Look up template in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Template may mean:

• a stencil, pattern or overlay used in graphic arts (drawing, painting, etc.) and sewing to replicate letters, shapes or designs
• a pre-developed page layout in electronic or paper media used to make new pages with a similar design, pattern, or style
• Form letter, a predefined letter which retains its primary intent when individually customised with variable data or text.

Computer science and information technology[link]

• Template (file format), a standardized non-executable file type used by computer software as a pre-formatted example on which to base other files, especially documents
• Template (C++), a tool for generic programming especially in the C++ language
• Template metaprogramming, a programming technique used by a compiler to generate temporary source code
• Template method, an object-oriented design pattern
• Template processor, a system that combines a template with data to produce an output.
• Template (word processing), a standard document containing layout and styles used to configure word processing software
• Style sheet (web development) or master page on which you can globally edit and format graphic elements and text common to each page of a document
• Web template or web template system, a master page used to produce web pages
• A main document from which mail merge documents are created

Manufacturing[link]

• Mechanical template, used to cut and shape a product, such as:
  • a die (manufacturing)
  • a mold

Molecular genetics[link]

• a strand of DNA which sets the genetic sequence of new strands
• a strand of RNA which translates genes into proteins

Miscellaneous[link]

• Template (racing), a device used in car racing to ensure that the body of the race vehicle adheres to specifications

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

Filmfare Awards
57th Filmfare Awards
220px
Awarded for	Best in film
Presented by	Filmfare
Country	India
First awarded	1954
Official website	www.filmfare.com

The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film industry of India. The Filmfare ceremony is one of the oldest and most prominent film events given for Hindi films in India.^[1][2][3] The awards were first introduced in 1954, the same year as the National Film Awards. They were initially referred to as the Clare Awards after the editor of The Times of India, Clare Mendonca. A dual voting system was developed in 1956.^[4] Under this system, "in contrast to the National Film Awards, which are decided by a panel appointed by Indian Government, the Filmfare Awards are voted for by both the public and a committee of experts."^[5] The Filmfare Awards have been often referred to as Hindi film industry's equivalent to the Oscars.^[1][2][3][6]

History[link]

The Filmfare awards were first introduced in 1954. The Clares was the original name of the award ceremony, named after The Times of India critic Clare Mendonca. Readers of Filmfare were polled to decide the winners, and over 20,000 readers spread throughout India participated in the polls; trophies were given to winners of the popular vote. In the first awards function, held on 21 March 1954 at the Metro Theatre of Mumbai, only five awards were presented: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Music Director. Do Bigha Zameen was the first movie to win the award for Best Film. The first winners for other four categories were: Bimal Roy for his direction of Do Bigha Zameen, Dilip Kumar for his performance in Daag, Meena Kumari for her performance in Baiju Bawra, and Naushad for his music in Baiju Bawra.

The statuette, depicting a woman whose arms uprise in a dance number with her fingers touching, is commonly referred to as "The Black Lady" (or "The Lady in Black"). Originally designed by N.G. Phansare under the supervision of Times of India's art director Walter Langhammer, it is generally made of bronze, its height is 46.5 cm and it weighs around five kg.^[7] To celebrate the 25th year of the awards, the statues were made in silver and to celebrate the 50th year the statues were made in gold.^[8]

Awards[link]

As of 2012, there are 37 awards. There is a separate category of film-critics awards, decided by noted film-critics rather than popular votes. This dual format has also generated some controversy amongst viewers and recipients. Awards are given in the following categories. Follow the links for lists of the award winners, year by year.

Merit awards[link]

• Best Film
• Best Director
• Best Actor
• Best Actress
• Best Supporting Actor
• Best Supporting Actress
• Best Performance in a Negative Role (category removed after 2007)
• Best Performance in a Comic Role (category removed after 2007)
• Best Male Debut
• Best Female Debut
• Best Music Director
• Best Lyricist
• Best Male Playback Singer
• Best Female Playback Singer

Critics' awards[link]

• Critics Award Best Movie
• Critics Award Best Actor (pre-1998 was known as one common category for both male and female actors: Critics Award Best Performance)
• Critics Award Best Actress (pre-1998 was known as one category common for both male and female actors: Critics Award Best Performance)
• Best Documentary (category removed after 1997)

Technical awards[link]

• Best Story
• Best Screenplay
• Best Dialogue
• Best Action
• Best Art Direction
• Best Background Score
• Best Cinematography
• Best Editing
• Best Choreography
• Best Sound Recording
• Best Special Effects
• Best Costume Design

Special awards[link]

• Lifetime Achievement
• Power Award (category removed after 2008)
• Special Performance Award
• Best Scene of the Year
• RD Burman Award for New Music Talent
• Best Film of 50 Years (2005)

Records and facts[link]

• Most awards to a single film
  • Black (2005) - 11
  • Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) - 10
  • Devdas (2002) - 10

• Most directing awards
  • Bimal Roy - 7

• Most acting awards – male (Best Actor + Best Supporting Actor)
  • Dilip Kumar (8+0) = 8
  • Shahrukh Khan (8+0) = 8
  • Amitabh Bachchan (5+3) = 8

• Most acting awards – female (Best Actress + Best Supporting Actress)
  • Nutan (5+1) = 6
  • Jaya Bachchan (3+3) = 6
  • Kajol (5+0) = 5
  • Madhuri Dixit (4+1) = 5
  • Rani Mukerji (2+3) = 5

• Most awards for music direction
  • A. R. Rahman = 10
  • Shankar Jaikishan = 9

• Most playback singer - male
  • Kishore Kumar = 8
  • Mohammed Rafi = 6

• Most playback singer - female
  • Asha Bhosle = 7
  • Alka Yagnik = 7

• Most Lyricist Awards
  • Gulzar = 10
  • Javed Akhtar = 8

• Most Choreography Awards
  • Saroj Khan = 8
  • Farah Khan = 6

See also[link]

• Filmfare Awards South
• Bollywood
• Cinema of India

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Filmfare Awards

• The Official Site
• Times Syndication Service archives of photos of FILMFARE awards since the beginning.
• Filmfare Awards - Year wise Internet Movie Database
• List of Filmfare Award Winners and Nominations, 1953-2005

This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (June 2009)

Look up award in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

An award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize their excellence in a certain field; a certificate of excellence. Awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. An award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient; for example, the Nobel Prize for contributions to society or the Pulitzer Prize for literary achievements. An award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize.

Overview[link]

Awards can be given by any person or institution, although the prestige of an award usually depends on the status of the awarder. Usually, awards are given by an organization of some sort, or by the office of an official within an organization or government. For instance, a special presidential citation (as given by the President of the United States) is a public announcement giving an official place of honor (e.g., President Ronald Reagan gave a special presidential citation in 1984 to the Disney Channel for its excellent children's television programming.)

People who have won certain prestigious awards, such as the Nobel Prize, a championship title in a sport, or an Academy Award (Oscar), can have the award become their identity, thereafter being known primarily for winning the award, rather than for any other achievement or occupation. To distinctly be categorized as an 'Award', rather than some other type of ceremonial or arbitrary recognition, there should be a clear process of nominations, award criteria and appropriate judging process. Generally, recognition by a set of peers, acknowledging quality of work, rather than a 'popularity contest' is considered to be an authentic award.

Mock awards, which typically recognize failures or atypical achievements, are also popular.^[1] They are usually given by people and organizations of lower or average prestige, such as comical organizations and individual writers. Popular mock awards include:

• Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzies), a satirical counterpart to the Academy Award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to offer
• Ig Nobel Prize, a satirical counterpart to the Nobel Prize, given for achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think."
• Darwin Awards, "given to people who seem to improve the human gene pool by accidentally killing or sterilizing themselves during a foolish or careless mistake."

One common type of award in the United States is the Employee of the Month award, where typically the recipients' names are listed in a prominent place in the business for that month. A common mock award is the wooden spoon, given to an individual or team which has come last in a competition.

Some awards are given only after a fee is paid by the recipient, such as the German Design Award.

Honorable mention[link]

An honorable mention is an award or recognition given to something that does not make it to a higher standing but is worth mentioning in an honorable way.

See also[link]

• Award ceremony
• For custom created awards http://www.edco.com/

References[link]

Look up best in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Best may refer to:

Film and television[link]

• Best (film), a 2000 George Best biopic
• The Best (UK TV series), a 2002 cooking programme on BBC2
• Best: His Mother's Son, a 2009 made-for-TV drama about George Best's mother

Places[link]

• Best, North Brabant, Netherlands
• Best, Texas, United States
• Best Township, Ontario, Canada

Music[link]

• The Best (band), a music supergroup featuring Keith Emerson, John Entwistle and others
• Mclusky, a band formerly known as Best
• "The Best", a song by …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead from their 2005 album Worlds Apart
• "The Best" (song), a 1989 song by Tina Turner
• Best (Chicosci album)
• Best (Kenny G album)
• Best! (Jellyfish album)
• Best (Robert Earl Keen album), 2006
• Best (Mika Nakashima album)
• Best, an album by The Clark Sisters
• The Best (Dan Seals album)
• The Best (t.A.T.u. album), 2006
• The Best (Bonnie Tyler album), 1993
• The Best (Despina Vandi album), 2001
• The Best (George Clinton album)
• The Best (Leo Kottke album)
• The Best (VHS), a 1993 video by Bonfire
• The Best (David Lee Roth album)
• The Best, a compilation album by New Model Army
• The Best, title of the international version of Janet Jackson's Number Ones compilation album (2009)
• The Best, a compilation album by Bonnie Tyler
• Best Of (Christina Milian album), 2006
• Best Of (Tokio Hotel album), 2010
• The Best of Goldfinger, a compilation album by American band Goldfinger
• Best Of (Between the Buried and Me album)
• Blur: The Best Of, 2000
• Best Of (Vanilla Ninja Album)
• Best-Of (Anggun album)
• Best (High and Mighty Color album)
• Best Of (Chapter One 1997–2004)
• Best Of (Doro album)
• Best Of (Mano Negra), 1998
• Best Of (RBD album), 2008
• Best Of (Roch Voisine album), 2007
• Best Of... (Sia album), 2012
• Best Of (The Cardigans album), 2008
• Best Of (Voice of the Beehive album)

People[link]

• Best (surname), people with the surname Best
• Best (Portuguese footballer) (born 1968)
• Dave (Best) Hughes (born 1986)
• Puppa Isthebest

Companies and organizations[link]

• Best & Co., an 1879–1971 clothing chain

• Best Lock Corporation, a lock manufacturer
• Best Manufacturing Company, a farm machinery company
• Best Products, a chain of catalog showroom retail stores
• Board of European Students of Technology, a student organisation
• Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, a public transport and utility provider

Other uses[link]

• Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature, a project to assess global temperature records
• The Best (PlayStation range), PlayStation budget range in Japan
• Best bitter, a type of beer
• Best disease, a disease of the eye
• Best High School (disambiguation)
• BEST Robotics, a student competition
• BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport
• Bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique, a statistical method
• Bringing Examination and Search Together, a European Patent Office initiative
• Bronx Environmental Stewardship Training, a program of the Sustainable South Bronx organization

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

The symbol of the Roman god Mars is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet Mars and is the alchemical symbol for iron.

Male (♂) refers to organisms with the physiological sex which produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a larger female gamete or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Not all species share a common sex-determination system. In most animals including humans, sex is determined genetically, but in some species it can be determined due to social, environmental or other factors.

The existence of two sexes seems to have been selected independently across different evolutionary lineages (see Convergent Evolution). The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in isogamous species with two or more mating types with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to anisogamous species with gametes of male and female types to oogamous species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction.^[1]

Accordingly, sex is defined operationally across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another.

Male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by chytrids, diatoms and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants.

Symbol[link]

A common symbol used to represent the male gender is the Mars symbol, ♂ (Unicode: U+2642 Alt codes: Alt+11)—a circle with an arrow pointing northeast. This is often called a stylized representation of the Roman god Mars' shield and spear.^{[citation needed]}

Sex determination[link]

The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are either male or female, hermaphroditic animals, such as worms, have both male and female reproductive organs.

Genetic determination[link]

Most mammals, including humans, are genetically determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY (as opposed to XX) sex chromosome. It is also possible in a variety of species, including human beings, to be XXY or have other intersex/hermaphroditic qualities. These qualities are widely reported to be as common as redheadedness (about 2% of the population).^[2] During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have a ZZ (as opposed to ZW) sex chromosome may be found in birds and some insects (mostly butterflies and moths) and other organisms. Members of the insect order Hymenoptera, such as ants and bees, are often determined by haplodiploidy, where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental determination[link]

In some species of reptiles, including alligators, sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some snails, practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female. In tropical clown fish, the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male.

In some arthropods, sex is determined by infection. Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia alter their sexuality; some species consist entirely of ZZ individuals, with sex determined by the presence of Wolbachia.

Secondary sex characteristics[link]

In those species with two sexes, males may differ from females in ways other than production of spermatozoa. In many insects and fish the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, which exhibit alternation of generations, the female and male parts are both included within the sporophyte sex organ of a single organism. In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. In birds, the male often exhibits a colorful plumage that attracts females.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

Look up male in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: males

• Boy
• Female
• Gender
• Male pregnancy
• Man
• Masculinity
• male plant

References[link]