guildford in Surrey to Bere Regis in Dorset.
The road begins in the centre of Guildford, meeting the A3 road before running south west along the Hog's Back. It continues past Farnham, Alton and New Alresford before joining the route of the M3 motorway at its junction just east of Winchester. The original route from Alresford to Winchester is now the B3404 and from Winchester is now a minor A-road A3090 road through Romsey and on to the New Forest. The M27 motorway flows seamlessly into the road near Lyndhurst, from where it continues as a trunk road through the New Forest and past Ringwood, Ferndown and Wimborne Minster before terminating at its roundabout junction with the A35 road at Bere Regis. The A35 is not a trunk road east of Bere Regis, but is a continuation of the A31 trunk road to the west.
The A31 is part of the ancient route from London to Winchester.
The A31 between Wimborne Minster and Bere Regis is primarily a single-carriageway road, used by heavy goods vehicles and as such is particularly slow, especially during busy times of the day.
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Aldershot
Coordinates: 51°14′49″N 0°45′35″W / 51.2470°N 0.7598°W / 51.2470; -0.7598
Aldershot is a town in the English county of Hampshire, located on heathland about 60 km (37 mi) southwest of London. The town is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council. The town has a population of 33,840, while the Aldershot Urban Area, a loose conurbation (which also includes other towns, such as Camberley, Farnborough, and Farnham) has a population of 243,344, making it the thirtieth-largest urban area in the UK
Aldershot is known for its connection with the British Army. This led to rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town. Today, Aldershot is known as the "Home of the British Army". Aldershot is twinned with Sulechów in Poland, Meudon in France and Oberursel in Germany.
The name may have derived from the name of "Alder" trees found in the area (Alder-holt meaning copse of Alder trees), indicating that it was a wet, boggy place. Aldershot, Alreshete, dates back to an Anglo-Saxon settlement. Aldershot was included as part of the old Hundred of Crondall referred to in the Domesday Book of 1086. The map of Hampshire in the 1722 edition of William Camden's Britannia or Geographical Description of Britain and Ireland shows a symbol for habitation in Aldershot in the Crundhal (Crondall) hundred.[citation needed]
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Alfold
Coordinates: 51°05′43″N 0°31′11″W / 51.0954°N 0.5197°W / 51.0954; -0.5197
Alfold is small village and civil parish on the Surrey/West Sussex border in England. The parish clerk is Mrs L.R. Enticknap.
Originally sited perhaps for the glass making (evidence of which can be seen in Sidney Wood). Charcoal was extensively burnt in the parish for gunpowder works in Dunsfold, Cranleigh, and Sussex.
Alfold is not mentioned in the Domesday Book. This is probably because Alfold appears to have been an unrecorded, southern outpost in the multi-village estate of Bramley since pre-conquest times. The earliest mention of Alfold, in the 13th Century, records that it was attached to Shalford Manor. A charter of William Longespee, son of the Earl of Salisbury, records that the advowson, with the Manor of Shalford, is given to John, son of Geoffrey Earl of Essex, who died in 1256.
'Alfold' meant the 'old fold' or clearing enclosure for cattle.
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Alford Crossways
Coordinates: 51°05′45″N 0°31′05″W / 51.095970°N 0.51794194°W / 51.095970; -0.51794194
Alford Crossways is a small village in the civil parish of Alford in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. The village lies on the Surrey-West Sussex border, just 4 miles (6.4 km) south-west from Cranleigh, its nearest town. The name of the village gives from its railway station.
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Badshot Lea
Coordinates: 51°13′58″N 0°45′43″W / 51.2328°N 0.7619°W / 51.2328; -0.7619
Badshot Lea is a village situated near Farnham, Surrey, England. It is located half-way in between Aldershot and Farnham, with excellent access to the A31. The village is part of the Aldershot Urban Area, the thirtieth largest conurbation in the UK. The village boundaries have traditionally been four bridges—three railway and one over a stream—which inspired the logo for the village.
The village boasts an excellent range of quality facilities including an infant school, a nursery school, a hairstylist, a barber, a Chinese take-away, a plant nursery, an army shop, a pottery shop, an army memorobilia store, "the Kiln" village hall (built in 1886), an electrical substation, a sewage treatment facility, a visiting mobile library, T.S. Swiftsure sea cadets centre, St Georges Church and hall, a cemetery, a pond dipping stage, sheltered housing, an animal sanctuary, and a Working men's club as well as two public houses - The Cricketers and The Crown. There is a large garden centre named Squires with an aquatic department and cafe. Formally known as 'Badshot Lea Garden Centre' and owned by the Caffyn Parsons family, it was taken over by Squires in 2006. Its extensive pets and aquatics centre was opened in 1999 by Charlie Dimmock.
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Birdham
Coordinates: 50°47′49″N 0°49′55″W / 50.79683°N 0.83204°W / 50.79683; -0.83204
Birdham is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located on the Manhood Peninsula, about three miles (5 km) south west of the city of Chichester. The parish church is dedicated to St James.
The nearest railway station is three miles (5 km) northeast of the village, at Chichester.
The village sits on the shores of Chichester Harbour and is home to two locked marinas, Birdham Pool and Chichester Marina. In between these two marinas are the lockgates to the disused Chichester Canal opened in 1822. The local school is Birdham C of E Primary School. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,408. HMS Birdham, launched on 19 September 1955, was named for the village.
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Bridewell Palace
Coordinates: 51°30′42.46″N 0°6′20.73″W / 51.5117944°N 0.1057583°W / 51.5117944; -0.1057583
Bridewell Palace in London, originally a residence of King Henry VIII, later became a poorhouse and prison. The name "Bridewell" subsequently became synonymous with police stations and detention facilities in England and in Ireland. It was also used as the name of the city jail in Chicago in the 19th & early 20th Centuries.
The palace was built on the site of the medieval St Bride's Inn at a cost of £39,000 for Henry VIII, who lived there between 1515–1523. Standing on the banks of the River Fleet, it was named after a nearby well dedicated to St Bride. The papal delegation had preliminary meetings here in 1528 to discuss the King's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The building was a pet project of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey but was abandoned by the king after Wolsey's fall in 1530. It was leased to the French ambassador 1531–1539.
In 1553, Edward VI gave the palace over to the City of London for the housing of homeless children and for the punishment of "disorderly women".
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Brighton
Coordinates: 50°50′35″N 0°07′53″W / 50.842941°N 0.1313120°W / 50.842941; -0.1313120
Brighton
i/ˈbraɪtən/ is the major part of the city of Brighton and Hove (formed from the previous towns of Brighton, Hove, Portslade and several other villages) in East Sussex, England on the south coast of Great Britain. For administrative purposes, Brighton and Hove is not part of the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex, but remains part of the ceremonial county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex.
The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone dates from before Domesday Book (1086), but it emerged as a health resort featuring sea bathing during the 18th century and became a destination for day-trippers from London after the arrival of the railway in 1841. Brighton experienced rapid population growth, reaching a peak of over 160,000 by 1961. Modern Brighton forms part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation stretching along the coast, with a population of around 480,000.
Brighton has two universities and a medical school (which is operated jointly by both universities).
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Broadwater School
Coordinates: 51°12′04″N 0°35′36″W / 51.20108°N 0.59335°W / 51.20108; -0.59335
Broadwater School is a state, secondary Specialist Mathematics and Computing College in Farncombe, near Godalming, Surrey, England. It has been a mixed comprehensive school since 1970, and now has approximately 600 students aged 11–16 years. Its facilities extend over four floors and takes students from year 7 to year 11 (the GCSE year). The current Headmaster is Christopher Lee.
Broadwater School aims to provide aids to all student:
There are three house: Pegasus, Aquila[disambiguation needed
] and Phoenix. Each house has tutor groups with students from the five school years.
The Head of Houses are:
The facilities of Broadwater School are extensively used by the local community. They are the home base for the Guildford Hockey Club, the Premier Division hockey team, whose Clubhouse is located on the school site. The floodlit all-weather pitch and Netball and Tennis facilities, pitches, gymnasium and sports hall are also used. Classrooms, assembly hall and the specialist facilities such as the technology and food rooms are used for adult education as well as for private functions. They are also a hive of musical activity, being the main centre for the South West Surrey Music Centre.
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Busbridge
Coordinates: 51°10′25″N 0°35′59″W / 51.173714°N 0.59967220°W / 51.173714; -0.59967220
Busbridge is a village and civil parish in the borough of Waverley in Surrey. It has a population of 758. It forms part of the Waverley ward of Bramley, Busbridge and Hascombe.
Busbridge Church is a growing evangelical church that runs four Sunday Services in Busbridge and numerous activities during the week. On a Sunday over 200 young people and children attend their youth and children's work.
Busbridge Lakes is a grade 2 heritage garden known for its follies, grottos and trees.
Busbridge Tennis Association is a community initative and were fundamental in the process of renovating the tennis courts and recreation ground at the top of Holloway Hill and overlooking Godalming. In 2012 they secured £37,900 of Olympic Legacy Funding from Sport’s England’s Inspired Facilities Fund for flood lights on all four courts allowing for expansion with junior tennis training.
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Charterhouse School
Coordinates: 51°11′48″N 0°37′21″W / 51.196552°N 0.622504°W / 51.196552; -0.622504
Charterhouse School, originally The Hospital of King James and Thomas Sutton in Charterhouse, or more simply Charterhouse or House, is an English collegiate independent boarding school (also referred to as a public school) situated at Godalming in Surrey.
Founded by Thomas Sutton in London in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, it is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868 which derived from the Clarendon Commission of 1864. Today pupils at Charterhouse are still referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians or OCs.
In May 1611 the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) of Snaith, Lincolnshire. He acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. In 1611, the year of his death, he endowed a hospital on the site of the Charterhouse, calling it the hospital of King James, and in his will he bequeathed moneys to maintain a chapel, hospital (almshouse) and school. He died on 12 December and subsequently the will was hotly contested but upheld in court, and the foundation was finally constituted to afford a home for eighty male pensioners (gentlemen by descent and in poverty, soldiers that have borne arms by sea or land, merchants decayed by piracy or shipwreck, or servants in household to the King or Queens Majesty), and to educate forty boys.
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Chichester
Coordinates: 50°50′11″N 0°46′45″W / 50.83652°N 0.77918°W / 50.83652; -0.77918
Chichester (
/ˈtʃɪtʃɨstə/; Sussex dialect: Chiddester /ˈtʃɪdɨstə/) is a cathedral city in West Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th century cathedral, and is home to some of the oldest churches and buildings in Great Britain.
Chichester today is a local government stronghold, with three levels of government being administered there. It is also a transport hub, and the centre for culture in the region, with a Festival theatre and two art galleries. Nearby Chichester Harbour, together with the South Downs and the city walls, provide opportunities for outdoor pursuits.
The area around Chichester is believed to have played significant part during the Roman Invasion of A.D 43, as confirmed by evidence of military storage structures in the area of the nearby Fishbourne Roman Palace. The city centre stands on the foundations of the Romano-British city of Noviomagus Reginorum, capital of the Civitas Reginorum. The Roman road of Stane Street, connecting the city with London, started at the east gate, while the Chichester to Silchester road started from the north gate. The plan of the city is inherited from the Romans: the North, South, East and West shopping streets radiate from the central market cross dating from medieval times.
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Chiddingfold
Coordinates: 51°06′41″N 0°37′42″W / 51.1113°N 0.6282°W / 51.1113; -0.6282
Chiddingfold is a village and civil parish in the heart of The Weald in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. It lies on the A283 between Milford and Petworth. Chiddingfold Forest is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) lying nearby.
The name of Chiddingfold "Chadynge's fold", "Chiddingefoulde", is derived from the Saxon, probably meaning the fold (enclosure for animals) "in the hollow".
Chiddingfold became famous for its glass-making - during the reign of Elizabeth I, there were no fewer than eleven glass works on the green. Chiddingfold glass was used in some of the finest buildings in the land, including St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, and St George's Chapel, Windsor.
The Guy Fawkes festivities has an interesting past. In 1887 the village policeman had his house attacked by a mob, and was transferred, following suspicion he had set the bonfire alight early. 1929 saw similar, with wider unrest, culminating a week later with a rumour of apprehending the innocent Sgt Brake and ducking him in the pond being met by 200 officers from all over Surrey in specially requisitioned buses; the village pubs were ordered to close and a JP was on hand to read the Riot Act should it have proved necessary.
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Churt
Coordinates: 51°08′10″N 0°46′39″W / 51.135987°N 0.777477°W / 51.135987; -0.777477
Churt is a village and civil parish in the borough of Waverley in Surrey, England. It is located on the A287 road between Hindhead and Farnham, and is split by the Surrey–Hampshire borders. Its origins date back to the Saxon period. The original boundary stones are visible at the junction of Green Lane and Green Cross Lane. The village of Churt is recorded as being part of the "Great Sacks" that belonged to the Bishop of Winchester. Frensham Great Pond, dug to provide the Bishop of Winchester, Hædde, with fresh fish, is the north border. Both the great and little pond were emptied during the world wars as they were landmarks usuable by enemy bombers. With the areas of Hankley, Bordon, Bramshott having a heavy military presence, it was advisable. The ponds have also been used in numerous films; Carry on Jack, The Mummy and more recently Eden Lake. The parish clerk is Shirley Burrill.
Industrialist Frank Mason spent the later part of his life in the area, and provided the community with a village hall, which remains the hub of the village.
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Cranleigh
Coordinates: 51°08′11″N 0°28′42″W / 51.1363°N 0.4784°W / 51.1363; -0.4784
Cranleigh is a large village, self-proclaimed the largest in England, and is situated 8 miles south east of Godalming in Surrey. It lies to the east of the A281 which links Guildford with Horsham; neighbouring villages include: Ewhurst, Alfold and Hascombe.
Until the mid-1860s, the village was called "Cranley". The Post Office succeeded in getting the spelling changed to avoid confusion with nearby Crawley in West Sussex. The name is popularly - but incorrectly - believed to come from the large crane breeding grounds that were supposed to have been historically located at Vachery. The figure of a crane adorns the old drinking water fountain of 1874, that can still be found in the middle of the village in 'Fountain Square'.
Situated partly on the Greensand Ridge, where it rises to 700 feet (210 m) at Winterfold Hill, but mainly on the clay and sandstone Lower Weald, Cranleigh has little of prehistoric or Roman interest. A spur of the Roman road between London and Chichester runs north west to Guildford past nearby Farley Heath in Farley Green, a temple site. Cranleigh was not mentioned in the Domesday Book, at that time being part of the manor of Shere.
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Dippenhall
Coordinates: 51°12′49″N 0°50′02″W / 51.213550°N 0.83397992°W / 51.213550; -0.83397992
Dippenhall is a small village in the civil parish of Crondall in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. Its nearest town is Farnham, which lies approximately 1.6 miles (2.6 km) east from the village. The village lies within the civil parish of Crondall, which is odd because they are in different counties. The manor of Dippenhall was included in the Crondall Hundred and was recognised as a 'tything' at the time. Today the hamlet lies near the A31 road between Farnham and Alton.
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Dockenfield
Coordinates: 51°09′31″N 0°48′58″W / 51.158498°N 0.81603460°W / 51.158498; -0.81603460
Dockenfield is a civil parish in the borough of Waverley in Surrey. It has a population of 421. The parish council clerk is R Liiv.
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Dunsfold
Coordinates: 51°06′58″N 0°33′50″W / 51.1161°N 0.5638°W / 51.1161; -0.5638
Dunsfold is a village in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 8.7 miles (14 kilometres) south of Guildford. The census area Chiddingfold and Dunsfold has a population of 3,812.
The village's name was recorded as Duntesfaude in 1259, Duntesfaud in 1272 and Duntesfalde in 1291, apparently meaning Dunt's fold. Alternatively it may be derived from the Old English dun (hill, cf. down) and fold (enclosure) - folding or enclosing being a way of moving sheep around the land to graze off the remains of previously harvested crops. It is a practice still followed on some of the farmland around the village. There are some prize-winning Aberdeen Angus cattle farmed here but the last dairy herd has now closed.
St Mary & All Saints' Church is a Norman building, containing the oldest pews in England. The nearby Holy Well was formerly a site of pilgrimage and its waters were thought to cure diseases of the eye. It is further thought that the well may be a pre-Christian site and the church itself may be constructed on a man-made hill of pre-Christian origin. The current rector is Paul Jenkins who has been installed since 23/01/2007.
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Elstead
Coordinates: 51°10′N 0°43′W / 51.17°N 0.71°W / 51.17; -0.71
Elstead is a village in Surrey, England, with shops and cottages mainly clustered around a central green, close to the River Wey. Neighbouring villages include Gatwick (the village), Puttenham, Charleshill and Peper Harow. Elstead is about 5 km west of the part of the A3 lying between Guildford and Godalming.
Elstead's relative prosperity over the centuries can be partly attributed to the existence of a large watermill and a significant bridge over the river, parts of which are thought to be around 700 years old.
Elstead Mill, now a pub and restaurant, was occupied by Oliver Cromwell’s ‘roundhead’ army during the English Civil War, but subsequently burnt down. The present structure is therefore thought to date back to the 17th century.
The first known reference to Elstead is in the 1128 foundation charter for Waverley Abbey (sometimes spelt Waverly), where it was called Helestede. The church of St James was built around ten years later. It still contains 13th century windows and some 14th century timbers.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Eton College
Coordinates: 51°29′31″N 0°36′29″W / 51.49187°N 0.60792°W / 51.49187; -0.60792
Eton College, usually referred to as Eton, is a British independent boarding school for boys aged 13 to 18. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as "The King's College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor".
It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, and is one of the nine English independent schools, common referred to as "public schools", regulated by the Public Schools Act 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils board at the school, and is one of four remaining single-sex public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School and Radley College) to continue this practice.
Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the nineteenth British Prime Minister to have attended Eton.
Eton has traditionally been referred to as "the chief nurse of England's statesmen", and has been described as the most famous public school in the world. Early in the 20th century, a historian of Eton wrote, "No other school can claim to have sent forth such a cohort of distinguished figures to make their mark on the world."
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Farncombe
Coordinates: 51°11′52″N 0°36′09″W / 51.1977°N 0.6026°W / 51.1977; -0.6026
Farncombe is a village in Surrey, England. It is administratively part of Godalming, coming under the remit of Godalming Town Council and the Borough of Waverley.
Farncombe is an ancient site of settlement, archaeological finds from the Bronze age have been found in Northbourne Estate. Evidence for a Roman Villa has also been found in Binscombe, a local hamlet. In more modern history Farncombe has appeared in Domesday Book of 1086 as Fernecome. It was held by the Bishop of Bayeux. Its domesday assets were: 2 ploughs, 15 acres (61,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 3 hogs. It rendered £1 4s 0d. The village lies on the River Wey and canal boats can be hired here taking travelers up to Guildford and beyond.
Few older buildings survive as evidence of its long history; among the oldest is a row of almshouses, built in 1622[citation needed]. Farncombe is within the census area Godalming Charterhouse which has a population of 5,053.
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Farnham
Coordinates: 51°12′50″N 0°47′56″W / 51.214°N 0.799°W / 51.214; -0.799
Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. The town is situated some 42 miles (67 km) southwest of London in the extreme west of Surrey, adjacent to the border with Hampshire. By road Guildford is 11 miles (17 km) to the east and Winchester 28 miles (45 km) to the southwest. Farnham is the largest town in Waverley, with a total resident population of 38,000 people. It is of historic interest, with many old buildings, including a number of Georgian houses. Farnham Castle overlooks the town. A short distance southeast of the town centre are the ruins of Waverley Abbey, Moor Park House and Mother Ludlam's Cave. Farnham is twinned with Andernach in Germany.
Farnham's history and present status are mainly the result of its geography; a combination of river, streams, fresh water springs and varied soils, together with a temperate climate, attracted early man to the area and, even today, the geology of the area greatly influences the town, both in terms of communications, scenic and botanic variety and the main local industries of agriculture and minerals extraction. Farnham Geological Society is an active organisation in the town, and the Museum of Farnham has a collection of geological samples and fossils.
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Fleet Street
Coordinates: 51°30′51″N 0°06′32″W / 51.51417°N 0.10889°W / 51.51417; -0.10889
Fleet Street is a street in the City of London named after the River Fleet, London's largest underground river. It was the origin and home of the British newspapers until the 1980s. Even though the last major British news office, Reuters, left in 2005, the term Fleet Street continues to be used as a metonym for the British national press.
As early as the 13th century, it seems to have been known as Fleet Bridge Street, and in the early part of the 14th century it began to be mentioned frequently by its present name, spelled, of course, in accordance with the customs of those days. Fleet Street began as the road from the commercial City of London to the political hub of Westminster. The length of Fleet Street marks the expansion of the City in the 14th century. At the east end of the street is where the River Fleet flowed against the medieval walls of London; at the west end is the Temple Bar which marks the current City of London/City of Westminster boundary, extended there in 1329.
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Frensham
Coordinates: 51°09′46″N 0°47′56″W / 51.1627°N 0.799°W / 51.1627; -0.799
Frensham is a village in Surrey, England, beside the A287, 13 miles (20.9 km) south west of Guildford. Neighbouring villages include Millbridge, Shortfield Common, Dockenfield, Spreakley, Batt's Corner and Rushmoor. Frensham lies on the River Wey. Farnham is the nearest main town and it is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the north. The majority of the land around Frensham is located within the Metropolitan Green Belt. The non-agricultural land surrounding the village is mainly open heathland and birch woodland.
Planning permission is being discussed for a potential mineral zone for the extraction of sand and gravel near Frensham Manor.
Frensham Common is owned by the National Trust and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It covers about 1,000 acres and comprises a large area of heathland, together with some coniferous and mixed woodland. There are two large ponds, known as Frensham Great and Little Ponds, which were built in the Middle Ages to provide fish for the Bishop of Winchester's estate.
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Godalming
Coordinates: 51°11′06″N 0°36′36″W / 51.185°N 0.61°W / 51.185; -0.61
Godalming ( /ˈɡɒdəlmɪŋ/) is a town and civil parish in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Guildford. It is built on the banks of the River Wey and is a prosperous part of the London commuter belt. Godalming shares a three-way twinning arrangement with the towns of Joigny in France and Mayen in Germany. Friendship links are in place with the state of Georgia in the United States and the city of Moscow in Russia. James Oglethorpe of Godalming was the founder of the colony of Georgia.
The town has existed since Saxon times (see also Godalming (hundred)), and probably earlier. It is mentioned in the will of King Alfred the Great, and the name itself has Saxon origins, 'Godhelms Ingus' roughly translated as “the family of Godhelm”, and probably referring to one of the first lords of the manor.
Godalming grew in size because its location is roughly half-way between Portsmouth and London, which encouraged traders to set up stalls and inns for travellers to buy from and rest in.
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Godalming College
Coordinates: 51°10′36″N 0°36′59″W / 51.17678°N 0.61629°W / 51.17678; -0.61629
Godalming College is a state sixth form college, situated in Godalming, four miles from Guildford, Surrey, England. The college has been consistently oversubscribed in recent years. It is the successor to Godalming Grammar School, a state grammar school. The 2005 Ofsted report said: Leadership and management is outstanding. The principal is David Adelman BA.
In 2010, Godalming College had a 98.7 percent pass rate and 61.5 percent of exam entrants attained grades within the A* to B boundary. In the same year, 100 percent pass rates were achieved in 29 of the A level (or equivalent) subjects taught at Godalming College.
In 2006 the college achieved a 98.5% pass rate compared with the national pass rate of 96.6%. Of more than 2000 subject entries, over 1000 were at the top A and B grades and over 1500 at grades A to C. In 33 of the A level subjects offered by the College a 100% pass rate was achieved.
In 2000, the newly completed building achieved the Best New Building Award in the Godalming Trust Civic Design Awards. Since then, three new blocks have been built, including a library block, sports hall and a performing arts building.
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Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honshū. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
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Guildford
Coordinates: 51°14′12″N 0°34′13″W / 51.236538°N 0.570309°W / 51.236538; -0.570309
Guildfordi/ˈɡɪlfərd/ is the county town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford. It is situated 27 miles (43 km) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road mid-way between the capital and Portsmouth.
The town has Saxon roots, and likely owes its location to the existence of a gap in the North Downs where the River Wey is forded by the Harrow Way. The town grew enough in importance that by 978 it was home to the Royal Mint. With the building of the Wey Navigation and Basingstoke Canal Guildford was in the centre of a network of waterways that aided its prosperity.
The Guildford pub bombing by the Provisional IRA in 1974 killed five people including four off-duty soldiers from the local barracks. The subsequently arrested suspects became known as the Guildford Four.
It is believed that Guildford was founded by Saxon settlers shortly after Roman authority had been removed from Britain (which was c.410AD). The site was likely chosen because the Harrow Way (an ancient trackway that continues along Hog's Back) crosses the River Wey at this point, via a ford. This probably gives rise to the second half of Guildford's name. The root of the first part is gold rather than society or meeting place.[citation needed] The Saxon name would have been Gyldeford, meaning golden ford. It has been suggested[by whom?] that the gold may refer to golden flowers by the ford, or the golden sand, but this is not certain. There is an old coaching Inn on the Epsom Road previously called the 'Sanford Arms', which almost certainly derives from 'Sand Ford', so this adds weight to the suggestion that 'Guildford' is a corruption of 'Gold Ford', referring to the very distinctive golden sand showing on the banks of the River Wey where it cuts through the sandy outcrop just south of the town.[citation needed]
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Harrow School
Coordinates: 51°34′23″N 0°20′02″W / 51.573103°N 0.333792°W / 51.573103; -0.333792
Harrow School, commonly known simply as "'Harrow", is an English independent school for boys situated in the town of Harrow, in north-west London. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243 but the Harrow School of today was officially founded by John Lyon under a Royal Charter of Elizabeth I in 1572. Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
The school has an enrollment of approximately 850 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full time.
Harrow has many traditions and rich history, which includes the use of Straw Hats, morning suits, top hats and canes as uniform. Its long line of famous alumni include eight former Prime Ministers (including Churchill, Baldwin, Peel, and Palmerston), numerous foreign statesmen, former and current members of both houses of the UK Parliament, two Kings and several other members of various royal families, 20 Victoria Cross and one George Cross holders, and a great many notable figures in both the arts and the sciences. It is widely considered one of the best secondary schools in the world along with its rival Eton. Good Schools Guide said the school "Does well, does the boys well, couldn't do better."
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Hascombe
Coordinates: 51°09′02″N 0°34′18″W / 51.1505°N 0.5716°W / 51.1505; -0.5716
Hascombe is a village in Surrey, England. It contains a cluster of cottages and country estates, St Peter's church, the village green and The White Horse pub, all nestling between wooded hillsides in Surrey, England.
Even by the standards of the surrounding area, Hascombe is remarkably affluent: Russian businessman Boris Berezovsky, television presenter Anthea Turner and broadcaster/producer Chris Evans all own properties in the village. Former residents include the film star Dirk Bogarde.
Hascombe is situated approximately midway between Godalming and Cranleigh. Hascombe is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The name of the village is considered to come from Hægscombe meaning valley of the witch or "hag" in Old English.
Above the village is Hascombe Hill which is the site of a ruined hillfort built by the ancient Britons and occupied by them during the 1st century BC. The word "combe" is derived from cwm meaning "valley" in the Welsh language and this may indicate that the population of Hascombe remained predominantly Brythonic for some time after the surrounding areas had been populated by Anglo-Saxon settlers. The village was not mentioned by name in the Domesday Book and it is thought to have been part of the manor of Bramley.
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Haslemere
Coordinates: 51°05′24″N 0°42′42″W / 51.0899°N 0.7117°W / 51.0899; -0.7117
Haslemere ( /ˈheɪzəlmɪər/) is a town in Surrey, England, close to the border with both Hampshire and West Sussex. The major road between London and Portsmouth, the A3, lies to the west, and a branch of the River Wey to the south. Haslemere is approximately 12 miles (19 km) south-west of Guildford.
Haslemere is surrounded by hills, with Blackdown at 920 feet (280 m) to the south and Gibbet Hill at 894 feet (272 m) to the north. The latter was the site of executions in past centuries. Many of those hanged there were highwaymen, because the roads around Haslemere, particularly alongside the nearby Devil's Punch Bowl, were notoriously dangerous. Today, much of the heathland and woodland is owned and protected by the National Trust, and has become a popular attraction for walkers.
The town also marks the western end of the Greensand Way footpath which extends for 110 miles (180 km) to Hamstreet in Kent, and is one end of the Serpent Trail.
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Hindhead
Coordinates: 51°07′02″N 0°44′05″W / 51.1172°N 0.7348°W / 51.1172; -0.7348
Hindhead is a village in Surrey, England, 10.5 miles south-west of Guildford and is the highest village in Surrey, with buildings at between 185 and 246 metres above sea level. Part of the area including the church forms the community of Beacon Hill, Hindhead. Its population was 3874 in 2001..
The place-name 'Hindhead' is first attested in 1571, and means 'hill frequented by hinds', that is to say deer.
The only neighbouring village is Grayshott; however less than three miles away to the north is Churt, Surrey and to the south is Haslemere, which has the nearest railway station.
Hindhead adjoins the south side of the Devil's Punch Bowl, a site of special scientific interest.
This area was notorious in times past for highwaymen; a Stephen Phillips who was a robber tried and convicted at the Old Bailey admitted to the Newgate chaplain to having stolen 150 guineas in gold on the road towards London in 1736. With an increase in traffic and opening of the London to Portsmouth railway line removing much of the freight being transported by road, such incidents were tamed during the 19th century. Gibbet Hill, a short walk away on top of the Devil's Punch Bowl, is where murderers and robbers were hung in chains to warn others.
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Hydestile
Coordinates: 51°09′22″N 0°37′01″W / 51.156157°N 0.61704285°W / 51.156157; -0.61704285
Hydestile is a hamlet between the villages of Busbridge and Hambledon, a few miles south of Godalming in south west Surrey. Hydestile is a very densely wooded area and is notable for Hydon's Ball (a steep, wooded hill), and a Cheshire Home. From 1921, Hydestile was the site for two hospitals: King George V Hospital (formerly a TB Sanatorium) and from 1941, St. Thomas' Hospital (formed from the WWII evacuation of the Lambeth teaching hospital). The hospitals were demolished and redeveloped in the late 1990s following years of dereliction.
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Joigny
Coordinates: 47°58′59″N 3°23′52″E / 47.9831°N 3.3978°E / 47.9831; 3.3978
Joigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
It is located on the banks of the Yonne River.
Joigny was the town where French writer Marcel Aymé, and famous doctor Edme Joachim Bourdois de La Motte (first physician to Napoleon's son) were born. It was also the home of Saint Madeleine Sophie Barat.
Saint Andrew Church, Pietà
Saint John Church, Deposition of Christ (XVIth century)
Saint John Church
Inside of Saint Theobald Church
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Lower Bourne
Coordinates: 51°11′48″N 0°47′25″W / 51.1966°N 0.7903°W / 51.1966; -0.7903
Lower Bourne is a village in Farnham, a town in Surrey, UK.
Media related to Lower Bourne at Wikimedia Commons
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Loxhill
Coordinates: 51°08′01″N 0°34′12″W / 51.133698°N 0.56996070°W / 51.133698; -0.56996070
Loxhill is a small village and civil parish in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. Its nearest town is Cranleigh, which lies approximately 3.61 miles (5.81 km) north-east from the village.
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Moscow
Moscow (
/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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North Munstead
Coordinates: 51°09′44″N 0°35′14″W / 51.162122°N 0.58733940°W / 51.162122; -0.58733940
North Munstead is a hamlet in the civil parish of Hascombe in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. Its nearest town is Godalming, which lies approximately 2.20 miles (3.54 km) north-west from the hamlet. The hamlet lies on the B1230 Road between Busbridge and Hascombe.
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Ockford Ridge
Ockford Ridge is a small housing estate in south east England. Built in the early-mid 1930s, it consists of roughly 200 homes and related amenities. There is also a playground and a basketball court on a green and there was a pub called the King Alfred, It has been knocked down and a couple of new homes have been built in place with the name of King Alfred Court. There is a social club in Coopers Rise and a shop on Quarry Hill, there is also a cemetery and bus stops. St Marks Church provides a place of worship for those residents so inclined.
The community is situated roughly between Eashing and Godalming. The council houses have been upgraded with double glazed windows recently and the project is finished.
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Ordnance Survey
Ordnance Survey (Welsh: Arolwg Ordnans), an executive agency and non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom, is the national mapping agency for Great Britain, producing maps of Great Britain (and to an extent, the Isle of Man), and one of the world's largest producers of maps with a particular both historical and architectural form in the maps resulting from the conflict at both local and world level of the scales of maps known from the 19th Century as the 'Battle of the Scales'.
The name reflects its creation together with the original military purpose of the organisation (see ordnance and surveying) in the first instance in mapping Scotland at the time of the creation of the British United Kingdom following many centuries of conflict and confirmed later during the Napoleonic Wars when there was a threat of invasion from France, and its logo includes the War Department's broad arrow heraldic mark. Ordnance Survey mapping is usually classified as 'large scale' (i.e. showing more detail) or 'small scale'. Large-scale mapping comprises maps at six inches to the mile or more (1:10,560, superseded by 1:10,000 in the 1950s); it was available in sheet-map form till the 1980s, since when it has become digital. Small-scale mapping comprises maps at fewer than six inches to the mile and includes the "leisure maps", such as the popular one inch to the mile and its metric successors, still available in traditional sheet-map form. Ordnance Survey of Great Britain maps are in copyright for 50 years after publication date. Some of the Copyright Libraries hold complete or near-complete collections of pre-digital O.S. mapping.
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Peper Harow
Coordinates: 51°11′30″N 0°40′01″W / 51.191750°N 0.66688500°W / 51.191750; -0.66688500
Peper Harow is a tiny village in south-west Surrey close to the town of Godalming.
The whole village is privately owned and access is restricted. The name "Peper Harow" is very unusual and comes from Old English Pipers Hearg meaning, approximately "Pagan Temple".
Peper Harrow appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Pipereherge. It was held by Girard (Gerard) from Walter, son of Othere. Its domesday assets were: 3 hides. It had 3 ploughs, 1 mill worth 15s, 7 acres (28,000 m2) of meadow. It rendered £5.
In the graveyard of St. Nicholas's Church (dating to 1301) is an ancient yew tree which has been dated to at least 1,500 years old and is probably older still. It could stand on the site of the old pagan temple or it could even be the old pagan temple as trees were venerated in those times by the Saxons. Close to Peper Harrow at Bonville Hanger Wood is a Holy well called Bonfield Spring that is also thought to have held pre-christian religious significance.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth (i/ˈpɔːtsməθ/) is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island. It is situated 64 miles (103 km) south west from London and 19 miles (31 km) south east from Southampton.
As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Lord Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey.
The Spinnaker Tower is a striking recent addition to the city's skyline. It can be found in the redeveloped former HMS Vernon, formerly a shore establishment or 'stone frigate' of the Royal Navy, now an area of retail outlets, restaurants, clubs and bars now known as Gunwharf Quays.
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Ramsnest Common
Coordinates: 51°05′35″N 0°39′07″W / 51.093035°N 0.651953°W / 51.093035; -0.651953
Ramsnest Common is a small village in the heart of The Weald in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. It lies on the A283 two miles south of Chiddingfold between Milford and Petworth.
The name Ramsnest refers to the curly horns that are found on a male sheep, a ram. Ramsnest Common is officially part of the village of Chiddingfold which is well known for its village green, pubs, school and church.
Ramsnest Common comprises a small number of cottages and houses, some larger country homes, a petrol station called The Broken Spur (with a small store for general provisions), a mechanics workshop, some farms and a pub called The Mulberry Inn (previously The Ramsnest Inn) owned by celebrity restaurateur Chris Evans (presenter).
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River Wey
Coordinates: 51°10′48″N 0°45′00″W / 51.180°N 0.750°W / 51.180; -0.750
The River Wey in Surrey, Hampshire and West Sussex is a tributary of the River Thames with two separate branches which join at Tilford. The name may be derived from the Old English word Éa meaning "river". The source of the north branch is at Alton, Hampshire and of the south branch at both Blackdown south of Haslemere, and also close to Gibbet Hill, near Hindhead (the south branch splits into two smaller rivers). The Wey has a total catchment area of 904 square kilometres (350 sq mi), draining parts of Surrey, Hampshire and West Sussex. It is partly navigable from Godalming, forming the natural part of the Wey and Godalming Navigations. It joins the River Thames near Weybridge, which is named after the river, just downstream of Shepperton Lock. The river is also a popular subject to study, as its features allow for easy access to data.
The Wey North branch rises in Alton in Hampshire and runs eastwards through Upper Froyle and Bentley, turning southwards at Farnham to Tilford. The catchment of this branch was originally the upper catchment of the Blackwater, which then ran northwards through what is now Farnham. The Wey captured the Blackwater near Tilford; the capture extended downstream to Farnham, thus reversing the flow to southwards between Farnham and Tilford. The Blackwater remains as a much shorter river to the north of Farnham, with a wind gap (empty valley) between it and the Wey.
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RMS Titanic
RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK to New York City, US. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909–11 by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. She carried 2,223 people.
Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178 people – slightly more than half of the number travelling on the maiden voyage and one-third her total passenger and crew capacity.
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Rowledge
Coordinates: 51°10′56″N 0°49′27″W / 51.1822°N 0.8241°W / 51.1822; -0.8241
Rowledge is a village in England, situated on the Surrey–Hampshire border. It lies south of the A31 at Farnham. Neighbouring villages include Wrecclesham, Spreakley and Frensham. To the south west of the village is the Alice Holt Forest; to the west is Birdworld.
Rowledge lies in the southwest corner of Surrey, some three miles south west of the town of Farnham.
The Ecclesiastical Parish of Rowledge is probably unique in that it straddles the Hampshire Border, with St James’ Church and the School being located in Hampshire. It was formed in 1869 from parts of Farnham, Frensham and Binsted (Hampshire) parishes and includes the hamlets of Holt Pound and Bucks Horn Oak in Hampshire.
The former Civil Parish, covering the area within Surrey, now forms part of the Farnham Ward of Wrecclesham and Rowledge.
The Village is bounded to the north by the Bourne Valley (an “Area of Strategic Visual Importance” or ASVI) and Wrecclesham and Boundstone/Upper Bourne; to the west by the Alice Holt Forest; to the east by open countryside and to the south by further open countryside designated as an “Area of Great Landscape Value” or AGLV.
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Runwick
Coordinates: 51°12′20″N 0°49′36″W / 51.205627°N 0.82671985°W / 51.205627; -0.82671985
Runwick is a hamlet in the civil parish of Wrecclesham in the Waverley district of Surrey, England. The hamlet lies on the Hampshire-Surrey border. Its nearest town is Farnham, which lies approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east from the hamlet, just off the A31 road between Farnham and Alton.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] (
listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Shackleford
Coordinates: 51°11′51″N 0°39′15″W / 51.1975°N 0.6541°W / 51.1975; -0.6541
Shackleford is a village in Surrey, England lying to the west of the A3 between Guildford and Petersfield. Neighbouring villages include Puttenham, Peper Harrow and Eashing.
The village does not appear in the Domesday survey of the eleventh century. The name first appears (as Sakelesford) in 1220 with many variants appearing down the centuries. The derivation of the "Shackle" part of the name is uncertain and the subject of speculation. A possible formation is from the Old English verb sceacan (to shake) suggesting loose movement, perhaps the shaky or loose bottom of the ford itself.
The name may derive from a 'ford' (perhaps over a marshy area or swamp) belonging to a man with the name 'shackle' or perhaps a ford secured by chains. Others have speculated that the name derives from the Old English word 'scacol,' meaning tongue of land.[citation needed] Whatever the derivation, by the 14th century villagers began taking the place name as a surname, when there is known to have been a William de Shackleford who lived in the area.
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Surrey
Surrey /ˈsʌri/ is a county in the South East of England, and one of the home counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford.Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965. The London boroughs of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark were considered part of Surrey until 1889; and Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Barnes and Richmond - all now reclassified as part of Greater London - were part of Surrey until 1965.
Surrey is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking. After the elections of 1 May 2008, the Conservatives are in control of 10 out of 11 councils in Surrey, with Epsom and Ewell in Residents Association control. The Conservatives hold all 11 Parliamentary constituencies within the county borders.
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Thursley
Coordinates: 51°08′56″N 0°42′26″W / 51.149°N 0.7073°W / 51.149; -0.7073
Thursley is a small village in Surrey. It lies just west of the A3 running between Milford and Hindhead. Neighbouring villages include Rushmoor, Bowlhead Green and Brook. Thursley is in south-west Surrey, in south-east England. It is near Punch Bowl Farm and the Devil's Punch Bowl.
The village's name came from Old English Þunres lēah meaning "grove or meadow" of the god Thunor or Thor (in his northern guise); it was probably a site where he was worshipped. There is a rocky outcrop near the village referred to in Victorian guides to the area as Thor's Stone. This stone, according to the Surrey Archaeological Collection (volume 88), is first mentioned in Saxon times as being "near Peper Harow", an adjacent parish with known pagan connections. The precise stone or rocks this refers to is now uncertain with some sources indicating it could be the rocky outcrop and others suggesting it may be an ancient Celtic boundary stone found on the margin of Pudmore pond on Ockley Common.
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Tilford
Coordinates: 51°11′00″N 0°44′54″W / 51.1833°N 0.7484°W / 51.1833; -0.7484
Tilford is a small village about two miles south of Farnham in Surrey, England. It lies within the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
The name "Tilford" is probably derived from "Tila's ford" or "Tilla's ford". Two medieval bridges span the branches of the River Wey and are listed as ancient monuments. Several substantial farm houses date from the 16th century. Tilford House was built in 1727 and its chapel in 1776.
In the mid eighteenth century the village was owned by Elizabeth Abney, daughter of Lady Mary Abney; and her detailed local survey map has survived to this day in the British Library.
The village centres on a triangular green used for cricket in the summer.
Beside the green, the Tilford Oak is said to be at least 800 years old. Eric Parker wrote:
Parker measured the girth again in 1934 and found it to be 1 foot more. The tree's branches have been lopped in recent years and the trunk is patched with iron sheets.
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Tuesley
Coordinates: 51°10′05″N 0°37′26″W / 51.168000°N 0.62400000°W / 51.168000; -0.62400000
Tuesley is a village to the south of the town of Godalming, in the county of Surrey in southern England.
It lies within the Anglo-Saxons district of Godalming (hundred), Surrey.
It is named for the Anglo-Saxon war-god Tiw and literally translates as "Tiw's Clearing" (Tīwes lēah). It is presumed that this was a forested place like the rest of the area where the trees were cut and a temple to the god created. Sometime in 7th century, the temple was consecrated by Christians and a small chapel was erected.
Tuesley appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Tiwesle. It was held by Rannulf Flambard from William the Conqueror. Its domesday assets were: 1 hide; 1 plough. (It was a subsidiary manor of Godalming.) It rendered £2.
In 1220 the name was Tiwerlei. At that time, mention was made of the chapel, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, as the first church established in Godalming and it was known locally as "The Mother Church". By then, services were held only three times a year. A fair was held in the field on Lady Day until 1540. The foundations of the Minster were partly excavated in 1860. In 1956 Tuesley Court Farm was acquired by a Holy Order and renamed Ladywell Convent, as part of this sale it acquired the old pagan sanctuary and erected a statue of the Virgin Mary. Close by is Godalming College.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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University of Surrey
The University of Surrey is a university located within the county town of Guildford, Surrey in the South East of England. It received its charter on 9 September 1966, and was previously situated near Battersea Park in south-west London. The institution was known as Battersea College of Technology before gaining university status. Its roots however go back to the Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891 to provide further and higher education for London's poorer inhabitants.
The university is a member of the 1994 Group. The university conducts extensive research on small satellites and has a high number of staff who are members of learned societies. The Research Assessment Exercise 2001 awarded nine departments at the university 5 or 5* ratings. The university has recently expanded into China by launching the Surrey International Institute with Dongbei University of Finance and Economics.
The university's main campus is located on Stag Hill close to the centre of Guildford and adjacent to Guildford Cathedral. A second campus, at Manor Park, is located a short distance away and has been developed to expand upon existing accommodation, academic buildings and sporting facilities.
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Winchester
Coordinates: 51°03′48″N 1°18′31″W / 51.0632°N 1.3085°W / 51.0632; -1.3085
Winchester (archaically known as Winton and Wintonceastre) is a historic cathedral city and former capital city of England. It is the county town of Hampshire, in South East England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, and is located at the western end of the South Downs, along the course of the River Itchen. At the time of the 2001 Census, Winchester had a population of 41,420.
Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum. Winchester's major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The town is also home to the University of Winchester and the famous public school, Winchester College. The city's architectural and historic interest, and its fast links to other towns and cities have led Winchester to become one of the most expensive and desirable areas of the country. A person who is from or resides in Winchester is sometimes locally known as a Wintonian.
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Winkworth Arboretum
Winkworth Arboretum is a National Trust-owned arboretum located between Godalming and Hascombe, Surrey, England.
Winkworth Arboretum exhibits large collections of azalea, rhododendron, and holly on slopes leading down to ornamental lakes. Gertrude Jekyll explored the woods in the early 20th century. The exotic trees were planted from 1938 by Wilfrid Fox.
Coordinates: 51°09′39″N 0°34′54″W / 51.1607°N 0.5818°W / 51.1607; -0.5818
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Witley
Coordinates: 51°08′59″N 0°38′48″W / 51.1497°N 0.6468°W / 51.1497; -0.6468
Witley, in Surrey, England is a village 2 miles (3 km) south west of Godalming. The village lies just east of the A3 that runs from Guildford to Petersfield. Witley together with the neighbouring area of Hambledon have a population of about 4,000. Neighbouring villages include Milford, Chiddingfold and Grayswood.
Witley appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Witlei. Its domesday assets were held by Gislebert (Gilbert), son of Richere de L'Aigle. It rendered: 12 hides; 1 church, 15 ploughs, 3 acres (12,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 30 hogs. It rendered £16.
Witley has a parish council consisting of 16 unpaid councillors from Witley and neighbouring Milford. Amongst their tasks is the management of Witley Recreation Ground and 43 allotments.
Witley Common, which belongs to the National Trust, lies to the west of the village.
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Wonersh
Coordinates: 51°11′54″N 0°32′48″W / 51.1983°N 0.5468°W / 51.1983; -0.5468
Wonersh is a small Surrey village in England. Wonersh is about 3 miles SSE of Guildford on the B2128 road from Guildford, Shalford to Cranleigh. Neighbouring villages include Bramley, Shamley Green and Blackheath.
Although little evidence has been discovered locally, it is believed that a settlement has existed in Wonersh since Anglo-Saxon times.
Until recently an ilex (holly) tree stood in the garden of Green Place and estimates of its age ranged up to 1200 years. This certainly appears to support the existent of an ancient settlement in the area, as the ilex is not an indigenous species. Indeed the name Wonersh has its origins in the Anglo-Saxon language and loosely translated means "hamlet in the winding stubble field". Furthermore, Wonersh was mentioned in the Domesday Book.[citation needed]
In 1993, the Wonersh History Society, was formed to preserve and build on a quantity of historical material and notes gathered over many years by the late Anthony Fanshaw. Much of this archive is now being transferred to the Society's computer data base and will be available.
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Wrecclesham
Coordinates: 51°11′55″N 0°49′05″W / 51.1987°N 0.8181°W / 51.1987; -0.8181
Wrecclesham is a village on the outskirts of Farnham in Waverley a borough of the county of Surrey, England.
Farnham Pottery is located here, as is the Wrecclesham recreation ground which caters for the local cricket, football, rugby and tennis clubs and it is where Jonny Wilkinson and Graham Thorpe started their respective sporting careers as well as many historic sportsmen such as Billy Beldham and Vic Cannings.
Wrecclesham's historic character is shown by the presence of the Farnham Pottery, this is one of the best preserved examples of a working Victorian country pottery left in England and is Grade II Listed. Furthermore, it serves as a cafe for the local community. In addition, just past Wrecclesham Hill is the hamlet of Holt Pound, what is now the Holt Pound recreation ground was one of the chief cricket grounds in Surrey. It was used as a major cricket venue for 3 first-class matches between 1791 and 1809 as well as for a number of minor matches.
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Alan Hansen
Alan David Hansen (born 13 June 1955 in Sauchie, Clackmannanshire, Scotland) is a Scottish former football player and BBC television football pundit. He played as a central defender for Partick Thistle, Liverpool and Scotland. In 1990 he became the first outfield player to win English league titles in three different decades. As a pundit, Hansen has acquired a reputation for his critical and analytical approach to the game, particularly in regard to defending.
Hansen's grandfather Frederik Hansen (1912–1999) was Danish and was a distant relative of professional golfer Søren Hansen. Alan attended Lornshill Academy. Hansen received a permanent scar to his forehead from running into a plate-glass panel, aged 15. The glass was in a brand-new youth club which Hansen attended. During his 2 hour hospital stay he had 27 stitches in his head. He sued the education authority and won the case.
Alan Hansen played his early football (along with his brother John) at the Scottish Junior league (Scottish equivalent of non league in England, one level below senior) club, Sauchie Juniors.
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Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. Best known for his novels including Brave New World and a wide-ranging output of essays, Huxley also edited the magazine Oxford Poetry, and published short stories, poetry, travel writing, film stories and scripts. Huxley spent the later part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death.
Aldous Huxley was a humanist, pacifist, and satirist, and he was latterly interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism. He is also well known for advocating and taking psychedelics.
By the end of his life Huxley was widely recognized to be one of the pre-eminent intellectuals of his time and respected as an important researcher into visual communication and sight-related theories as well.
Aldous Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, UK, in 1894. He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster Leonard Huxley and his first wife, Julia Arnold, who founded Prior's Field School. Julia was the niece of poet and critic Matthew Arnold and the sister of Mrs. Humphrey Ward. Aldous was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist, agnostic and controversialist ("Darwin's Bulldog"). His brother Julian Huxley and half-brother Andrew Huxley also became outstanding biologists. Aldous had another brother, Noel Trevelyan (1891–1914), who committed suicide after a period of clinical depression.
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Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.
Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburh.
In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king". Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, his succession could not have been foreseen at the time, as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion. It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855.
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Alvin Stardust
Alvin Stardust (born Bernard William Jewry, 27 September 1942, Muswell Hill, north London) is an English pop singer and stage actor.
Moving to Mansfield, Nottinghamshire at a young age, he attended the Southwell Minster Collegiate Grammar School (now Southwell Minster School) as a boarder. He made his stage debut in pantomime at the age of four.
In the early 1960s, Shane Fenton and The Fentones were an unknown teenage band who recorded a demo tape and mailed it in to a BBC programme with the hope of being picked to appear on TV. While awaiting a reply from the BBC, the band's 17-year-old singer Shane Fenton (born John Theakstone, 1944–1961) died as a result of the rheumatic fever he had suffered in childhood. The rest of the band (guitarists Gerry Wilcox and Mick Hay, bassist "Bonny" and drummer Bobby Elliott) decided to break up, but then unexpectedly received a letter from the BBC inviting them to come to London to audition in person for the programme. Theakstone's mother asked the band to stay together, and to keep its name, in honour of her son's memory. Jewry, who was a roadie with the group at the time, was asked to become the new Shane Fenton. The combo had a handful of hits in the UK Singles Chart, basing their sound on that of The Shadows. Jewry later also appeared in Billy Fury's movie, Play It Cool. He was managed by Larry Parnes.
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Ashley Cole
Ashley Cole (born 20 December 1980) is an English footballer who plays for Chelsea and the England national team. He plays as a left back.
Cole began his career with Arsenal in 1999, going on to make 228 appearances and scoring nine goals. With Arsenal he won two Premier League titles, three FA Cups, was part of the "Invincibles" team of 2003-04 and was also a UEFA Champions League runner-up. In August 2006, after a protracted transfer saga, he completed a move to rival club Chelsea. Cole won further honours with Chelsea, including another Premier League title, four more FA Cups, a League Cup and a UEFA Champions League. He has won the FA Cup seven times, more than any other player in history.
Cole has been an England international since 2001 and played at the 2002, 2006 and 2010 World Cups, as well as Euro 2004. He was voted England Player of the Year in 2010. As of 2012 has won 93 caps, making him England's most capped full back and most capped black player.
Cole married singer Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy) in July 2006. They separated in February 2010; she divorced him in September 2010 after claims he had cheated on her with over five women.
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Billy Dainty
William Hooper Frank John (Billy) Dainty (22 February 1927 – 19 November 1986) was a British comedian, dancer, physical comedian and pantomime and television star.
Dainty was born at Wolverhampton Street, Dudley, Worcestershire. His father kept a shop at the front of the family home. He made his stage debut as the only boy dancer in a troupe of girls. Later, his family moved to London, where the young Billy received tap-dancing lessons from the American-born hoofer Buddy Bradley. He then won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where he trained as a comedian. From childhood he had the ambition to be a professional dancer, but he became well known for the funny walks which formed part of his well-loved comedy act.
In 1942 at the age of 15, he made his stage debut in the pantomime Mother Goose, starring Norman Evans and Patricia Burke, where he played the back end of a dancing pantomime donkey called "Asbestos". His next part was as a chorus boy in Strike a New Note at the Prince of Wales Theatre, with Sid Field and Jerry Desmonde, along with the newly formed pairing of Morecambe and Wise.
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Bishop of Salisbury
The Bishop of Salisbury is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Salisbury in the Province of Canterbury.
The diocese covers much of the counties of Wiltshire and Dorset. The see is in the City of Salisbury where the bishop's seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
The Diocese of Sherborne, created circa AD 705 was the origin of the present diocese, St Aldhelm being the first bishop. The see was removed successively to Salisbury or Sarum (Old Sarum) under the rulings of the Council of London, and then finally to Salisbury (New Sarum) in 1227 under King Henry III. The current bishop is the Right Reverend Nick Holtam, the 78th Bishop of Salisbury, who was consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral on 22 July 2011 and enthroned in Salisbury Cathedral on 15 October 2011.
List of the bishops of the Diocese of Salisbury and its precursor offices:
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Charterhouse School
Coordinates: 51°11′48″N 0°37′21″W / 51.196552°N 0.622504°W / 51.196552; -0.622504
Charterhouse School, originally The Hospital of King James and Thomas Sutton in Charterhouse, or more simply Charterhouse or House, is an English collegiate independent boarding school (also referred to as a public school) situated at Godalming in Surrey.
Founded by Thomas Sutton in London in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, it is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868 which derived from the Clarendon Commission of 1864. Today pupils at Charterhouse are still referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians or OCs.
In May 1611 the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) of Snaith, Lincolnshire. He acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. In 1611, the year of his death, he endowed a hospital on the site of the Charterhouse, calling it the hospital of King James, and in his will he bequeathed moneys to maintain a chapel, hospital (almshouse) and school. He died on 12 December and subsequently the will was hotly contested but upheld in court, and the foundation was finally constituted to afford a home for eighty male pensioners (gentlemen by descent and in poverty, soldiers that have borne arms by sea or land, merchants decayed by piracy or shipwreck, or servants in household to the King or Queens Majesty), and to educate forty boys.
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Cheryl Cole
Cheryl Ann Cole (née Tweedy; born 30 June 1983), often known professionally as Cheryl, is an English pop and R&B recording artist, songwriter, dancer and model. She rose to fame in late 2002 when she auditioned for the reality television show Popstars: The Rivals on ITV. The programme announced that Cole had won a place as a member of the girl group, Girls Aloud. Cole has been part of the group's twenty consecutive top-ten singles (including four number one singles) in the UK and five platinum albums (two of which went to number one) and earned five BRIT Award nominations from 2005 to 2010. In 2009, Girls Aloud won "Best Single" with their song "The Promise". In 2009, Girls Aloud announced their musical hiatus and Cole went on to release two solo albums, which both went to number one in the UK: 3 Words (2009) and Messy Little Raindrops (2010). She achieved a number of hits, including two number one singles: "Fight for This Love" and "Promise This". Cole is set to release her third solo album A Million Lights on the 18 June 2012, with lead single "Call My Name" being released on the 10 June 2012.
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Christopher Timothy
Christopher Timothy (born 14 October 1940) is a Welsh actor, television director and writer. Timothy is possibly best known today for his role as James Herriot in All Creatures Great and Small; more recently he has starred as Dr. Brendan 'Mac' McGuire in the British television drama Doctors. In 2011, he played himself in the audio drama We are not the BBC written by Susan Casanove and produced by the Wireless Theatre Company.
He was born in Bala, Merionethshire, Wales, and lived in the town up to the age of five, when his parents moved to London. He attended the Priory Grammar School in Shrewsbury in the 1950s, appearing in a number of school plays. On leaving school he worked at Frank Newton's Gentleman's Outfitters in Shrewsbury - now the location of Marks & Spencers in the town.
In the 1960s Timothy was part of Laurence Olivier's National Theatre company and appeared in such productions as The Master Builder, Juno and the Paycock and Olivier's Othello.
After appearing in the film Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush, Timothy's television career started with the 1969 series Take Three Girls. He went on to appear in Doctor at Large in 1971, Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em in 1973 and Murder Most English: A Flaxborough Chronicle in 1977 before winning the role of Herriot. He played the role from 1978 until 1980 and again between 1988 and 1990.
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David Nobbs
David Gordon Nobbs (born 13 March 1935 in Petts Wood, Kent) is an English comedy writer.
Following an education at Marlborough College and Cambridge University, Nobbs wrote for many of Britain's comedy performers over the years, including Kenneth Williams, Frankie Howerd, Les Dawson and The Two Ronnies. He is also the creator of the successful 1970s sitcom The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (adapted from his own Reginald Perrin novels), the 1989 comedy/drama series A Bit of a Do and the highly-acclaimed Henry Pratt series of novels, the fourth of which, Pratt à Manger, was published in 2006. His most recent novel, It Had to be You was published in 2011.
On 15 September 2010, Nobbs, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.
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Edward I of England
Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (from Latin: Malleus Scottorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward left on a crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and he was crowned king at Westminster on 19 August.
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Edwin Lutyens
Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ( /ˈlʌtjənz/), OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA (29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was a British architect who is known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses.
He has been referred to as "the greatest British architect" and is known best for having an instrumental role in designing and building a section of the metropolis of Delhi, known as New Delhi, which would later on serve as the seat of the Government of India. In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "Lutyens' Delhi". In collboration with Herbert Baker, he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed the Viceroy's House now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
He was born in London and grew up in Thursley, Surrey, the son of Charles Henry Augustus Lutyens and Mary Theresa Gallwey. He was named after a friend of his father's, the painter and sculptor Edwin Henry Landseer. For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square, London. Lutyens studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker.
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Farnham
Coordinates: 51°12′50″N 0°47′56″W / 51.214°N 0.799°W / 51.214; -0.799
Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. The town is situated some 42 miles (67 km) southwest of London in the extreme west of Surrey, adjacent to the border with Hampshire. By road Guildford is 11 miles (17 km) to the east and Winchester 28 miles (45 km) to the southwest. Farnham is the largest town in Waverley, with a total resident population of 38,000 people. It is of historic interest, with many old buildings, including a number of Georgian houses. Farnham Castle overlooks the town. A short distance southeast of the town centre are the ruins of Waverley Abbey, Moor Park House and Mother Ludlam's Cave. Farnham is twinned with Andernach in Germany.
Farnham's history and present status are mainly the result of its geography; a combination of river, streams, fresh water springs and varied soils, together with a temperate climate, attracted early man to the area and, even today, the geology of the area greatly influences the town, both in terms of communications, scenic and botanic variety and the main local industries of agriculture and minerals extraction. Farnham Geological Society is an active organisation in the town, and the Museum of Farnham has a collection of geological samples and fossils.
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George Mallory
George Herbert Leigh Mallory (18 June 1886 – 8/9 June 1924) was an English mountaineer who took part in the first three British expeditions to Mount Everest in the early 1920s.
During the 1924 British Mount Everest Expedition, Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew "Sandy" Irvine both disappeared somewhere high on the North-East ridge during their attempt to make the first ascent of the world's highest mountain. The pair's last known sighting was only a few hundred metres from the summit.
Mallory's ultimate fate was unknown for 75 years, until his body was discovered in 1999 by an expedition that had set out to search for the climbers' remains. Whether or not Mallory and Irvine reached the summit before they died remains a subject of speculation and continuing research.
Mallory was born in Mobberley, Cheshire, the son of Herbert Leigh Mallory (1856–1943), a clergyman who changed his surname from Mallory to Leigh-Mallory in 1914. His mother was Annie Beridge (née Jebb) (1863-1946), the daughter of a clergyman in Walton, Derbyshire. George had two sisters and a younger brother Trafford Leigh-Mallory, the World War II Royal Air Force commander.
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Gertrude Jekyll
Gertrude Jekyll ( /ˈdʒiːkəl/ JEE-kəl; 29 November 1843 — 8 December 1932) was an influential British garden designer, writer, and artist. She created over 400 gardens in the UK, Europe and the USA, and contributed over 1,000 articles to Country Life, The Garden and other magazines.
Jekyll was born at 2 Grafton Street, Mayfair, London, the fifth of the seven children of Captain Edward Joseph Hill Jekyll, an officer in the Grenadier Guards, and his wife Julia Hammersley. Her younger brother, the Reverend Walter Jekyll, was a friend of Robert Louis Stevenson, who borrowed the family name for his famous novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In 1848 her family left London and moved to Bramley House, Surrey, where she spent her formative years.
Jekyll should be more correctly categorized as a planter than as a "designer". She did indeed design, but did it through her plantings rather than traditional design aspects. She was one half of one of the most influential and historical partnerships of the Arts and Crafts movement, thanks to her association with the English architect, Sir Edwin Lutyens, for whose projects she created numerous landscapes, and who designed her home Munstead Wood, near Godalming in Surrey. (In 1900, Lutyens and Jekyll's brother Herbert designed the British Pavilion for the Paris Exposition.)
wn.com/Gertrude_Jekyll -
Harrow School
Coordinates: 51°34′23″N 0°20′02″W / 51.573103°N 0.333792°W / 51.573103; -0.333792
Harrow School, commonly known simply as "'Harrow", is an English independent school for boys situated in the town of Harrow, in north-west London. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243 but the Harrow School of today was officially founded by John Lyon under a Royal Charter of Elizabeth I in 1572. Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
The school has an enrollment of approximately 850 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full time.
Harrow has many traditions and rich history, which includes the use of Straw Hats, morning suits, top hats and canes as uniform. Its long line of famous alumni include eight former Prime Ministers (including Churchill, Baldwin, Peel, and Palmerston), numerous foreign statesmen, former and current members of both houses of the UK Parliament, two Kings and several other members of various royal families, 20 Victoria Cross and one George Cross holders, and a great many notable figures in both the arts and the sciences. It is widely considered one of the best secondary schools in the world along with its rival Eton. Good Schools Guide said the school "Does well, does the boys well, couldn't do better."
wn.com/Harrow_School -
James Oglethorpe
James Edward Oglethorpe (22 December 1696 – 30 June 1785) was a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World.
Oglethorpe was born in Surrey, the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe (1650–1702) of Westbrook Place, Godalming and his wife Lady Eleanor Oglethorpe (1662–1732). He entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1714, but in the same year left to join the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Through the recommendation of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough he became aide-de-camp to the prince, and during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 he served with distinction in the campaign against the Turks.
After his return to England, he was elected Member of Parliament for Haslemere in 1722. He became a leading humanitarian. In 1728 in Parliament, he advocated reform of the terrible conditions experienced by sailors in the British Royal Navy by publishing an anonymous pamphlet, 'The Sailors Advocate.'
wn.com/James_Oglethorpe -
Joseph Swan
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist and chemist, most famous for the invention of the incandescent light bulb before its independent invention by the American Thomas Edison.
Swan's first demonstration of the light bulb was at a lecture in Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878, but he did not receive a patent until 27 November 1880 (patent No. 4933) after improvement to the original lamp. His house (in Gateshead, England) was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb, and the world's first electric-light illumination in a public building was for a lecture by Swan in 1880. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, the first theatre and the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity.
In 1904, Swan was knighted by King Edward VII, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. He had already received the highest decoration in France, the Légion d'honneur, when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to Swan's invention.
wn.com/Joseph_Swan -
Mary Toft
Mary Toft (née Denyer; c. 1701–1763), also spelled Tofts, was an English woman from Godalming, Surrey, who in 1726 became the subject of considerable controversy when she tricked doctors into believing that she had given birth to rabbits.
In 1726 Toft became pregnant, but following her reported fascination with the sighting of a rabbit, she miscarried. Her claim to have given birth to various animal parts prompted the arrival of John Howard, a local surgeon, who investigated the matter. He delivered several pieces of animal flesh and duly notified other prominent physicians, which brought the case to the attention of Nathaniel St. André, surgeon to the Royal Household of King George I. St. André concluded that Toft's case was genuine but the king also sent surgeon Cyriacus Ahlers, who remained sceptical. By then quite famous, Toft was brought to London and studied at length, where under intense scrutiny and producing no more rabbits she confessed to the hoax, and was subsequently imprisoned as a fraud.
wn.com/Mary_Toft -
Mick Mills
Michael Dennis "Mick" Mills (born 4 January 1949 in Godalming, Surrey) is an English former football full-back who, by the end of his career, had achieved Ipswich Town's record number of appearances and captained England at the 1982 World Cup.
Mills joined Portsmouth as a schoolboy, but the club abandoned its youth system, forcing him to look for a new club to begin his fledgling career. Ipswich Town took him on and he made his debut for the first team in 1966, aged just 17, in a 5-2 victory against Wolverhampton Wanderers.
A full back who could play on either side but was more frequently used on the left, Mills spent his late teens in and out of the Ipswich first team but became an established regular in 1969, the year the club achieved promotion to the First Division. It was also the year that Bobby Robson arrived as manager.
Robson appointed Mills as team captain in 1971 and so began a close working relationship between coach and skipper which was at the forefront of Ipswich's rise to the top of the game for a decade.
wn.com/Mick_Mills -
Nick Clarke
Nicholas Campbell Clarke (9 June 1948 – 23 November 2006), was an English radio and television presenter and journalist, primarily known for his work on BBC Radio 4.
Clarke was born in 1948 in Godalming, Surrey, and educated at Westbourne House School, West Sussex, Bradfield College, Berkshire and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. Following his death, friends from university established the 'Nick Clarke Prize'.
Clarke began his career in newspapers on the Yorkshire Evening Post, before joining the BBC in 1973 as Northern Industrial Correspondent. He then joined The Money Programme and eventually joined Newsnight in 1984. His first major job in radio was on BBC Radio 4's The World This Weekend. He presented Radio 4's lunchtime news programme, The World at One, from 1994 until his death. During the 1991 Gulf War he was a volunteer presenter on the BBC Radio 4 News FM service. He also presented the Round Britain Quiz, the debate series Straw Poll and Any Questions?
Clarke won the Broadcasting Press Guild broadcaster of the year award in 2001. He wrote a biography of the writer and journalist Alistair Cooke and a social history of Britain in the second half of the 20th century entitled The Shadow of a Nation: How Celebrity Destroyed Britain.
wn.com/Nick_Clarke -
Paul Merrett
Paul Merrett is a TV personality based in Godalming who is known for being a frequent guest chef on Saturday Kitchen, a resident chef on Sunday Feast, and starred in The Best (UK TV series) along with Silvana Franco and Ben O'Donoghue. Paul Merrett owns and runs the Victoria Pub and Dining Rooms in Sheen. He has been awarded a Michelin star twice, and is the author of Using the Plot: Tales of an Allotment Chef (2008).
Paul Merrett spent the first three years of his career as an apprentice chef at the Ritz in London’s Piccadilly. Over the following ten years Paul worked for many top chefs including Peter Kromberg and Gary Rhodes.
Paul’s first head chef position was at the Terrace Restaurant at the Meridian Hotel, London. He then moved to L’interlude restaurant in Charlotte Street. Twelve months after his arrival the restaurant was awarded a Michelin star.[citation needed] Despite this success the restaurant was sold by its investors and Paul moved onto The Greenhouse Restaurant in Mayfair, London where once again his food won a Michelin star.[citation needed]
wn.com/Paul_Merrett -
Peter Gabriel
Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer, musician, and songwriter who rose to fame as the lead vocalist and flautist of the progressive rock group Genesis. After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. His 1986 album, So, is his most commercially successful, and the album's biggest hit, "Sledgehammer", won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and the song is the most played music video in the history of the station.
More recently, Gabriel has focused on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel has won numerous music awards throughout his career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 1987, six Grammy Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, and in 2007 he was honoured as a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his “influence on generations of music makers.” Gabriel was also awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010.
wn.com/Peter_Gabriel -
Sam Worthington
Samuel Henry J. "Sam" Worthington (born 2 August 1976) is an Australian-English actor, best known for his starring roles in the feature films Avatar, Terminator Salvation, Clash of the Titans, and its sequel, Wrath of the Titans.
In 2004, Worthington received Australia's highest film award for his lead performance in Somersault. He performed predominantly in leading roles in a variety of low-budget films before transitioning to major studio films, ranging from romantic drama and comedy-drama to science fiction and action. Worthington is also noted for his voicework as Alex Mason in the 2010 video game Call of Duty: Black Ops.
Worthington was born to English parents in Godalming, Surrey, in southeastern England, and moved to Perth, Western Australia when he was six months old. He grew up in Warnbro, a suburb of Rockingham. His mother, Jeanne J. (née Martyn), a homemaker, raised him and his sister Lucinda, and his father, Ronald W. Worthington, was a power plant employee. He attended John Curtin College of the Arts, a school specialising in the dramatic arts, located in Fremantle, Western Australia, where he studied drama but failed to graduate and dropped out.[citation needed] His father gave him $400 and sent him on a one-way trip to Cairns in Queensland, and told him to "work his way home".[citation needed] He began working on construction and odd jobs, eventually settling in Sydney, New South Wales. At 19, he worked as a bricklayer, when he auditioned for the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) and was accepted with scholarship.
wn.com/Sam_Worthington -
Terry Scott
Owen John "Terry" Scott (4 May 1927 - 26 July 1994) was an English actor and comedian who appeared in seven Carry On films. He also appeared in BBC1's popular domestic sitcom Terry and June with June Whitfield. As a regular comedy performer, he went on to become one of Britain's top stars.
Scott was born and raised in Watford and educated at Watford Field Junior School and Watford Grammar School for Boys. He was the youngest of his parents three children, and the only surviving son after his brother Aubrey died when Scott was six. He studied accounting and served in the Navy during World War II. With Bill Maynard he appeared at Butlin's Holiday Camp in Skegness and partnered him in the TV series Great Scott, It's Maynard!. During the early 1960s, he became well known to television audiences for his role alongside Hugh Lloyd in Hugh and I. Scott later appeared with Lloyd as gnomes in the 1969 sitcom The Gnomes of Dulwich.
Scott is best remembered for starring alongside June Whitfield in several series of the comedy Happy Ever After and its successor, Terry and June. They also starred together in the film version of Bless This House.
wn.com/Terry_Scott -
Wilfrid Noyce
Cuthbert Wilfrid Francis Noyce (31 December 1917 – 24 July 1962) (usually known as Wilfrid Noyce (often misspelt as 'Wilfred'), some sources give third forename as Frank) was an English mountaineer and author. He was a member of the 1953 British Expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Everest.
Noyce was born in 1917 in Simla, the British hill station in India. The eldest son of Sir Frank Noyce of the Indian Civil Service and his wife, Enid Isabel, a daughter of W. M. Kirkus of Liverpool, Noyce was educated at Charterhouse, where he became head boy, and King's College, Cambridge, taking a first in Modern Languages. In the Second World War he was initially a conscientious objector, joining the Friends Ambulance Unit. However, he later chose to serve as a private in the Welsh Guards, before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps on 19 July 1941. He later attained the rank of captain in the Intelligence Corps; John Hunt wrote that "...during a part of the war [Noyce] was employed in training air crews [in mountain techniques] in Kashmir. For a brief period he assisted me in running a similar course for soldiers". He was also employed as a code-breaker, managing to break an important Japanese code.
wn.com/Wilfrid_Noyce
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Olympic torch relay Godalming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:28
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
The Olympic torch in Godalming; uncut so skip to 7:32 for start.
http://wn.com/Olympic_torch_relay_Godalming
The Olympic torch in Godalming; uncut so skip to 7:32 for start.
AROUND GODALMING
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
PICS OF GODALMG FROM 2002 AND 2007
http://wn.com/AROUND_GODALMING
Godalming College Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
Godalming College Documentary what we did at college...
http://wn.com/Godalming_College_Documentary
Godalming College Documentary what we did at college...
- published: 25 Nov 2008
- views: 2165
- author: Robert Godwin
getthehome.co.uk in Godalming HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Local video guides from the brand new property portal getthehome.co.uk covering Surrey, Berkshire and Hampshire.
http://wn.com/getthehomecouk_in_Godalming_HD
Local video guides from the brand new property portal getthehome.co.uk covering Surrey, Berkshire and Hampshire.
- published: 30 Sep 2009
- views: 1843
- author: manchesternews
Come to Godalming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Come to Godalming, because the standard of education is so good you'll want to poke your own eye out. Look, there is Charterhouse for boys, and Prior's Field for girls, does your town have this -- no it bloody doesn't. Did you know that Godalming was the last place in England to have a public execution, something to be proud of -- don't you think so? The public use of electricity was first used in Godalming, in other words before you lot got it and used it for watching Jeremy Kyle and those 'Debbie does bestiality' DVDs. Godalming has a fantastic history, with 230 listed buildings. That's right -- 230 listed buildings -- more than your town! Aldous Huxley came from Godalming, and although he may have been hooked on LSD he wrote some jolly good books, what do the smack-heads in your town do besides puke up blood in shop doorways shouting about Mexican bandits and the price of beans? Come to Godalming, and display a 'go to Godalming' sticker on the back of your car proudly announcing your failing syntax. Godamling: we don't think we're better than everybody else -- we are better than everybody else. Filmed on the 23rd September, 2010 in Godalming, Surrey
http://wn.com/Come_to_Godalming
Come to Godalming, because the standard of education is so good you'll want to poke your own eye out. Look, there is Charterhouse for boys, and Prior's Field for girls, does your town have this -- no it bloody doesn't. Did you know that Godalming was the last place in England to have a public execution, something to be proud of -- don't you think so? The public use of electricity was first used in Godalming, in other words before you lot got it and used it for watching Jeremy Kyle and those 'Debbie does bestiality' DVDs. Godalming has a fantastic history, with 230 listed buildings. That's right -- 230 listed buildings -- more than your town! Aldous Huxley came from Godalming, and although he may have been hooked on LSD he wrote some jolly good books, what do the smack-heads in your town do besides puke up blood in shop doorways shouting about Mexican bandits and the price of beans? Come to Godalming, and display a 'go to Godalming' sticker on the back of your car proudly announcing your failing syntax. Godamling: we don't think we're better than everybody else -- we are better than everybody else. Filmed on the 23rd September, 2010 in Godalming, Surrey
- published: 08 Jun 2011
- views: 1843
- author: g4rdenspoon
Tornado "Storming" Through Godalming Train Station 20/06/2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 09 Jun 2011
Steam Locomotive No. 60163 'TORNADO' Passing Through Godalming Station 20/06/2010 - Thank you That man! what a blast of the Whistle!!! Tornado was running Approx 45 minutes late (about 20 mins late by the time it reached Godalming) If Tornado had of been any later, this video would not have been possible because of the 21:51 South West Trains Service to Portsmouth Harbour, that was due into the platform we where standing on.
http://wn.com/Tornado_Storming_Through_Godalming_Train_Station_20_06_2010
Steam Locomotive No. 60163 'TORNADO' Passing Through Godalming Station 20/06/2010 - Thank you That man! what a blast of the Whistle!!! Tornado was running Approx 45 minutes late (about 20 mins late by the time it reached Godalming) If Tornado had of been any later, this video would not have been possible because of the 21:51 South West Trains Service to Portsmouth Harbour, that was due into the platform we where standing on.
- published: 20 Jun 2010
- views: 2155
- author: Slammer423sDepot
Charterhouse School Godalming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Charterhouse is one of the great historic schools of England and among the most beautiful. Founded in London in 1611, the School moved to its impressive 250 acre site within the Surrey countryside near Godalming in 1872. This film gives an insight into life at the School in the present day.
http://wn.com/Charterhouse_School_Godalming
Charterhouse is one of the great historic schools of England and among the most beautiful. Founded in London in 1611, the School moved to its impressive 250 acre site within the Surrey countryside near Godalming in 1872. This film gives an insight into life at the School in the present day.
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 8013
- author: CharterhouseSchool
Godalming to Farnham in 2 minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Just trying out my new camera, so I filmed driving from Godalming (Eashing Lane petrol station) to Farnham. This is what driving upto 400 miles per would look like Filmed Friday 13th November, 2009 between 4 and 4:16 pm The car is dark green Rover 420
http://wn.com/Godalming_to_Farnham_in_2_minutes
Just trying out my new camera, so I filmed driving from Godalming (Eashing Lane petrol station) to Farnham. This is what driving upto 400 miles per would look like Filmed Friday 13th November, 2009 between 4 and 4:16 pm The car is dark green Rover 420
- published: 13 Nov 2009
- views: 779
- author: Drivingyarns
Paramotoring Godalming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
A brief fligth on my paramotor near Godalming in Surrey
http://wn.com/Paramotoring_Godalming
A brief fligth on my paramotor near Godalming in Surrey
- published: 28 Mar 2009
- views: 972
- author: kicksey
Godalming Station 31/08/2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:12
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
I spent the morning at Godalming filming some of the trains passing through the station. I went down fairly early to film 73201 'Broadlands' and Network Rail's 73138 working 1Q82, a test train working from Grove Park to Portsmouth Harbour. After filming this I went home briefly, before returning to the station to film the return trip (1Q60), this time with 73138 leading and travelling considerably faster than the outbound journey! Also included in the video is DB Schenker 'Shed' 66005 working 6Y32, the Fawley to Holybourne oil tanks which was running about 35 minutes later than planned, as well as several of the usual South West Trains services worked by Class 450 / 444 'Desiro' EMUs. My apologies for the quality of the still images at the end of the video, these are just screenshots taken from the clips during the editing stage.
http://wn.com/Godalming_Station_31_08_2011
I spent the morning at Godalming filming some of the trains passing through the station. I went down fairly early to film 73201 'Broadlands' and Network Rail's 73138 working 1Q82, a test train working from Grove Park to Portsmouth Harbour. After filming this I went home briefly, before returning to the station to film the return trip (1Q60), this time with 73138 leading and travelling considerably faster than the outbound journey! Also included in the video is DB Schenker 'Shed' 66005 working 6Y32, the Fawley to Holybourne oil tanks which was running about 35 minutes later than planned, as well as several of the usual South West Trains services worked by Class 450 / 444 'Desiro' EMUs. My apologies for the quality of the still images at the end of the video, these are just screenshots taken from the clips during the editing stage.
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 1459
- author: MrCreepy101
GODALMING BUTCHERS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Meet The Godalming Butcher, SImon Thornton, and his award winning Godalming Sausages
http://wn.com/GODALMING_BUTCHERS
Meet The Godalming Butcher, SImon Thornton, and his award winning Godalming Sausages
- published: 24 Apr 2012
- views: 94
- author: bigmonster77uk
Arthur Price at Godalming Hustings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Updated: 14 Nov 2011
Edited highlights of Arthur Price at the general election hustings in Godalming on 23rd April 2010. Arthur is an Independent candidate for South West Surrey in the 2010 General Election. Arthur does NOT want your vote - please view the video to see why.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Price_at_Godalming_Hustings
Edited highlights of Arthur Price at the general election hustings in Godalming on 23rd April 2010. Arthur is an Independent candidate for South West Surrey in the 2010 General Election. Arthur does NOT want your vote - please view the video to see why.
- published: 26 Apr 2010
- views: 4583
- author: ArfPrice
Ben Elton opens Godalming College performance centre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 23 Aug 2010
Comedian Ben Elton opened a performance centre at his old school
http://wn.com/Ben_Elton_opens_Godalming_College_performance_centre
Comedian Ben Elton opened a performance centre at his old school
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 1201
- author: SurreyAdvertiser
Sealand vs. Chagos Islands @ Godalming Town FC - National Anthems & Line Ups
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
On 5 May 2012, Sealand played the Chagos Islands at Football in Godalming, England. Prince Liam and actor Ralph Little started for Sealand. 1000 Views!! 25 June 2012.
http://wn.com/Sealand_vs_Chagos_Islands_@_Godalming_Town_FC_National_Anthems_Line_Ups
On 5 May 2012, Sealand played the Chagos Islands at Football in Godalming, England. Prince Liam and actor Ralph Little started for Sealand. 1000 Views!! 25 June 2012.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 1900
- author: MixedBag27
Trains At Farncombe,Godalming & Woking With Sam 6/10/11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Trains At Farncombe,Godalming & Woking With Sam 6/10/11. Flimed While Waiting For The Steam Train Also Some Night Shots In This Video. On Thursday The 6th Me And Sam Met Up And Went Up The Portsmouth Line Which Was Nice As Have Not Got Much Videos From This Line Also Went Up Here For The Steam Train.We Thought We Would Go 1st Class On This Trip For A Change Which Was Great.I Have Put All My Favourite Clips In This Video.I Did Have A Clip Of Me And Sam Arriving At Havant But Sadly My Video Software Did Not Add It.Once The Evening Hit It Was Cold Wish I Brought My Coat With Me Lol. Thanks To Stagecoach16281 For A Great Evening :) Cheers Mate.
http://wn.com/Trains_At_Farncombe,Godalming_Woking_With_Sam_6_10_11
Trains At Farncombe,Godalming & Woking With Sam 6/10/11. Flimed While Waiting For The Steam Train Also Some Night Shots In This Video. On Thursday The 6th Me And Sam Met Up And Went Up The Portsmouth Line Which Was Nice As Have Not Got Much Videos From This Line Also Went Up Here For The Steam Train.We Thought We Would Go 1st Class On This Trip For A Change Which Was Great.I Have Put All My Favourite Clips In This Video.I Did Have A Clip Of Me And Sam Arriving At Havant But Sadly My Video Software Did Not Add It.Once The Evening Hit It Was Cold Wish I Brought My Coat With Me Lol. Thanks To Stagecoach16281 For A Great Evening :) Cheers Mate.
- published: 07 Oct 2011
- views: 476
- author: Southernrailwaysfan
70013 Oliver Cromwell at Guildford and Godalming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 19 Jun 2011
BEST VIEWED IN HD. This video shows Britannia locomotive "Oliver Cromwell" with the Cathedral Express train arriving at and departing from Guildford on 13 April 2009 on its way to Salisbury and Yeovil. The night sequence shows it racing through Godalming on its return journey.
http://wn.com/70013_Oliver_Cromwell_at_Guildford_and_Godalming
BEST VIEWED IN HD. This video shows Britannia locomotive "Oliver Cromwell" with the Cathedral Express train arriving at and departing from Guildford on 13 April 2009 on its way to Salisbury and Yeovil. The night sequence shows it racing through Godalming on its return journey.
- published: 13 Apr 2009
- views: 3033
- author: johnq48
SANTA's SNOW - Godalming, Surrey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 09 May 2012
Sainsbury's to the rescue
http://wn.com/SANTA's_SNOW_Godalming,_Surrey
Case Hydrex Road-Rail Machines at Godalming Station 12-09-2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 12 Sep 2010
This is rare at Godalming Station. The line between Guildford and Haslemere was closed for track replacement which started at 10.30pm on the 11th September and was scheduled to finish at 4.00pm on the 12th September. I spotted these two clearing up whilst I was walking past the station, Network Rail workers are seen unloading tools and a small rail-mounted trolley from the trailer attached to the leading machine before they both move off with the old rails from the work site just south of the station.
http://wn.com/Case_Hydrex_Road-Rail_Machines_at_Godalming_Station_12-09-2010
This is rare at Godalming Station. The line between Guildford and Haslemere was closed for track replacement which started at 10.30pm on the 11th September and was scheduled to finish at 4.00pm on the 12th September. I spotted these two clearing up whilst I was walking past the station, Network Rail workers are seen unloading tools and a small rail-mounted trolley from the trailer attached to the leading machine before they both move off with the old rails from the work site just south of the station.
- published: 12 Sep 2010
- views: 945
- author: MrCreepy101
Folkestone Invicta v Godalming - Ryman League South
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
2nd Half Highlights 14th January 2012
http://wn.com/Folkestone_Invicta_v_Godalming_Ryman_League_South
Godalming Skatepark Scenario
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
A day at the ming
http://wn.com/Godalming_Skatepark_Scenario
KEN's CARP - Godalming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
HELL DITCH runs through the flood plain in Godalming. With fish this size in the stream, you can understand why the local riparian landowners and anglers are rather annoyed when Parsons Brinkerhoff fail to maintain the water levels!
http://wn.com/KEN's_CARP_Godalming
HELL DITCH runs through the flood plain in Godalming. With fish this size in the stream, you can understand why the local riparian landowners and anglers are rather annoyed when Parsons Brinkerhoff fail to maintain the water levels!
- published: 17 Mar 2009
- views: 1548
- author: TietjenUK
Milford (Surrey) to Godalming Walk 15 July 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:14
- Updated: 13 Jan 2012
A 10.25 mile walk between Milford and Godalming in Surrey via Hambledon and Hascombe villages and the glorious Winkworth Arboretum. The walk took place on Tuesday 15 July 2008.
http://wn.com/Milford_Surrey_to_Godalming_Walk_15_July_2008
A 10.25 mile walk between Milford and Godalming in Surrey via Hambledon and Hascombe villages and the glorious Winkworth Arboretum. The walk took place on Tuesday 15 July 2008.
- published: 16 Jul 2008
- views: 1320
- author: voxley19
Garage Conversion Godalming by Dracom Builders Limited - Phil cutting bricks.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 31 May 2012
Garage Conversion: attached single garage in Godalming, Surrey by Dracom Builders Limited. This garage conversion was carried out so the client could add a home office and utility room. The conversion was taken upto the stage where the client was to take care of painting and finished flooring. This clip shows cutting bricks for bricking up where the garage door once was. If we can be of help in any way please call us on 0800 078 7535 or visit www.dracom.co.uk
http://wn.com/Garage_Conversion_Godalming_by_Dracom_Builders_Limited_Phil_cutting_brickswmv
Garage Conversion: attached single garage in Godalming, Surrey by Dracom Builders Limited. This garage conversion was carried out so the client could add a home office and utility room. The conversion was taken upto the stage where the client was to take care of painting and finished flooring. This clip shows cutting bricks for bricking up where the garage door once was. If we can be of help in any way please call us on 0800 078 7535 or visit www.dracom.co.uk
- published: 26 Jun 2010
- views: 672
- author: dracombuilders
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / New York City Police Department
30 Dec 2012
A woman who told police she shoved a man to his death off a subway platform because she has hated Muslims since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the US and thought he was one was charged on Saturday with murder as a hate crime, prosecutors said ... Menendez, 31, was awaiting arraignment on the charge on Saturday evening, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown said. She faces 25 years to life in prison if convicted ... On Dec ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / Shaam News Network
30 Dec 2012
London. UN-Arab League envoy to Damascus, Lakhdar Brahimi, has said that a diplomatic solution to the conflict in Syria seemed far away, adding that the country risked being slithering into ‘hell’ ... (ANI). For Zee News’s Updates, follow us on Twitter , Facebook, Google+, Pinterest. First Published ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
28 Dec 2012
Galaxy Note 2 vs. iPhone 5. Do The Companies Have Their Game Plans Right?. Posted by Jay099 on December 28, 2012 02.15 pm 0. via. Mountain View at California seems to be a busy center now. Google is stepping up the gas on the march towards a holistic environment and experience for the consumers ... My Blog . My FB Page ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: WN / Emico Silalahi
30 Dec 2012
All the knights, dames, commanders and members of the British Empire in the 2013 New Year honours list. KNIGHTS BACHELOR. Charles Benedict Ainslie, CBE. Finn Sailor. For services to Sailing. (Cornwall). David John Brailsford, CBE. Performance director, British Cycling ... DBE ... Headteacher, The Wharf Nursery School and Children's Centre, Godalming, Surrey ... (Godalming, Surrey) ... For services to Conquest Art in Godalming, Surrey. (Godalming, Surrey) ... ....(size: 160.0Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
29 Dec 2012
Here is a full list of recipients of the New Year Honours 2013. . Image 1 of 2. London 2012 Olympians on the New Year Honours list. (clockwise from top left) David Weir , Bradley Wiggins, Jessica Ennis, Ben Ainslie and Ellie Simmonds . ... GBE ... Headteacher, The Wharf Nursery School and Children's Centre, Godalming, Surrey ... (Godalming, Surrey) ... For services to Conquest Art in Godalming, Surrey. (Godalming, Surrey)....(size: 221.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
20 Dec 2012
Dentons Pensions are the only Bespoke SIPP Providers to be Awarded 5 Stars at Financial Adviser Service Awards – the benchmark for service levels in the retail financial marketplace. Godalming Surrey (PRWEB UK) 20 December 2012 Hosted by comedian Stephen K Amos, The Financial Adviser Service Awards were held on 22 November 2012 at The Natural History Museum ... These are not the first awards that Dentons has won ... David Fox ... 01483 521521 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
18 Dec 2012
(Source. Noble Investments (UK) plc) Noble Investments (UK) PLC. ... TFAAG, through its 'Dreweatts' business which dates back to 1759, provides fine arts, antiques, jewellery and collectibles auctioneering and valuation services. Regular programmes of auctions are held at its salerooms at Donnington Priory, Bristol and Godalming as well as at other ad hoc UK locations ... Admission is expected to take place on 24 December 2012....(size: 8.7Kb)
PhysOrg
06 Dec 2012
The problem is that the ongoing scientific debate and the conflicting results of more than 30 scientific models for climate change cannot support rational policy decision making. A unique tool called EUREAPA was therefore developed to help policy makers in their decisions ... This tool models the carbon footprint of human activities ... Rachel Brown, project manager at WWF UK in Godalming, claims to have more than 100 registered users ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
noodls
06 Dec 2012
About the author. Tim Ash. Public Relations Managerat London ... Lifeboats News Release Date.. 06/12/2012. Author. Tim Ash ... The group, which is based in Godalming, Surrey, is running the charity auction in the run up to their annual Gala dinner in January and, as Chairman Chris Peacock explained, is one of many fundraising efforts throughout 2012 ... Chris continued. 'The RNLI's volunteers really make an impression when you consider what they do....(size: 6.5Kb)
The Guardian
03 Dec 2012
Author of robust and uncompromising crime novels. Margaret Yorke was something of a Miss Marple figure in her Buckinghamshire village, her comfortable appearance belying a steely personality. Photograph. Martin Edwards ... Educated at Prior's Field girls' school, Godalming, she worked as a hospital librarian during the second world war, before transferring to the Royal Navy as a driver ... Mortal Remains by Margaret Yorke ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
Below is a list of the latest news pertaining to ex-Shots players and staff. The latest additions are shown in blue text. The following ex-Aldershot Town players (including former loanees) have recently been released or changed clubs.. Chris Blackburn - AFC Telford United to Chorley (loan). Bertie Brayley - Bishop's Stortford to East Thurrock United (dual registration) ... Stuart Harte - Godalming Town to Meridian ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
01.12.12. IT is with great sadness that BADMINTON England have to report the death of their former long-serving administrator John Gowers, who sadly passed away on Monday. Our thoughts are with his son Stephen and daughter Gillian, the former England international, and all the Gowers family at this sad time ... The funeral will take place on 10 December at 1.45pm, at Guilford Crematorium, New Pond Road, Godalming, GU7 3DB ... distributed by....(size: 4.0Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Hrh, The Duke Of Gloucester Opens Godalming Leisure Centre. On Thursday November 22, the new Godalming Leisure Centre was officially opened by His Royal Highness, The Duke of Gloucester ... The new leisure centre in Godalming is much more energy efficient than the building it replaced and includes environmental initiatives such as a bio mass boiler and electricity generating solar panels (photovoltaics)....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
26 Nov 2012
BBC News
25 Nov 2012
BBC website readers have been sharing their images from around the world this week. Autumn has arrived in Godalming,UK. Lynette Coates took this picture in Winkworth, a National Trust woodland, saying "The vibrant colour change in Autumn is stunning" Giant inflatable figures take to the skies in New York City, USA for the annual Thanksgiving Parade. Picture....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Guardian
24 Nov 2012
Letters, emails, comments. Your grandparents issue was poignant to me, having lost my mum just a week earlier. While helping us with our children, now eight, 11 and 14, Grandma always insisted on good manners, a jug for the milk, picnics with plates and punctuality. She was never too busy for hugs or too stressed to pass on wisdom ... Helen Rayfield. Harrogate, North Yorkshire ... Patricia Sheerin. London SW18 ... Thomas Banks. Godalming, Surrey....(size: 4.3Kb)
Coordinates: 51°11′06″N 0°36′36″W / 51.185°N 0.61°W / 51.185; -0.61
| Godalming | |
 The Pepperpot, Godalming's former town hall |
|
 Godalming
Godalming shown within Surrey |
|
| Population | 21,103 |
|---|---|
| OS grid reference | SU968437 |
| Civil parish | Godalming |
| District | Waverley |
| Shire county | Surrey |
| Region | South East |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | GODALMING |
| Postcode district | GU7 |
| Dialling code | 01483 |
| Police | Surrey |
| Fire | Surrey |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
| EU Parliament | South East England |
| UK Parliament | South West Surrey |
| List of places: UK • England • Surrey | |
Godalming ( /ˈɡɒdəlmɪŋ/) is a town and civil parish in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Guildford. It is built on the banks of the River Wey and is a prosperous part of the London commuter belt. Godalming shares a three-way twinning arrangement with the towns of Joigny in France and Mayen in Germany. Friendship links are in place with the state of Georgia in the United States and the city of Moscow in Russia. James Oglethorpe of Godalming was the founder of the colony of Georgia.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: History of Surrey
Pre-1300[link]
The town has existed since Saxon times (see also Godalming (hundred)), and probably earlier. It is mentioned in the will of King Alfred the Great, and the name itself has Saxon origins, 'Godhelms Ingus' roughly translated as “the family of Godhelm”, and probably referring to one of the first lords of the manor.
Godalming grew in size because its location is roughly half-way between Portsmouth and London, which encouraged traders to set up stalls and inns for travellers to buy from and rest in.
Godalming appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Godelminge. It was held by William the Conqueror. Its domesday assets were: 2 churches (both held by Ranulf Flambard) worth 12s, 3 mills worth £2 1s 8d, 25 ploughs, 40 acres (16 ha) of meadow, woodland worth 103 hogs. It rendered £34.[1] Its population was roughly 400 people. At the time, its manor belonged to the King, but a few hundred years later, ownership transferred to the Bishop of Salisbury, under a charter granted by King Edward I of England.
1300–1800[link]
In the year 1300, the town was granted the right to hold a weekly market and an annual fair. Its major industry at the time was woollen cloth, which contributed to Godalming’s prosperity over the next few centuries, until a sudden decline in the 17th century. Instead, its people applied their skills to the latest knitting and weaving technology and began producing stockings in a variety of materials, and later to leatherwork.
A willingness to adapt, and move from one industry to another meant that Godalming continued to thrive. For example, papermaking was adopted in the 17th century, and paper was still manufactured there in the 20th century. The quarrying of Bargate stone also provided an important source of income, as did passing trade - Godalming was a popular stopping point for stagecoaches and the Mail coach between Portsmouth and London. In 1764, trade received an additional boost when early canalisation of the river took place, linking the town to Guildford, and from there to the River Thames and London on the Wey and Godalming Navigations.
In 1726 a Godalming maidservant called Mary Toft hoaxed the town into believing that she had given birth to rabbits. The foremost doctors of the day came to witness the freak event and for a brief time the story caused a national sensation. Eventually Mary was found out after a porter was caught smuggling a dead rabbit into her chamber, she confessed to inserting at least 16 rabbits into herself and faking their birth.
From 1800[link]
So successful was Godalming, that in the early 19th century it was considerably larger than today’s county town of Guildford, and by 1851 the population had passed 6,500. Already, it was becoming a popular residence for commuters, for it was connected to London by railway two years earlier, in 1849, and to Portsmouth in 1859. Today the town is served by Godalming railway station on the Portsmouth Direct Line. The first mayor of Godalming was Henry Marshall who also founded the firm of Marshalls Solicitors in 1831.
Architecture[link]
File:Godalming Parish ChurchLight.JPG
Godalming Parish Church
The town has around 230 listed buildings, including Tudor timber framing and 17th century brickwork. Godalming Parish Church has an early Saxon chancel and Norman tower. The 19th century town hall, nicknamed 'the Pepperpot' due to its cupola, is a distinctive octagonal building situated on the High Street. Due to its unique design, it has become the defacto 'logo' of the town today.
The current building dates back to 1814 and replaced the medieval "Old Market House" that had occupied the site since the early Middle Ages. It was in this Market House (and its predecessors) that the local Hundred Court met and discussed matters of local importance for more than a thousand years. The upstairs rooms continued to be used for civic gatherings until 1908. The Pepperpot later housed the town museum, and continues to be used as a public function room. The arched area beneath the building, at street level, has been used as a marketplace.[2]
Other significant buildings in the town include Edwin Lutyens's Red House, and a significant English public school, Charterhouse stands about a mile from the town, on the top of Charterhouse Hill. Charterhouse won the FA Cup as the Old Carthusians in 1880 and 1881.
Winkworth Arboretum, with its collection of rare trees and shrubs, is situated a few miles to the south.
Public electricity supply[link]
Godalming came to world attention in September 1881, when it became the first town in the world to have installed a public electricity supply, which made electricity available to consumers. It was Calder & Barnet who installed a Siemens AC Alternator and dynamo which were powered by a waterwheel, located at Westbrook Mill, on the river Wey. There were a number of supply cables that fed seven arc lights and 34 Swan incandescent lights, some of which were laid in the gutters. Floods in late 1881 caused problems and in the end Calder & Barnet withdrew from the contract. It was taken over by Siemens. Under Siemens the supply system grew and a number of technical problems were solved. But later on in 1884 the whole town reverted to gas lighting as Siemens failed to tender for a contract to light the town. This was due to a survey they undertook in the town that failed to provide adequate support to make the business viable. Siemens had also lost money on the scheme in the early years, but was prepared to stay on in order to gain experience. Electricity returned to the town in 1904.
Transport[link]
Rail[link]
Godalming railway station is on the Portsmouth Direct Line between London (Waterloo) and Portsmouth, and is served by South West Trains.[3] The station has been recognised for its floral decorations including 10 hanging baskets.[4] The next stations up and down the line are at Farncombe and Milford which in many respects (for example transport and education) are effectively suburbs of Godalming.
Road[link]
Roads running through, or close to, Godalming are:[5][6]
- A3 - major trunk road London to Portsmouth, bypasses Godalming
- A31 - main trunk road Guildford to Winchester, bypasses Godalming along the Hog's Back
- A281 - main road Guildford to Brighton, bypasses Godalming
- A283 - main road Milford to Shoreham-by-Sea
- A286 - main road Milford to Birdham just beyond Chichester
- A3100 - local main road Guildford to Milford, runs through Godalming
- B2130 - local road Godalming to Cranleigh
- B3000 - local road Farncombe to Compton, the A3 and then to the A31 just beyond Puttenham
- B3001 - local road Milford to Farnham
The town is served by a bus network connecting the town centre with the main residential areas. These are provided by Arriva and Stagecoach. A community transport service is provided by "Hoppa". Chaired through its difficult early days by Brian Richards,[7] Waverley Hoppa has burgeoned into a low priced provider of minibus and MPV personalised transport for the elderly, the disabled, the young and others for whom simply getting from where they are to where they want to be is a problem.
Air[link]
Godalming lies approximately equidistant (50 kilometres) from Heathrow and Gatwick, the two major commercial international airports in South East England.
Water[link]
The Wey and Godalming Navigations terminates at the United Church.[8]
Residential[link]
People live in the town centre and various suburbs; to the east there is Catteshall; to the west there is Aaron's Hill and Ockford Ridge; to the north there is Farncombe, Charterhouse and Frith Hill; and to the south there is Holloway Hill, Busbridge and Crownpits. Sometimes Milford is classed as a suburb of Godalming. Both Frith Hill and Munstead which is located near Busbridge have the highest average price of housing in the Godalming area.
Education[link]
Educational establishments in or near Godalming area include:
Universities[link]
The University of Surrey is just outside Godalming (in Guildford).
Independent schools[link]
- Charterhouse School is one of the great historic schools of England and is one of the original nine English public schools, which includes Eton College and Harrow School, as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. It was founded in 1611 and located to Godalming in 1872.[9] The impressive school buildings within the 200 acre estate include a chapel designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (designer of the British red telephone box) to which have been added many new sporting and academic facilities. The 6th form is mixed (2:1 boys:girls) and most pupils board.[10]
- King Edward's School, Witley is an independent co-educational boarding and day school located in nearby Wormley. Founded in 1553 in the London area of St Bride's Church, Fleet Street (formerly Bridewell Palace), the school moved to its current location in 1867. Ages 11 – 18 with a strongly international Sixth Form.
- Prior's Field School is an independent private girls boarding school founded at the beginning of the 20th century by Julia Huxley.[11] There are 333 pupils of which about 40% are boarders (weekly or termly);
- St Hilary's School is an independent preparatory school for boys 2.5 - 7 (around 90) and girls 2.5 - 11 (around 200).[12]
State 6th form colleges[link]
- Godalming College is in the Holloway Hill area of Godalming. Founded in 1975 on the campus of Godalming Grammar School, it caters for sixteen- to nineteen-year-olds.[13] Awarded Beacon status in 2006, it was the best performing state school for AS/A levels in the Surrey area in 2004; its Ofsted report for 2005 graded the college as "outstanding" in six of the seven key areas ("good" in the 7th).[14]
State secondary schools[link]
Numbers in brackets indicate the % of pupils achieving 5 A-C GCSEs in total and then including the key subjects of maths and English.[15]
- Broadwater School is in the Farncombe area of Godalming, caters for young people from 11 to 16 and has no 6th form. (42, 29)
- Rodborough Technology College is in the village of Milford on the outskirts of Godalming, Rake Lane. It caters for young people from 11 to 16 and has no 6th form.(64, 59).
State primary schools (includes grant aided)[link]
All primary schools in Godalming are coeducational. Infant schools cover the age range 4–7, junior schools cover 8–11.
The figures shown in brackets are VA value added a measure of how pupils' performance has improved, and AGG aggregate score the sum of the percentages of pupils achieving the expected levels in English, maths and science (thus the maximum possible is 300).[16]
- Loseley Fields Primary School (VA 98.9, AGG 195) is in the village of Binscombe, on the outskirts of the Farncombe side of Godalming.
- Busbridge C of E Aided Junior School was built over 100 years ago by members of nearby Busbridge Church and extensive links between the two have continued to this day. It admits 60 children each year with preference being given to Christians and in particular to children of Busbridge/Hambledon church members. (VA 100.9, AGG 279)
- Busbridge County Infants School is in Hambledon Road Godalming. It caters for around 150 children (2007)[17]
- Chandler C of E Junior School is in the Witley area and caters for around 330 children
- Godalming Junior School is in the Farncombe area of Godalming.[18] It has 230 children in 8 classes (four per year). (VA 100.6, AGG 275)
- Milford School is an infant school situated in the centre of the village of Milford, on the outskirts of Godalming. [22]
- Moss Lane School[19]
- St Edmunds Catholic Primary School is a voluntary aided parish school covering both primary and junior age ranges (4–11); it is linked to both St Edmund's Church in Godalming and to St Joseph's Church in Milford. The 2005 Ofsted report described it as "a good school with a well deserved reputation of providing a good standard of education".[20](VA 100.1, AGG 282)
- Green Oak C of E Primary School, formerly St Mark's, currently covers just the first two year groups but will expand by a year group annually, it is in the Ockford Ridge area of Godalming.[21]
- Witley C of E Infant School[22]
Previous schools[link]
- Godalming Grammar School 1930 - 1978
Community[link]
Churches[link]
Godalming contains a number of churches from different denominations.
- Busbridge Church, formerly known as St John the Baptist Church, is an evangelical Anglican Church in Busbridge on the southern hill of Godalming. [23]
- Godalming Baptist Church is a baptist church right at the centre of Godalming. [24]
- St Peter and St Paul's is the Godalming Parish Church and is located at the end of Church Street.[25]
Sport[link]
- Godalming Angling Society[26] was founded in 1881 and has fishing rights to six lakes and the River Wey from Lower Eashing to Guildford
- Godalming Town F. C., which currently plays in the Ryman Division One South, level 8, of English football,[27] was formed in 1950 and plays home games at Wey Court, Meadrow
- Old Carthusians F.C. of Charterhouse, which won the FA Cup in 1881 and later several FA amateur cups, was formed in 1876 and plays home games at Charterhouse School Playing Fields
- Cricket has been played in Godalming since at least 1767
- Godalming Cricket Club [23] now plays at the Holloway Hill Recreation Ground
- Farncomb Cricket Club [24]
- Guildford Rugby Club (formed in 2002 following the merger of Guildford & Godalming RFC and Old Guildfordians RFC) plays in the London 2 South West league at the Broadwater Sports Club in Godalming
- Flat Green Lawn Bowls [25] is played at three venues:
- Godalming and Farncomb Bowls Club [26] plays at the Burys in central Godalming
- Holloway Hill Bowls Club [27] plays at Holloway Recreation Ground
- Milford Bowls Club [28] plays at Chapel Lane, Milford
- Contract Bridge is played at several venues:
- Busbridge Duplicate Bridge Club [29] meets at the Busbridge Village Hall on three evenings a week
- Godalming Bridge Club meets on Monday afternoons at the Milford Village Hall
- Waverley Bridge Partnership [30](owned by Brian Richards and Rosemary Bayley) has two clubs offering workshops:
- Holloway Hill Bridge Club meets on Tuesday afternoons at the Holloway Hill Recreation Ground [31] pavilion
- Chapel Lane Bridge Club meets at the Clockhouse [32], Milford on Wednesday evenings
- Clockhouse Bridge Club [33] meets on Tuesday and Thursday evenings for duplicate bridge
Theatre[link]
- Godalming Theatre Group is an amateur theatre company in Godalming. It performs three productions a year at the Ben Travers Theatre, Charterhouse School, Godalming: a spring musical, autumn drama or comedy, and a Christmas pantomime or show. It also runs a youth theatre group.[28]
Community centres[link]
- The "Denningberg Centre for the Elderly" is named after Danny Denningberg MBE (1923–2011) a local politician that was honoured with the Honorary Freedom of the Borough of Waverley in 2007. Denningberg was a community activist and fund raiser who served as a councillor on Godalming Borough Council in 1954 and then again from 1963 continuously through the formation of Waverley until 2003 when he retired. Denningberg had also been both Mayor of Godalming and Mayor of Waverley during his public career.[29][30]
- The "Wilfrid Noyce Community Centre" in Godalming is named after Wilfrid Noyce (1917–1962), a master at Charterhouse and a mountaineer who was on the expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Everest in 1953.[31]
- The Clocktower, or Milford and Villages Day Centre, is a day centre for people over 50. The money to build it in 1997 was raised entirely from charitable donations and local fundraising.[32]
Godalming is also home to the The National Autistic Society resource centre for the south east. And also NAS horizons day centre.
Town lottery[link]
The Godalming Town Lottery "GOLO" was launched in Godalming on 1 November 2008, by the Go-Godalming Association, a member of the Lotteries Council. Tickets, sold at local shops and pubs, cost £1 and the draw takes place on the last Saturday of every month. The first one was on Godalming Town Day, 29 November 2008, at the Pepperpot. It is considered to be the first town lottery of its kind. There are 17 prizes, ranging from £500 to £10. Profits are donated to local causes, beginning with the Bandstand roof fund. GOLO is a community lottery for the Godalming Community. The first independent town lottery in the country has now turned three years old. GOLO has given away more than £18,000 to local causes and more than £30,000 in cash prizes. To celebrate, GOLO launched another easy way to buy GOLOs each month—Standing Orders.[33]
Shopping[link]
In a charter dated 7 June 1300, King Edward I granted the Bishop of Salisbury the right to hold a weekly market and an annual fair in the town.[citation needed] Godalming remains a typical English market town, with a market every Friday and a selection of independent and national retailers selling clothing for all ages, shoes, watches, jewellery, fine art, books, gifts, stationery, music, guitars, computers, photography, pine furniture, antiques, flowers, hardware, food of all sorts, and household goods. In addition there are the ubiquitous banks, building societies, estate agents, travel agents, solicitors, accountants, employment agencies and charity shops. There are several pubs, restaurants and cafes, occasional visiting French and Italian markets, and an annual Godalming Food Festival.
Media[link]
The comic novel The Return of Reginald Perrin, by David Nobbs, contains the following footnote: "Note: It is believed that this book mentions Godalming more than any other book ever written, including A Social, Artistic and Economic History of Godalming by E. Phipps-Blythburgh." The novel was the second in a trilogy, adapted to become a hit TV series: The Return of Reginald Perrin.
Owing to its typically English appearance, attractive shop fronts and cobbled streets, the town has often been used as a backdrop for the shooting of various films and television programmes. In February 2006, High Street and Church Street, which runs from the Pepperpot to the parish church, was used in the production of The Holiday.
Notable people[link]
- See also alumni of Godalming Grammar School and List of notable Old Carthusians
Numerous notable people were born in the town including: James Oglethorpe (born 1696), founder of the colony of Georgia; Julius Caesar (born 1830), cricketer; Aldous Huxley (born 1894), writer; Nick Clarke (born 1948), radio journalist and presenter; and Mick Mills (born 1949), footballer.
The radio operator of RMS Titanic, Jack Phillips, was born and lived in Farncombe but worked in Godalming. He is famed for remaining at his post, sending repeated distress calls, until the ship sank.[34] Phillips is commemorated in a number of ways around the town, including a section of Godalming Museum, a memorial fountain, cloister and garden walk near the church (the largest Titanic memorial in the world), and a Wetherspoons pub named in his honour.
The architect Sir Edwin Lutyens began work in 1896 on a house at Munstead Wood, Godalming, for the garden designer Gertrude Jekyll. She died in 1932 and is buried in the churchyard of Busbridge Church, Godalming, next to her brother.
In the 19th century, judge James Wilde, 1st Baron Penzance lived at Eashing Park, Godalming.
In the 20th century, George Mallory, who later made a fatal attempt to scale Mount Everest, taught at Charterhouse School, and then lived in the town after marrying Ruth Turner. He died during the 1924 attempt, but Ruth and their three children remained in the area.
In the late 20th century, actor Terry-Thomas, comedic actor Terry Scott, actor Christopher Timothy, comedian Billy Dainty and the singer Alvin Stardust resided in the town. Dainty died at his house, "Cobblers", in the village on 19 November 1986.
The band Genesis was formed in 1967 by Peter Gabriel and Tony Banks while they were pupils at Charterhouse School.
Actor Sam Worthington was born in Godalming in 1976, before moving to Australia at a young age.
Significant people currently living in the town include the actress Rachel Hurd-Wood, Chelsea footballer Ashley Cole and his former wife Cheryl Cole, and football pundit Alan Hansen. Paul Merrett, a famous chef who has appeared several times on British TV, was a pupil at Rodborough.[35]
References[link]
- ^ Surrey Domesday Book
- ^ History of The Pepperpot, Godalming Town Council website
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ 2006 AA Road Atlas of Britain
- ^ Ordnance Survey Landranger 186 Aldershot, Guildford & surrounding areas
- ^ [3]
- ^ United Church official site
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ [7]
- ^ [8]
- ^ [9]
- ^ "2006 GCSE and A-level results: Surrey". The Guardian (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/secondaries/tables/0,,1986468,00.html. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "BBC News, School league tables 2004, Surrey LEA". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/agg_936.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ [10]
- ^ [11]
- ^ [12]
- ^ [13]
- ^ [14]
- ^ [15]
- ^ Busbridge Church, Busbridge Church website.
- ^ Godalming Baptist Church, Godalming Baptist Church website.
- ^ Parish of Godalming, Parish of Godalming website.
- ^ [16]
- ^ [17]
- ^ [18]
- ^ Former Mayor awarded freedom of town after worst year of his life
- ^ Denningberg Centre for the Elderly
- ^ Wilfrid Noyce Community Centre page godalming-tc.gov.uk Accessed 29 July 2008
- ^ [19]
- ^ [20]
- ^ John George Phillips Biography on Encyclopedia Titanica
- ^ [21]
External links[link]
- Godalming Town Council
- Official Town Guide (includes history)
- Godalming Town Webcams
- Godalming Fire Station
- Photographs of Godalming
- Town museum
- Godalming aerial photographs
- The River Wey and Wey Navigations Community Site
- Live bus locations in Godalming.
- Football Club in Godalming.
- Godalming Theatre Group
- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Godalming and surrounding area
- Lammas Lands, Godalming
- GOLO
- Godalming Electricity
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Motto | Latin: Deo Dante Dedi ("God giving, I gave") |
|---|---|
| Established | 1611 |
| Type | Independent day and boarding school Public school |
| Religion | Church of England |
| Headmaster | The Rev John Witheridge |
| The Deputy Headmaster | Andrew Turner |
| Chairman of Governors | WSM Robinson |
| Founder | Thomas Sutton |
| Location | Godalming Surrey GU7 2DX United Kingdom |
| DfE number | 936/6041 |
| DfE URN | 125340 |
| Staff | ~100 full-time |
| Students | ~800 |
| Gender | Boys; Coed (sixth form) |
| Ages | 13–18 |
| Colours | |
| Former pupils | Old Carthusians |
| Website | www.charterhouse.org.uk |
Coordinates: 51°11′48″N 0°37′21″W / 51.196552°N 0.622504°W / 51.196552; -0.622504
Charterhouse School, originally The Hospital of King James and Thomas Sutton in Charterhouse, or more simply Charterhouse or House, is an English collegiate independent boarding school (also referred to as a public school) situated at Godalming in Surrey.
Founded by Thomas Sutton in London in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, it is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868 which derived from the Clarendon Commission of 1864. Today pupils at Charterhouse are still referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians or OCs.
Contents |
History[link]
In May 1611 the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) of Snaith, Lincolnshire. He acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. In 1611, the year of his death, he endowed a hospital on the site of the Charterhouse, calling it the hospital of King James, and in his will he bequeathed moneys to maintain a chapel, hospital (almshouse) and school. He died on 12 December and subsequently the will was hotly contested but upheld in court, and the foundation was finally constituted to afford a home for eighty male pensioners (gentlemen by descent and in poverty, soldiers that have borne arms by sea or land, merchants decayed by piracy or shipwreck, or servants in household to the King or Queens Majesty), and to educate forty boys.
Charterhouse established a reputation for excellence in hospital care and treatment, thanks in part to Henry Levett, an Oxford graduate who joined the school as a physician in 1712. Levett was widely esteemed for his medical writings, including an early tract on the treatment of smallpox. Levett was buried in Charterhouse Chapel and his widow married Andrew Tooke, the master of Charterhouse.[1][2]
The school was moved to its present site in 1872 by the then headmaster, the Reverend Haig Brown — a decision influenced by the findings of the Clarendon Commission of 1864.[3]
The school bought a 68 acre (270,000 m²) site atop a hill just outside Godalming. In addition to the main school buildings (designed by architect Philip Charles Hardwick), they constructed three boarding houses, known as Saunderites (once the headmaster's house, pronounced "sarnderites" rather than "sornderites"), Verites and Gownboys (for scholars, who were entitled to wear gowns). The school was built by Lucas Brothers.[4] who also built the Royal Albert Hall and Covent Garden.
As pupil numbers grew, other houses were built alongside the approach road, now known as Charterhouse Hill. Each was titled with an adaptation of the name of their first housemaster, such as Weekites, Daviesites and Girdlestoneites. The last of these is still referred to as Duckites, reflecting the unusual gait of its original housemaster, even though he retired well over 100 years ago. There are now the original four 'old' houses plus seven 'new' houses, making eleven boarding houses in total. The eleven Houses have preserved a unique identity (each with its own tie and colours) and pupils compete against each other in both sports and the arts.
The school continued to expand over the 20th century. Further land was bought to the north and west, increasing the grounds to over 200 acres (809,000 m²), and a new school chapel was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (perhaps best known for designing the red telephone box) and consecrated in 1927 to commemorate almost 700 pupils who died in the First World War, making it the largest war memorial in England. Around 350 names have been subsequently added to commemorate those who died in the Second World War and other more recent conflicts. Most still attend a short chapel service there six times a week. The school also keeps a small archives library opposite the History block, where it is traditional for Fourths[who?] to do an archives project about a particular Old Carthusian killed in the First World War.
Charterhouse was all male until the 1970s when girls were first admitted in the sixth form (the final two years), and this continues to be the case today. Of over 300 sixth formers today, almost a third are girls.
The most significant addition to the campus was seven new Houses, built in the 1970s, replacing late Victorian boarding houses which were demolished in 1977. Other newer buildings include the Art Studio, the John Derry Technology Centre, the Ben Travers Theatre, the Ralph Vaughan Williams Music Centre, the Halford Hewitt Golf Course, the Queen’s Sports Centre, the Sir Greville Spratt athletics track and Chetwynd, a hall of residence for girls. In 2003, the School renovated its onsite Library. 2006 saw the opening of The Beveridge Centre for the Social Sciences. In 2007, a new state of the art £3m Modern Languages building was completed.
Today[link]
Today, pupils can take part in a range of sporting activities. The former England batsmen and captain Peter May was educated at Charterhouse.
The school first XI of the year 2006-7 reached the ISFA cup final, losing on penalties after a one-all draw with Hampton. One year later, the school first XI again qualified for the ISFA cup final against Millfield. Because of poor weather conditions, it was decided that the match would be played on one of Charterhouse's pitches instead of the usual Walkers Stadium or the replacement at Wokingham F.C. stadium. The team won this match on penalties.
The school has a top 60 placing in the A level league tables, and in 2011 over 80% of pupils are awarded an A* or A grade at GCSE.[citation needed] The school recently announced its decision to switch from A Levels to the International Baccalaureate and Cambridge Pre-U.[5]
Martin Bicknell, the former Surrey and England seam bowler joined the school as head of cricket following his retirement from the sport in 2006.
In 2007, Roy Hattersley, former Deputy Leader of the Labour Party and minister, reported on a visit to Charterhouse in the Guardian newspaper.[6]. While reporting on the school chapel he noted in the article that 'Its geometric spires and minarets proclaim complete confidence that Charterhouse educates men who are destined to rule the universe.' Despite his apparent qualms about selective education, Hattersley also wrote in the article that 'Academically and pastorally, it is near to beyond criticism. And after only a brief glimpse of the school, I have no doubt that I would have been ecstatically happy there'. However, he went on to say that as Shadow Secretary of State for Education during the 1970s, he had said in a speech that his hope was 'initially to reduce and eventually to abolish fee-paying education in this country'. Concluding the article, he said 'my aspiration to end it all was totally justified'.
School terms[link]
There are three academic terms (known as Quarters) in the year,
- The Oration Quarter (OQ), from early September to mid December.
- The Long Quarter (LQ), from mid January to late March. Therefore, it traditionally had the distinction of being the shortest third of the school year, despite its name.
- The Cricket Quarter (CQ), from late April to late June or early July.
Houses[link]
 |
This section uses abbreviations that may be confusing or ambiguous. Specific concerns may be found on the Talk page. Please improve this section if you can. (September 2011) |
There are four old houses and seven new houses in White List (a directory of names) order. They are all distinguished by the colour of the pupils' ties, umbrellas and football team's stripes.
The four old houses are
- Saunderites - Orange (S), Housemaster: SPM Allen. Head of Spanish
- Verites - Light Blue (the tie also has broad grey/silver stripes that make it look grey/silver overall - these were supposedly added to distinguish it from a tie at another school)(V), Housemaster: N Hadfield. Teaches French, German, Chinese and Russian.
- Gownboys - Dark Red (G), Housemaster: MLJ Blatchly. Director of Choral Music.
- Girdlestonites - Silver (g (not G, see Gownboys)), Housemaster: BP Thurston. Head of Modern Languages, teaches German and French.
The seven "new" houses (so-called because they are in more modern (1970s) buildings, which replaced older (1870s) buildings, which were mainly on the other side of the valley) are:
- Lockites - Light Green (L), Housemaster: A Johnston. Teaches History.
- Weekites - Light Red (W), Housemaster: KD Brown. Assistant Director of Sport and Outdoor Education Co-ordinator.[7] Teaches Geography.
- Hodgesonites - Dark Blue (H), Housemaster: DG Wright. Head of Brass.
- Daviesites - Dark Green (D), Housemaster: JFA Tully. Teaches physics
- Bodeites - Old Gold (B), Housemaster: JS Hazeldine. Head of Business Studies.
- Pageites - Lilac (As distinguished from the pink in the official school colours) (P), Housemaster: NS Pelling. Teaches History.
- Robinites - Purple (R), Housemaster: ST Hearn. Teaches physics.
In addition, a new Day house, Fletcherites, named after Frank Fletcher, a former headmaster, was opened in autumn 2010. Fletcherites's Housemaster is I de Visme and the house colour is Light Blue (as compared to Hodgesonites' Dark Blue). The house moved into the old Great Comp building, now renovated. Verites, Saunderites and Gownboys houses predate the move to Godalming in 1872 and are known as the "block" houses. However, Girdlestoneites is now treated as one of the "old houses" because it, along with Verites, Saunderites and Gownboys, are the only houses still in their 1870s buildings, while all the rest are in their 1970s replacements. Saunderites is named after its first Housemaster Dr. Saunders (Headmaster 1832-53) and it was the Headmaster's house, in that the headmaster would not only run the school but one of the houses. Unfortunately, the dramatic increase in the size of the school and the increasing difficulties in running such a school have meant that the Headmaster can no longer do this. Gownboys was named not after their original housemaster, but because it was the scholars' house, although scholars were distributed across all the houses after the transfer to Godalming. As was tradition, scholars wore gowns with their uniform and were treated as superior to other boys. There is no longer such a tradition and the scholars are now distributed throughout the various houses, on a random but numerically equal basis. There are still scholars in Gownboys, but in no greater proportion than any other house.
Verites is a contraction of Oliverites (Oliver Walford, School Usher 1838-55) and hence 'Verites' is pronounced as if the 'Ver' is from Oliver not as from 'very'. The records of the house run back to the start of the last century, but previously it was just called 'Boarders House No.2'. Girdlestonites' first housemaster was Frederick Girdlestone, who was said to walk like a duck. Girdlestonites has therefore been unofficially known as 'Duckites' ever since, but since this was 'insulting' slang it was never written down or used officially. This latter restriction has now largely fallen by the wayside and even the school magazine uses Duckites in print occasionally.
All new Houses apart from Bodeites are named after their founders (although Robinites was originally Robinsonites). Bodeites was originally Buissonites, named after the Head of Languages at the time. He ran off with the matron, and so the house was renamed Bodeites after the replacement, Mr Bode.[8] This did lead to some confusion at the time of naming the houses because some housemasters moved to houses named after their colleagues.
Robinites was a 'passage house' when the school first moved to Godalming and boys stayed there for no more than two years until they could be transferred to one of the other houses. It now has normal status. There was also another passage house known as Laleham, but this has ceased to exist.
All pupils belong to one of the 11 houses, and boarding boys will sleep in their house. Charterhouse has traditionally had very few day boys. In the 1870s the statutes of the school limited them to 10 (excluding sons of masters) and even in the late 1980s the number was only around 25 (some of whom were the sons of masters). Boarding girls are assigned a House and are fully involved in House life but at night, they sleep in halls of residence (e.g. Chetwynd) which are not treated as houses. These halls of residence are more modern than the 'new' Houses.
Teachers belong to Brooke Hall (the teachers' common room building).
Uskites was a temporary house opened in 1872 by Mr Stewart, the writing and chemistry instructor from the old Charterhouse. It was closed in 1878 and the pupils redistributed. The building itself (on Peperharow Road) was bought by a schoolmaster, and later used by the School as a sanatorium. It is now masters' accommodation. Mr Stewart named the house because he likened the valley of the River Wey (where the house lies) with the valley of the River Usk.
Memorial Chapel[link]
Memorial Chapel, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and consecrated in 1927, commemorates the Carthusians who died in action: 700 in World War I and 350 in World War II. The whole School meets here five days each week for a short service at 8:30 am, and on Sundays for Evensong, Matins, or a School Eucharist. On Sundays, when there is an Evening service, Catholic pupils may instead attend Mass in the Founder's Chapel. Parents are welcome at Sunday services, but tickets are required for Remembrance Sunday and the Carol Service.
Friday morning chapel is reserved for congregational singing practice, and Wednesday morning chapel is voluntary. Attendance at all other chapel services are compulsory, except where individual exemptions are granted on religious grounds.
Chapel provides a variety of worship experience: hymn-singing; Psalm chanting; the choir performs a repertoire of Church Music; Candle-lit Carols; Eucharists in Millennium Chapel; Remembrance Sunday with the sounding of The Last Post and The Silence.
Each year there is a Confirmation Service in late January and pupils from any year group except the Fourths (who hadn't been at the school when it was open to sign up) can be prepared for this.
The school retains the old chapel used by the school prior to 1927. However, when the school first moved to Godalming even this was not built, and the pupils walked the 2 miles to Shackleford Church. Pupils ever since have benefited, because the time taken for the walk ruled out the continuance of Sunday school, which ran from 10am to 10:30 on Sundays, which has remained a non-teaching day ever since.
Traditions[link]
Uniform[link]
- Under School
The Lower School consists of the first three years of attendance at Charterhouse, being the Fourth Form, the Removes and the Fifth Form (GCSE year). Pupils in Lower School wear a weekday uniform consisting of a white or blue shirt, house tie, grey trousers, blue jumper, tweed jacket and leather shoes. Sunday dress consists of a dark suit of pinstriped or plain design. A waistcoat is optional. Variations include various society and school honours' ties.
Transition from the Lower School to the Upper School occurs upon successful completion of the GCSE exams.
- Specialists ('The Upper School')
The Specialists (Lower and Upper Sixth Forms) constitute the last two years of attendance at Charterhouse, and form the Upper School. Having completed the GCSE exams successfully, 'First & Second Year Specialists' (as they are colloquially referred) spend two years studying for their 'A-Level' examinations, usually in three subjects, although some students will read for four or five.
Specialists have their own variations on School Dress. Instead of a tweed jacket, Specialists wear a navy blue blazer with gold or blue buttons on the sleeves. Sunday dress remains the same as in the Lowerer School. Historically, those in Gownboys were permitted to wear gowns as a mark of their scholarly status, but this is no longer permitted, as Gownboys is not the only house in which scholars reside. Specialists may also wear pink shirts and silver or nickel cuff-links.
Whether in Lower or Upper School, any pupil who has been awarded his House or School 'Colours' for sport or culture, may wear his 'Colours' tie in place of his house tie. School monitors may also wear their monitor tie instead of a house tie, if they so choose. For further on this, please see below, under "School Honours".
- Summer Dresses
During Cricket Quarter, the school uniform can vary slightly from that of the two preceding terms. Boys may wear cravats in house colours instead of ties and are permitted to wear straw Boaters similar to the 'Harrow Hat' found at Harrow School, but these are almost never worn by the majority of pupils. Boys in the Under School may also wear navy blazers similar to those worn by the Specialists. As well as these variations, boys may roll up their sleeves in hashes unless asked not to by a beak.
Members of the 1st XI Cricket Team have their own variation on summer dress which is described later in the article.
- School Honours
School Honours is the Colours system rewarding pupils in various fields with variations on school dress. They are as follows:
House Colours - House colours are a variation on the house tie. Colours awarded for house sport prowess have thicker stripes in the House colour, whereas those awarded for cultural prowess have thin doubled striped.
School Colours - School colours are awarded for services to School sport, culture and other areas deemed worthy. They all have a similar design and are covered in Sutton's Crests (The crest of Thomas Sutton). However, they come in varying colours:
The Head of School - The Head of School (head boy) is permitted to wear a Pink tie ordained with Sutton Crests, sometimes reversed. 1st XI Major Sports: Members of the 1st Team in major school sports (Football, Hockey and Cricket) are permitted to wear Maroon ties. Minor Sports: Holders of colours in Minor Sports are permitted to wear a silver tie covered in Sutton Hospital Crests. Academic/Scholars: Holders of Academic or Scholars colours are permitted to wear a Cambridge Blue tie or bow tie with Sutton Crests. Culture: Those deemed worthy enough in cultural fields are permitted to wear a purple tie. Service: Brown ties are awarded for commendable service to the school community. Most frequently they are awarded by the CCF.
2nd XI Cricket - Members of the 1st XI Cricket team are permitted to wear Pink Blazers with Sutton's Crest on the front pocket to Hashes on match days (usually Saturdays).
Greyhounds - Every year a few Carthusians are given Greyhound awards for outstanding service to the school. Those awarded the prize are permitted to wear a navy blue tie with rampant gold greyhounds.
Songs[link]
One of the traditions in Charterhouse is the singing of school songs. Many were written by teachers such as William Haig Brown and Old Carthusians such as Ralph Vaughan Williams. It is the tradition to sing Jerusalem on the last Chapel service of term. C.V. Stanford's setting of the Nunc Dimittis in B flat is sung the most throughout the year.
File:Chousegreen.jpg
March around Green at the end of CQ
File:Chousebagpipes.jpg
Bagpipe Players on Leavers Day
.
Events[link]
Carthusian Day is the main social event of the school calendar. It is held on day preceding the Exeat in CQ and Sunday dress is worn. The day is intended for the Old Carthusians and the parents of Carthusians to visit the school. Speeches are made and Sports events played: including the annual Football, Cricket and Gold matches between Carthusians and Old Carthusians. It also gives parents the chance to see their sons' and daughters' work (such as the traditional Archives project done by Fourths on old Carthusians killed in World War I).
Founder's Day is celebrated every year to commemorate the founding of the school and to thank the founder and benefactor Thomas Sutton. It is considered one of the most important days of the year and is held on the last day of OQ. The day consists of 'clearing up' in houses before 'Founders Feast', a large feast for the whole school where Black Tie is worn. The feast is followed by games and activities.
St. Andrew's Day is celebrated by an annual ball hosted by the historical 'Scottish Dancing society. On St. Andrews Day pupils are permitted to wear traditional Scottish dress including a Kilt, Ghillies and a Sporran.
'The 50 Mile Walk' is an annual event for the 1st Year specialists held at the end of CQ. It consists of walking a 50-mile (80 km) stretch from Brighton to the Brooke Hall arch and taking regular Hashes the next day. The March originates from the 1950s when the American Navy SEALs challenged the School, saying that only they could walk 50 miles (80 km) and go to work the next day. Those who complete the walk in less than 24 Hours are awarded a special '50' tie, which until 2006 consisted of a navy blue tie with the school crest that has a '50' written below it. The current tie is a thickly striped affair in Pink (for the school), Green (for the countryside) and Blue (for the night)
Leavers Day is the last day of CQ when the Second Year Specialists come to the end of their school careers. After the Leavers Chapel, the entire school does 2 lap around 'Green' while several men dressed in Scottish traditional Scottish dress play the bagpipes. The leaving Second Year Specialists do an extra lap signifying their loyalty to the school.
'Lack of Talent' is an annual show of Carthusian musical talent and sketches run entirely by pupils and held in the BTT during the start of LQ. It is usually hosted by a two second year Specialists and acts are selected by a panel of pupils in the Second Year Specialists. Such acts are predominantly music based, however comedy sketches have become increasingly popular (as they were a large part of the original Lack of Talent in 2000) with many of the staff looking forward to the Brooke Hall parody sketch that has become a regular feature. It is one of the few productions in the school's theatre that students and visitors have to pay a fee to see, originally with the concept this would go to global, less obvious charities and raise peoples awareness of their causes.
Monitors[link]
Monitors are chosen pupils who are deemed to have the best qualities in leadership and achievement. Each house has at least one monitor, who is appointed Head of House (the most senior pupil in house). On a school-wide level one monitor is appointed the Head of School, and a deputy is appointed to assist. Monitors may wear Navy blue ties and Navy scarves with an embroidered crest. Monitors are also permitted to ride bikes to and from hashes as well as out of Hash time.
House Apostles[link]
The Headmaster's Essay Society, also known as the 'House Apostles' is a historical society of twelve elite Carthusians deemed to be the most intellectual in the school. They are invited by the Headmaster to present papers on chosen subjects on Monday evenings and meetings are held in the Headmaster's House. All members wear Cambridge Blue Academic ties or scarves.
Calling Over[link]
In the traditional ceremony of Calling Over, the form master presents his class to the Master of the Under School, who praises those who have shown good effort, and discourages the less hard-working. Specialists are also awarded regular grades for attainment and effort, which are scrutinised by the Master of the Specialists. Parents receive detailed reports at the end of each Quarter, and have a formal opportunity to meet their son's or daughter's teachers every year to discuss progress. The Higher Education and Careers Department provides guidance and training throughout the process of selecting and applying to university.
Origins of football[link]
Charterhouse has an historic joint claim to having founded Association Football, which remains the main Winter sport at the school. During the 1840s at both Charterhouse and Westminster School pupils' surroundings meant they were confined to playing their football in the cloisters, making the rough and tumble of the handling game that was developing at other schools such as Rugby impossible, and necessitating a new code of rules. During the formulation of the rules of the Association Football in the 1860s representatives of Charterhouse and Westminster School pushed for a passing game, in particular rules that allowed forward passing ("passing on"). Other schools (in particular Eton College, Shrewsbury School and Harrow) favoured a dribbling game with a tight off-side rule. It is claimed that Stoke Ramblers was formed in 1863 when former pupils of Charterhouse School formed a football club while apprentices at the North Staffordshire Railway works in Stoke-on-Trent.[9] By 1867 the Football Association had chosen in favour of the Charterhouse and Westminster game and adopted a "loose" off-side rule that permitted forward passing.[10] The modern forward-passing game was a direct consequence of Charterhouse and Westminster Football.
In the early years of the FA Cup, teams formed of ex-pupils from these schools dominated the competition. The Old Carthusians F.C. (the name for the team composed of Charterhouse alumni) won the cup in the 1880/81 season, beating the Old Etonians in the final, and were semi-finalists in the two years that followed. The public school system also provided many of the first England internationals. They included Charles Wreford-Brown, who is often credited for inventing the word "soccer". He was a pupil at Charterhouse in the early 1880s, and played football for the Old Carthusians and for the national side in the 1890s, including several appearances as captain.
During the past few years, Charterhouse has performed well in the Independent Schools Football Association cup. In 2007, Charterhouse were runners-up but in 2008 they were able to beat Millfield and win the cup. They had another success in 2010 with a 2-0 victory in the final over Eton College.
Cricket ground[link]
The first recorded match on the school cricket ground came in 1859, when the school played Marlborough College. From its inception, the school has used the ground to take on a number of prestigious colleges in England.[11] The cricket ground has held a single List-A match, which was played between Surrey and Warwickshire in the 1972 John Player League.[12] Starting in 2006, the ground has held a number of Surrey Second XI fixtures in the Second XI Championship and Second XI Trophy.[13][14]
Herbarium[link]
The School's Herbarium carries the Index Herbariorum designation GOD and is maintained as The Charterhouse School Herbarium[15] in the University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley. The scope of the collections are principally the British Isles, the principle collectors being James Edward Moxon, Rev. George Brown Moxon, Rev. Tullie Cornthwaite, Rev. Samuel Titmas (1st Curator - Charterhouse Museum), Frederick Yorke Brocas, William Gardiner and John Drew Salmon. The collections are currently being digitized and being released by the Botanical Society of the British Isles, on the herbaria@home[16] website.
Fees[link]
Day fees at Charterhouse are £25,242 per annum, whilst Boarding fees (including accommodation and food) are £30,534 per annum.[17] There is some contention as to the most expensive public school in England, partly due to the fact that fees vary from year to year, and partly due to whether one is comparing day fees or boarding fees. A survey by Forbes described Charterhouse as the second most expensive boarding school in England after Eton,[18] whilst a survey by the Telegraph found Charterhouse to have the second highest day fees in England.[19]
Criticism and controversy[link]
In November 2005, the school was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times newspaper, although the schools made clear that they had not realised that the change to the law (which had happened only a few months earlier) about the sharing of information had subsequently made it an offence.[20] Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.[21] However, Mrs Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."[22]
In August 2010, former English footballer Gary Lineker publicly accused Charterhouse of failing to get his son, George, into university.[23] Lineker claimed that the school had used him as a 'guinea pig'[24][25] by ditching A-Levels for the new Cambridge Pre-U.[26] The school reacted by saying it was proud of its students' results.[27] John Witheridge, the headmaster at Charterhouse, strongly defended the choice of the Pre-U as being more academically rigorous and educationally valid than the current A-Level standard, in an article in The Spectator in August 2010.[28]
Headmasters[link]
- 1996-present The Rev John Witheridge
- 1993-1995 Peter Hobson
- 1982-1993 Peter Attenborough
- 1973-1981 Brian Rees
- 1965-1973 Oliver van Oss
- 1952-1964 Brian W. M. Young
- 1947-1952 George Turner
- 1935-1947 Sir Robert Birley
- 1911-1935 Frank Fletcher
- 1897-1911 Gerald Henry Rendall
- 1863-1897 The Revd William Haig-Brown
- 1858-1863 Richard Elwyn
- 1853-1858 Edward Elder
- 1832-1853 Augustus Page Saunders
- 1811-1832 The Revd John Russell
- 1791-1811 Matthew Raine
- 1769-1791 Samuel Berdmore
- 1748-1769 Eberard Lewis Crusius
- 1731-1748 James Hotchkis
- 1728-1731 Andrew Tooke
- 1679-1728 Thomas Walker
- 1662-1679 Thomas Watson
- 1654-1662 Norris Wood
- 1651-1654 Thomas Bunkley
- 1643-1651 Samuel Wilson
- 1628-1643 Robert Brooke
- 1626-1628 William Middleton
- 1624-1628 Robert Grey
- 1614-1624 Nicholas Grey
Notable Old Carthusians[link]
Main article: List of notable Old Carthusians
Former pupils are referred to as Old Carthusians, and current pupils as Carthusians.
Victoria Cross holders[link]
Three Old Carthusians have won the Victoria Cross:
- Victoria Cross
- Hunza-Nagar Expedition, India
- Lieutenant Guy Hudleston Boisragon, VC (At Charterhouse from Oration Quarter (OQ) (Autumn Term)1878 to OQ 1880). He later achieved the rank of Brigadier. (1864–1931)
- Mohmand Campaign, Bilot, India
- Lieutenant James Morris Colquhoun Colvin, VC, (At Charterhouse from Cricket Quarter (CQ) (Summer Term) 1884 to CQ 1888). He later achieved the rank of Colonel. (1870–1945)
- First World War
- Lieutenant Eric Archibald McNair, VC (At Charterhouse from CQ 1907 to CQ 1913 - was Head of the School). He later achieved the rank of Captain. (1894–1918)
- Hunza-Nagar Expedition, India
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1861
- ^ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1878
- ^ School History Web Page
- ^ Charles Thomas Lucas at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Schools ditching A-levels for diploma programme
- ^ Hattersley, Roy (17 July 2007). "Roy Hattersley visits Charterhouse". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2007/jul/17/publicschools.schools.
- ^ Weekites Housemaster
- ^ A History of Bodeites
- ^ "1863-1888 In The Beginning". Stoke City F.C.. http://www.stokecityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10310~401090,00.html. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
- ^ Marples, Morris. A History of Football, Secker and Warburg, London 1954, page 150
- ^ Other matches played on Charterhouse School
- ^ List-A Matches played on Charterhouse School
- ^ Second XI Championship Matches played on Charterhouse School
- ^ Second XI Trophy Matches played on Charterhouse School
- ^ http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/god/
- ^ http://herbariaunited.org/atHome/
- ^ [1]
- ^ Ram, Vidya. "In Pictures: Europe's Most Expensive Boarding Schools". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/10/europe-boarding-schools-biz-cx_vr_1210boarding_slide_12.html?thisSpeed=undefined.
- ^ "Top schools push day fees over £20,000". The Daily Telegraph (London). 9 July 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556894/Top-schools-push-day-fees-over-20000.html.
- ^ Halpin, Tony (10 November 2005). "Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article588559.ece.
- ^ The Office of Fair Trading: OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement
- ^ "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry". The Daily Telegraph (London). 01 March 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private-schools-send-papers-to-fee-fixing-inquiry.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ Gary Lineker's son fails to get grades for place at university
- ^ Gary Lineker attacks Charterhouse school over son's results
- ^ Gary Lineker's anger at 'guinea pig' son's school
- ^ Party-loving George Lineker fails to get into university (but dad Gary insists school is to blame)
- ^ Lineker blames £25,000-a-year school after son fails to make grade
- ^ here "An answer to the A-level debacle — and Gary Lineker" (html). The Spectator. http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/6228688/an-answer-to-the-alevel-debacle-and-gary-lineker.thtml here. Retrieved 10/10/2011.
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Charterhouse School website
- Profile on ISC website
- ISI Inspection Reports
- Latest (2004) boarding inspection report by Ofsted
- Website in memory of the school's architect, P.C.Hardwick
- Profile at the Good Schools Guide
- Hay Tod, Alexander. Charterhouse. Archived 2008.
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For the archbishop of Cashel, see Arthur Price (archbishop).
Arthur Price & Co. is a British manufacturer and distributor of cutlery based in Sheffield.
Arthur Price (1865 - 1936)[link]
Arthur Price, founder of Arthur Price of England, Master Cutlers & Silversmiths, was born on 3 March 1865. He left school at the age of 14 and worked for various cutlery companies in Birmingham to learn his craft. These were Hands & Company, Potosi Silver Company, and John Yates & Son.
In 1902, Arthur started his first factory making silver cutlery (also known as silverware, or flatware in the USA, knives, spoons and forks on Gem Street, Aston, Birmingham. The Company, then called A. Price & Co. Ltd, were the first to manufacture chromium plate spoons and forks, which was the forerunner of Stainless Steel.
In 1911 he moved the company to a small factory at Conybere Street, where he started to cast his own nickel silver ingots. Arthur Price was a great believer in being fully integrated as a manufacturer. Around the time that World War I started, he moved the company again to Vauxhall Street, Birmingham.
The company continued to grow throughout the depression of the 1930s, despite fire breaking out in the Gem Street factory on the 6th November 1934. (read the original news article). Arthur died on 20 February 1936 at the age of 70, leaving the company in the hands of his two sons, Arthur & Frederick. The onset of war in 1939 created a huge drop in demand for cutlery and silverware. And to make matters worse, Arthur Junior died in 1942 at the age of 50 from cancer, leaving Frederick to cope on his own.
Midway through the war, Frederick managed to gain a contract with the Ministry of Aircraft Production manufacturing hot brass pressings, which formed the body of incendiary bombs. This contract saved the company, as not only had demand dropped to an all time low, the Ministry of Labour were threatening to close the factory in order to release what was left of its workforce. The very war which threatened the company offered it a life line. Arthur Price & Co. Ltd continued making munitions for the remainder of the war.
After the 2nd World War ended, cutlery production started again and in the immediate post war years demand outstripped supply. Cutlers could sacrifice quality and sell anything, but Arthur Price & Co were determined to go against this trend and insist on returning to their pre-war standards of only selling the finest quality cutlery.
During the late 1940s, Arthur Price & Co acquired an even larger cutlery factory in Sheffield and in the years that followed the company became the largest manufacturer of Stainless Steel cutlery in the country. By this time, the company was being run by the current Chairman, John Price, son of Frederick.
In 1964, John Price took the adventurous step to rename Arthur Price & Co as Arthur Price of England. He wanted to emphasise the company’s expertise as an English cutlery manufacturer based in Birmingham and Sheffield. In the years that followed, the Arthur Price of England brand grew steadily. A notable achievement was designing and making the cutlery for Concorde in 1976.
Then, in 1977, the company was granted the Royal Warrant by appointment to Her Majesty the Queen in recognition for being a top quality supplier to Her Majesty’s Household.
In 1982, Arthur Price of England ended its long association with Birmingham by relocating to its current head office in Lichfield, Staffordshire. This move saw its entire cutlery manufacturing operations now based in Sheffield.
Arthur Price in recent years[link]
Since its creation in 1902 right up to the mid 1980s, Arthur Price & Co only manufactured classic, English cutlery. This was a very limited product range, but had successfully sustained the company for over 80 years.
However, the market was changing in the 1980s and the company started to add to its product range quite significantly over the next 20 years to what we see today. The company took its first steps to diversify beyond just cutlery with the introduction of classic silver tableware and gifts.
In 1988 the company was granted its second Royal Warrant, this time to His Royal Highness The Prince Of Wales. Also in this year, Arthur Price added to its range of skills by buying Charles Kirkby, a cutlery cabinet manufacturer based in Sheffield.
In 1992, the company introduced its first cutlery range that wasn’t manufactured in the UK. The market had changed quite considerably by now and there was huge growth in the amount of product imported from the Far East. Arthur Price knew it had to respond to this move in the market and its first range produced in the Far East, Arthur Price International, was launched alongside its UK made collections.
In 1993, it bought another cutlery manufacturer in Sheffield, called A. Deeley (Cutlery Manufacturers) Ltd, and gradually over time amalgamated all of its cutlery manufacturing operations into the A. Deeley factory.
In 1994 Arthur Price bought its major UK competitor, George Butler, which significantly increased its market share in the UK. As part of this deal, Arthur Price also became the sole distributor in the UK of the leading French cutlery brand, Guy Degrenne.
By 1997, the market was crying out for more contemporary designs with the huge growth of consumers’ interest in home interiors and design. Arthur Price launched its first contemporary cutlery designs in 1997 in response to this market change. This was an important step for the company, and more and more contemporary cutlery designs have been added to the product range in the 10 years since then to sit alongside its renowned classic designs. Today, Arthur Price in fact sell far more contemporary cutlery than it does classic.
The company's move into contemporary design took another leap forward in 2000 when it linked up with interior designer, Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen. Laurence designed a range of cutlery patterns and they were launched onto the market with great success. They were the original designer cutlery and started a trend of using famous designers in housewares & tabletop that many companies have since followed.
A year later in 2001, Arthur Price linked up with one of the world’s most famous photographers, Lord Patrick Lichfield, to design and launch the Lichfield Photograph Frame Collection. This also continued Arthur Price’s Royal connections, Lord Lichfield being The Queen’s cousin.
Another famous name, Jean-Christophe Novelli has teamed up with Arthur Price to create his own branded range of kitchenware called Novelli by Arthur Price, which features Jean-Christophe's own invention, the 'Versi-Tool'. This is essentially a spatula with a serated edge and a cheese slicer which allows one to cut, slice & turn the food using only one tool. Novelli is the first ever range of kitchen utensils under Jean-Christophe's name.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Price, Arthur |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1865 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 1936 |
| Place of death | |
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| Ben Elton | |
|---|---|
 Ben Elton in 2009 |
|
| Born | Benjamin Charles Elton (1959-05-03) 3 May 1959 (age 53) Catford, London, England |
| Occupation | Stand up comedian, Writer, Director |
| Years active | 1981 to present |
| Spouse | Sophie Gare |
| Children | 2 sons, 1 daughter |
| Parents | Lewis Elton |
Benjamin Charles "Ben" Elton (born 3 May 1959) is an English-Australian comedian, author, playwright and director. He was at the forefront of the British alternative comedy movement of the 1980s, as a writer on such cult series as The Young Ones and Blackadder, as well as also a successful stand-up comedian on stage and TV. He was a high-profile frontman of 1980s left-wing political satire. Since then he has published thirteen novels and more lately become known for writing the musical We Will Rock You (2002) and Love Never Dies (2010), the sequel to The Phantom of the Opera.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Elton was born in Catford, London, the son of Mary (Foster), an English teacher, and physicist and educational researcher Professor Lewis Elton. He is the nephew of the historian Sir G. R. Elton.[1][2] Elton's father is of German Jewish descent and his mother is of English background.[3][4] He studied at Stillness Junior School and Godalming Grammar School in Surrey, South Warwickshire College in Stratford-upon-Avon and the University of Manchester. Elton is married to Sophia Gare (an Australian saxophonist) and has three children (two sons and one daughter). He lives in Fremantle, Western Australia and in East Sussex, England.[5] Elton has had dual British/Australian citizenship since 2004.[6]
Work[link]
Television[link]
His first television appearance was a stand-up performance on the BBC1 youth and music programme The Oxford Road Show. His first TV success though was at the age of 23 as co-writer of the television sitcom The Young Ones, in which he occasionally appeared.
In 1983/84 he wrote and appeared in Granada Television's sketch show Alfresco, which was also notable for early appearances by Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Robbie Coltrane. In 1985, Elton produced his first solo script for the BBC with his comedy-drama series Happy Families, starring Jennifer Saunders and Adrian Edmondson. Elton appeared in the fifth episode as a liberal prison governor. Shortly afterwards, he reunited Mayall and Edmondson with their Young Ones co-star Nigel Planer for the showbiz send-up sitcom Filthy Rich and Catflap.
In 1985 Elton began his successful writing partnership with Richard Curtis. Together they wrote Blackadder II, Blackadder the Third (in one episode, Elton appeared as a bomb-wielding anarchist) and Blackadder Goes Forth. Blackadder, starring Rowan Atkinson, was a worldwide hit, winning four BAFTAs and an Emmy.
Elton and Curtis were inspired to write Blackadder Goes Forth upon finding World War I to be a particularly apt subject for a situation comedy. This series, which dealt with greater, darker themes than prior Blackadder episodes, was widely praised for Curtis's and Elton's scripts, in particular the final episode. Before writing the series, the pair read a number of books about the war and found that
| “ | Actually, all the lead up to the first world war was very funny, all the people coming from communities where they'd never bumped into posh people...and all being so gung ho and optimistic...the first hundred pages of any book about the world war are hilarious, then of course everybody dies.[7] | ” |
Elton and Curtis also wrote Atkinson's 1986 stage show, The New Review, and Mr Bean's infamous "exam" episode.
Elton became a stand-up comedian primarily to showcase his own writing, but became one of Britain's biggest selling live acts.[8] After a regular slot on Saturday Live — later moved and renamed Friday Night Live — which was seen as a UK version of the US's Saturday Night Live, he became the host of the programme.
In 1990 he starred in his own stand-up comedy and sketch series entitled The Man from Auntie, which had a second series in 1994. (The title plays on The Man from UNCLE; "Auntie" is a nickname for the BBC). In 1989 Elton won the Royal Television Society Writers' Award.
The Ben Elton Show (1998) followed a format similar to that of The Man from Auntie and featured (somewhat incongruously) Ronnie Corbett, a comedian of the "old guard" that the "alternative comedians" of the 1980s were the direct alternative to, as a regular guest. It was Elton's last high-profile network programme in the UK as a stand-up comedian.
In April 2007, Get a Grip, a new show, began broadcasting on ITV1. Featuring a combination of "comic sketches" (similar to those seen on The Ben Elton Show) and staged studio discussion between Elton and 23-year-old Alexa Chung, the show's aim was to "contrast Elton's middle-aged viewpoint with Chung's younger perspective" (although Elton was wholly responsible for the scripts).
In a 2007 interview with Third Way Magazine, Elton accused the BBC of allowing jokes about vicars, but not imams. "And I believe that part of it is due to the genuine fear that the authorities and the communities have about provoking the radical elements of Islam".[9]
On the 10 October 2010 Elton headlined the first episode of Dave's One Night Stand.
Elton worked on Ben Elton Live From Planet Earth, a live one-hour variety show which debuted on 8 February 2011 on the Nine Network in Australia.[10] Live from Planet Earth was axed by the Nine Network on Wednesday 23 February 2011 after airing three episodes, despite having six episodes commissioned.[11] The show's final airing rated at about 200,000 viewers.[12]
Behind the camera[link]
Elton also wrote and produced The Thin Blue Line, a studio-based sitcom set in a police station, also starring Rowan Atkinson, which ran for two series (in 1995 and 1996). A prime-time family show, its traditional format and characters won it the 1995 British Comedy Award and both the public and professional Jury Awards at Reims.
He also wrote the six-part sitcom Blessed, starring Ardal O'Hanlon, which aired on BBC1 in 2005.
Radio[link]
Elton co-starred with Adrian Edmondson on a sitcom based on the song "Teenage Kicks" for BBC Radio 2. A television version of Teenage Kicks for ITV has been made; Elton appeared in the pilot but was replaced by Mark Arden when it went to series production.
Novels[link]
He has published thirteen novels since 1989, all published by Black Swan (an imprint of Transworld), except for Stark, originally published by Sphere Books, which was made into an Australian TV serial in 1993 starring Elton.
- Stark (1989)
- Gridlock (1991), UK No 1
- This Other Eden (1993), UK No 1
- Popcorn (1996), UK No 1 and Crime Writers' Association of Great Britain Gold Dagger Award for fiction
- Blast from the Past (1998), UK Top 5
- Inconceivable (1999), UK Top 5 (later made into a film, see below)
- Dead Famous (2001), UK Top 5
- High Society (2002), UK No 1 and WH Smith's People Choice Fiction Award
- Past Mortem (2004), UK Top 5
- The First Casualty (2005), UK Top 5
- Chart Throb (2006)
- Blind Faith (2007)
- Meltdown (2010)
On a publicity tour for Past Mortem in 2004, Elton mused on the high school reunion theme and his own drama college reunion: "We’d had a very happy time all together, so there were no old scores to be settled really, we’d been a pretty happy bunch. And yet one person, who’d been a bit of a golden boy – he certainly went out with a girl I was besotted and unrequitedly in love with – he came up and he said, ‘Why did you come? Was it to show off?’. That really surprised me, that anyone would think that … he came kind of carrying my agenda. It was weird. I hasten to add I didn’t think my life to be more successful than anybody else’s. If you’re happy and honest and fulfilled in what you do, then you’re having a successful life."[13]
Films[link]
Ben Elton had appeared in amateur dramatic productions as a youth, notably as The Artful Dodger in the musical Oliver! [14]
While previously appearing in bit parts in his own TV series, he began his professional film acting career when he starred as CD in Stark, the Australian/BBC TV series adaptation of his novel, released in 1993. This ABC co-production was directed by Nadia Tass and filmed in Australia.
Elton played the role of Verges in Kenneth Branagh's film adaptation of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, also released in 1993.[15]
Behind the camera[link]
Elton wrote and directed the film adaptation of his novel Inconceivable, which was released under the title Maybe Baby (2000) starring Hugh Laurie and Joely Richardson. It was a moderate UK success and was distributed globally.[16] The film was also nominated for a prize at Germany's Emden Film Festival.
Musicals[link]
Elton collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber on The Beautiful Game in 2000, writing the book and lyrics (Lloyd Webber wrote the music). The Beautiful Game won the London Critics Circle Award for best new musical. Elton went on to write a number of compilation shows featuring popular songs taken from the back catalogues of pop/rock artists. The first of these was the musical We Will Rock You with music by the rock band Queen. This was successful in London and won the 2003 Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best New Musical. It has since opened in the US, Australia, Russia, Spain, South Africa, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Canada, and The Netherlands. Tonight's the Night, based on the songs of Rod Stewart, opened in November 2003. Elton most recently worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the sequel to his 1986 blockbuster The Phantom of the Opera, Love Never Dies.
Stage[link]
Elton studied Drama at the University of Manchester and has written three West End plays.
- Gasping (1990) was first performed at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London. It starred Hugh Laurie and featured the voice of Stephen Fry.
- Silly Cow (1991) again performed at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London. It was written for and starred Dawn French.
- Popcorn (1996) was adapted for the stage and went on a UK-wide tour. It also toured Australia in a production starring Marcus Graham and Nadine Garner in its Eastern-States seasons. Popcorn won the TMA Barclays Theatre Award for best new play and the Olivier Award for best comedy. The Paris production of Popcorn ran for a year and was nominated for seven Molière Awards.
- Blast From the Past (1998) was also adapted for the stage and was produced at the West Yorkshire Playhouse.
Stand-up comedy[link]
In 1981, when his live act took off, Elton was hired by The Comedy Store as its compère.
He released two albums of stand-up comedy, Motormouth (1987) and Motorvation (1988).
In 2005 Elton did his first stand-up tour since 1997, touring the UK with Get a Grip. He toured Australia and New Zealand with the same show in 2006.
Awards[link]
In 2007, Ben Elton was awarded an Honorary Rose for lifetime achievement at the Rose d'Or festival. He was also made a Companion of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, in recognition of the work that he has carried out with students.
Politics[link]
Prior to the 1987 general election (UK), Elton lent his support to Red Wedge by participating in a comedy tour organised by the campaign.[17]
He is a Labour Party supporter and was named as a financial donor to the party in 1998.[18]
In 1998 Elton was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party.[19]
Criticism[link]
Toby Young summarises often repeated criticisms when he writes:
| “ | Ben Elton. Do you know this guy? He started out as an "alternative" comedian, railing against Thatcherism and the like, and now earns a fortune writing the librettos for truly awful West End musicals. I mean, his name has become a byword for shameless hackery. He's the biggest sell-out of his generation.[20] | ” |
Elton has also been criticised for writing a musical with Conservative Party supporter Andrew Lloyd Webber. In his defence, Elton has said "if I were to refuse to talk to Tories, I would narrow my social and professional scope considerably. If you judge all your relationships on a person's voting intentions, I think you miss out on the varieties of life." He is also one of the few items to have been put into Room 101 twice: first by Anne Robinson in 2001, and then by Mark Steel.[21][22] In 2009, his ad hominem jibes at Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, were deemed by Peter Hitchens to be lacking in "wit, style or substance."[23]
Elton says of criticism towards him "I would have loved a honeymoon period, but I've been irritating journos from the beginning. Originally I was knocked for being too left-wing, and now apparently I've sold out and I'm too right-wing, but all the time I've been being me, and that certainly isn't the person I recognise in anything that's written about me." He denies being anti-establishment though, "I wrote a sitcom for the BBC when I was 21! How the fuck can I be anti-establishment? From the first interview I ever did, I talked about Morecambe and Wise, and every time they wanted me to talk about Lenny Bruce I'd say, 'Yeah, he's fine, but he doesn't make me laugh the way Eric'n'Ernie do." He also points out he was a socialist at a time when "the media was on the whole slavishly worshipping of Thatcher".[24] He said of his political views "I believe in the politics of Clement Attlee. I'm a Welfare State Labour voter."[25]
He parodied himself though in the sketch 'Benny Elton' for Harry Enfield's Television Programme in 1994, which saw him sending up his 'right on' Socialist image as a politically correct spoilsport chasing Page Three models around a park to chastise them and tricking heterosexual couples into becoming gay.[26]
References[link]
- ^ Kennedy, Maev (10 January 2012). "Picasso, Cocteau and Chagall paintings to be exhibited at Lightbox in Woking". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/jan/10/picasso-lightbox-woking-exhibition.
- ^ "World authors, 1995-2000 - Mari Rich, Olivia J. Smith, Clifford Thompson - Google Books". Books.google.ca. http://books.google.ca/books?id=4qojAQAAIAAJ&q=%22BEN+ELTON%22+MOTHER+MARY&dq=%22BEN+ELTON%22+MOTHER+MARY&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
- ^ Sunday Star Times. "Elton sees stupid future – Entertainment news, gossip & music, movie & book reviews on Stuff.co.nz". Stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4289797a4501.html. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ "no need. | Asia Africa Intelligence Wire (, 2004)". Accessmylibrary.com. 2004-04-17. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-21030291_ITM. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ "Ben Elton set to call Freo home | The West Australian". Au.news.yahoo.com. 2009-11-12. http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/wa/6462775/elton-set-to-call-freo-home/. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ^ "Ben Elton to showcase Western Australia | Tourism Western Australia". Web.archive.org. 2006-11-14. Archived from the original on 2006-11-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20061114065229/http://www.westernaustralia.com/en/Media/Media+Releases/Latest+Media+Releases/Ben+Elton+to+showcase+Western+Australia.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ^ I Have a Cunning Plan – 20th Anniversary of Blackadder, BBC Radio 4 documentary broadcast 23 August 2003. Excerpts available at bbc.co.uk/comedy/blackadder/interviews/
- ^ "Brisbane - Ben Elton - Queensland Performing Arts Centre - ourbrisbane.com". ourbrisbane.com<!. http://www.ourbrisbane.com/whatson/events/html/events/1/81818.html. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Positive spin – interview with fellow comedy writer James Cary in Third Way[dead link]
- ^ Quinn, Karl: Turning back the clock for old-style TV variety, The Age, 8 February 2011.
- ^ "Elton's live comedy show dies after three episodes". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-02-24. http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/eltons-live-comedy-show-dies-after-three-episodes-20110223-1b5k4.html.
- ^ "Nine axes Elton's comedy show - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/23/3147002.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ^ "Steve Dow, Journalist". Stevedow.com.au. http://www.stevedow.com.au/default.aspx?id=176. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ^ Stephanie Merritt. Guardian Unlimited Books – Mystery Man. Books.guardian.co.uk. http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/crime/story/0,6000,1345194,00.html. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ^ Willis, Andrew (2004). Film stars: Hollywood and beyond. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-7190-5645-4.
- ^ IMDb: Maybe Baby
- ^ "Where will the next generation get its political anthems from?". http://www.labourlist.org/my-generation-red-wedge-paul-richards-weller-bragg.
- ^ "'Luvvies' for Labour". BBC News. 1998-08-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/161057.stm.
- ^ "'Luvvies' for Labour". BBC News. 1998-08-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/161057.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ The Sound of No Hands Clapping, Toby Young, Da Capo Press 2006, p.212
- ^ "Mark Steel". Room 101. episode 4. season 11. 2007-01-26.
- ^ Close (2000-05-30). "Ben Elton live on our talkboards | | guardian.co.uk Film". London: Film.guardian.co.uk. http://film.guardian.co.uk/Feature_Story/feature_story/0,4120,326394,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Hitchens, Peter (21 November 2009), "Mr Clever Dick should leave this little old lady alone", Daily Mail, http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2009/11/mr-clever-dick-should-leave-this-little-old-lady-alone.html, retrieved 25 November 2009
- ^ I've been irritating journos from the beginning | Sunday Herald[dead link]
- ^ I've been irritating journos from the beginning | Sunday Herald[dead link]
- ^ Stas Bekman: stas (at) stason.org (1989-03-05). "05 Television (all broadcast dates are UK unless otherwise stated) (Ben Elton)". Stason.org. http://stason.org/TULARC/tv/ben-elton/05-Television-all-broadcast-dates-are-UK-unless-otherwise-s.html. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
External links[link]
- Ben Elton at the Internet Movie Database
- theartsdesk Q&A: Ben Elton (9 October 2010)
- Interview with Andrew Denton on ABC TV Australia
- Ben Elton Knows The Truth
- BBC Comedy Guide – Ben Elton
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Elton, Ben |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1959-05-03 |
| Place of birth | Catford, London, England, UK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"Cromwell" redirects here. For other uses, see Cromwell (disambiguation).
For other people named Oliver Cromwell, see Oliver Cromwell (disambiguation).
| Oliver Cromwell | |
|---|---|
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| Portrait of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper | |
| 1st Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland | |
| In office 16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658 (&100000000000000040000004 years, &10000000000000261000000261 days) |
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| Preceded by | Council of State |
| Succeeded by | Richard Cromwell |
| Member of Parliament for Huntingdon |
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| In office 1628–1629 |
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| Monarch | Charles I |
| Member of Parliament for Cambridge |
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| In office 1640–1649 |
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| Monarch | Charles I |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1599-04-25)25 April 1599 Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire |
| Died | 3 September 1658(1658-09-03) (aged 59) Whitehall, London |
| Resting place | Tyburn, London |
| Nationality | English |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Bourchier |
| Relations |
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| Children |
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| Alma mater | Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Farmer; Parliamentarian; Military commander. |
| Religion | Puritan (Independent) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Nickname(s) | Old Ironsides |
| Allegiance | Roundhead |
| Service/branch | Eastern Association (1643–1645); New Model Army (1645–1646) |
| Years of service | 1643–51 |
| Rank | Colonel (1643 – bef. 1644); Lieutenant-General of Horse (bef. 1644–45); Lieutenant-General of Cavalry (1645–46) |
| Commands | Cambridgeshire Ironsides (1643 – bef. 1644); Eastern Association (bef. 1644–45); New Model Army (1645–46) |
| Battles/wars | Gainsborough; Marston Moor; Newbury II; Naseby; Langport; Preston; Dunbar; Worcester |
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader who was part of the joint republican, military and parliamentarian effort that overthrew the Stuart monarchy as a result of the English Civil War, and was subsequently invited by his fellow leaders to assume a head of state role in 1653. As such, Cromwell ruled as "Lord Protector" for a five-year segment (1653–58) of the 11-year period of republican Commonwealth and protectorate rule of England, and nominally of Ireland, Wales and Scotland.[1] As one of the commanders of the New Model Army, he played an important role in the defeat of the King's forces, the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, ruling as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.
Cromwell was born into the ranks of the middle gentry, and remained relatively obscure for the first 40 years of his life. Along with his brother, Henry, he kept a small holding of chickens and sheep, selling eggs and wool to support himself. His lifestyle resembled that of a yeoman farmer until he received an inheritance from his uncle. After undergoing a religious conversion during the same decade, Cromwell made an independent style of puritanism an essential part of his life. He took a generally (but not completely) tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period.[2] As a ruler he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy and did as much as any English leader to shape the future of the land he governed. But his Commonwealth collapsed after his death and the royal family was restored in 1660. An intensely religious man—a self-styled Puritan Moses — he fervently believed God was guiding his victories.
He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640–49) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil War on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians and became a key military leader. Nicknamed "Old Ironsides", he was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to become one of the principal commanders of the army. In 1649 he was one of the signatories of Charles I's death warrant and was a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–1653), which selected him to take command of the English campaign in Ireland during 1649–50. He led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651. On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament, before being made Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland on 16 December 1653. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. After the Royalists returned to power, they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.
Cromwell has been one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles—considered a regicidal dictator by some historians such as David Hume and Christopher Hill as quoted by David Sharp,[3][4] he was considered a hero of liberty by others such as Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Rawson Gardiner. In a 2002 BBC poll in Britain, Cromwell was elected as one of the Top 10 Britons of all time.[5] His measures against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterised as genocidal or near-genocidal.[6] In Ireland his record is harshly criticised.[7]
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Early years[link]
He was born at Cromwell House in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599,[8] to Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. He was descended from Katherine Cromwell (born c. 1482), an elder sister of Tudor statesman Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485–1540), a minister of Henry VIII, whose family acquired considerable wealth by taking over monastery property during the Reformation. Katherine was married to Morgan ap William, son of William ap Yevan of Wales. The family line continued through Richard Williams, alias Cromwell, (c. 1500–1544), Henry Williams, alias Cromwell, (c. 1524–6 January 1604),[9] then to Oliver's father Robert Cromwell (c. 1560–1617), who married Elizabeth Steward (c. 1564–1654) on the day of Oliver Cromwell's birth. Thomas thus was Oliver's great-great-great-uncle.[10]
At the time of Oliver's birth his grandfather, Sir Henry Williams, was one of the two wealthiest landowners in Huntingdonshire. Oliver's father Robert was of modest means but still inside the gentry class. As a younger son with many siblings, Robert's inheritance was limited to a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. This land would have generated an income of up to £300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes.[11] Cromwell himself in 1654 said "I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity".[12]
Records survive of Cromwell's baptism on 29 April 1599 at St. John's Church,[13] and his attendance at Huntingdon Grammar School. He went on to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, which was then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos. He left in June 1617 without taking a degree, immediately after the death of his father.[14] Early biographers claim he then attended Lincoln's Inn, but there is no record of him in the Inn's archives. Fraser (1973) concludes he likely did train at one of the London Inns of Court during this time. His grandfather, his father, and two of his uncles had attended Lincoln's Inn, and Cromwell sent his son Richard there in 1647.[15]
Cromwell probably returned home to Huntingdon after his father's death, for his mother was widowed and his seven sisters were unmarried, and he, therefore, was needed at home to help his family.[16]
Marriage and family[link]
On 22 August 1620 at St Giles-without-Cripplegate, London,[13] Cromwell married Elizabeth Bourchier (1598–1665). They had 9 children.
- Robert (1621–1639), died while away at school.
- Oliver (1622–1644), died of typhoid fever while serving as a Parliamentarian officer.
- Bridget (1624-1662), married (1) Henry Ireton, (2) Charles Fleetwood.
- Richard (1626–1712), his father's successor as Lord Protector.[17]
- Henry (1628–1674), later Lord Deputy of Ireland.
- Elizabeth (1629–1658), married John Claypole.
- James (b. & d. 1632), died in infancy.
- Mary (1637–1713), married Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg.
- Frances (1638–1720), married (1) Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, (2) Sir John Russell, 3rd Baronet.
Elizabeth's father, Sir James Bourchier, was a London leather merchant who owned extensive land in Essex and had strong connections with puritan gentry families there. The marriage brought Cromwell into contact with Oliver St John and with leading members of the London merchant community, and behind them the influence of the earls of Warwick and Holland. A place in this influential network would prove crucial to Cromwell’s military and political career.
Crisis and recovery[link]
At this stage, though, there is little evidence of Cromwell's own religion. His letter in 1626 to Henry Downhall, an Arminian minister, suggests that Cromwell had yet to be influenced by radical puritanism.[18] However, there is evidence that Cromwell went through a period of personal crisis during the late 1620s and early 1630s. He sought treatment for valde melancolicus (depression) from London doctor Theodore de Mayerne in 1628. He was also caught up in a fight among the gentry of Huntingdon over a new charter for the town, as a result of which he was called before the Privy Council in 1630.[19]
In 1631 Cromwell sold most of his properties in Huntingdon—probably as a result of the dispute—and moved to a farmstead in St Ives. This was a major step down in society compared with his previous position, and seems to have had a significant emotional and spiritual impact. A 1638 letter survives from Cromwell to his cousin, the wife of Oliver St John, and gives an account of his spiritual awakening. The letter outlines how, having been "the chief of sinners", Cromwell had been called to be among "the congregation of the firstborn".[18] The language of this letter, which is saturated with biblical quotations and which represents Cromwell as having been saved from sin by God's mercy, places his faith firmly within the Independent beliefs that the Reformation had not gone far enough, that much of England was still living in sin, and that Catholic beliefs and practices needed to be fully removed from the church.
In 1636 Cromwell inherited control of various properties in Ely from his uncle on his mother's side, as well as his uncle's job as tithe collector for Ely Cathedral. As a result, his income is likely to have risen to around £300–400 per year;[20] by the end of the 1630s Cromwell had returned to the ranks of acknowledged gentry. He had become a committed puritan and had established important family links to leading families in London and Essex.
Member of Parliament: 1628–29 and 1640–42[link]
Cromwell became the Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in the Parliament of 1628–1629, as a client of the Montagus[clarification needed]. He made little impression: records for the Parliament show only one speech (against the Arminian Bishop Richard Neile), which was poorly received.[21] After dissolving this Parliament, Charles I ruled without a Parliament for the next eleven years. When Charles faced the Scottish rebellion known as the Bishops' Wars, shortage of funds forced him to call a Parliament again in 1640. Cromwell was returned to this Parliament as member for Cambridge, but it lasted for only three weeks and became known as the Short Parliament. Cromwell moved his family from Ely to London in 1640.[22]
A second Parliament was called later the same year, and became known as the Long Parliament. Cromwell was again returned as member for Cambridge. As with the Parliament of 1628–29, it is likely that Cromwell owed his position to the patronage of others, which might explain why in the first week of the Parliament he was in charge of presenting a petition for the release of John Lilburne, who had become a puritan martyr after his arrest for importing religious tracts from Holland. For the first two years of the Long Parliament Cromwell was linked to the godly group of aristocrats in the House of Lords and Members of the House of Commons with whom he had established familial and religious links in the 1630s, such as the Earls of Essex, Warwick and Bedford, Oliver St John, and Viscount Saye and Sele.[23] At this stage, the group had an agenda of godly reformation: the executive checked by regular parliaments, and the moderate extension of liberty of conscience. Cromwell appears to have taken a role in some of this group's political manoeuvres. In May 1641, for example, it was Cromwell who put forward the second reading of the Annual Parliaments Bill and later took a role in drafting the Root and Branch Bill for the abolition of episcopacy.[24]
Military commander: 1642–46[link]
English Civil War begins[link]
Main article: First English Civil War
Failure to resolve the issues before the Long Parliament led to armed conflict between Parliament and Charles I in the autumn of 1642, the beginning of the English Civil War. Before joining Parliament's forces Cromwell's only military experience was in the trained bands, the local county militia. He recruited a cavalry troop in Cambridgeshire after blocking a valuable shipment of silver plate from Cambridge colleges that was meant for the king. Cromwell and his troop then rode to, but arrived too late to take part in the indecisive Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642. The troop was recruited to be a full regiment in the winter of 1642 and 1643, making up part of the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester. Cromwell gained experience in a number of successful actions in East Anglia in 1643, notably at the Battle of Gainsborough on 28 July.[25] He was subsequently appointed governor of Ely and a colonel in the Eastern Association.
Marston Moor[link]
By the time of the Battle of Marston Moor in July 1644, Cromwell had risen to the rank of Lieutenant General of horse in Manchester's army. The success of his cavalry in breaking the ranks of the Royalist cavalry and then attacking their infantry from the rear at Marston Moor was a major factor in the Parliamentarian victory. Cromwell fought at the head of his troops in the battle and was slightly wounded in the neck, stepping away briefly to receive treatment during the battle but returning to help force the victory.[26] After Cromwell's nephew was killed at Marston Moor he wrote a famous letter to his brother-in-law. Marston Moor secured the north of England for the Parliamentarians, but failed to end Royalist resistance.
The indecisive outcome of the Second Battle of Newbury in October meant that by the end of 1644 the war still showed no signs of ending. Cromwell's experience at Newbury, where Manchester had let the King's army slip out of an encircling manoeuvre, led to a serious dispute with Manchester, whom he believed to be less than enthusiastic in his conduct of the war. Manchester later accused Cromwell of recruiting men of "low birth" as officers in the army, to which he replied: "If you choose godly honest men to be captains of horse, honest men will follow them ... I would rather have a plain russet-coated captain who knows what he fights for and loves what he knows than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else".[27] At this time, Cromwell also fell into dispute with Major-General Lawrence Crawford, a Scottish Covenanter Presbyterian attached to Manchester's army, who objected to Cromwell's encouragement of unorthodox Independents and Anabaptists.[28] Cromwell's differences with the Scots, then allies of the Parliament, developed into outright enmity in 1648 and in 1650–51.
New Model Army[link]
Partly in response to the failure to capitalise on their victory at Marston Moor, Parliament passed the Self-Denying Ordinance in early 1645. This forced members of the House of Commons and the Lords, such as Manchester, to choose between civil office and military command. All of them—except for Cromwell, whose commission was given continued extensions and was allowed to remain in parliament—chose to renounce their military positions. The Ordinance also decreed that the army be "remodelled" on a national basis, replacing the old county associations; Cromwell contributed significantly to these military reforms. In April 1645 the New Model Army finally took to the field, with Sir Thomas Fairfax in command and Cromwell as Lieutenant-General of cavalry, and second-in-command. By this time, the Parliamentarians' field army outnumbered the King's by roughly two to one.
In the New Model Army, Oliver Cromwell wanted the men who fought in this war to be strong believers of the church like himself. The men did not have to be from a higher class; they just had to have ability. Cromwell gave his men proper military training and hoped they would be a strong enough army to beat the king.
Battle of Naseby[link]
At the critical Battle of Naseby in June 1645, the New Model Army smashed the king's major army. Cromwell led his wing with great success at Naseby, again routing the Royalist cavalry. At the Battle of Langport on 10 July, Cromwell participated in the defeat of the last sizeable Royalist field army. Naseby and Langport effectively ended the King's hopes of victory, and the subsequent Parliamentarian campaigns involved taking the remaining fortified Royalist positions in the west of England. In October 1645, Cromwell besieged and took the wealthy and formidable Catholic fortress Basing House, later to be accused of killing one hundred of its three-hundred-man Royalist garrison there after its surrender.[29] Cromwell also took part in successful sieges at Bridgwater, Sherborne, Bristol, Devizes, and Winchester, then spent the first half of 1646 mopping up resistance in Devon and Cornwall. Charles I surrendered to the Scots on 5 May 1646, effectively ending the First English Civil War. Cromwell and Fairfax took the formal surrender of the Royalists at Oxford in June
Cromwell's military style[link]
Cromwell had no formal training in military tactics, and followed the common practice of ranging his cavalry in three ranks and pressing forward, relying on impact rather than firepower. His strengths were an instinctive ability to lead and train his men, and his moral authority. In a war fought mostly by amateurs, these strengths were significant and are likely to have contributed to the discipline of his cavalry.[30]
Cromwell also introduced close-order cavalry formations, with troopers riding knee to knee; this was an innovation in England at the time, and was a major factor in his success. He kept his troops close together following skirmishes where they had gained superiority, rather than allowing them to chase opponents off the battlefield. This facilitated further engagements in short order, which allowed greater intensity and quick reaction to battle developments. This style of command was decisive at both Marston Moor and Naseby.[31]
Politics: 1647–49[link]
In February 1647 Cromwell suffered from an illness that kept him out of political life for over a month. By the time he had recovered, the Parliamentarians were split over the issue of the king. A majority in both Houses pushed for a settlement that would pay off the Scottish army, disband much of the New Model Army, and restore Charles I in return for a Presbyterian settlement of the Church. Cromwell rejected the Scottish model of Presbyterianism, which threatened to replace one authoritarian hierarchy with another. The New Model Army, radicalised by the failure of the Parliament to pay the wages it was owed, petitioned against these changes, but the Commons declared the petition unlawful. In May 1647 Cromwell was sent to the army's headquarters in Saffron Walden to negotiate with them, but failed to agree.
In June 1647, a troop of cavalry under Cornet George Joyce seized the king from Parliament's imprisonment. After the King was in arm's reach of Cromwell, he was eager to find out what conditions the king would be willing to compromise on if his authority was restored. The king appeared to be willing to compromise, so Cromwell employed his son in law, Henry Ireton to draw up proposals for a constitutional settlement. Proposals were drafted multiple times with different changes until finally the "Head of the Proposals" pleased Cromwell in principle and would allow for further negotiations.[32] It was designed to check the powers of the executive, to set up regularly elected parliaments, and to restore a non-compulsory Episcopalian settlement.[33]
Many in the army, such as the Levellers led by John Lilburne, thought this was not enough and demanded full political equality for all men, leading to tense debates in Putney during the autumn of 1647 between Fairfax, Cromwell and Ireton on the one hand, and radical Levellers like Colonel Rainsborough on the other. The Putney Debates ultimately broke up without reaching a resolution.[34] The debates, and the escape of Charles I from Hampton Court on 12 November, are likely to have hardened Cromwell's resolve against the king.
Second Civil War[link]
The failure to conclude a political agreement with the king led eventually to the outbreak of the Second English Civil War in 1648, when the King tried to regain power by force of arms. Cromwell first put down a Royalist uprising in south Wales led by Rowland Laugharne, winning back Chepstow Castle on 25 May and six days later forcing the surrender of Tenby. The castle at Carmarthen was destroyed by burning. The much stronger castle at Pembroke, however, fell only after a siege of eight weeks. Cromwell dealt leniently with the ex-royalist soldiers, but less so with those who had previously been members of the parliamentary army, John Poyer eventually being executed in London after the drawing of lots.[35]
Cromwell then marched north to deal with a pro-Royalist Scottish army (the Engagers) who had invaded England. At Preston, Cromwell, in sole command for the first time and with an army of 9,000, won a brilliant victory against an army twice as large.[36]
During 1648, Cromwell's letters and speeches started to become heavily based on biblical imagery, many of them meditations on the meaning of particular passages. For example, after the battle of Preston, study of Psalms 17 and 105 led him to tell Parliament that "they that are implacable and will not leave troubling the land may be speedily destroyed out of the land". A letter to Oliver St John in September 1648 urged him to read Isaiah 8, in which the kingdom falls and only the godly survive. This letter suggests that it was Cromwell's faith, rather than a commitment to radical politics, coupled with Parliament's decision to engage in negotiations with the king at the Treaty of Newport, that convinced him that God had spoken against both the king and Parliament as lawful authorities. For Cromwell, the army was now God's chosen instrument.[37] The episode shows Cromwell’s firm belief in "Providentialism"—that God was actively directing the affairs of the world, through the actions of "chosen people" (whom God had "provided" for such purposes). Cromwell believed, during the Civil Wars, that he was one of these people, and he interpreted victories as indications of God's approval of his actions, and defeats as signs that God was directing him in another direction.
King tried and executed[link]
Main article: High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I
In December 1648, those members of parliament who wished to continue negotiations with the king were prevented from sitting for parliament by a troop of soldiers headed by Colonel Thomas Pride, an episode soon to be known as Pride's Purge. Thus weakened, the remaining body of MPs, known as the Rump, agreed that Charles should be tried on a charge of treason. Cromwell was still in the north of England, dealing with Royalist resistance, when these events took place, but then returned to London. On the day after Pride's Purge, he became a determined supporter of those pushing for the king's trial and execution, believing that killing Charles was the only way to end the civil wars. The death warrant for Charles was eventually signed by 59 of the trying court's members, including Cromwell (who was the third to sign it); Fairfax conspicuously refused to sign. Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649.
Establishment of the Commonwealth: 1649[link]
After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England. The Rump Parliament exercised both executive and legislative powers, with a smaller Council of State also having some executive functions. Cromwell remained a member of the Rump and was appointed a member of the Council. In the early months after the execution of Charles I, Cromwell tried but failed to unite the original group of 'Royal Independents' centred around St John and Saye and Sele, which had fractured during 1648. Cromwell had been connected to this group since before the outbreak of war in 1642 and had been closely associated with them during the 1640s. However, only St John was persuaded to retain his seat in Parliament. The Royalists, meanwhile, had regrouped in Ireland, having signed a treaty with the Irish Confederate Catholics. In March, Cromwell was chosen by the Rump to command a campaign against them. Preparations for an invasion of Ireland occupied Cromwell in the subsequent months. In the latter part of the 1640s, Cromwell came across political dissidence in his New Model Army. The “Leveller,” or “Agitator,” movement was a political movement that emphasized popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance. These sentiments were expressed in the manifesto “Agreement of the People” in 1647. Cromwell and the rest of the Grandees disagreed with these sentiments in that they gave too much freedom to the people; they believed that the vote should only extend to the landowners. In the Putney Debates of 1647, the two groups debated these topics in hopes of forming a new constitution for England. There were rebellions and mutinies following the debates, and in 1649, the Bishopsgate mutiny resulted in the execution of Leveller Robert Lockyer by firing squad. The next month, the Banbury mutiny occurred with similar results. Cromwell led the charge in quelling these rebellions. After quelling Leveller mutinies within the English army at Andover and Burford in May, Cromwell departed for Ireland from Bristol at the end of July.[38]
Irish campaign: 1649–1650[link]
See also: Irish Confederate Wars and Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Cromwell led a Parliamentary invasion of Ireland from 1649–50. Parliament's key opposition was the military threat posed by the alliance of the Irish Confederate Catholics and English royalists (signed in 1649). The Confederate-Royalist alliance was judged to be the biggest single threat facing the Commonwealth. However, the political situation in Ireland in 1649 was extremely fractured: there were also separate forces of Irish Catholics who were opposed to the royalist alliance, and Protestant royalist forces that were gradually moving towards Parliament. Cromwell said in a speech to the army Council on 23 March that "I had rather be overthrown by a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest; I had rather be overthrown by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest and I think of all this is the most dangerous".[39]
Cromwell's hostility to the Irish was religious as well as political. He was passionately opposed to the Catholic Church, which he saw as denying the primacy of the Bible in favour of papal and clerical authority, and which he blamed for suspected tyranny and persecution of Protestants in Europe.[40] Cromwell's association of Catholicism with persecution was deepened with the Irish Rebellion of 1641. This rebellion, although intended to be bloodless, was marked by massacres of English and Scottish Protestant settlers by Irish and Old English, and Highland Scot Catholics in Ireland. These settlers had settled on land seized from former, native Catholic owners to make way for the non-native Protestants. These factors contributed to the brutality of the Cromwell military campaign in Ireland.[41]
Parliament had planned to re-conquer Ireland since 1641 and had already sent an invasion force there in 1647. Cromwell's invasion of 1649 was much larger and, with the civil war in England over, could be regularly reinforced and re-supplied. His nine month military campaign was brief and effective, though it did not end the war in Ireland. Before his invasion, Parliamentarian forces held only outposts in Dublin and Derry. When he departed Ireland, they occupied most of the eastern and northern parts of the country. After his landing at Dublin on 15 August 1649 (itself only recently defended from an Irish and English Royalist attack at the Battle of Rathmines), Cromwell took the fortified port towns of Drogheda and Wexford to secure logistical supply from England. At the Siege of Drogheda in September 1649, Cromwell's troops massacred nearly 3,500 people after the town's capture—comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including some civilians, prisoners and Roman Catholic priests.[42] Cromwell wrote afterwards that:
I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbued their hands in so much innocent blood and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are satisfactory grounds for such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse and regret.[43]
At the Siege of Wexford in October, another massacre took place under confused circumstances. While Cromwell was apparently trying to negotiate surrender terms, some of his soldiers broke into the town, massacred 2,000 Irish troops and up to 1,500 civilians, and burned much of the town.[44] No disciplinary actions were taken against his forces subsequent to this second massacre.
After the taking of Drogheda, Cromwell sent a column north to Ulster to secure the north of the country and went on to besiege Waterford, Kilkenny and Clonmel in Ireland's south-east. Kilkenny surrendered on terms, as did many other towns like New Ross and Carlow, but Cromwell failed to take Waterford, and at the siege of Clonmel in May 1650 he lost up to 2,000 men in abortive assaults before the town surrendered.[45]
One of his major victories in Ireland was diplomatic rather than military. With the help of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Cromwell persuaded the Protestant Royalist troops in Cork to change sides and fight with the Parliament.[46] At this point, word reached Cromwell that Charles II had landed in Scotland and been proclaimed king by the Covenanter regime. Cromwell therefore returned to England from Youghal on 26 May 1650 to counter this threat.[47]
The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland dragged on for almost three years after Cromwell's departure. The campaigns under Cromwell's successors Henry Ireton and Edmund Ludlow mostly consisted of long sieges of fortified cities and guerrilla warfare in the countryside. The last Catholic-held town, Galway, surrendered in April 1652 and the last Irish troops capitulated in April of the following year.[45]
In the wake of the Commonwealth's conquest, the public practice of Catholicism was banned and Catholic priests were murdered when captured.[48] All Catholic-owned land was confiscated in the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and given to Scottish and English settlers, the Parliament's financial creditors and Parliamentary soldiers. The remaining Catholic landowners were allocated poorer land in the province of Connacht—this led to the Cromwellian attributed phrase "To hell or to Connacht". Under the Commonwealth, Catholic landownership dropped from 60% of the total to just 8%.
Debate over Cromwell's effect on Ireland[link]
The extent of Cromwell's brutality[49][50] in Ireland has been strongly debated. Some historians argue that Cromwell never accepted that he was responsible for the killing of civilians in Ireland, claiming that he had acted harshly but only against those "in arms".[51] Other historians, however, cite Cromwell's contemporary reports to London including that of 27 September 1649 in which he lists the slaying of 3,000 military personnel, followed by the phrase "and many inhabitants".[52] In September 1649, he justified his sacking of Drogheda as revenge for the massacres of Protestant settlers in Ulster in 1641, calling the massacre "the righteous judgement of God on these barbarous wretches, who have imbued their hands with so much innocent blood."[42] However, Drogheda had never been held by the rebels in 1641—many of its garrison were in fact English royalists. On the other hand, the worst atrocities committed in Ireland, such as mass evictions, killings and deportation of over 50,000 men, women and children as POW's and indentured servants[53] to Bermuda and Barbados, were carried out under the command of other generals after Cromwell had left for England.[54] On entering Ireland, Cromwell demanded that no supplies were to be seized from the civilian inhabitants and that everything should be fairly purchased; "I do hereby warn....all Officers, Soldiers and others under my command not to do any wrong or violence toward Country People or any persons whatsoever, unless they be actually in arms or office with the enemy.....as they shall answer to the contrary at their utmost peril." Several English soldiers were hanged for disobeying these orders.[55]
While the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford were in some ways typical of the day, especially in the context of the recently ended Thirty Years War[56] which reduced the male population of Germany by up to half, [57] there are few comparable incidents during Parliament's campaigns in England or Scotland. One possible comparison is Cromwell's Siege of Basing House in 1645—the seat of the prominent Catholic the Marquess of Winchester—which resulted in about 100 of the garrison of 400 being killed after being refused quarter. Contemporaries also reported civilian casualties, six Catholic priests and a woman.[58] However, the scale of the deaths at Basing House was much smaller.[59] Cromwell himself said of the slaughter at Drogheda in his first letter back to the Council of State: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives."[60] Cromwell's orders—"in the heat of the action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town"—followed a request for surrender at the start of the siege, which was refused. The military protocol of the day was that a town or garrison that rejected the chance to surrender was not entitled to quarter.[61] The refusal of the garrison at Drogheda to do this, even after the walls had been breached, was to Cromwell justification for the massacre.[62] Where Cromwell negotiated the surrender of fortified towns, as at Carlow, New Ross, and Clonmel, he respected the terms of surrender and protected the lives and property of the townspeople.[63] At Wexford, Cromwell again began negotiations for surrender. However, the captain of Wexford castle surrendered during the middle of the negotiations, and in the confusion some of his troops began indiscriminate killing and looting.[64] Amateur[65] Irish historian (and Drogheda native) Tom Reilly has taken this argument further, claiming that the accepted versions of the campaigns in Drogheda and Wexford in which wholesale killings of civilians on Cromwell's orders took place "were a 19th century fiction".[55] However, Reilly's conclusions have been rejected by other scholars, while validated by others.[66][67][68][69]
Although Cromwell's time spent on campaign in Ireland was limited, and although he did not take on executive powers until 1653, he is often the central focus of wider debates about whether, as historians such as Mark Levene and John Morrill suggest, the Commonwealth conducted a deliberate programme of ethnic cleansing in Ireland.[70] By the end of the Cromwellian campaign and settlement there had been extensive dispossession of landowners who were Catholic, and a huge drop in population.[71]
The sieges of Drogheda and Wexford have been prominently mentioned in histories and literature up to the present day. James Joyce, for example, mentioned Drogheda in his novel Ulysses: "What about sanctimonious Cromwell and his ironsides that put the women and children of Drogheda to the sword with the bible text God is love pasted round the mouth of his cannon?" Similarly, Winston Churchill described the impact of Cromwell on Anglo-Irish relations:
...upon all of these Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. 'Hell or Connaught' were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred 'The Curse of Cromwell on you.' ... Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'."[72]
Cromwell is still a figure of hatred in Ireland, his name being associated with massacre, religious persecution, and mass dispossession of the Catholic community there. As Churchill notes, a traditional Irish curse was mallacht Chromail ort or "the curse of Cromwell upon you".
The key surviving statement of Cromwell's own views on the conquest of Ireland is his Declaration of the lord lieutenant of Ireland for the undeceiving of deluded and seduced people of January 1650.[73] In this he was scathing about Catholicism, saying that "I shall not, where I have the power... suffer the exercise of the Mass."[74] However, he also declared that: "as for the people, what thoughts they have in the matter of religion in their own breasts I cannot reach; but I shall think it my duty, if they walk honestly and peaceably, not to cause them in the least to suffer for the same."[74] Private soldiers who surrendered their arms "and shall live peaceably and honestly at their several homes, they shall be permitted so to do."[75] As with many incidents in Cromwell's career, there is debate about the extent of his sincerity in making these public statements: the Rump Parliament's later Act of Settlement of 1652 set out a much harsher policy of execution and confiscation of property of anyone who had supported the uprisings.
Scottish campaign: 1650–51[link]
Scots proclaim Charles II as King[link]
Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles I's son Charles II as king. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish Presbyterians, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War, than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His [God's] name, though deceived".[76] He made a famous appeal to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, urging them to see the error of the royal alliance—"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken."[77] The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be sceptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.[78]
Battle of Dunbar[link]
His appeal rejected, Cromwell's veteran troops went on to invade Scotland. At first, the campaign went badly, as Cromwell's men were short of supplies and held up at fortifications manned by Scottish troops under David Leslie. Sickness began to spread in the ranks. Cromwell was on the brink of evacuating his army by sea from Dunbar. However, on 3 September 1650, unexpectedly, Cromwell smashed the main army at the Battle of Dunbar, killing 4,000 Scottish soldiers, taking another 10,000 prisoner and then capturing the Scottish capital of Edinburgh.[79] The victory was of such a magnitude that Cromwell called it, "A high act of the Lord's Providence to us [and] one of the most signal mercies God hath done for England and His people".[79]
Battle of Worcester[link]
The following year, Charles II and his Scottish allies made a desperate attempt to invade England and capture London while Cromwell was engaged in Scotland. Cromwell followed them south and caught them at Worcester on 3 September 1651. At the subsequent Battle of Worcester, Cromwell's forces destroyed the last major Scottish Royalist army. Charles II barely escaped capture, and subsequently fled to exile in France and the Netherlands, where he would remain until 1660.[80] Many of the Scottish prisoners of war taken in the campaigns died of disease, and others were sent as indentured labourers to the colonies. To fight the battle, Cromwell organised an envelopment followed by a multi pronged coordinated attack on Worcester which involved his forces attacking from three directions with two rivers partitioning his force. During the battle, Cromwell switched his reserves from one side of the river Severn to the other and back again. The editor of the Great Rebellion article of the Encyclopædia Britannica, eleventh edition noted that compared to the early Civil War Battle of Turnham Green, Worcester was a battle of manoeuvre, which the English parliamentary armies at the start of the war were unable to execute, and agreed with a German critic that it was a prototype for the Battle of Sedan (1870).[81]
Conclusion[link]
In the final stages of the Scottish campaign, Cromwell's men, under George Monck, sacked the town of Dundee, killing up to 2,000 of its population of 12,000 and destroying the 60 ships in the city's harbour.[82] During the Commonwealth, Scotland was ruled from England, and was kept under military occupation, with a line of fortifications sealing off the Highlands, which had provided manpower for Royalist armies in Scotland, from the rest of the country. The north west Highlands was the scene of another pro-royalist uprising in 1653–55, which was only put down with deployment of 6,000 English troops there.[83] Presbyterianism was allowed to be practised as before, but the Kirk (the Scottish church) did not have the backing of the civil courts to impose its rulings, as it had previously.[84]
Cromwell's conquest, unwelcome as it was, left no significant lasting legacy of bitterness in Scotland. The rule of the Commonwealth and Protectorate was, the Highlands aside, largely peaceful. Moreover, there was no wholesale confiscations of land or property. Three out of every four Justices of the Peace in Commonwealth Scotland were Scots and the country was governed jointly by the English military authorities and a Scottish Council of State.[85] Although not often favourably regarded, Cromwell's name rarely meets the hatred in Scotland that it does in Ireland.
Return to England and dissolution of the Rump Parliament: 1651–53[link]
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From the middle of 1649 until 1651, Cromwell was away on campaign. In the meantime, with the king gone (and with him their common cause), the various factions in Parliament began to engage in infighting. On his return, Cromwell tried to galvanise the Rump into setting dates for new elections, uniting the three kingdoms under one polity, and to put in place a broad-brush, tolerant national church. However, the Rump vacillated in setting election dates, and although it put in place a basic liberty of conscience, it failed to produce an alternative for tithes or dismantle other aspects of the existing religious settlement. In frustration, in April 1653 Cromwell demanded that the Rump establish a caretaker government of 40 members (drawn both from the Rump and the army) and then abdicate. However, the Rump returned to debating its own bill for a new government.[86] Cromwell was so angered by this that on 20 April 1653, supported by about forty musketeers, he cleared the chamber and dissolved the Parliament by force. Several accounts exist of this incident: in one, Cromwell is supposed to have said "you are no Parliament, I say you are no Parliament; I will put an end to your sitting".[87] At least two accounts agree that Cromwell snatched up the mace, symbol of Parliament's power, and demanded that the "bauble" be taken away.[88] Cromwell's troops were commanded by Charles Worsley, later one of his Major Generals and one of his most trusted advisors, to whom he entrusted the mace.
Establishment of Barebones Parliament: 1653[link]
After the dissolution of the Rump, power passed temporarily to a council that debated what form the constitution should take. They took up the suggestion of Major-General Thomas Harrison for a "sanhedrin" of saints. Although Cromwell did not subscribe to Harrison's apocalyptic, Fifth Monarchist beliefs—which saw a sanhedrin as the starting point for Christ's rule on earth—he was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of men chosen for their religious credentials. In his speech at the opening of the assembly on 4 July 1653, Cromwell thanked God’s providence that he believed had brought England to this point and set out their divine mission: "truly God hath called you to this work by, I think, as wonderful providences as ever passed upon the sons of men in so short a time."[89] Sometimes known as the Parliament of Saints or more commonly the Nominated Assembly, it was also called the Barebones Parliament after one of its members, Praise-God Barbon. The assembly was tasked with finding a permanent constitutional and religious settlement (Cromwell was invited to be a member but declined). However, the revelation that a considerably larger segment of the membership than had been believed were the radical Fifth Monarchists led to its members voting to dissolve it on 12 December 1653, out of fear of what the radicals might do if they took control of the Assembly.[90]
The Protectorate: 1653–58[link]
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See also: The Protectorate
After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, John Lambert put forward a new constitution known as the Instrument of Government, closely modelled on the Heads of Proposals. It made Cromwell Lord Protector for life to undertake “the chief magistracy and the administration of government”. Cromwell was sworn in as Lord Protector on 16 December 1653, with a ceremony in which he wore plain black clothing, rather than any monarchical regalia.[91] However, from this point on Cromwell signed his name 'Oliver P', the P being an abbreviation for Protector, which was similar to the style of monarchs who used an R to mean Rex or Regina, and it soon became the norm for others to address him as "Your Highness".[92] As Protector, he had the power to call and dissolve parliaments but was obliged under the Instrument to seek the majority vote of a Council of State. Nevertheless, Cromwell's power was buttressed by his continuing popularity among the army. As the Lord Protector he was paid £100,000 a year.[93]
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Cromwell had two key objectives as Lord Protector. The first was "healing and settling" the nation after the chaos of the civil wars and the regicide, which meant establishing a stable form for the new government to take.[94] Although Cromwell declared to the first Protectorate Parliament that, "Government by one man and a parliament is fundamental," in practice social priorities took precedence over forms of government. Such forms were, he said, "but ... dross and dung in comparison of Christ".[95] The social priorities did not, despite the revolutionary nature of the government, include any meaningful attempt to reform the social order. Cromwell declared, "A nobleman, a gentleman, a yeoman; the distinction of these: that is a good interest of the nation, and a great one!",[96] Small-scale reform such as that carried out on the judicial system were outweighed by attempts to restore order to English politics. Direct taxation was reduced slightly and peace was made with the Dutch, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War.
England's American colonies in this period consisted of the New England Confederation, the Providence Plantation, the Virginia Colony and the Maryland Colony. Cromwell soon secured the submission of these and largely left them to their own affairs, intervening only to curb his fellow Puritans who were usurping control over the Maryland Colony at the Battle of the Severn, by his confirming the former Catholic proprietorship and edict of tolerance there. Of all the English dominions, Virginia was the most resentful of Cromwell's rule, and Cavalier emigration there mushroomed during the Protectorate.
Cromwell famously stressed the quest to restore order in his speech to the first Protectorate parliament at its inaugural meeting on 3 September 1654. He declared that "healing and settling" were the "great end of your meeting".[97] However, the Parliament was quickly dominated by those pushing for more radical, properly republican reforms. After some initial gestures approving appointments previously made by Cromwell, the Parliament began to work on a radical programme of constitutional reform. Rather than opposing Parliament’s bill, Cromwell dissolved them on 22 January 1655.
Cromwell's second objective was spiritual and moral reform. He aimed to restore liberty of conscience and promote both outward and inward godliness throughout England.[98] During the early months of the Protectorate, a set of "triers" was established to assess the suitability of future parish ministers, and a related set of "ejectors" was set up to dismiss ministers and schoolmasters who were deemed unsuitable for office. The triers and the ejectors were intended to be at the vanguard of Cromwell's reform of parish worship. This second objective is also the context in which to see the constitutional experiment of the Major Generals that followed the dissolution of the first Protectorate Parliament. After a royalist uprising in March 1655, led by Sir John Penruddock, Cromwell (influenced by Lambert) divided England into military districts ruled by Army Major Generals who answered only to him. The 15 major generals and deputy major generals—called "godly governors"—were central not only to national security, but Cromwell's crusade to reform the nation's morals. The generals not only supervised militia forces and security commissions, but collected taxes and ensured support for the government in the English and Welsh provinces. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of these commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous puritans who welcomed the major-generals with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. However, the major-generals lasted less than a year. Many feared they threatened their reform efforts and authority. Their position was further harmed by a tax proposal by Major General John Desborough to provide financial backing for their work, which the second Protectorate parliament—instated in September 1656—voted down for fear of a permanent military state. Ultimately, however, Cromwell's failure to support his men, sacrificing them to his opponents, caused their demise. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, reopened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened antipathies to the regime.[99]
As Lord Protector, Cromwell was aware of the contribution the Jewish community made to the economic success of Holland, now England's leading commercial rival. It was this—allied to Cromwell's tolerance of the right to private worship of those who fell outside evangelical Puritanism—that led to his encouraging Jews to return to England in 1657, over 350 years after their banishment by Edward I, in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars.[100]
In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma, since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy. Cromwell agonised for six weeks over the offer. He was attracted by the prospect of stability it held out, but in a speech on 13 April 1657 he made clear that God's providence had spoken against the office of king: “I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build Jericho again”.[101] The reference to Jericho harks back to a previous occasion on which Cromwell had wrestled with his conscience when the news reached England of the defeat of an expedition against the Spanish-held island of Hispaniola in the West Indies in 1655—comparing himself to Achan, who had brought the Israelites defeat after bringing plunder back to camp after the capture of Jericho.[102] Instead, Cromwell was ceremonially re-installed as Lord Protector on 26 June 1657 at Westminster Hall, sitting upon King Edward's Chair which was specially moved from Westminster Abbey for the occasion. The event in part echoed a coronation, utilising many of its symbols and regalia, such as a purple ermine-lined robe, a sword of justice and a sceptre (but not a crown or an orb). But, most notably, the office of Lord Protector was still not to become hereditary, though Cromwell was now able to nominate his own successor. Cromwell's new rights and powers were laid out in the Humble Petition and Advice, a legislative instrument which replaced the Instrument of Government. Despite failing to restore the Crown, this new constitution did set up many of the vestiges of the ancient constitution including a house of life peers (in place of the House of Lords). In the Humble Petition it was called the Other House as the Commons could not agree on a suitable name. Furthermore, Oliver Cromwell increasingly took on more of the trappings of monarchy. In particular, he created two baronages after the acceptance of the Humble Petition and Advice—Charles Howard was made Viscount Morpeth and Baron Gisland in July 1657 and Edmund Dunch was created Baron Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658. Cromwell himself, however, was at pains to minimise his role, describing himself as a constable or watchman.
Death and posthumous execution[link]
See also: Oliver Cromwell's head
Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria and from "stone", a common term for urinary/kidney infections. In 1658 he was struck by a sudden bout of malarial fever, followed directly by illness symptomatic of a urinary or kidney complaint. A Venetian physician tracked Cromwell's final illness, saying Cromwell's personal physicians were mismanaging his health, leading to a rapid decline and death.[citation needed] The decline may also have been hastened by the death of his favourite daughter, Elizabeth Claypole, in August. He died aged 59 at Whitehall on Friday 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.[103] The most likely cause of Cromwell's death was septicaemia following his urinary infection. He was buried with great ceremony, with an elaborate funeral based on that of James I, at Westminster Abbey,[104] his daughter Elizabeth also being buried there.[105]
He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in May 1659, ending the Protectorate. There was no clear leadership from the various factions that jostled for power during the short lived reinstated Commonwealth, so George Monck, the English governor of Scotland, at the head of New Model Army regiments was able to march on London, and restore the Long Parliament. Under Monck's watchful eye the necessary constitutional adjustments were made so that in 1660 Charles II could be invited back from exile to be king under a restored monarchy.
On 30 January 1661, (symbolically the 12th anniversary of the execution of Charles I), Oliver Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey, and was subjected to the ritual of a posthumous execution, as were the remains of Robert Blake, John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton. (The body of Cromwell's daughter was allowed to remain buried in the Abbey.) His body was hanged in chains at Tyburn. Finally, his disinterred body was thrown into a pit, while his severed head was displayed on a pole outside Westminster Hall until 1685.
However, many people began to question whether or not the body mutilated at Tyburn was in fact that of Cromwell. These doubts arose because it was assumed that between his death in September 1658 and the exhumation of January 1661, Cromwell’s body was buried and reburied in several places in order to protect it from vengeful royalists. The stories suggest that his bodily remains are buried in London, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire or Yorkshire.[106] It continues to be questioned whether the body mutilated at Tyburn was in fact that of Oliver Cromwell.
Ironically the Cromwell vault was later used as a burial place for Charles II’s illegitimate descendants.[107] Afterwards the head changed hands several times, including the sale in 1814 to a man named Josiah Henry Wilkinson,[108][109] before eventually being buried in the grounds of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1960.[110][111]
Political reputation[link]
During his lifetime, some tracts painted him as a hypocrite motivated by power—for example, The Machiavilian Cromwell and The Juglers Discovered, both part of an attack on Cromwell by the Levellers after 1647, present him as a Machiavellian figure.[112] More positive contemporary assessments—for instance, John Spittlehouse in A Warning Piece Discharged—typically compared him to Moses, rescuing the English by taking them safely through the Red Sea of the civil wars.[113] Several biographies were published soon after his death. An example is The Perfect Politician, which described how Cromwell "loved men more than books" and gave a nuanced assessment of him as an energetic campaigner for liberty of conscience brought down by pride and ambition.[114] An equally nuanced but less positive assessment was published in 1667 by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, in his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Clarendon famously declared that Cromwell "will be looked upon by posterity as a brave bad man".[115] He argued that Cromwell's rise to power had been helped not only by his great spirit and energy, but also by his ruthlessness. Clarendon was not one of Cromwell's confidantes, and his account was written after the Restoration of the monarchy.[115]
During the early eighteenth century, Cromwell's image began to be adopted and reshaped by the Whigs, as part of a wider project to give their political objectives historical legitimacy. A version of Edmund Ludlow’s Memoirs, re-written by John Toland to excise the radical Puritanical elements and replace them with a Whiggish brand of republicanism, presented the Cromwellian Protectorate as a military tyranny. Through Ludlow, Toland portrayed Cromwell as a despot who crushed the beginnings of democratic rule in the 1640s.[116]
During the early nineteenth century, Cromwell began to be adopted by Romantic artists and poets. Thomas Carlyle continued this reassessment of Cromwell in the 1840s by presenting him as a hero in the battle between good and evil and a model for restoring morality to an age that Carlyle believed to have been dominated by timidity, meaningless rhetoric, and moral compromise. Cromwell's actions, including his campaigns in Ireland and his dissolution of the Long Parliament, according to Carlyle, had to be appreciated and praised as a whole.
By the late 19th century, Carlyle's portrayal of Cromwell, stressing the centrality of puritan morality and earnestness, had become assimilated into Whig and Liberal historiography. The Oxford civil war historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner concluded that "the man—it is ever so with the noblest—was greater than his work".[117] Gardiner stressed Cromwell’s dynamic and mercurial character, and his role in dismantling absolute monarchy, while underestimating Cromwell’s religious conviction.[118] Cromwell’s foreign policy also provided an attractive forerunner of Victorian imperial expansion, with Gardiner stressing his “constancy of effort to make England great by land and sea”.[119]
During the first half of the twentieth century, Cromwell's reputation was often influenced by the rise of fascism in Nazi Germany and in Italy. Wilbur Cortez Abbott, for example—a Harvard historian—devoted much of his career to compiling and editing a multi-volume collection of Cromwell's letters and speeches. In this work, which was published between 1937 and 1947, Abbott began to argue that Cromwell was a proto-fascist. However, subsequent historians such as John Morrill have criticised both Abbott's interpretation of Cromwell and his editorial approach.[120] Ernest Barker similarly compared the Independents to the Nazis. Nevertheless, not all historical comparisons made at this time drew on contemporary military dictators.
Late twentieth century historians re-examined the nature of Cromwell's faith and of his authoritarian regime. Austin Woolrych explored the issue of "dictatorship" in depth, arguing that Cromwell was subject to two conflicting forces: his obligation to the army and his desire to achieve a lasting settlement by winning back the confidence of the political nation as a whole. Woolrych argued that the dictatorial elements of Cromwell's rule stemmed not so much from its military origins or the participation of army officers in civil government, as from his constant commitment to the interest of the people of God and his conviction that suppressing vice and encouraging virtue constituted the chief end of government.[121]
Historians such as John Morrill, Blair Worden and J. C. Davis have developed this theme, revealing the extent to which Cromwell’s writing and speeches are suffused with biblical references, and arguing that his radical actions were driven by his zeal for godly reformation.[122]
Monuments and posthumous honours[link]
The noted 19th century engineer Sir Richard Tangye was a noted Cromwell enthusiast, and noted collector of Cromwell manuscripts and memorabilia.[123] His collection included many rare manuscripts and printed books, medals, paintings, objets d'art and a bizarre assemblage of "relics." This includes Cromwell's bible, button, coffin plate, death mask and funeral escutcheon. On Tangye's death, the entire collection was donated to the Museum of London, where it can still be seen today.[124]
- In 1776, one of the first ships commissioned to serve in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War was named the Oliver Cromwell.[125]
- In Westminster Abbey the site of Cromwell’s burial was marked, during the 19th century, by a floor stone, laid in what is now the Air Force Chapel, reading THE BURIAL PLACE OF OLIVER CROMWELL 1658–1661.[126]
- In 1851, the newly-incorporated town of Cromwell, Connecticut in the United States was named after him.[127]
- In 1875, a statue of Cromwell by Matthew Noble was erected in Manchester outside the cathedral, a gift to the city by Mrs Abel Heywood in memory of her first husband.[128][129] It was the first such large-scale statue to be erected in the open anywhere in England and was a realistic likeness, based on the painting by Peter Lely and showing Cromwell in battledress with drawn sword and leather body armour. The statue was unpopular with the local Conservatives and with the large Irish immigrant population alike. When Queen Victoria was invited to open the new Manchester Town Hall, she is alleged to have consented on condition that the statue of Cromwell be removed. The statue remained, Victoria declined, and the Town Hall was opened by the Lord Mayor. During the 1980s the statue was relocated outside Wythenshawe Hall, which had been occupied by Cromwell and his troops.[130]
- During the 1890s plans to erect a statue of Cromwell outside Parliament caused considerable controversy. Pressure from the Irish Nationalist Party[131] forced the withdrawal of a motion to seek public funding for the project and eventually it was funded privately by Lord Rosebery.[132] In 2008 the statue was restored to mark the 350th anniversary of Cromwell’s death.[133]
- There is an above life-sized statue of Cromwell in the centre of St Ives, Cambridgeshire where he blew up the bridge to prevent the royalist troops approaching London – image.
- A statue of Cromwell also stands outside The Academy in Bridge Street, Warrington,[134] an historic building which is now home to the Warrington Guardian newspaper. Cromwell fought the battle of Warrington Bridge against Scottish Royalists in the town in 1648.
- As First Lord of the Admiralty before the First World War, Winston Churchill suggested naming a British battleship HMS Oliver Cromwell. The suggestion did not meet with royal approval.[135]
- In 1940 "Cromwell" was the codeword warning that German invasion of Britain was imminent.
- The Cromwell Tank, a British WWII cruiser tank, first used in 1944, was named after him.
- A steam locomotive built by British Railways in 1951, 70013 Oliver Cromwell was named after Cromwell.
- A statue of Cromwell is included amongst 35 English monarchs depicted on the facade of Bradford City Hall, which are arranged in chronological order. Cromwell's statue appears between Charles I and Charles II.
Popular culture[link]
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- In one of the earliest novels to feature Cromwell as a character, Abbe Prevost's Le philosophe anglais (1731–39), he is portrayed as a hypocritical womaniser, a deceitful tyrant, and a coward. The protagonist of this novel, Mr Cleveland, is the illegitimate son of Cromwell via one of Charles I's cast-off mistresses. For a synopsis, go to: this link
- Cromwell’s adoption by the French Romantic movement was typified by Victor Hugo's 1827 play Cromwell, often considered to be symbolic of the French romantic movement, which represents Cromwell as a ruthless yet dynamic Romantic hero. A similar impression of a world-changing individual with a strong will and personality was provided in 1831 in the picture by French artist Hippolyte Delaroche, depicting the legendary visit by Cromwell to the body of Charles I after the King’s execution.
- Twenty Years After, Alexandre Dumas' sequel to The Three Musketeers, is set against the backdrop of the Second English Civil War. The four friends fight on opposing sides, two on on behalf of Cromwell and two for Charles I. The main antagonist, Mordaunt, is portrayed as Cromwell's secretary and spy.[136]
- Rutland Boughton's Symphony No. 1 (1904–05) was subtitled "Oliver Cromwell".
- The 1970 Ken Hughes film, Cromwell, starred Richard Harris in the leading role.
- To Kill a King (2003) focused on the relationship between Fairfax (Dougray Scott) and Cromwell (Tim Roth), with Rupert Everett as King Charles I.
- Jack Shepherd's 2004 play Through a Cloud, set in 1656, imagines a meeting between Cromwell and John Milton.
- Oliver Cromwell was played by Bernard Hepton in the twelve-part radio series God's Revolution, which was written by Don Taylor, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1998 and rebroadcast on BBC Radio 7 in 2010.
- Blackadder: The Cavalier Years features a parody of Cromwell played by Warren Clarke.
- Cromwell has also been mentioned in popular songs, such as:
- "Oliver Cromwell" released by Monty Python in 1989 consists of a factually accurate but light-hearted capsule biography sung to the music of Chopin's Polonaise in A-flat, Op. 53, for piano.[137]
- Elvis Costello's 1979 hit pop single "Oliver's Army"
- The Pogues mention him in their 1989 song “Young Ned of the Hill”: A song about Cromwell's assault on Drogheda, it references him directly by saying: “A curse upon you Oliver Cromwell / You who raped our Motherland.”[138]
- "Irish Blood, English Heart", the 2004 single by Morrissey includes the lyrics: "I've been dreaming of a time when the English are sick to death of Labour and Tories / And spit upon the name Oliver Cromwell / And denounce this royal line that still salute him / And will salute him forever".
- The song "Tobacco Island" by Irish-American celtic punk band Flogging Molly describes the deportation of Irish citizens to Barbados.
- Oliver Cromwell, played by Dominic West, is one of the main characters in the 2008 Channel 4 TV miniseries The Devil's Whore.
- Popular Australian fantasy author Kate Forsyth wrote Oliver Cromwell into her series The Chain of Charms.
- In The Adventures of Luther Arkwright, a comic book fantasy adventure spanning countless alternative universes, modern day England is a fascist theocracy ruled by a descendant of Cromwell.
- Orson Scott Card's alternate history fantasy novel series The Tales of Alvin Maker diverges from reality in that folk magic actually works. One of Cromwell's physicians is depicted as possessing a healing "knack", preventing Cromwell's historical death and preventing the English Restoration. The early 19th Century North American setting of the series is substantially different from real history (e.g., there were four separate nations in the area occupied by the real United States of the time, only one of which had that name). Cromwell himself does not appear in the series.
- "Cromwell Road" remains a popular street name in many British towns and cities, and towns in New Zealand and the United States have been named "Cromwell".
- Neal Stephenson’s alternate historical novel series The Baroque Cycle contains many references to Cromwell, as well as extensive descriptions of his grass-roots supporters and their behaviour after The Restoration. This creates a detailed picture of the beliefs and attitudes of his supporters and the civil warriors after they have witnessed the destruction of all their dreams and accomplishments. The novel series begins in 1655, but Cromwell himself does not appear in the series.
- The Morganville Vampires novels features Cromwell as a vampire.
See also[link]
- Robert Walker Article includes information about the various portraits of Cromwell by the artists Robert Walker, Peter Lely and Samuel Cooper.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1658)". http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cromwell_oliver.shtml.
- ^ "The survival of English nonconformity and the reputation of the English for tolerance is part of his abiding legacy," says David Sharp, Oliver Cromwell (2003) p. 68
- ^ Sharp, David (2003). Oliver Cromwell. Heinemann. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-435-32756-9. "Christopher Hill puts it bluntly when he writes that, in the last resort, Cromwell's power "rested on bayonets" ... ... ... as a symbol of military dictatorship"
- ^ Hill, Christopher (1972). God's Englishman. Penguin. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-14-021438-3. "in the last resort he was sitting on bayonets and nothing else"
- ^ "Ten greatest Britons chosen". BBC. 20 October 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2341661.stm. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ genocidal or near-genocidal:
- Brendam O'Leary and John McGarry, "Regulating nations and ethnic communities", p. 248, in Breton Albert (ed). 1995, Nationalism and Rationality, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Ó Siochrú, Micheál (2008). God's executioner. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24121-7.
- ^ David Plant. "Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658". British-civil-wars.co.uk. http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ See the first footnote in the Henry Williams article for a detailed explanation of the family name change. Henry VIII strongly suggested that the Welsh to start to use surnames in the English style rather than taking their fathers name as Morgan ap William and his male ancestors had done. Henry suggested to Sir Richard Williams, who was the first to use a surname in his family, that instead he use Cromwell, in honour of his uncle Thomas Cromwell. So for several generations the Williams super-added the surname of Cromwell to their own, styling themselves Williams alias Cromwell in legal documents (Noble 1784, pp. 11–13)
- ^ "Cromwell". Tudorplace.com.ar. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/CROMWELL.htm. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Gaunt, p.31.
- ^ Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament, 4 September 1654,(Roots 1989, p. 42).
- ^ a b British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Proctectorate 1638–1660
- ^ Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Cromwell, Oliver". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men (1973), ISBN 0-297-76556-6, p. 24.
- ^ John Morrill, (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, ed., Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p.24.
- ^ Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). Oliver Cromwell, ISBN 1-4179-4961-9, p.4; Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell (Blackwell), ISBN 0-631-18356-6, p.23.
- ^ a b Morrill, p.34.
- ^ Morrill, pp.24–33.
- ^ Gaunt, p.34.
- ^ Morrill, pp.25–26.
- ^ Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, by Antonia Fraser, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1973
- ^ Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, p. 57.
- ^ Adamson, p. 53.
- ^ David Plant. "1643: Civil War in Lincolnshire". British-civil-wars.co.uk. http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1643-lincolnshire.htm#gainsborough. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, ISBN 0297765566, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, pp. 120–129.
- ^ Letter to Sir William Spring, September 1643, quoted in Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition). Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations, vol I, p.154; also quoted in Young and Holmes (2000). The English Civil War, (Wordsworth), ISBN 1-84022-222-0, p.107.
- ^ "Sermons of Rev Martin Camoux: Oliver Cromwell". http://trinitychurchsutton.org.uk/Sermons/Sermon_999.htm.
- ^ Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660 (Oxford University Press), ISBN 0-19-280278-X, p.141
- ^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as a soldier, in Morrill, pp.117–118.
- ^ Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-76556-6, pp. 154–161
- ^ Ashley, Maurice (1957). The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell. London: Collier- Macmillan LTD.. pp. 187–190.
- ^ Although there is debate over whether Cromwell and Ireton were the authors of the Heads of Proposals or acting on behalf of Saye and Sele: Adamson, John (1987). "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in Historical Journal, 30, 3; Kishlansky, Mark (1990). "Saye What?" in Historical Journal 33, 4.
- ^ Woolrych, Austin (1987). Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822752-3, ch. 2–5.
- ^ "Spartacus: Rowland Laugharne at Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk". http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/STUlaugharneJ.htm.
- ^ Gardiner (1901), pp.144–47; Gaunt (1997) 94–97.
- ^ Adamson, pp.76–84.
- ^ http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/levellers.htm
- ^ Quoted in Lenihan, Padraig (2000). Confederate Catholics at War (Cork University Press), ISBN 1-85918-244-5, p.115.
- ^ Fraser, pp.74–76.
- ^ Fraser, pp.326–328.
- ^ a b Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.98.
- ^ Cromwell, Oliver (1846). Thomas Carlyle. ed. Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations. William H. Colyer. p. 128. http://books.google.com/?id=SvQoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA128&dq=%22I+am+persuaded+that+this+is+a+righteous+judgment+of+God+upon+these+barbarous+wretches%22&cd=5#v=onepage&q=%22I%20am%20persuaded%20that%20this%20is%20a%20righteous%20judgment%20of%20God%20upon%20these%20barbarous%20wretches%22. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ Fraser, Antonia (1973). Cromwell, Our Chief of Men, and Cromwell: the Lord Protector (Phoenix Press), ISBN 0-7538-1331-9 pp.344–46; and Austin Woolrych, Britain In Revolution (Oxford, 2002), p. 470
- ^ a b Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.100.
- ^ Fraser, pp.321–322; Lenihan, p.113.
- ^ Fraser, p.355.
- ^ Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.314.
- ^ Christopher Hill, 1972, God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Penguin Books: London, p.108: "The brutality of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland is not one of the pleasanter aspects of our hero's career ..."
- ^ Barry Coward, 1991, Oliver Cromwell, Pearson Education: Rugby, p.74: "Revenge was not Cromwell's only motive for the brutality he condoned at Wexford and Drogheda, but it was the dominant one ..."
- ^ Philip McKeiver, 2007, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign
- ^ Micheal O'Siochru, 2008, God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, p. 83, 90
- ^ O'Callaghan, Sean (2000). To Hell or Barbados. Brandon. p. 86. ISBN 0-86322-287-0.
- ^ Lenihan, p.1O22; "After Cromwell returned to England in 1650, the conflict degenerated into a grindingly slow counter-insurgency campaign punctuated by some quite protracted sieges...the famine of 1651 onwards was a man-made response to stubborn guerrilla warfare. Collective reprisals against the civilian population included forcing them out of designated 'no man's lands' and the systematic destruction of foodstuffs".
- ^ a b Reilly, Tom, Cromwell—An Honourable Enemy: The Untold Story of the Cromwellian Invasion of Ireland (2000).
- ^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as soldier, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p. 112: "viewed in the context of the German wars that had just ended after thirty years of fighting, the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford shrink to typical casualties of seventeenth-century warfare".
- ^ The Thirty Years War (1618-48) 7 500 000: "R.J. Rummel: 11.5M total deaths in the war (half democides)"
- ^ Gardiner (1886) , Vol. II, p. 345
- ^ J.C. Davis, Oliver Cromwell, pp. 108–10.
- ^ Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol II, p.124.
- ^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as soldier, p. 111; Gaunt, p. 117.
- ^ Lenihan, p.168.
- ^ Gaunt, p.116.
- ^ Stevenson, Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland, in Morrill, p.151.
- ^ Amazon.co.uk "From the Author"..."The reaction—among the under forties on the whole—was good, but among historians and the over forties it was bad. They can't seem to accept that an amateur could discover such a fundamental flaw in Irish history, i.e. that neither Cromwell or his men ever engaged in the killing of any unarmed civilians throughout his entire nine month campaign."
- ^ John Morrill. "Rewriting Cromwell: A Case of Deafening Silences." Canadian Journal of History. December 2003: 19.
- ^ "Eugene Coyle. Review of Cromwell—An Honourable Enemy. History Ireland". Archived from the original on 21 February 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20010221184835/http://www.historyireland.com/resources/reviews/review1.html.
- ^ Micheal O'Siochru, 2008, God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, p. 83-93
- ^ Schama, Simon, "A History of Britain," 2000.
- ^ Citations for genocide, near genocide and ethnic cleansing:
- Albert Breton (Editor, 1995). Nationalism and Rationality. Cambridge University Press 1995. Page 248. "Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer"
- Ukrainian Quarterly. Ukrainian Society of America 1944. "Therefore, we are entitled to accuse the England of Oliver Cromwell of the genocide of the Irish civilian population.."
- David Norbrook (2000).Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660. Cambridge University Press. 2000. In interpreting Andrew Marvell's contemporarily expressed views on Cromwell Norbrook says; "He (Cromwell) laid the foundation for a ruthless programme of resettling the Irish Catholics which amounted to large scale ethnic cleansing."
- Alan Axelrod (2002). Profiles in Leadership, Prentice-Hall. 2002. Page 122. "As a leader Cromwell was entirely unyielding. He was willing to act on his beliefs, even if this meant killing the king and perpetrating, against the Irish, something very nearly approaching genocide"
- John Morrill[dead link] (2003). Rewriting Cromwell—A Case of Deafening Silences, Canadian Journal of History. December 2003. "Of course, this has never been the Irish view of Cromwell.
Most Irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at Drogheda and Wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe as, within a decade, the percentage of land possessed by Catholics born in Ireland dropped from sixty to twenty. In a decade, the ownership of two-fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand Irish Catholic landowners to British Protestants. The gap between Irish and the English views of the seventeenth-century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by O.K. Chesterton's mirthless epigram of 1917, that "it was a tragic necessity that the Irish should remember it; but it was far more tragic that the English forgot it." - James M Lutz[dead link], Brenda J Lutz, (2004). Global Terrorism, Routledge:London, p.193: "The draconian laws applied by Oliver Cromwell in Ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing. The Catholic Irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island. Relocation rather than extermination was the goal."
- Mark Levene (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: Volume 2. ISBN 978-1-84511-057-4 Page 55, 56 & 57. A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as "a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population".
- Mark Levene (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, I.B.Tauris: London:
[The Act of Settlement of Ireland], and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state.
- ^ Frances Stewart (2000). War and Underdevelopment: Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict v. 1 (Queen Elizabeth House Series in Development Studies), Oxford University Press. 2000. "Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II, Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish. Then, once Cromwell had returned to England, the English Commissary, General Henry Ireton, adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation, which was responsible for the majority of an estimated 600,000 deaths out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000."
- ^ Winston S. Churchill, 1957, A History of the English Speaking Peoples: The Age of Revolution, Dodd, Mead and Company: New York (p. 9): "We have seen the many ties which at one time or another have joined the inhabitants of the Western islands, and even in Ireland itself offered a tolerable way of life to Protestants and Catholics alike. Upon all of these Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. "Hell or Connaught" were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred "The Curse of Cromwell on you." The consequences of Cromwell's rule in Ireland have distressed and at times distracted English politics down even to the present day. To heal them baffled the skill and loyalties of successive generations. They became for a time a potent obstacle to the harmony of the English-speaking people throughout the world. Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'.
- ^ Abbott, W.C. (1929). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Harvard University Press, pp.196–205.
- ^ a b Abbott, p.202.
- ^ Abbott, p.205.
- ^ Lenihan, p.115.
- ^ Gardiner (1901), p.194.
- ^ Stevenson, David (1990). Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p.155.
- ^ a b Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.66.
- ^ Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-76556-6, pp. 385–389.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "GREAT REBELLION" Sections "4. Battle of Edgehill" and "59. The Crowning Mercy
- ^ "Oliver Cromwell Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland". Undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/c/olivercromwell.html. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.306.
- ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2003). Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe, p.281.
- ^ Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.320.
- ^ Worden, Blair (1977). The Rump Parliament (Cambridge University Press), ISBN 0-521-29213-1, ch.16–17.
- ^ Abbott, p.643
- ^ Abbott, p.642-643.
- ^ Roots 1989, pp. 8–27.
- ^ Woolrych, Austin (1982). Commonwealth to Protectorate (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822659-4, ch.5–10.
- ^ Gaunt, p.155.
- ^ Gaunt, p.156.
- ^ A History of Britain – The Stuarts. Ladybird. 1991. ISBN 0-7214-3370-7.
- ^ Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653–8", in Morrill, p.172.
- ^ Quoted in Hirst, p.127.
- ^ "Cromwell, At the Opening of Parliament Under the Protectorate (1654)". Strecorsoc.org. http://www.strecorsoc.org/docs/cromwell.html. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Roots 1989, pp.41–56.
- ^ Hirst, p.173.
- ^ Durston, Christopher (1998). The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp.18–37, ISSN 0013-8266 .
- ^ Hirst, p.137.
- ^ Roots 1989, p.128.
- ^ Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.) History, Society and the Churches, ISBN 0-521-02189-8, pp.141–145.
- ^ Gaunt, p.204.
- ^ Rutt 1828, pp. 516-530.
- ^ "Cambridge County Council website". http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/museums/cromwell/online/. [dead link]
- ^ Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc.. pp. 4.
- ^ "Westminster Abbey reveals Cromwell’s original grave". Westminster Abbey. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/press/news/news/2009/august/westminster-abbey-reveals-cromwells-original-grave. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ Staff. "Roundhead on the Pike", Time magazine, 6 May 1957
- ^ By Terri Schlichenmeyer (21 August 2007). "Missing body parts of famous people". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/08/21/mf.missing.famous/index.html?imw=Y&iref=mpstoryemail. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Gaunt, p.4.
- ^ Cromwell's head[dead link], the Cromwell Museum, Cambridgeshire County Council
- ^ Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, pp.263–4.
- ^ Morrill, pp.271–2.
- ^ Morrill, pp. 279–81.
- ^ a b Gaunt, p.9.
- ^ Worden, Blair (2001). Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity (Penguin), ISBN 0-14-100694-3, pp. 53–59
- ^ Gardiner (1901), p.315.
- ^ Worden, pp.256–260.
- ^ Gardiner (1901), p.318.
- ^ Morrill, John (1990). "Textualising and Contextualising Cromwell", in Historical Journal, 33, 3, pp. 629–39.
- ^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in History 1990 75(244): 207–31, ISSN 0018-2648.
- ^ Morrill (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press) Oxforddnb.com; Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan". In Beales, D. and Best, G., History, Society and the Churches; Davis, J.C. (1990). "Cromwell’s religion", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman).
- ^ "Death of Sir Richard Tangye". New York Times. 15 October 1906. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B05E5DC1631E733A25756C1A9669D946797D6CF. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ "War websites". Channel4. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/war/findout.html. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ Hahn, Harold H. Ships of the American Revolution and their Models. Pp. 74–101. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2000.
- ^ "Westminster Abbey site: Oliver Cromwell". http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/oliver-cromwell.
- ^ Crofut, Florence S. Mary. Guide to the History and Historic Sites of Connecticut, Vol. 2, pg. 469. Tercentenary Commission of the State of Connecticut for the Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1937.
- ^ "Greater Manchester Photographic Memories". Francis Frith. http://www.francisfrith.com/pageloader.asp?page=/shop/books/bookcontent.asp&isbn=1-85937-266-X&start=61. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Cromwell". Public Monument and Sculpture Association. http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/MR/MR-MCR53.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ John Moss. "Manchester during the Reformation, Oliver Cromwell & the English Civil Wars". Manchester2002-uk.com. http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/history/history2.html. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "STATUE OF OLIVER CROMWELL". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 25 April 1899. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1899/apr/25/statue-of-oliver-cromwell. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "The Cromwell Statue at Westminster – Icons of England". Icons.org.uk. http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/cromwell. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Cromwell conservation work". http://www.parliament.uk/about/visiting/exhibitions/cromwell_conservation.cfm. [dead link]
- ^ "Statue of Oliver Cromwell in the grounds of The Academy:: OS grid SJ6087 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. 1 October 2005. http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/60029. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ Kenneth Rose, King George V, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984, p. 160f.
- ^ "Twenty Years After". Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1259/1259-h/1259-h.htm. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ "Oliver cromwell by monty python". YouTube. 18 February 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ1yPz14LrU. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Young Ned of the Hill". Pogues.com. 30 December 1996. http://www.pogues.com/Releases/Lyrics/LPs/PeaceAndLove/YoungNed.html. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
References[link]
- Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Adamson, John (1987). "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in Historical Journal, 30, 3.
- BBC Radio 4—This Sceptred Isle—The Execution of Charles I. "The Execution of Charles I", BBC Radio 4. Accessed 4 November 2007.
- Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition). Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations [1]PDF (40.2 MB);
- Coward, Barry (2003). The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714, Longman, ISBN 0-582-77251-6
- Durston, Christopher (1998). The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals, in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, ISSN 0013-8266
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1886). History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649, Longmans, Green, and co.
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). Oliver Cromwell, ISBN 1-4179-4961-9
- Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-18356-6
- Hirst, Derek (1990). The Lord Protector, 1653-8, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280278-X
- Kishlansky, Mark (1990), "Saye What?" in Historical Journal 33, 4.
- Lenihan, Padraig (2000). Confederate Catholics at War Cork University Press, ISBN 1-85918-244-5
- Morrill, John (1990). '"Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Morrill, John (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Noble, Mark (1784). Memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell: Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time,.... 2. Printed by Pearson and Rollason.
- O'Siochru, Micheal (2008). God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-24121-7
- Roots, Ivan (1989). Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Everyman classics. ISBN 0-460-01254-1.
- Rutt, John Towill, ed. (1828). "Cromwell's death and funeral order". Diary of Thomas Burton esq, April 1657 - February 1658. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 516–530. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36889. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- Woolrych, Austin (1982). Commonwealth to Protectorate Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-822659-4
- Woolrych, Austin (1990). "Cromwell as a soldier" in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Woolrych, Austin (1987). Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822752-3
- Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.) History, Society and the Churches, ISBN 0-521-02189-8
- Worden, Blair (1977). The Rump Parliament Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29213-1
- Worden, Blair (2000). "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in Proceedings Of The British Academy 105: pp. 131–170. ISSN 0068-1202
- Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (2000). The English Civil War Wordsworth, ISBN 1-84022-222-0
Further reading[link]
- Parker, Matthew (2011). The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire and War. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-8027-7799-7. http://www.matthewparker.co.uk/the-sugar-barons/The-Sugar-Barons.html.
Biographies[link]
- Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Ashley, Maurice (1958). The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell Macmillan
- Bennett, Martyn. Oliver Cromwell (2006), ISBN 0-415-31922-6
- Clifford, Alan (1999). Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate Charenton Reformed Publishing, ISBN 0-9526716-2-X. Religious study.
- Davis, J. C. (2001). Oliver Cromwell Hodder Arnold, ISBN 0-340-73118-4
- Fraser, Antonia (1973). Cromwell, Our Chief of Men, and Cromwell: the Lord Protector Phoenix Press, ISBN 0-7538-1331-9. Popular narrative.
- Firth, C.H. (1900). Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans online edition ISBN 1-4021-4474-1; classic older biography
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). Oliver Cromwell, ISBN 1-4179-4961-9. Classic older biography.
- Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-18356-6. Short biography.
- Hill, Christopher (1970). God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell And The English Revolution Penguin, ISBN 0-297-00043-8.
- Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653-8", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Kerlau, Yann (1989) "Cromwell", Perrin/France
- Mason, James and Angela Leonard (1998). Oliver Cromwell Longman, ISBN 0-582-29734-6
- McKeiver, Philip (2007). "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester, ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4
- Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
- Morrill, John (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4.
- Paul, Robert (1958). The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell
- Smith, David (ed.) (2003). Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-22725-3
- Wedgwood, C.V. (1939). Oliver Cromwell Duckworth, ISBN 0-7156-0656-5
- Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.) History, Society and the Churches, ISBN 0-521-02189-8
Military studies[link]
- Durston, Christopher (2000). "'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in History 2000 85(278): pp. 247–267, ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.
- Durston, Christopher (1998). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, ISSN 0013-8266
- Firth, C.H. (1921). Cromwell's Army Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-120-7
- Gillingham, J. (1976). Portrait Of A Soldier: Cromwell Weidenfeld & Nicholson, ISBN 0-297-77148-5
- Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280278-X
- Kitson, Frank (2004). Old Ironsides: The Military Biography of Oliver Cromwell Weidenfeld Military, ISBN 0-297-84688-4
- Marshall, Alan (2004). Oliver Cromwell: Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War Brassey's, ISBN 1-85753-343-7
- McKeiver, Philip (2007). "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester, ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4
- Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in History 1990 75(244): 207–231, ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.
- Woolrych, Austin (1990). "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (2000). The English Civil War, Wordsworth, ISBN 1-84022-222-0
Surveys of era[link]
- Coward, Barry (2002). The Cromwellian Protectorate Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-4317-4
- Coward, Barry (2003). The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714, Longman, ISBN 0-582-77251-6. Survey of political history of the era.
- Davies, Godfrey (1959). The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-821704-8. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
- Korr, Charles P. (1975). Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649–1658 University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-02281-5
- Macinnes, Allan (2005). The British Revolution, 1629–1660 Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-59750-8
- Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries". In Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution Longman, ISBN 0-582-01675-4
- Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967). Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments, in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change Macmillan. onlinePDF (256 KB)
- Venning, Timothy (1995). Cromwellian Foreign Policy Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-63388-1
- Woolrych, Austin (1982). Commonwealth to Protectorate Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-822659-4
- Woolrych, Austin (2002). Britain in Revolution 1625–1660 Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-927268-6
Primary sources[link]
- Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (1937–47). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 4 vols. The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words. Questia.com.
- Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations. Gasl.orgPDF (40.2 MB);
- Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (1999). To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell Joshua Press, ISBN 1-894400-03-8. Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
- Roots, Ivan (1989). Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Everyman classics. ISBN 0-460-01254-1.
Historiography[link]
- Davis, J. C. Oliver Cromwell (2001). 243 pp; a biographical study that covers sources and historiography
- Gaunt, Peter. "The Reputation of Oliver Cromwell in the 19th century," Parliamentary History, Oct 2009, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 425–428
- Lunger Knoppers, Laura. Constructing Cromwell. Ceremony, Portrait and Print, 1645–1661 (2000), shows how people compared Cromwell to King Ahab, King David, Elijah, Gideon and Moses, as well as Brutus and Julius Caesar.
- Morrill, John. "Rewriting Cromwell: a Case of Deafening Silences." Canadian Journal of History 2003 38(3): 553–578. Issn: 0008-4107 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Morrill, John (1990). "Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in Historical Journal 1990 33(3): pp. 629–639. ISSN 0018-246X . Full text online at Jstor. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.
- Worden, Blair (2001). Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity Penguin, ISBN 0-14-100694-3
- Worden, Blair. "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in Proceedings Of The British Academy(2000) 105: pp. 131–170. ISSN 0068-1202 .
- Worden, Blair. Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity (2001), 387pp; ISBN 0-14-100694-3.
External links[link]
| Find more about Oliver Cromwell on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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- The Oliver Cromwell Project at the University of Cambridge
- Oliver Cromwell World History Database
- Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution—In Honor of Christopher Hill 1912–2003
- The Cromwell Association
- The Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon
- Chronology of Oliver Cromwell World History Database
- Biography at the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website
- Works by or about Oliver Cromwell in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Archival material relating to Oliver Cromwell listed at the UK National Register of Archives
- Works by or about Oliver Cromwell at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
- Vallely, Paul. The Big Question: Was Cromwell a revolutionary hero or a genocidal war criminal?, The Independent 4 September 2008.
- The Cromwellian Catastrophe in Ireland:an Historiographical Analysis (an overview of writings/writers on the subject by Jameel Hampton pub. Gateway An Academic Journal on the Web: Spring 2003 PDF
- An Interview with a conservator from the Library of Congress who conserved a document that bears the signature of Oliver Cromwell
| Parliament of England | ||
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| Preceded by Arthur Mainwaring John Goldsborough |
Member of Parliament for Huntingdon 1628–1629 With: James Montagu |
Succeeded by Parliament suspended until 1640 |
| Preceded by Parliament suspended since 1629 |
Member of Parliament for Cambridge 1640–1653 With: Thomas Meautys 1640 John Lowry 1640–1653 |
Succeeded by Not represented in Barebones Parliament |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Council of State |
Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland 16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658 |
Succeeded by Richard Cromwell |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by Earl of Pembroke |
Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1650–1657 |
Succeeded by Richard Cromwell |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Cromwell, Oliver |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English military and political leader |
| Date of birth | 25 April 1599 |
| Place of birth | Huntingdon, England |
| Date of death | 3 September 1658 |
| Place of death | Whitehall, London, England |
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Coordinates: 51°11′06″N 0°36′36″W / 51.185°N 0.61°W / 51.185; -0.61
Godalming ( /ˈɡɒdəlmɪŋ/) is a town and civil parish in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Guildford. It is built on the banks of the River Wey and is a prosperous part of the London commuter belt. Godalming shares a three-way twinning arrangement with the towns of Joigny in France and Mayen in Germany. Friendship links are in place with the state of Georgia in the United States and the city of Moscow in Russia. James Oglethorpe of Godalming was the founder of the colony of Georgia.
The town has existed since Saxon times (see also Godalming (hundred)), and probably earlier. It is mentioned in the will of King Alfred the Great, and the name itself has Saxon origins, 'Godhelms Ingus' roughly translated as “the family of Godhelm”, and probably referring to one of the first lords of the manor.
Godalming grew in size because its location is roughly half-way between Portsmouth and London, which encouraged traders to set up stalls and inns for travellers to buy from and rest in.
