Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ненецкий автономный округ (Russian)
—  Autonomous okrug  —
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 68°50′N 54°50′E / 68.833°N 54.833°E / 68.833; 54.833Coordinates: 68°50′N 54°50′E / 68.833°N 54.833°E / 68.833; 54.833
Political status
Country	Russia
Federal district	Northwestern[1]
Economic region	Northern[2]
Established	July 15, 1929
Administrative center	Naryan-Mar
Government (as of March 2011)
- Governor	Igor Fyodorov[3]
- Legislature	Assembly of Deputies
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[4]
- Total	176,700 km2 (68,224.3 sq mi)
Area rank	20th
Population (2010 Census)[5]
- Total	42,090
- Rank	83rd
- Density[6]	0.24 /km2 (0.62 /sq mi)
- Urban	67.8%
- Rural	32.2%
Time zone(s)	MSK (UTC+04:00)[7]
ISO 3166-2	RU-NEN
License plates	83
Official languages	Russian[8]
http://www.adm-nao.ru/

Nenets Autonomous Okrug^[9] (Russian: Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг; Nenets: Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, Nenyotse avtonomnoy ŋokruk) is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast).

It has an area of 176,700 square kilometers (68,200 sq mi) and a population of 42,090 as of the 2010 Census (the smallest of all federal subjects by population).^[5]

Geography and ecology[link]

The arctic ecology of this area has a number of unique features derived from the extreme temperatures and unique geologic province. Polar bears are found in this locale; in fact, the sub-population found here is a genetically distinct taxon associated with the Barents Sea region.^[10] The autonomous okrug has a size of approximately 177,000 km²,^[11] more than four times the size of Switzerland. The district is around 320 km from north to south and around 950 km from east to west, stretching from Mys Bolvansky Nos in the north to the source of the Oma River in the south and Cape Kanin Nos in the west to the banks of the Kara River in the east.^[11]

Administrative divisions[link]

The okrug is administratively divided into one district (Zapolyarny District) and one town of okrug significance (Naryan-Mar). The district is further divided into selsoviets.^[12] Municipally, the town of Naryan-Mar is incorporated as Naryan-Mar Urban Okrug, while the district (including the settlement of Kharuta, which geographically is an exclave surrounded by the territory of the Komi Republic) is incorporated as Zapolyarny Municipal District.

History[link]

Early history[link]

The first recorded mention of the Nenets people is found in the 11th-century Primary Chronicle,^[13] a chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113 by Nestor the Chronicler. At the time, Kievan Rus was under the influence of Novgorod, as was the whole of the North Eastern territories of Kievan Rus'.^[13] By the end of the fifteenth century, Novgorod's influence was waning and the area fell under the control of Muscovy^[13] and in 1499, they established, Pustozyorsk (Russian: Пустозёрск, literally meaning deserted lakes), and it became a military, commercial, cultural and administrative hub for the area.

By the 18th century, the area was part of Mezensky Uyezd.^[13] In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd was established and in 1896, so was Neskaya Volost.^[13] Prior to the formation of the autonomous okrug, this area belonged in part to Mezensky Uyezd in Arkhangelsk Oblast and partly to Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd in Komi (Zyriansky) Oblast.^[13]

Soviet history[link]

The area now known as Nenets Autonomous Okrug was officially created on July 15, 1929, and at that time included Kanino-Timansky District, Peshsky and Omsky Selsoviets, Mezenskaya Volost and Mezensky Uyezd, Telvisochno-Samoyedsky District, Pechorsky Uyezd, and Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd of Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast.^[13] At this time, two administrative districts, Canino-Timansky and Bolshezemelsky were founded.^[13] In December 1929, further additions were made to the Districts area, namely Pustozyorskaya Volost, Pechora District and a number of offshore islands.^[13] In 1934, a number of islands, including Vaygach Island were subsumed into the district.^[13] Naryan-Mar was elevated to town status in 1935.^[13] In July 1940, a third administrative district was formed, Amderminsky, with its administrative headquarters in Amderma.^[13] However, on November 23, 1959, all administrative districts were abolished and a number of areas, including the administrative area for Vorkuta, were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Komi Republic and the region took the shape that it still holds today.

Zapolyarny Municipal District, one of the youngest districts in Russia, was formed in 2006.^[14] Zapolyarny translates as "Polar", and the district was given this name because the vast majority of the district's area lies north of the arctic circle.^[11]

Economy[link]

Oil and gas[link]

The economy of Zapolyarny district is dominated by oil and gas, constituting around 99% of all industrial activity within the whole Okrug.^[15] The dominance of oil and gas exploration within the Okrug has seen associated revenues increase dramatically, with €190 million generated in 2007 compared to only €6.7 million ten years prior,^[15] with fuel industry's share of the districts GRP increasing from 65% in 2001 to 80% in 2005.^[16] This increase in revenue has resulted from a marked increase in investment in the area by the parent companies of the concerns operating in the District, such as Rosneft, Lukoil, Total, Surgutneftegas and TNK-BP, whose input equates to approximately 90% of the total annual investment in the district.^[15] This investment has included the construction of an oil terminal in the Barents Sea at a cost of approximately €700 million by an independent company especially created to oversea the construction and administration of the terminal,^[15] a pipeline to connect the terminal to the ZPS Southern Khylchuyu oilfields at a cost of around €250 million,^[15] the completion of the Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline and a gas plant near Khumzha.^[15] This allows the transportation of oil and gas throughout the region and into the general Russian pipeline network.^[11] There are currently more than 80 separate oil and gas sites of exploration,^[11] and it is estimated that there is around 5 billion tons of oil and around 500 billion cubic meters of gas in the district.^[11]

In the first quarter of 2009, industrial production grew by 34.7% compared with the same period last year^[17] However, investments in industrial and housing construction decreased by 60.6% and 90.9% respectively,^[17] in the first three months of 2009, oil production totaled 4,419 million tons, an increase of over 35% on the same period in the previous year^[16]

Infrastructure[link]

As a result of the significant and speedy increase in investment in the area, the district is faced with a widespread infrastructure problem meaning that progress at many of the oil and gas exploration sites is hampered by accessibility issues, compounded by the severe arctic climate of the district.^[15] The Duma of Nenets Autonomous Okrug has stated their intention to address this issue as a priority, including the construction of the third phase of the Naryan-Mar-Usinsk road,^[15] construction of a Naryan-Mar-Telviska-Velikovisochnoye pipeline^[15] and a renovation of the wastewater treatment system in Iskateley.^[15]

Further plans by Russian railways include the construction of two railways linking settlements in Zapolyarny Municipal District, one, a line running 210 km from Vorkuta, in the Komi Republic, to Ust-Kara in the far east of the district, and another running from Sosnogorsk, also in the Komi Republic, to Indiga in the west of the district.^[15] Officials have also proposed that the line to Ust-Kara is extended to Amderma to provide adequate transportation routes to allow the economic extraction of several mineral deposits, with an estimated worth of between €100-135 billion.^[15]

Without this investment in infrastructure, the main means of transportation is air, with regular flights to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Arkangelsk and Usa.^[11] In the summer, the main river in the district, the Pechora is used to transport freight.^[11]

Indigenous economy[link]

Reindeer husbandry is considered central to the Nenets' way of life, despite only 14% of Nenets people being involved in herding directly at the end of the twentieth century^[18] there are three "types" of Reindeer in the district: collective, personal and private.^[19] The majority of reindeer are owned by collective farms, with Nenets people employed to look after them. Those employed in such a capacity are then permitted to own additional personal reindeer, which do not require registration, nor a permit for grazing.^[19] The private reindeer are held by the association of reindeer herders, Erv, but these are very much the minority, with reports in 1997 indicating that over 70% of reindeer were held collectively, over 20% personally and only just over 2% privately.^[19]

The reindeer are kept, not only to provide for the families of the herders, but also to produce meat and antlers for sale^[20] this meat is mainly sold within the district,^[20] since the price of reindeer meat has traditionally been lower than pork or beef,^[21] but there are other markets in the Komi Republic and Arkhangelsk Oblast. These outlets are used mainly by groups such as Erv, which have come into existence since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Those groups that effectively represent a continuity of the old collective farm economy, such as Vyucheiskiy and Kharp generally continue to provide their reindeer to a slaughterhouse as they have always done,^[21] which results in lower profits than are generated through Erv's business plan, causing instability and debt amongst the collective farms though it is recognised that these collective farms do provide employment to those who would otherwise be without jobs.^[21]

There has been little significant change in the organisation of the reindeer herding enterprises between Soviet times and today,^[22] with little change in the number of businesses and those that continue to exist still practising the same business model, making changes only to the branding of the business.^[22]

Demographics[link]

Population: 42,090 (2010 Census);^[5] 41,546 (2002 Census);^[23] 54,840 (1989 Census).^[24]

Vital statistics[link]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Ethnic groups[link]

According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:^[5]

• Russians: 66.1%
• Nenets: 18.6%
• Komi: 9%
• Others: 6.3%

Historical figures are given below:

Ethnographic maps shows the Nenets living throughout the Okrug, with the east-central section of the okrug, along the Komi Republic border, showing mixed Nenets-Komi population.^[26]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nenetsia

• Music in Nenets Autonomous Okrug

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• T. Tuuisku, Transition Period in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Changing and Unchanging Life of Nenets People. First published in: ed. E. Kasten, People and the Land: Pathways to Reform in Post-Soviet Siberia, 2002, p. 189-205. Berlin: Deitrich Reimer Verlag
• The Norwegian Barents Secretariat - Barents Monitoring, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, First Quarter, 2009

Autonomous okrug is a term for an administrative country subdivision in Russia. The term was also used in the Soviet Union.

See also[link]

• Okrug
• Autonomous okrugs of Russia
• Autonomous okrugs of the Soviet Union

This Russian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Nenets

Nenets family in their tent.
Total population
42,000
Regions with significant populations
Russia
Languages
Nenets, Russian
Religion
Predominantly † Orthodox Christianity (Russian Orthodox Church) also Shamanism
Related ethnic groups
other Samoyedic peoples

The Nenets (Nenets: ненэцяˮ, Russian: ненцы), also known as Samoyeds, are an indigenous people in northern arctic Russia. According to the latest census in 2002, there are 41,302 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They speak either the Tundra or Forest varieties of Nenets.

Name[link]

Due to a false etymology,^[1] the name Samoyed entered the Russian language as a corruption of the self-reference Saamod, Saamid (the Samoyedic suffix "-d" denotes plurality). It is the same as Saami (formerly Lapps or Lapons) in Finland, and Suomi, the Finnish name of Finland. In Russian ethnographic literature of the 19th century, they were also called "Самоядь", "Самодь", (samoyad', samod', samodijtsy, samodijskie narody) which was often transliterated into English as Samodi.

The literal morphs samo and yed in Russian convey the meaning "self-eater", which appears as derogatory. Therefore the name Samoyed quickly went out of usage in the 20th century, and the people bear the name of Nenets, which means "man".

When reading old Russian documents, it is necessary to keep in mind that the term Samoyed' was often applied indiscriminately to different peoples of Northern Siberia who speak related Uralic languages: Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Selkups (speakers of Samoyedic languages). Currently, the term "Samoyedic peoples" applies to the whole group of different peoples. It is the general term which includes the Nenets, Enets, Selkup, and Nganasan peoples.

Nenets are just a part of the Samoyedic peoples. Sometimes their name is spelled as Nenet because of the erroneous assumption that the terminal 's' is for the plural number.

Language[link]

Some 27,000 people speak the language.^[2]

History and way of life[link]

A group of Nenets

There are two distinct groups based on their economy: the Tundra Nenets (living far to the north) and the Khandeyar or Forest Nenets. The third group Kominized Nenets (Yaran people) has emerged as a result of intermarriages between Nenets and the Izhma tribe of the Komi peoples.

The Samoyedic languages form a branch of the Uralic language family. They moved (from farther south in Siberia) to the northernmost part of what later became Russia before the 12th century.

They ended up between the Kanin and Taymyr peninsulas, around the Ob and Yenisey rivers, with only a few of them settling into small communities like Kolva. Their main subsistence comes from hunting and reindeer herding. Using reindeer as a draft animal throughout the year enables them to cover great distances. Large-scale reindeer herding emerged in the 18th century. They bred the Samoyed dog to help herd their reindeer and pull their sleds, and European explorers later used those dogs for polar expeditions, because they have adapted so well to the arctic conditions. Tundra wolves can be a source of considerable economic loss, as they prey on the reindeer herds which are the livelihood of some Nenets families.^[3] Alongside with reindeer meat, fish is a major component in the Nenets' diet.

They have a shamanistic and animistic belief system which stresses respect for the land and its resources. They had a clan-based social structure. The Nenets shaman is called a Tadibya.

After the Russian Revolution, their culture suffered due to Soviet collectivisation policy. The government of the Soviet Union tried to force the nomadic Samoyeds to become sedentary. They were forced to settle in villages and their children were educated in state boarding schools, which resulted in erosion of their cultural identity. Many, especially in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug lost their mother tongue and became assimilated. Since the 1930s, a few Nenets have come to express themselves through professionalized cultural media. For instance, Tyko Vylka and Konstantin Pankov became well-known painters. Anna Nerkagi is one of the most celebrated Nenets writers. Yuri Vella, though living as a reindeer herder, has become the first writer in the Forest.

Environmental damage is significant due to the industrialisation of their land. Because of the expansive gas and oil industry, the reindeer pastures are shrinking and overgrazing of certain areas in some regions (Yamal Peninsula) have further endangered the Nenets way of life. It has also been documented that climate change is causing problems for nomadic Nenets reindeer herders, as certain parts of the land they need to cross is only accessible in winter - which now comes later and leaves earlier. The Arkhangelsk-based medical doctor Leonid Zubov has documented that this sometimes causes Nenets people to lose access to medical facilities, as they are "stuck" in the wilderness for longer periods of time (waiting for the snow) and have to leave the villages earlier (before the snow melts).^[4]

See also[link]

• Music of Nenetsia
• Nga (god)

References[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

• UNESCO Red Book on endangered languages
• Endangered Uralic Peoples
• Jarkko Niemi: The types of the Nenets songs. 1997
• Minority languages of Russia on the Net
• The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
• Historic-demographic note on the Nenets of the Komi Republic
• BBC: Nenets Tribe
• Photos of Nenets reindeer herders