{{infobox indian jurisdiction| native name

Ghazipur| type city | latd 25.58 | longd 83.57| locator_position right | state_name Uttar Pradesh | district Ghazipur | leader_title Mayor or Chairman | leader_name Mr. Rohini Kumar Munna| Mayor Mr. Rohini Kumar Munna altitude 62| population_as_of 2001 | population_total 105,243| population_density 5660 | area_magnitude 39km² | area_total 39.2 | area_telephone 91-548 | postal_code 233001 | vehicle_code_range UP 61 | sex_ratio 943| unlocode | website |www.ghazipur.nic.in footnotes Famous for Ghats, Opium Factory and Flower Business | }}

Ghazipur (, }}), or Ghazipur City, previously spelt Ghazeepore, is a city/town and a municipal corporation and headquarter of Ghazipur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Ghazipur Division and Sub-division. Back to the past, it was a place of administration under Guptas dynasty too than earlier as described in Hindu Mythology, as kingdom of King Vishwamitra, who later changed into saint and popularly known as Maharshi Vishwamitra. Vishwamitra was the son of Gaadhi.

Ghazipur is famous for its opium factory, which is the largest legal opium factory in the world, started by British East India Company in 1820. It is home to handloom weaving and a perfume industry. The town is an important agricultural market. Lord Cornwallis, governor-general of British India, died in Ghazipur and is buried there. The town is very close to the UP-Bihar border. The local language at the place is Bhojpuri. Ghazipur borders the important religious city of Varanasi and is situated about 70 km East of Varanasi.

History

Ghazipur was covered with dense forest during the Vedic era and it was a place for ashrams of saints during that period. The place is related to the Ramayana period. Maharshi Jamadagni, the father of Maharshi Parashurama, is said to have resided here. The famous Gautama Maharishi and Chyavana were given teaching and sermon here in ancient period. Lord Buddha gave his first sermon in Sarnath, which is not far from the here. The Aurihar region of Ghazipur became the main centre of teachings of Lord Buddha. Many stupas and pillars are the main evidence of that period. Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited this area and has described this place as Chanchu "Kingdom of the Lord of battles."

The first scientific society of India was established here in 1862 by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for propagating modern Western knowledge of science, technology and industry. It was a departure from the past in the sense that education made a paradigm shift from traditional humanities and related disciplines to the new field of science and agriculture which ultimately paved the necessary background for the establishment of present Technical Education and Research Institute (TERI), a post-graduate college, in the city.

The area is home to many well known freedom fighters. The hero of first war of independence (which is also referred as Sepoy Mutiny) Mangal Pandey belonged to this area (now part of Ballia). The famous Raju Baxi revolt is also associated with this place where the farmers revolted against the British and set fire to several indigo godowns. This place has played a significant role in the Indian National movement. During the Home Rule movement and the Quit India movement people of Ghazipur took part courageously and fearlessly. During Quit India movement, Birpur is historical place of India where many warriors were born. On 18 August 1942 a group of freedom fighters of Sherpur Village under the leadership of Dr Shiv Pujan Rai hoisted the Tricoloure at Mohammadabad Tehsil.

In 1330 AD, when Sultan Mohd. Saani bin Tughlaq became the King and ascended the throne of Delhi, he appointed Janab Syed Masud as his ‘ Moqarrib’. Mohd. Tughlaq left for Deccan after appointing Firoz Shah Tughlaq, his cousin, as his deputy at Delhi. At that time Raj Mandhata was the ruler of Kashtut (Khatut) a place near Ghazipur (Eastern U.P.). Raja was hostile to the Delhi kingdom. Syed Masud Al-Husaini, along with his seven sons and 40 champions left Delhi and came to Ghazipur as per the command of King Firoz Shah to rescue a young unmarried girl from the captivity of the Raja. Battle was fought and the ruler was defeated. Syed Masud was appointed as ruler and administrator of the place. He was conferred the title of ‘Ghazi’ by the king Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Syed Masud founded a new city in 1330 AD. It was called Ghazipur. He died on 31.03.1366 AD and is buried in Ghazipur.* His grave is in Mohalla Harishankari. His son, Syed Raje, who was killed while fighting the army of Raja’s nephew in 1330 A.D. is also buried there. In Ghazipur one Mohalla is known as “Syedwara” and one riverbank is called Masudi Ghat. He had seven sons and distributed the areas under his control among his sons for administrative convenience and himself settled down in Ghazipur city. His descendants were later called 'Syeds of Ghazipur' as described in the research work of S. M. Taqi Husaini's Genealogical Tree of Syed Masud Al-Husaini.

His descendants and other followers of Imam Husain (Mohammad's grandson) observe Moharram in Ghazipur City and many villages of Ghazipur till date, like Nonhera, Para, Baghui Buzurg, Ganguli, Kamoonpur, Zahoorabad, Chavanpur, Tajpur, Mohammadpur, Hunderhi, Husainpur, Arzanipur, Mulnapur, Zangipur, Deokathia, Susandi, Hainsi, Jalalabad, Mata, Sauram, Sadat, Bathor, Chilbiliya, Daraspur, Tendva, Yusufpur, etc.

Geography

Ghazipur is located at . It has an average elevation of 62 metres (203 feet). The city of Ghazipur is located in the middleGanges valley of North India, in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along the left is bank of the Ganges river. It is the headquarters of the Ghazipur district. The city nearly stretches parallel to the river Ganges. Its neighbouring cities are Varanasi, Jaunpur, Ballia, Mau, Chandauli and Azamgarh. Initially Ballia and Mau were part of Ghazipur district but latter were made separate districts. Being located in the plains of the Ganges, the soil is alluvial type and is fertile because of low level floods continually replenish the soil. This makes agriculture the most important profession of the people. The town is predominantly agrarian and so is the economy. The district is divided into four major sub parts.

Ghazipur has a humid subtropical climate with large variations between summer and winter temperatures. Summers are long, from early April to October, with intervening monsoon seasons. Cold waves from the Himalayan region cause temperatures to dip across the city in the winter from December to February. The temperature ranges between 32°C – 46°C (90°F – 115°F) in the summers, and 2°C – 15°C (41°F – 59°F) in the winters.[17] The average annual rainfall is 1110 mm (44 in).[18]. Fog is common in the winters, while hot dry winds, called loo, blow in the summers.

The city is relatively free from air pollution.. Through a combination of water pollution, new constructions of upstream dams, and increase in the local temperature, the water level of the Ganges has recently gone down significantly, and small islands have become visible in the middle of the river.

Rivers in District---Ganges, Gomati, Gaangi, Beson, Magai, Bhainsai, Tons and Karmanasa River. prabhav singh is also resident of ghazipur

Demographics

India census, Ghazipur city had a population of 1,05,243 whereas district constitutes more than 31,00,000 people. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ghazipur has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 62%. In Ghazipur, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. A larger percentage of the population lives in the rural area. The Municipal Area is small as compared to other cities nearby. It is poorly developed despite being a very important city under British rule. when it was a strategic river port. A military cantonment built by the British now houses a college and a colony for administrative officers and their subordinates. The opium factory located in the city was established by the British and continues to be a major source of opium production in India. It is the largest of its kind in the country. It is guarded under high security, and not easily accessible to the general public. The factory has its own residential accommodation for the employees, and is situated across the banks of river Ganges. There is also an important office of the narcotics department of Indian government in the city. The airport of Ghazipur was a commanding airport of most of the eastern part of the upper and western part of Bihar in those days, but now it remains vacant and is used when for VIP arrivals to Ghazipur or nearby areas. It is situated on the outer side of the city and is poorly maintained.

Ghazipur has sixteen development blocks. The district is divided into five tehsils and another is proposed. Ghazipur has two members for Lok Sabha, and eight seats to UP Vidhan Sabha. The OPIUM factory is largest in Asia. Largest Village of Asia is in GHAZIPUR named as Gahmar. It is 35 KM from Ghazipur City.

Lok Sabha Parliamentary constituencies and the Vidhan Sabha Legislative Assembly constituencies after delimitation. 75-Ghazipur Lok Sabha and 74- Ballia Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha-373 Jakhania, 374 Saidpur (SC), 375 Ghazipur Sadar, 376 Jangipur (SC), 379 Zamania, Mohammadabad and Zahoorabad. The latter two are shifted to Ballia Lok sabha. Earlier Saidpur, (Ghazipur) Lok sabha seat, Dildarnagar & Sadat seat of vidhan Sabha were also in existence, but they are demolished under new parameters.

Rails, roads, waterways and airport

Ghazipur is the major railhead of North Eastern Railways, Varanasi Division. Ghazipur City station serves as major railway station of city. Ghazipur Ghat is a halt station situated 7 km from city. Tari Ghat station of ECR, Danapur Division near city approx. 10 km byroad connects Ghazipur to Mughalsarai by a routine passenger train. Dildarnagar ECR on Delhi-Patna-Howrah route and Aunrihar Jn (N.E. Railway) on Varanasi-Ghazipur and Varanasi-Gorakhpur route are important Junctions.

Ghazipur is directly connected by Lucknow, New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Amritsar, Chennai by routine trains. Pawan Express, Ganga Kaveri Express, Dibrugarh Express, Harihar Express, Sadbhawna Express, Swatantra Senani and Sarnath Express are some important trains from Ghazipur City Station.

Railway Station--Ghazipur City Railway Station is the most important station in district. Dildarnagar Jn, Zamania and Aunrihar Jn also serves as good stations. Yusufpur, Sadat, Dullahpur, Jakhania and Ghazipur Ghat are others small stations which serves for a mass of population. Saidpur, Karimuddinpur, Gahmar, Nandganj are also some stations connected by routine trains between Varanasi-Ghazipur-Chappra route and Mughalsarai-Patna route.

In view of roads, it is well connected by important cities by means of national highways and state highways. National Highway 29 starts from Varanasi to Gorakhpur passes from here. National Highway 19 starts from here and terminates in Patna. National Highway 97 starts from here and terminated in Saiyedraja Distt. Chandauli, UP in order to join N.H.2 (Kolkatta-Delhi highway) to Ghazipur. Some major state highways starts from here which joins Lucknow, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Buxar, Sultanpur, and Deoria.

Andhau Airport in Andhau, 9 km from City Railway Station serves as airport for city. But, it is not a public airport. It is used for V.I.P. arrivals only. Yet, Babatpur Airport, Varanasi Airport, 90 km from here is airport which serves Ghazipur.

Shahbaaz Kuli Airport in Shahbaaz Kuli, 13 km from City Railway Station. But, it is not working nowadays. It was constructed for government use in world war - II. It is not be able to use in any way due to lack of proper maintenance.

Waterways---Ghazipur is an important waterway port on river Ganges between Haldia to Allahabad,

Transport

In city, mainly Auto rickshaws and Rickshaw's are primary mode of transport. Taxis are even also available on railway stations. Earlier RTO was planning for City Buses, but it fails because of narrow roads. In old city, auto-rickshaws are not permitted during certain time interval, so, Rickshaws serves as most primary transport mode. No other means of transport available in city region. Still, in city, city buses are proposed and needs permission to start after clearance from State Government.

For District areas, taxis, buses and tempos are always available from Lanka, Shastrinagar, Rauza, Rajdepur, City Railway Station, Gorabazar and RTI square.

Industrial condition

The city has sound agriculture base and reasonably good infrastructure, yet the industrial potential is low. The lack of enterprise and technical knowledge of local people may be the major constraints in industrial growth. Ghazipur has long been famous for the manufacture of perfumes especially rose water (Ghazipuri Gulabjal )and Attar of roses (Rose oil). A local firm was awarded a medal for the quality of product in British empire exhibition in London in the last century. Now this industry is facing gradual decline due to the shrinkage of cultivation of perfume bearing plants. Sugar industry was important to this region but now there are few factories left. The manufacturing of saltpeter is done in Saidpur. Cloth weaving is centered in Bahariabad. There are 47 registered factory under section 1948. But scenario have change from last decade, a multi productive agro manufacturing unit M/s Sukhbhir Agro, an alcohol manufacturing unit M/s Lords Distillery, a Polythene Manufacturing unit M/s Bryplast Private Limited, a Homoeopathic Medicines Manufacturing unit M/s M.D.Homoeo Lab. Pvt. Ltd., Maharajganj, Ghazipur worked successfully in district. These companies provide many employment opportunities.

The manufacture of rice, agriculture goods, furniture, leather, footwear, utensils, steel trunk, almirah, khandsari, candles and handlooms are the main small scale industry of the city. Village and cottage industry include mostly the handicraft handed down from generation to generation like gur making, village oil industry, Leather tanning, pottery etc. Opium and Alkaloid Works, a Government of India enterprise, specializes in manufacture of excise opium and export opium. It is the largest of its kind in the country.

Places

Ganges Ghats

Different Ghats along holy river Ganges makes an it a visiting place in City. Some of Ghats are Dadari Ghat, Collectorghat, Steamerghat, Chitnath Ghat, Rameshwar ghat, Pakka Ghat, Kankadiya Ghat, Mahadeva Ghat, and Sikandarpur Ghat.

Tomb of Lord Cornwallis

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis was a British military commander and a colonial era governor general. In the United States he is best remembered as a leading British officer in the American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French troop is considered the end of hostilities in North America in that war. After the defeat he returned to Britain, and in 1786 he was appointed governor general and commander-in-chief in India. He instituted land reforms and reorganised the British East India Company. In 1792 he defeated Tipu Sultan and nearly captured his capital city Srirangapatna, paving way for British dominance in South India. He was given the title of Marquis in the same year and returned to Britain. His time in India did much to burnish his reputation. He was reappointed governor general of India in 1805, but died on October 5 of the same year, soon after arrival, in the city of Ghazipur. In his memory the British built a large tomb in the city, using stones brought from England. The tomb located in the outer corner of the city near the old British cantonment is well maintained by the Ministry of Tourism. It is the major tourist attraction in the city. Each year a large crowd gathers at the tomb to celebrate new year but the rest of the year it remains free of crowds.

Bada Mahadeva Colony

In the South of the city is situated Bada Mahadeva Colony in Peer Nagar area, which serves as the biggest Shiva Temple in the city and one of the picturesque ghats.

Pavhari Baba's Ashram

On the bank of Ganges in Kurtha, 3-4 km from city border.

Sankat Mochan

Temple of Shri Lord Hanumana situated in Dadrighat, which is the biggest temple of its kind in the city.

Budhe Hanuman

In the Chitnath area of the city, a temple of Hanumana, supposed to have been built in the time of Maharasi Viswamitra, the most popular place of worship for Hindus.

Kamakhya Dham, Gahmar

Situated 40 KM from the city, under Gahmar police station, Maa Kamkhya Temple, an Hindu Goddess Temple is situated, an subsidiary of Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati. The temple lies in Gadaipur Village. For the protection and safety of pilgrims a police booth has been established there. Well connected by road. It is old myth about the temple that whatever you wish the Goddess Kamakhya blesses you with that wish. There is lot of gathering in the months of Ramanavmi.

Mahahar Dham

Situated about 30 km from the city under Kasimabad Region, it is the biggest worship place in the city. Here supposed that, on Mahashivratri, Kashi Vishwanath arrives here and take bath in Kund located here. near by pachauri and karahia and hathauri near by railway line and khamaya dham mata mandir and there is ma durga mundir is also situated.

Jama Masjid

Jama Masjid located in Vishweswarganj area of city is the biggest mosque in district.

Nehru Stadium

The city of Ghazipur has a single stadium called Nehru Stadium, named after India's first prime minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru. It is a small, government owned to accommodate both indoor and outdoor games. It also has a gymnasium. The stadium is generally used for various district level sports competitions.

Ramlila Maidan

Ramlila Maidan also popularly known as Lanka Maidan is a playground located in the middle of the city. It is walled on all sides with two large gates and is well maintained. It has a small pond inside its boundary.

Every year on Vijaydashmi day, Ravana's statue is burned here. Ramaleela is performed here during this period.

This ground also serves as the venue for political campaigns during elections and as a location for circuses and local exhibitions. When it is not in use otherwise it serves as a playground.

Dhamupur

From Ghazipur city, about 37 km distance, a small village is situated named DHAMUPUR which is the birth place of Paramveer chakra vijeta Veer Abdul Hamid. It is situated on District Road leading from Mardah region to Jakhaniya. Veer Abdul Hamid was a soldier in the Indian army during India-Pakistan war, He destroyed the Patten tanks of Pakistan.

DURGA MATA MANDIR

From Ghazipur city, about 35 km distance at rasra kasimabad ghazipur road, a small village is situated named DURGA ASTHAN . in village an old mandir of durga mata which is appeared it self from ground.

Educational Institutions

There are four major post-graduation college in the city. Major Schools include Shah Faiz Public School, St. Mary's, St. John's, Lourdes Convent, St. Thomas's, Gauri Siksha Niketan, Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Sunbeam School, DALIMSS, AGRESEN PUBLIC SCHOOL.

Degree College:-

Post Graduate College, Ravindrapuri, Post-Pirnagar Ghazipur

Swami Sahajanand P G College, Pirnagar, DM Residence Road, Ghazipur

Khardeeha Degree College, Khardeeha (Rural)

Shahid Smarak Govt. Degree College, Mohamamadabad (Rural)

Degree College, Malikpura (Rural)

Shree Prabhu Narayan Singh Degree Collage. Kasimabad (Rural)

Rajkiya Degree College, Saidpur (Rural)

Rajkiya Mahila Degree College, Aamghat, Front of Water Supply Office (MCG*), Ghazipur

Samata Degree College, Sadat (Rural)

M G Sati Smarak Mahavidyalaya, Garua Makasudpur (Rural)

Mahant Ramashraya Das Degree College, Bhurkura (Rural)

Hindu Degree College, Zamania (Rural)

S.G.M.Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College, Saheri Ghazipur (Rural)

State Homeopathic Medical College, Rauza, Alampatti Road, Ghazipur (Outskirts of City)

(-*MCG-Municipal Corporation of Ghazipur)

Technical Institute:-

Technical Education and Research Institute, PGC Premises, State Highway-36, Chochakpur Road, PO-Pirnagar, Ghazipur

Industrial Training Institute, Maharajganj Road, Chawani-Line, Ghazipur (Outskirts of City)

State Polytechnic, Jangipur (Mau) Road, Andhau, Ghazipur (Outskirts of City)

Schools:-

Shah Faiz School, Mianpura, Near NCC Office Ghazipur (CBSE)

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV), STS Building, Near Police Line, Ghazipur (CBSE)

St. John's School, Tulsipur, Near ITI, Maharajgang Road, Ghazipur (ICSE BOARD)

Kedar Narayan Krishak Inter College, Unchauri, Ghazipur (Rural) (UP BOARD)

Govt. City Inter College, Front of District Hospital, Mishrabazar Road, Ghazipur (UP Board)

Adarsh Inter College, Mahuabagh, Katchehary Road Ghazipur (UP Board)

Gauri Siksha Niketan, Tulsi Sagar, Ghazipur (CBSE)

Awadh Public School, Ghazipur (PG-V only) (CBSE)

AGRESEN PUBLIC SCHOOL, ANDHAU, GHAZIPUR {CBSE}

Mahatma Jyotiba Rao Phoole Public School, Rauza, Patna Highway (N.H.-19),Ghazipur (CBSE) (Outskirts of City)

Bapu Inter College, Sadat, Ghazipur (Rural) (UP Board)

Samata Inter College, Sadat, Ghazipur (Rural) (UP Board)

Govind Inter College, Sadat, Ghazipur (Rural) (UP Board)

DAV Inter College, Chitnath, Kot, Ghazipur (UP Board)

MAH Inter College, Alampatti, Saiyedwada-Rauza Road, Ghazipur (UP Board) (Outskirts of City)

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Opium Factory Premises, Mahuabagh, Ghazipur (CBSE)

Alternate School – (1) Beside Kotwali, Aaamghat Colony Road, (2) Pirnagar Square (Chouraha), RB colony Road,-Ghazipur (CBSE)

Sunbeam School, Maharajgang, Varanasi Highway, Ghazipur (CBSE) (Outskirts of City)

Dr. Ishrat Lal Mem. Sunbeam School, Beeraich Fullanpur bye-pass Near City Railway Station, Ghazipur (CBSE)

Saraswati Madho School, Buzurga Road, Near Railway Crossing, Ghazipur (CBSE) (Outskirts of City)

City Montessori School, Rooimandi, Ghazipur (CBSE)

JPJ Gyandeep Academy, Rooimandi, Ghazipur (CBSE)

St. Mary's Convent School (PG-V) and St. Lourdes Convent School (I-XII) (Girls), Tulsisagar, Near Church Compound, State Highway-36, Pirnagar Road, Ghazipur (UP Board)

Lt. Shivnath Singh Government Girls Inter College, Mahuabagh, Aamghat Road, Ghazipur (UP Board)

Ghazipur Girls Inter College, Near 92BN NCC Office, Subhasnagar, Ghazipur (UP Board)

St Mary's School Zamania Ghazipur

and many mores...over total of 100+ School (ALL including Govt. Primary School, Small Unregistered School) in City along with same around District...

References

Syeds of Ghazipur by S.M.Taqi Husaini Nonharvi

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Category:Ghazipur

ca:Ghazipur de:Ghazipur hi:ग़ाज़ीपुर bpy:ঘাজিপুর it:Ghazipur pam:Ghazipur nl:Ghazipur (stad) new:गाजिपुर no:Ghazipur ru:Гхазипур sv:Ghazipur vi:Ghazipur

Sanjay Kumar (Tamil-சஞ்சய் குமார்) (born Colombo, Sri Lanka) was the Chairman and CEO of Computer Associates International (now CA Technologies), until April 2004.

He emigrated with his family to the United States in 1976 to escape civil unrest in his native Sri Lanka. The family originally settled in South Carolina. He attended Furman University from 1980 to 1983, and left without completing a degree.

Kumar became an employee of Computer Associates in 1987, when it acquired UCCEL Corp. in an $800 million buy-out. Kumar was, at the time, UCCEL's director of software development and had been employed by UCCEL only for a few months.

Kumar was promoted to Vice President of Planning the following year, relocating to Computer Associates' Long Island headquarters. Over the years he held various leadership roles at the firm. In 1989, he became Senior Vice President of Planning and in 1993 moved up to Executive Vice President of Operations. Kumar was named President and Chief Operating Officer in 1994 at age 31. Kumar succeeded the retiring Tony Wang, the older brother of Chief Executive Officer Charles Wang, as Tony was pressured to leave to make way.

In 2000, Kumar replaced his mentor Charles Wang as Chief Executive Officer of the firm and in 2002 became Chairman of Computer Associates' board of directors. Kumar is widely credited for moving CA to be more customer-focused, and for implementing the software industry's first large scale ratable revenue recognition business model.

Kumar resigned as chairman and chief executive in April 2004, following an investigation into securities fraud and obstruction of justice at Computer Associates. He remained with the firm in the new position of Chief Software Architect for about six weeks before leaving the firm altogether on June 4, 2004. A federal grand jury in Brooklyn indicted him on fraud charges on September 22, 2004. Kumar pled guilty to obstruction of justice and securities fraud charges on April 24, 2006. On November 2, 2006, it was reported that he was sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $8 million for his role in a massive accounting fraud at Computer Associates.

At the hearing in federal court in Brooklyn, Judge Leo Glasser sentenced Kumar, 44 years old, to 144 months in prison, to be followed by three years supervised release. The judge deferred payment of the fine until after restitution is determined at a hearing scheduled for February 2, 2007. Kumar was scheduled to report to prison on February 27, but that was delayed by two months due to delays in the restitution hearing. The start of the prison sentence was then delayed again, to November. However, in early June U.S. District Judge I. Leo Glasser ordered Kumar to surrender by August 14, 2007 to the Federal Correctional Center in Fairton, New Jersey, to begin serving his 12-year sentence, and on that date he did so.

"I stand before your honor today to take full responsibility for my actions," Kumar said prior to sentencing. "I know that I was wrong and there’s no excuse for my conduct."

On April 13, 2007, Judge Glasser approved an agreement for Kumar to pay $798.6 million in restitution, at least $52 million by December 31, 2008. After he serves his 12-year prison term, the government may take 20% of his future gross annual pay for restitution.

At one time, Kumar was a part owner, with Wang, in the New York Islanders hockey team and New York Dragons arena football team, but, according to local news reports, Wang purchased Kumar's share in 2006.

References

External links

Category:1962 births Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American people of Sri Lankan descent Category:Tamil businesspeople Category:Living people Category:Sri Lankan Tamil businesspeople Category:National Hockey League executives Category:National Hockey League owners Category:Arena Football League executives

A landfill site (also known as tip, dump or rubbish dump and historically as a midden), is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).

A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses. Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake.

Operations

Typically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in order to meet predefined specifications, techniques are applied by which the wastes are: #Confined to as small an area as possible. #Compacted to reduce their volume. #Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.

During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their load. After loads are deposited, compactors or dozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through the wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.

Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil daily. Alternative waste-cover materials are several sprayed-on foam products and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place with tracked excavators and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. Chipped wood and chemically 'fixed' bio-solids may also be used as an alternate daily cover. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.

Impacts

A large number of adverse impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary: fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles); infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles); pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage or sinkholes and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure); offgassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills, which are common in developing countries; injuries to wildlife; and simple nuisance problems (e.g., dust, odour, vermin, or noise pollution).

Most modern landfills in industrialized countries are operated with controls to attempt to manage problems such as these. Analysis of common landfill operational problems are available.

Some local authorities have found it difficult to locate new landfills. Communities may charge a fee or levy in order to discourage waste and/or recover the costs of site operations. Many landfills are publicly funded, but some are commercial businesses, operated for profit.

Landfill gas

Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes on any organic matter. This gas can be collected and flared off or used to generate electricity in a gas fired power plant. Landfill gas monitoring can be carried out to alert for the presence of a build-up of gasses to a harmful level. This gas is often referred to as Trash Air.

Regional practice

European Union

European Landfill Directive

New Zealand

United Kingdom

Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges of the European Landfill Directive. The UK now imposes landfill tax upon biodegradable waste which is put into landfills. In addition to this the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas in England. A different system operates in Wales where authorities are not able to 'trade' between themselves, but have allowances known as the Landfill Allowance Scheme.

In 2003, there were 254 licensed landfills in Scotland.

United States

In the U.S., landfills are regulated by the state's environmental agency that establishes minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); such as was the case with the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, which is claimed by many to be the world's largest landfill. The landfill has since been closed and is being transformed into a park.

Reclaiming materials

Landfills can be regarded as a viable and abundant source of materials and energy. In the developing world, this is widely understood and one may thus often find waste pickers scavenging for still usable materials. In a commercial context, landfills sites have also been discovered by companies and many have begun harvesting materials and energy . Well known examples are gas recovery facilities. Other commercial facilities include fossil fuel power plants and waste incinerators which have built-in material recovery. This material recovery is possible through the use of filters (electro filter, active carbon and potassium filter, quench, HCL-washer, SO_2-washer, bottom ash-grating, etc.). An example of these is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant. The AEB waste incinerator is hereby able to recover a large part of the burned waste in source materials. According to Marcel van Berlo (who helped build the plant), the processed waste contained higher percentages of source materials than any mine in the world. He also added that when the plant was compared to a Chilean copper mine, the waste fired plant could recover more copper. However, because of the high concentration of gases and the unpredictability of the landfill contents, which often include sharp objects, landfill excavation is generally considered dangerous. Furthermore, the quality of materials residing within landfills tends to degrade and such materials are thought to be not worth the risks required to recover them.

Alternatives

The alternatives to landfills are waste reduction and recycling strategies. Secondary to not creating waste, there are various alternatives to landfills. In the late 20th century, alternative methods of waste disposal to landfill and incineration have begun to gain acceptance. Anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification have all began to establish themselves in the market.

In recent years, some countries, such as Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills. In these countries, only the ashes from incineration or the stabilized output of mechanical biological treatment plants may still be deposited.

See also

Bioreactor landfill

Daily cover

Environmental Waste Controls‎ plc

I-recycle

PowerGenix

Decompiculture

Fly-tipping

NIMBY

Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance or HELP model

Landfill diversion

Landfill mining and reclamation

Land reclamation

Landfill tax

List of solid waste treatment technologies

Marine debris

Mechanical biological treatment

Recology

Solid Waste Association of North America

Waste management

References

Further reading

External links

EU definition & regulations

Solid Waste Association of North America

Category:Waste management

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