- published: 21 Jun 2012
- views: 23707
- author: Lincoln Nebraska
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![Jack's Mannequin - Dark Blue in Lincoln, NE [2/10/07]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130107095848im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/W9w7Wr_sEl0/default.jpg "Dark Blue (w/ the new intro)on the West Coast Winter Tour in Lincoln, Nebraska.")
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Alaska
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Alice Abel Arboretum
The Alice Abel Arboretum is a 25 acres (10 hectares) arboretum located at 5000 St. Paul Street on the campus of Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln, Nebraska.
The Arboretum includes over 100 species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Its woody plants include Abies concolor, Acer campestre, Acer Ginnala, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer saccharum, Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula papyrifera, Catalpa speciosa, Celtis occidentalis, Cercis canadensis, Cornus alba ‘argenteo marginata’, Crataegus crusgalli, Euonymus alatus ‘Compactus’, Fraxinus americana ‘Autumn Purple’, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ginkgo biloba, Gymnocladus dioicus, Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus virginiana ‘Taylor’, Magnolia soulangiana, Malus spp., Phellodendron amurense, Picea abies, Picea pungens glauca, Pinus mugo, Pinus nigra, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus strobus, Pinus sylvestris, Platanus occidentalis, Populus deltoides, Prunus padus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus bicolor, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus palustris, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra, Rhus spp., Spiraea spp., Syringa spp., Taxodium distichum, Taxus cuspidata, Tilla euchlora, Ulmus americana, and Viburnum lentago.
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Amanda McGill
Amanda McGill (born March 21, 1980) is a member of the Nebraska Legislature from Lincoln, Nebraska.
Born in Omaha, she graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2002.
While earning her degree from UNL, McGill was a member of Cornhusker Forensics (Speech and Debate team) for four years. Her senior year she was elected team president and was a national finalist in persuasive speaking.
She was a television reporter for KOLN and communications director for the Nebraska Democratic Party.
She was elected to the Legislature in 2006 serving Nebraska's 26th legislative district and serves on the Business and Labor Judiciary and Urban Affairs committees.
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American Samoa
American Samoa (/əˈmɛrɨkən səˈmoʊ.ə/ (
listen); Samoan: Amerika Sāmoa, IPA: [aˈmɛɾika ˌsaːˈmoa]; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Independent State of Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa). The main (largest and most populous) island is Tutuila, with the Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, and Swains Island also included in the territory.
American Samoa is part of the Samoan Islands chain, located west of the Cook Islands, north of Tonga, and some 300 miles (500 km) south of Tokelau. To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group.
The 2010 census showed a total population of 55,519 people. The total land area is 76.1 square miles (197.1 km2), slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States.
Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. Jacob Roggeveen (1659–1729), a Dutchman, was the first known European to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768. Contact was limited before the 1830s which is when English missionaries and traders began arriving.
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Arizona
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Bellevue University
Bellevue University is a private university located in Bellevue, Nebraska.
Creating a new college in Bellevue, Nebraska was No. 1 on the agenda for the Chamber of Commerce in June 1965. Local civic-leader and businessman Bill Brooks met with his fellow members of the chamber and lead the discussion. The time and place were perfect, he reasoned, as Bellevue was a growing city, home to Offutt Air Force Base as well as a large contingent of potential college-age students. This became a practical idea because it was not always an option for many of these young adults to travel north to the University of Omaha.
Bellevue College opened its door in 1966 with just three full-time faculty and four staff members. All classes were held in the administration building, which the college bought from International Telephone and Telegraph. From the beginning, the college sought to accommodate adult students, offering evening classes in three, 12-week sessions throughout the year. During the first year 355 students attended these evening classes; 54 students took daytime classes. That first year, students at Bellevue College paid $17 per credit hour. Dr. Sam Sollenberger was named the first president of Bellevue College. Dr. Sollenberger came to Bellevue College from the University of Omaha, where he was the assistant dean of the College of Adult Education. The school held its first commence ceremony on July 29, 1967, on land near Fontenelle Forest that overlooked the Missouri River. A flatbed trailer serves as the stage, and 400 guests looked on as the first 37 degrees were conferred.
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Bill Avery
Bill Avery (born February 7, 1942) is an elected member of the Nebraska Legislature and a retired adjunct professor of political science, specializing in international trade and foreign relations, from Lincoln, Nebraska.
Born in Harnett County, North Carolina, he received his BS and M.A. from the University of Tennessee and his PhD from Tulane University. He is a professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
He was elected to the Legislature in 2006 representing Nebraska's 28th legislative district. He serves on the Education Committee and the Government, Military and Veterans Affairs Committee, which he chairs.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ ( listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Colorado
Colorado (i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
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Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
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Delaware
Delaware (i/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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Doane College
Doane College is a private liberal arts college in Crete, Nebraska, United States, with additional campuses located in Lincoln and Grand Island.
The history of Doane College dates from 1857, when the General Association of Congregational Churches, in its first annual meeting in Fremont, Nebraska, resolved to lay the foundations of a literary institution of a high order in the state. Fourteen years later, and after several unsuccessful attempts to establish Congregational schools across the state, an academy was founded in Crete on May 22, 1871. The efforts of the local Congregational pastor and Thomas Doane, chief civil engineer for the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, were instrumental in advancing the idea of the Academy.
On July 11, 1872, Doane College preempted the old Crete Academy. Doane College is the first liberal arts and sciences college in Nebraska.
The college has had 55 Fulbright Scholars since the program began in 1946.
The enrollment consists of over 1,000 undergraduate students on the Crete campus, as well as 750 adult learners and 1,200 graduate students who attend the Lincoln and Grand Island campuses.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Guam
Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/; Chamorro: Guåhån) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. Guam is listed as one of sixteen Non-Self-Governing Territories by the Special Committee on Decolonization of the United Nations. The island's capital is Hagåtña (formerly Agaña). Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands.
The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, first populated the island approximately 4,000 years ago. The island has a long history of European colonialism. Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan during a Spanish expedition on March 6, 1521, the first colony was established in 1668 by Spain with the arrival of settlers including Padre San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. For more than two centuries Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons that crossed the Pacific annually. The island was controlled by Spain until 1898, when it was surrendered to the United States during the Spanish-American War and later formally ceded as part of the Treaty of Paris.
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Haymarket Park
Coordinates: 40°49′22″N 96°42′50″W / 40.82279°N 96.71391°W / 40.82279; -96.71391
Haymarket Park is a baseball and softball complex in Lincoln, Nebraska. It is half a mile west of the campus of the University of Nebraska in downtown Lincoln. It is named because of its location in Lincoln's historic Haymarket District.
Haymarket Park is the home field of the Lincoln Saltdogs and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. It seats about 4,500 people; an additional 4,000 people can sit on berms along the outfield walls. In 2011, the Cornhuskers ranked 28th in Division I college baseball in attendance, averaging 2,366 per game.
Hawks Field is named for one of the primary donor families that contributed to the construction of the baseball stadium. It has a playground down the right field line. Hawks field is the first collegiate venue to use the SubAir system, which can heat and cool the field year round. For the Saltdogs, it's been selected as the "Best Playing Field" in each of its eight years of existence (Northern League award, 2001-2005; American Association award, 2006-2008). In November 2007, Hawks Field won the Baseball Field of the Year Award in the College/University division by the Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) for the second time. The field earned its first honor in 2003 and is the only college park in the country to be a two-time winner.
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Honolulu
Honolulu /hoʊnoʊˈluːluː/ is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. Honolulu is the southernmost major U.S. city. Although the name "Honolulu" refers to the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu, the city and county government are consolidated as Honolulu County which covers the entire island. For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the urban part of Honolulu as a census-designated place. Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the census-designated place was 337,256 at the 2010 census, while the population of the city and county was 953,207. Honolulu is the most populous state capital relative to state population.
In the Hawaiian language, Honolulu means "sheltered bay" or "place of shelter". The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor near the city on December 7, 1941, and as the birthplace of Barack Obama, the 44th and current President of the United States.
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Idaho
Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. Idaho is the 14th most expansive, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.
Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States.
Idaho's nickname is the Gem State, because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India)[citation needed], and is the only place six-pointed star garnets have been found[citation needed]. Additionally Idaho is sometimes called the Potato State owing to its popular crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for "Let it be forever").
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Indiana
Indiana (i/ɪndiˈænə/) is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 15th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville. Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Kaplan University
Kaplan University ("KU") is the "doing business as" (DBA) name of the Iowa College Acquisition Corporation, a company that owns and operates for-profit colleges. It is owned by Kaplan, Inc., a subsidiary of the Washington Post Company.
Kaplan University is predominantly a distance learning institution of higher education that is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA). Kaplan University was named in honor of Stanley H. Kaplan, who founded Kaplan Test Prep.
In 2010 Kaplan and other for-profit education companies came under scrutiny from the U.S. Congress due to concerns that the industry leaves too many students with heavy debts, and with credentials that are of little help finding jobs.
The American Institute of Commerce was established in 1937 before changing its name to Quest College. In November 2000, Quest College's name was changed to Kaplan College after Kaplan, Inc. acquired it with the purchase of Quest Education Corporation.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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KIBZ
KIBZ (104.1 FM, "104-1 The Blaze") is a Lincoln, Nebraska active rock music radio station that first signed on the air at 106.3 FM on March 2, 1992. It moved to 104.1 in March 2004. It is one of the first stations in the state to stream its audio over the Internet. Clear Channel Communications sold KIBZ to Three Eagles Communications on April 10, 2007.
Coordinates: 40°31′06″N 96°46′08″W / 40.5183°N 96.7689°W / 40.5183; -96.7689
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KUCV
KUCV (91.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Lincoln, Nebraska. The station is owned by Nebraska Educational Telecommunications, and is an affiliate of the Nebraska Public Radio Network (NET Radio).
Coordinates: 40°31′05″N 96°46′08″W / 40.518°N 96.769°W / 40.518; -96.769
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Maxwell Arboretum
The Earl G. Maxwell Arboretum (2 hectares / 5 acres) is an arboretum and botanical garden located on the East Campus of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in Lincoln, Nebraska.
The arboretum began more than 50 years ago when Earl G. Maxwell began to plant trees on the campus. It was subsequently dedicated as the second site of the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum.
Mature oaks include specimens of black, bur, English, pin, sawtooth, shingle, shumard, and swamp white varieties. Other trees include blue ash, chestnut, pawpaw, sweetgum, Black Tupelo, and Scots Pine. Additional plants include lilacs, cold-hardy rhododendrons, and viburnums, as well as over 80 hosta cultivars, and a 1-acre (4,000 m2) prairie with native wildflowers and bluestem and Indian grass.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
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Montana
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official, including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
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MoPac Trail
The MoPac Trail is a rail trail in Nebraska. It is a bicycling, equestrian and walking trail built on an abandoned Missouri Pacific Railroad corridor which runs for 26 miles (42 km) from Lincoln, Nebraska to Wabash, Nebraska.
The corridor that is now the MoPac Trail was part of the Missouri Pacific Railroad's Omaha Belt Line until 1984. The four-mile (6 km) portion of the MoPac Trail within the Lincoln city limits was purchased by the city in 1989. Two years later, an additional 22 miles (36 km) of former MP railway corridor was purchased by the Nebraska Trails Foundation and the Great Plains Trail Network; this portion of the trail is commonly referred to as the MoPac East Trail. The deed to this land was then transferred to the Lower Platte South Natural Resources District. The MoPac East section opened in 1994, and is part of the national American Discovery Trail network.
There are planned western and eastern extensions of the MoPac Trail. To the west, an extension will be built to connect it with other trails in the vicinity of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln campus. To the east, the MoPac will be connected with a trail extending south and west of Omaha. This planned extension will cross over the Platte River near South Bend, Nebraska. As of 2010, the portion from Springfield, NE on Nebraska Highway 50 is completed and extends southward towards to the Platte River. The bicycling and pedestrian bridge across the Platte River is complete, however the trail ends at on the West side of the river. Therefore, the current gap in the trail is from near Wabash, NE to near South Bend, NE.
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Nebraska
Nebraska (i/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
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Nebraska Outback
The Nebraska Outback is the north-central region of the U.S. state of Nebraska. It comprises Boyd, Holt, Rock, Blaine, Brown, Keya Paha and Cherry counties.
Calling this region the "Nebraska Outback" is part of a tourism campaign led by a nonprofit organization called the North Central Nebraska RC & D Council. It is sponsored by six counties, five Natural Resource Districts, twenty-nine local communities and three local Chambers of Commerce.
The North Central Nebraska RC&D Council partners with communities, organizations and agencies to assist the local people in the development of their communities, counties and region. The Outback is bordered by South Dakota on the north, and a small section of the Missouri River runs at the region’s eastern edge. The area has a population of 26,984 people on 12,627 square miles (32,700 km2) of land, or 2.1 people per square mile.
The outback is connected with the rest of Nebraska by way of four Nebraska byways: Bridges to Buttes Byway (Highway 20), the Outlaw Trail (Highway 12) and small sections of the Loup Rivers Scenic Byway (Highways 91/11), and the Sandhills Journey (Highway 2) in Blaine County. The Cowboy Trail is a bicycling, walking and equestrian trail that will eventually cross 321 miles (517 km) east-west from Norfolk to Chadron.
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Nebraska Panhandle
The Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the west of the state of Nebraska. A panhandle is an area extending from the rest of a political unit; the Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately 100 miles east to west and 125 miles north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises eleven counties with a combined land area of 14,180.76 square miles (36,728.0 km²), or about 18.45 percent of the state's land. Its population as of the 2000 census was 90,410 inhabitants, or about 5.28 percent of the state's population. Its largest city is Scottsbluff, in the west-central part of the area.
Major cities in the Nebraska panhandle include:
The Nebraska panhandle has a great deal of geographical and geological diversity; the region itself is made up of several smaller areas. Areas, features, and sites of interest in the Nebraska panhandle include:
The Nebraska panhandle borders the states of South Dakota, Wyoming and Colorado.
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Nebraska Territory
The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capital was Omaha.
An enabling act was passed by Congress in 1864. Delegates for a constitutional convention were elected; this convention did not produce a constitution. Two years later, in 1866, a constitution was drafted and voted upon. It was approved by 100 votes. However, a clause in this constitution that limited suffrage to "free white males" delayed Nebraska's entry into the Union for almost a year. The 1866 enabling act for the state was subject to a pocket veto by President Andrew Johnson. When Congress reconvened in 1867, it passed another bill to create the state of Nebraska, on the condition that Nebraska's constitution be amended to remove the suffrage clause. This bill was also vetoed by President Johnson. Congress then overrode his veto.
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Nevada
Nevada (i/nəˈvædə/ or /nəˈvɒdə/) is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in one single county, Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, where the state's three largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City.
Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, with much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada mountains lie on the western edge. Approximately 86% of the state's land is owned by the US government under various jurisdictions, both civilian and military.
The name Nevada is derived from the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains, which means "snow-capped mountain range" in Spanish. The land comprising the modern state was inhabited by Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes prior to European contact. It was subsequently claimed by Spain as a part of Alta California until the Mexican War of Independence brought it under Mexican control. The United States gained the territory in 1848 following its victory in the Mexican-American War and the area was eventually incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that was an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31, 1864.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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North Carolina
North Carolina (i/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 10th most populous of the 50 United States.
North Carolina is comprised of 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. In the past five decades, North Carolina's economy has undergone a transition from heavy reliance upon tobacco and furniture making to a more diversified economy with engineering, biotechnology, and finance sectors.
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US. The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate.
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North Dakota
North Dakota (i/ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south and Montana to the west. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive, but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. North Dakota was created from the northern portion of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo. The primary public universities are located in Grand Forks and Fargo. The U.S. Air Force operates air bases at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB.
For more than a decade, the state has had a strong economy, with unemployment lower than the national average, job and population growth, and low housing vacancies. Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil shale fields in the western part of the state, but it has also had growth in the technology and service sectors. Flooding in June 2011 has caused extensive damage to Minot and threatened Bismarck, the capital city.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City (Pawnee: Uukuhuuwasiri ) is the capital and the largest city in the US state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's population, from the 2010 census, was 579,999, with a metro-area population of 1,252,987 . In 2010, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,322,249 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county).
Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center. (These two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively.)
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Oregon
Oregon (i/ˈɔrɨɡən/ ORR-ə-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859.
Oregon is the 9th most extensive and the 27th most populous of the 50 United States. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 29th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 583,776 (2010 US Census) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. The valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area and is home to eight of the ten most populous cities.
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Pago Pago
Pago Pago ( /ˈpɑːŋɡoʊˈpɑːŋɡoʊ/; Samoan: [ˈpaŋo ˈpaŋo]) is the capital of American Samoa. In 2000, its population was 11,500. The city is served by Pago Pago International Airport. Tourism, entertainment, food, and tuna canning are its primary industries.
From 1878 to 1951, the area was the site of a coaling and repair station for the U.S. Navy, known then as United States Naval Station Tutuila.
In January 1942 Pago Pago Harbor was shelled by a Japanese submarine, but this remained the only battle action on the islands during World War II.[citation needed]
On September 29, 2009, an earthquake struck in the South Pacific, near Samoa and American Samoa, sending a tsunami into Pago Pago and surrounding areas. The tsunami caused moderate to severe damage to villages, buildings and vehicles and caused an unknown number of deaths.
The village is located in Pago Pago Harbor, on the island of Tutuila. Pago Pago is one of the several villages in the Urban agglomeration of Pago Pago along the shore of Pago Pago Harbor located at the very eastern part (inside) of the embayment. The area includes a number of villages, among them Fagatogo, the legislative and judicial area, and Utulei, the executive area.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Pershing Center
The Pershing Center is a 4,526-seat multi-purpose arena, in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
It is home to the Lincoln Capitols NIFL indoor football team Lincoln Thunder ABA basketball team and the No Coast Derby Girls Women's Flat Track Derby Association league .
It is also a host site for the NSAA boys and girls state basketball, as well as the NSAA girls volleyball championships. It has hosted the National roller-skating championships dozens of times.
It has held many events in the past, including concerts and WWE/TNA house show wrestling events.
The Grateful Dead's performance, on February 26, 1973, was recorded and makes up half of their live album, entitled Dick's Picks Volume 28.
The exterior and marquee of the arena are also featured in the 1981 film, This is Elvis, as it hosted one of Elvis Presley's final concerts in 1977.
In 2008/2009, discussions have begun to build a new, larger arena for Lincoln NE due to mid sized arenas no longer able to meet the demands of most tours. According to Pershing General Manager Tom Lorenz "the music and entertainment industry has pulled back on midlevel tours, reducing the number of shows likely to come to Pershing. Normally, Pershing has six to eight concerts annually, but this year will have three or four".
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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Saipan
Saipan ( /saɪˈpæn/) is the largest island of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of fifteen tropical islands belonging to the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10’51”N, 145°45’21”E) with a total area of 44.55 sq mi (115.4 km2). According to the 2010 United States Census, Saipan's population was 48,220, a drop of 22.7% from the 2000 US Census; the population decrease is largely attributed to working immigrants and their families either returning to their home countries after the collapse of the garment industry or moving to other locations with economic opportunities such as Guam and the United States.
The Commonwealth's center of government is located in the village of Capital Hill on the island. As the entire island is organized as a single municipality, most publications term "Saipan" as the Commonwealth's capital.
Located at latitude of 15.25° north and longitude of 145.75° east, about 120 mi (190 km) north of Guam, Saipan is about 12 mi (19 km) long and 5.6 mi (9.0 km) wide. It is a popular tourist destination in the Pacific.
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Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Utah. With a population of 186,440 as of the 2010 Census, the city lies in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a total population of 1,145,905. Salt Lake City is further situated in a larger urban area known as the Wasatch Front, which has a population of 2,328,299. It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin (the other being Reno, Nevada), and the largest in the Intermountain West.
The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young and his Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named "Great Salt Lake City"—the word "great" was dropped from the official name in 1868. Although Salt Lake City is still home to the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church today.
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Siouxland
Coordinates: 43°00′N 96°24′W / 43.0°N 96.4°W / 43.0; -96.4
Siouxland is a vernacular region that encompasses the entire Big Sioux River drainage basin in the U.S. states of South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska and Iowa.
A "vernacular region" is a distinctive area where the inhabitants collectively consider themselves interconnected by a shared history, mutual interests, and a common identity. Such regions are "intellectual inventions" and a form of short-hand to identify things, people, and places. Vernacular regions reflect a "sense of place," but rarely coincide with established jurisdictional borders.
The lower Big Sioux River drainage basin stretches from Sioux City, Iowa to Sioux Falls, South Dakota, an area that includes much of northwestern Iowa, the northeast corner of Nebraska, the southeast corner of South Dakota, and the extreme southwest corner of Minnesota.
The term "Siouxland" was coined by author Frederick Manfred in 1946. Manfred was born in Doon, Iowa, a small town in Lyon County.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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South Dakota
South Dakota (i/ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. South Dakota is the 17th most extensive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River". Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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Tony Fulton
Tony Fulton (born September 29, 1972) is a member of the Nebraska Legislature from Lincoln, Nebraska.
Born in Auburn, Nebraska, he graduated from Auburn Senior High School in 1990. He graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1997.
He was appointed to the Nebraska Legislature on January 3, 2007 by Governor Dave Heineman to replace Mike Foley, who was elected as State Auditor. He won election convincingly in 2008. He serves Nebraska's 29th legislative district. He ran for State Treasurer in 2010, but came in second in the Republican primary to former State Attorney General Don Stenberg.
Fulton is of Asian descent. His father is American, and his mother is from the Philippines.
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Utah
Utah (/ˈjuːtɔː/ ori/ˈjuːtɑː/) (Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí' ) is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-most extensive, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,817,222 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. It is home to the Salt Lake Temple, and approximately 60% of Utahns are reported to be members of LDS Church which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life.
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Vermont
Vermonti/vɜrˈmɒnt/ is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont is the 6th least extensive and the 2nd least populous of the 50 United States. It is the only New England state not bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border, which it shares with the state of New York. The Green Mountains are within the state. Vermont is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Originally inhabited by two major Native American tribes (the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and the Iroquois), much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France during its early colonial period. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War). For many years, the nearby colonies, especially New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area (then called the New Hampshire Grants). Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for fourteen years. Vermont is one of seventeen U.S. states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the brief California Republic, and each of the original Thirteen Colonies) to have had a sovereign government in the past. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the 14th state, the first outside the original 13 Colonies. It abolished slavery while still independent, and upon joining the Union became the first state to have done so.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Wyoming
Wyoming (i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincolni/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
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Alex Gordon
Alex Jonathan Gordon (born February 10, 1984 in Lincoln, Nebraska) is a Major League Baseball Outfielder for the Kansas City Royals.
Alex was born into a baseball-loving family in Lincoln, NE. Anecdotes indicate that all four of the Gordon Boys, Eric, Alex, Brett and Derek were named after famous baseball players. All of the boys played baseball from a very early age.
Gordon was a two-time Gatorade Nebraska Player of the Year after hitting .483 with 25 home runs and 112 RBI at Lincoln Southeast High School in Lincoln, Nebraska, from which he graduated in 2002.
Alex was a member of the 2004 U.S. National Team which had players from 15 different colleges. He helped lead Team USA to an 18–7 overall record, seeing the majority of his playing time at first base. He hit .388 with 4 home runs, 12 RBI and 18 runs scored in 24 contests and was named the top offensive player at the World University Baseball Championship in Tainan, Taiwan after leading all players with a .524 average (11-for-21) with 2 homers, 5 RBI and 8 runs scored in 8 games.
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Alex Stivrins
Alex Frank Stivrins (born November 29, 1962, in Lincoln, Nebraska) is a retired American professional basketball player. He was a 6'8" (203 cm) 220 lb (100 kg) small forward. Stivrins graduated from Lincoln East High School in 1980 and led East to three state basketball tournament appearances, where they won the state championship in 1978, qualified for state in 1979 and finished runner-up in 1980 in Class A, which is Nebraska's largest classification for high school athletics. He was a two-time Super State and All-Nebraska selection his junior and senior years. He played collegiately at Creighton University and the University of Colorado from 1980 to 1985. He continued his career in the NBA.
Stivrins was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 5th pick in the 2nd round of the 1985 NBA Draft. He played with the Sonics, Phoenix Suns, LA Clippers, Milwaukee Bucks and Atlanta Hawks.
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Amanda McGill
Amanda McGill (born March 21, 1980) is a member of the Nebraska Legislature from Lincoln, Nebraska.
Born in Omaha, she graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2002.
While earning her degree from UNL, McGill was a member of Cornhusker Forensics (Speech and Debate team) for four years. Her senior year she was elected team president and was a national finalist in persuasive speaking.
She was a television reporter for KOLN and communications director for the Nebraska Democratic Party.
She was elected to the Legislature in 2006 serving Nebraska's 26th legislative district and serves on the Business and Labor Judiciary and Urban Affairs committees.
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Amasa Cobb
Amasa Cobb (September 27, 1823 – July 5, 1905) was a Republican Wisconsin politician and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Born in Crawford County, Illinois, near Palestine, Illinois, Cobb moved to the Wisconsin Territory in 1842 and mined for lead. He served in the Mexican-American War as a private. After the war he studied law, passed the bar and set up practice in Mineral Point, Wisconsin. He was a district attorney from 1850 to 1854, then was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1855, serving until 1856. During his term, he was also the adjutant general of Wisconsin from 1855 to 1858. He became a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1860 and served as speaker in 1861.
At the outset of the Civil War, on July 12, 1861, he joined the Union army as Colonel of the 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, serving in the Army of the Potomac in several campaigns and battles. Most notably, Cobb succeeded Brigadier General Winfield S. Hancock in command of a brigade in second division VI Corps at the Battle of Antietam, after Hancock was transferred to commend of first division II Corps. In the fall of 1862, he was elected to the 38th Congress from Wisconsin for a two-year term. Cobb was reelected to the 39th, 40th, and 41st Congresses, serving until 1871. His last action with 5th Wisconsin Infantry was the Battle of Fredericksburg.
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Amy Sue Cooper
Amy Sue Cooper (born in Lincoln, Nebraska) is an American adult model. She was Playboy's Cyber Girl of the month for August 2004 and was Cyber Girl of the Year for 2005.
She posed in "Girls of the Big Twelve" edition of Playboy as well as some Playboy video shoots and has done other print and video modeling. Cooper participated in a 2006 Trading Markets/Playboy stock picking contest and did better than all 9771 Morningstar-rated mutual funds managers in the United States.
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Barrett Ruud
Barrett James Ruud (born May 20, 1983) is an American football linebacker for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Nebraska.
Ruud has also played for the Tennessee Titans.
Ruud attended high school at Lincoln Southeast High School in Lincoln, Nebraska. He was a four-year letterman and helped his team compile a 48-2 record and Class A state titles in 1998, 1999 and 2001. He was a two-time All-American by the Omaha World-Herald and earned All-American honors as a linebacker from Prep Star and Student Sport. He also was a two-time super-state pick and was named offensive player of the year, defensive player of the year and prep athlete of the year by the Lincoln Journal Star.
Ruud played college football at the University of Nebraska. He earned numerous honors while there including 2004 Third-Team All American, 2004 First-Team All-Big 12, 2003 Second-Team All-Big 12, and 2002 All-Big 12 honorable mention among others. He finished his career starting 37 of 50 games finishing with a school record 432 career tackles.
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Bertram Goodhue
Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (April 28, 1869–April 23, 1924) was a American architect celebrated for his work in neo-gothic design. He also designed notable typefaces, including Cheltenham and Merrymount for the Merrymount Press.
Goodhue was born in Pomfret, Connecticut to Charles Wells Goodhue and his second wife, Helen (Eldredge) Grosvenor Goodhue. Due to financial constraints he was educated at home by his mother until, at age 11 years, he was sent to Russell's Collegiate and Commercial Institute. Finances prevented him from attending university, but he received an honorary degree from Trinity College in Connecticut in 1911. In lieu of formal training he moved to Manhattan, New York City in 1884 to apprentice at the architectural firm of Renwick, Aspinwall and Russell (one of its principals, James Renwick, Jr., was the architect of Grace Church and St. Patrick's Cathedral, both in New York City). Goodhue's apprenticeship ended in 1891 when he won a design competition for St. Matthew's in Dallas.
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Bill Avery
Bill Avery (born February 7, 1942) is an elected member of the Nebraska Legislature and a retired adjunct professor of political science, specializing in international trade and foreign relations, from Lincoln, Nebraska.
Born in Harnett County, North Carolina, he received his BS and M.A. from the University of Tennessee and his PhD from Tulane University. He is a professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
He was elected to the Legislature in 2006 representing Nebraska's 28th legislative district. He serves on the Education Committee and the Government, Military and Veterans Affairs Committee, which he chairs.
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Bo Ruud
Bo Ruud (born September 2, 1984) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the New England Patriots in the sixth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Nebraska.
Ruud has also been a member of the Cleveland Browns. He is the younger brother of NFL linebacker Barrett Ruud, as well as the son of former NFL linebacker Tom Ruud.
He played high school football at Lincoln Southeast High School. Ruud was a standout at Lincoln Southeast, and was Nebraska's earliest ever commitment, pledging his intention in June 2001, 20 months before 2003 signing day. He had a standout prep career, helping the Knights to two Class A state titles. He was a two-way star, playing running back and linebacker. Ruud rushed for 1,385 yards and 15 touchdowns and caught four passes for 125 yards and a pair of touchdowns.
Ruud scored four touchdowns in a state semifinal win over Kearney and scored the Knights’ only touchdown in a 7-6 title game victory over Millard North. He had 70 total tackles, including 51 solo stops, as a senior. Ruud was named the honorary captain of the Lincoln Journal Star’s Super-State team and was a first-team pick as a running back. The Omaha World-Herald named him to its All-Nebraska team as a linebacker and made him the honorary captain on the defense.
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Brandon Sanderson
Brandon Sanderson (born December 19, 1975) is an American fantasy author. A Nebraska native, he currently resides in American Fork, Utah. He earned his Master's degree in Creative Writing in 2005 from Brigham Young University, where he was on the staff of Leading Edge, a semi-professional speculative fiction magazine published by the university. He was a college roommate of Jeopardy! champion Ken Jennings.
Sanderson was married on July 7, 2006. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served as a missionary in Seoul, Korea.
After Robert Jordan's death, Brandon Sanderson was selected by Harriet McDougal (Robert Jordan's widow), to complete the final book in Jordan's epic fantasy series The Wheel of Time. Harriet asked him to complete the series after being deeply impressed by Mistborn: The Final Empire.Tor Books made the announcement December 7, 2007. On March 30, 2009 it was announced that A Memory of Light, originally slated to be the final book in the Wheel of Time series, will be split into three volumes. The first, The Gathering Storm, was released on October 27, 2009, and Towers of Midnight was released on November 2, 2010, with the remaining novel, named A Memory of Light, following in January 2013.
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Brandon Teena
Brandon Teena (December 12, 1972 – December 31, 1993) was an American trans man, a female to male transgender person, who was raped and murdered in Humboldt, Nebraska. His life and death were the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1999 film Boys Don't Cry, which was based on the documentary film The Brandon Teena Story.
Teena was born Teena Renae Brandon in Lincoln, Nebraska, the younger of two children to Patrick and JoAnn Brandon. His father died in a car accident eight months before he was born, and he was raised by his mother. JoAnn named her second child after their German shepherd dog, Tina Marie. Teena and his older sister Tammy lived with their maternal grandmother in Lincoln, before they were reclaimed by their mother when Teena was three years old and Tammy was six years old. The family resided in the Pine Acre Mobile Home Park in northeast Lincoln, and JoAnn worked as a clerk in a women's retail store in Lincoln to support the family. As young children, Teena and Tammy were sexually abused by their uncle for several years, and Teena and his mother JoAnn sought counselling for this in 1991. JoAnn remarried once from 1975 to 1980, with the marriage having failed due to her husband's alcoholism. Teena's family described him as being a tomboy since early childhood; Teena began identifying as male during adolescence and dated a female student during this period. His mother rejected his male identity and continued referring to him as her "daughter". Teena claimed to be intersex several times, with this later being proven to be false.
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Caril Ann Fugate
Caril Ann Fugate (born July 30, 1943) was the adolescent girlfriend and accomplice of spree killer Charles Starkweather. She is the youngest female in United States history to have been tried for first-degree murder.
Fugate lived in Lincoln, Nebraska, with her mother and stepfather. In 1956 she formed a relationship with Charles Starkweather, a high school dropout five years her senior, who worked as a truck unloader at the Western Newspaper Union warehouse.
On January 21, 1958, Fugate later claimed, she came home to find that Starkweather had shot and killed her stepfather, Marion Bartlett, and her mother, Velda. Starkweather then choked and stabbed her baby half-sister, Betty Jean, to death.
During the next six days the pair lived in the house and turned away all visitors, which made Fugate's relatives suspicious. The bodies were found later in outbuildings on the property.
Starkweather and Fugate then fled, driving across Nebraska on a spree of robberies and murders that claimed eight more lives before they were arrested.
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Charles Starkweather
Charles Raymond Starkweather (November 24, 1938 – June 25, 1959) was an American teenaged spree killer who murdered eleven people in Nebraska and Wyoming during a two-month road trip with his 14-year-old girlfriend, Caril Ann Fugate. The couple was captured on January 29, 1958. Starkweather was executed seventeen months later, while Fugate served 17 years in prison.
Starkweather was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the third of seven children to Guy and Helen Starkweather. The Starkweathers were a respectable family with well-behaved children of working class background. The family always had shelter and other resources. Guy Starkweather was by all accounts a mild-mannered man; he was a carpenter who was often unemployed due to rheumatoid arthritis in his hands. During Guy's periods of unemployment, Starkweather's mother supplemented the family income by working as a waitress.
Starkweather had attended Saratoga Elementary School, Irving Middle School, and Lincoln High School in Lincoln. In contrast to his family life Starkweather possessed no kind remembrances of his time of going to school. Starkweather was born with genu varum, a mild birth defect that caused his legs to be misshapen. He also suffered from a speech impediment, which led to constant teasing by classmates. He was considered a slow learner and was accused of never applying himself, although in his teens it was discovered that he suffered from severe myopia that had drastically affected his vision for most of his life.
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Chris Beutler
Chris Beutler (born November 14, 1944) was a Nebraska state senator between the years of 1978-1986 and 1990-2006 in the Nebraska Legislature and is the 51st and current mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska.
He was born on November 14, 1944, in Omaha, Nebraska. He graduated from Omaha Benson High School in 1962, Yale University in 1966, and University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law in 1973. He was a U.S. Peace Corps teacher in Turkey 1966 to 1967 and 1st lieutenant in the U.S. Army from 1969 to 1971. He is married to Judy Beutler and they have five children, daughters Lori, Alexa, Erica, Mikahla, and son Sam, as well as seven grandchildren.
He was elected in 1978 to represent Central Lincoln's 28th Nebraska legislative district and reelected in 1982. He resigned in 1986 and was reelected in 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002. In his last term he sat on the Appropriations, Executive Board, and Reference committees and was the chairperson of the Legislative Performance Audit committee. Because of term limits, Chris Beutler was not eligible for another consecutive legislative term.
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DiAnna Schimek
DiAnna Schimek (born 1940) is a Nebraska state senator from Lincoln, Nebraska in the Nebraska Legislature.
Nebraska State Senator Jan 1988-Jan 2009 First elected in 1988; re-elected in 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2004. Served on the Legislature’s Appropriations Committee during 1989-1990. Served as a member of Government, Military and Veterans Affairs Committee, 1991–1994 and 1997–2006, Vice-Chair 1991-1992, and Chair 1993-1994 and 1999-2006. Vice-Chair of Urban Affairs 1995-1998, and served on Committee from 1991 to 2006. Served as member of Business and Labor Committee 1993-2002, and 2005-2006. In 1995-1996, was member of Health and Human Affairs Committee. Most recently, in 2007-2008, was a member of the Judiciary Committee and the Transportation and Telecommunications Committee. Also, was Chair of select committee, Performance Audit. In the past, served on other select committees, such as the Committee on Committees and the Legislature’s Executive Board, and in 2001, was selected Vice-Chair of the Reapportionment Task Force.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), under George W. Bush.
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he served the latter as White House Chief of Staff. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming House Minority Whip. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions.
Out of office during the Clinton presidency, Cheney was chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot, ancestry; Cheney's 8th great-grandfather, William Cheney, immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century. Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney (1815–1895), the early American expressman. Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall, a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children.
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Dirk Obbink
Dirk D. Obbink (born 1957 in Lincoln, Nebraska) is an American-born papyrologist and Classicist. He is the Lecturer in Papyrology and Greek Literature in the Faculty of Classics at Oxford University and is the head of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project. Obbink is also Fellow and Tutor in the University of Oxford (Christ Church).
Dirk Obbink's ancestors were originally from the Netherlands, later emigrating to the United States. Obbink took a BA in English at the University of Nebraska before going on to take an MA in Classical Studies and Papyrology at the same university. In 1986 he gained his PhD at Stanford University with his doctoral thesis On the Piety of the Greek Philosophers - Philodem. After an assistant professorship at Columbia University in New York in 1995 Obbink was appointed to the post of Lecturer in Papyrology and Greek Literature in the Faculty of Classics at Christ Church, Oxford University and was appointed the head of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a large collection of ancient manuscripts discovered by archaeologists at an ancient rubbish dump near Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. They include thousands of Greek and Latin documents, letters and literary works. In addition, from 2003 to 2006 Obbink was the Ludwig Koenen Collegiate Professor of Papyrology at the University of Michigan.
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Dirtfedd
Dirtfedd is a industrial metal/metalcore band from Lincoln, Nebraska and one of the more popular bands in the Midwestern metal scene.
The band has been noted for vocalist Dustin Travels' diverse vocal range. He switches up between clean singing, high-pitched screams, and low death growls.
The band was formed in early 2002 when former guitarist Cameron Ruble and vocalist Dustin Travels were introduced to drummer Brock Wettstead and guitarist Eric Marshall. The four had a similar musical vision and immediately bonded over excessive amounts of heavy music and alcohol.[citation needed]
So the core of Dirtfedd was formed, but the band was not yet complete. A bassist was needed to complete the overall wall of sound. Within a couple of weeks, they came across bassist Will Holmes. Holmes was then in another local rock band called Rent Money Big. After playing several local shows throughout the Omaha-Lincoln, Nebraska area, Jeff Goff was added to the band as a percussionist in April 2003 to give the rhythm section more of a "tribal approach".
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Gordon MacRae
Gordon MacRae (March 12, 1921 – January 24, 1986) was an American actor and singer, best known for his appearances in the film versions of two Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals, Oklahoma! (1955) and Carousel (1956) and films with Doris Day like Starlift.
Born Albert Gordon MacRae in East Orange, New Jersey, MacRae graduated from Deerfield Academy in 1940 and served as a navigator in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Prior to this, he attended Nottingham High School in Syracuse, NY.[citation needed]
He made his Broadway debut in the mid-1940s, acquiring his first recording contract soon afterwards. Many of his hit recordings were made with Jo Stafford. It was in 1948 that he appeared in his first film, The Big Punch, a drama about boxing. He soon began an on-screen partnership with Doris Day and appeared with her in several films.
In 1951, he starred with Doris Day in On Moonlight Bay, followed by the sequel By the Light of the Silvery Moon in 1953. That same year, he also starred opposite Kathryn Grayson in the third film version of The Desert Song. This was followed by leading roles in two major films of Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals, Oklahoma! (1955) and Carousel (1956), both films opposite Shirley Jones.
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Hilary Swank
Hilary Ann Swank (born July 30, 1974) is an American film actress. She has won the Academy Award for Best Actress twice, as Brandon Teena in Boys Don't Cry (1999) and as struggling waitress-turned-boxer Maggie Fitzgerald in Million Dollar Baby (2004). She also put in a notable performance in Insomnia, working alongside Al Pacino. Since 2003, Swank has also worked as an executive producer.
Swank was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. Her mother, Judy Kay (née Clough), was a secretary and dancer, and her father, Stephen Michael Swank, was an officer in the Air National Guard and later a traveling salesman. She has a brother, Daniel, who is eight years her senior. Her surname, originally Schwenk, is of German origin. Many of Swank's family members hail from Ringgold County, Iowa, and her maternal grandmother was of Spanish and Shoshone (Native American) ancestry. After having lived in Spokane, Washington, Swank's family moved to a trailer park near Lake Samish in Bellingham, Washington, when Swank was six.
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Janine Turner
Janine Turner (born Janine Loraine Gauntt; December 6, 1962) is an American actress who appeared in the television show Northern Exposure from 1990 to 1995. From 2000 to 2002, she appeared on the Lifetime original series Strong Medicine.
In 1978, the fifteen-year old Turner left home to pursue a modeling career with the Wilhelmina Modeling Agency. Turner began her acting career in 1980, appearing in several episodes of Dallas. She continued to make guest appearances on television shows throughout the 1980s before landing the role of Laura Templeton on General Hospital. In 1990, she was cast as Maggie O'Connell on Northern Exposure, a role that earned her an Emmy nomination.
After her breakthrough in Northern Exposure, Turner appeared in the action film Cliffhanger, opposite Sylvester Stallone. Turner next appeared as June Cleaver in a film adaptation of television's Leave it to Beaver.
In 2004, she wrote and directed Trip in a Summer Dress, a film about a strong-willed mother and her children. In 2006, she appeared in a low budget movie filmed in Dallas, The Night of the White Pants. In 2006, Turner was appointed a member of the President's Council on Service and Civic Participation. In 2007, she appeared in a promotional video for 'Christoga,' a "Christian form of Yoga".
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Jeff Fortenberry
Jeffrey Lane "Jeff" Fortenberry, (born December 27, 1960) is the U.S. Representative for Nebraska's 1st congressional district, serving since 2005. He is a member of the Republican Party. The district is based in Lincoln and includes most of the eastern third of the state outside the immediate Omaha area.
He graduated from Catholic High in Baton Rouge. He holds a master's degree in public policy from Georgetown University, a master's degree in theology from Franciscan University of Steubenville (Ohio), and a bachelor's degree in economics from Louisiana State University.
He has previously worked as an economist, in local economic development, and as a publishing executive for Sandhills Publishing.
Fortenberry was an at-large member of the Lincoln City Council from 1997 to 2001. His main commitments in this role were community revitalization and increasing public safety, but doing both without raising taxation. Among the economic development and community revitalization projects he worked on were the transition of a major public hospital and building a new baseball stadium.
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Joba Chamberlain
Justin Louis "Joba" Chamberlain ( /ˈdʒɒbə/ JOB-ə; born Justin Louis Heath; September 23, 1985) is a Major League Baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees.
Chamberlain was born and grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. Chamberlain's parents, Harlan Chamberlain and Jackie Standley, were never married and split up when Joba was 18 months old. Some sources say that Harlan obtained full custody of Joba when Joba was 3 years old, but Standley claims that Joba lived with her most of the time until Joba was 10 when she had Joba's surname legally changed from Heath, her maiden name, to Chamberlain. Standley began abusing drugs when Joba was 4 or 5 and says that she and Joba currently speak to each other only rarely.
Chamberlain's father was born on the Winnebago Indian Reservation, but had to leave to be treated for polio. Harlan spent his childhood in hospitals and foster homes and now uses a motor scooter (which he has named "Humphrey") to get around. Now retired from his job as a supervisor at the state penitentiary, he works as a substitute teacher and takes tickets at University of Nebraska Cornhuskers' games. Chamberlain still has family living on American Indian reservations. As of 2008, he was one of only three active non-Hispanic Native American players in Major League Baseball, with the others being Kyle Lohse of the St. Louis Cardinals and Jacoby Ellsbury of the Boston Red Sox.
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Johnny Carson
John William "Johnny" Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known for thirty years as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992). Carson received six Emmy Awards, the Governor Award, and a 1985 Peabody Award. He was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. Johnny Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992 and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1993.
Although his show was already successful by the end of the 1960s, during the 1970s Carson became an American icon and remained so until his retirement in 1992. He adopted a casual, conversational approach with extensive interaction with guests, an approach pioneered by Arthur Godfrey and previous Tonight Show hosts Steve Allen and Jack Paar. Late night hosts David Letterman, Jay Leno, Conan O'Brien, Craig Ferguson, and Jimmy Fallon have all cited Carson's influence on their late-night talk shows, which resemble his in format and tone.
Carson was born in Corning, Iowa, in the year 1925, to Homer Lloyd "Kit" Carson, a power company manager, and Ruth Hook Carson, who was of Irish descent. He grew up in the nearby towns of Avoca, Clarinda, and Red Oak in southwest Iowa before moving to Norfolk, Nebraska, at the age of eight. At the age of twelve, Carson found a book on magic at a friend's house and immediately purchased a mail-order magician's kit. He debuted as "The Great Carsoni" at fourteen and was paid $3; many other performances at local picnics and country fairs followed.
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Lars Krutak
Dr. Lars Krutak (Lincoln, Nebraska 14 April 1971) is an American anthropologist, photographer, and writer known for his research about tattoo and its cultural background. He produced and hosted the 10-part documentary series Tattoo Hunter on the Discovery Channel which traveled the indigenous world to showcase vanishing art forms of body modification. Today, he works in the Repatriation Office of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
Krutak was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, to a traveling geologist and university professor who moved the family to Mexico City in 1979 and then to a series of states including Louisiana, Texas, and eventually Colorado where Lars grew up in the small mountain town atmosphere of Rye, Colorado. Krutak attended the University of Colorado at Boulder studying art history and anthropology and upon graduation (1993) he moved to San Francisco to work as an art gallery preparator for Paul Thiebaud, the son of American Pop artist Wayne Thiebaud. In 1996, Krutak attended graduate school at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks where his thesis One Stitch at a Time: Ivalu and Sivuqaq Tattoo focused on the tattooing traditions of the St. Lawrence Island Yupik people.
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Lee Lawrie
Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 – January 23, 1963) was one of the United States' foremost architectural sculptors and a key figure in the American art scene preceding World War II. Over his long career of more than 300 commissions Lawrie's style evolved through Modern Gothic, to Beaux-Arts Classicism and finally into Moderne or Art Deco. His work includes the details on the Nebraska State Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska and some of the architectural sculpture and, his most prominent work, the free-standing bronze Atlas (installed 1937) at New York City's Rockefeller Center.
Lawrie was born in Rixdorf, Germany, and came to the United States in 1882 as a young child, settling in Chicago. It was there, at the age of 14, that he began working for the sculptor Richard Henry Park.
In 1892 he had the chance to work for many of the sculptors in Chicago, constructing the "White City" for the World Columbian Exposition of 1893. Following the completion of the work at the Exposition, Lawrie followed the other mostly East Coast artists back east and settled in as an assistant to William Ordway Partridge. The next decade found him working with other established sculptors: St. Gaudens, Philip Martiny, Alexander Phimister Proctor, John William Kitson and others. His work at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St Louis, 1904, under Karl Bitter, the foremost architectural sculptor of the time, allowed Lawrie to further develop both his skills and his reputation as an architectural sculptor.
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Lindsey Shaw
Lindsey Marie Shaw (born May 10, 1989) is an American singer and actress. She is known for her starring television roles as Jennifer "Moze" Ann Mosely on Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide and as Claire Tolchuck on Aliens in America.
Shaw co-starred as Jennifer "Moze" Mosely on the Nickelodeon show Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide which debuted in 2004 and ended in 2007 after 3 seasons. She dated her co-star, Devon Werkheiser briefly. Months after the show ended Shaw's new series Aliens in America debuted on The CW. Shaw played the character Claire. Aliens in America was cancelled in its first season, lasting only 18 episodes.
Shaw starred as Kat Stratford in ABC Family's 10 Things I Hate About You, alongside Meaghan Jette Martin, who played Kat's younger sister Bianca. 10 Things premiered July 7, 2009 and ended May, 24 2010. The show lasted one season of 20 episodes, ending with a cliffhanger finale. She appeared on all 20 episodes. She briefly appeared in Nickelback's "Rockstar" music video.
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Loren Eiseley
Loren Eiseley (September 3, 1907 – July 9, 1977) was an American anthropologist, educator, philosopher, and natural science writer, who taught and published books from the 1950s through the 1970s. During this period he received more than 36 honorary degrees and was a fellow of many distinguished professional societies. At his death, he was Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and History of Science at the University of Pennsylvania.
He was noted as a “scholar and writer of imagination and grace,” which gained him a reputation and record of accomplishment far beyond the campus where he taught for 30 years. Publishers Weekly referred to him as "the modern Thoreau." The broad scope of his many writings considered such diverse topics as the mind of Sir Francis Bacon, the prehistoric origins of man, and the contributions of Charles Darwin.
Eiseley’s national reputation was established mainly through his books, including The Immense Journey (1957), Darwin's Century (1958), The Unexpected Universe (1969), The Night Country (1971), and his memoir, All the Strange Hours (1975). Science author Orville Prescott praised him as a scientist who “can write with poetic sensibility and with a fine sense of wonder and of reverence before the mysteries of life and nature.“ Naturalist author Mary Ellen Pitts saw his combination of literary and nature writings as his "quest, not simply for bringing together science and literature... but a continuation of what the 18th and 19th century British naturalists and Thoreau had done." In praise of "The Unexpected Universe", Ray Bradbury remarked, "[Eiseley] is every writer's writer, and every human's human. . . one of us. yet most uncommon. . ."
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Louise Le Baron
Louise Le Baron (1874-1918) was an American contralto singer who performed in opera and musical theatre during the early years of the twentieth century.
Louise Le Baron (née Shepherd) was born in Winchester, Massachusetts[citation needed] in 1874 and at around the age of sixteen began singing with a church choir at Boston area engagements. She received her early training at the Boston Conservatory and under various private instructors including Madame Etta Edwards, then in Boston. Le Baron first sang with the Bostonian Opera Company before joining Fritzi Scheff and her famous company. During this time she played Lady Jane in the The Two Roses by Ludwig Engländer and Stanislaus Stange, with a libretto adapted from Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer, and as Marie Louise de Bouvray in Mlle. Modiste by Victor Herbert and Henry Blossom. Over the following seasons she would perform with the Castle Square Opera Company, San Carlo Company and on two separate occasions the Aborn Opera Company. With the latter she played the title role in Carmen, Seibel in Faust and Suzuki in Madame Butterfly. In 1913 she shared the male role of Alan-a-Dale with actress Florence Wickham in the comic opera Robin Hood by Reginald De Koven and Harry B. Smith.
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Mary Doyle
Mary Doyle (July 21, 1931 – June 8, 1995) was an American theatre actress who also appeared on TV between 1956 and 1982.
She was born in Lincoln, Nebraska and was the younger sister of the late TV actor David Doyle (1929-1997).
She also starred in the 1976 Broadway play Best Friend.
She died of lung cancer in New York City, at the age of 63.
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Mary Zimmerman
Mary Zimmerman is an American theatre director and playwright, born in Lincoln, Nebraska.
Zimmerman is a member of the Lookingglass Theatre Company and is an Artistic Associate of the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, Illinois. She received her BS, MA and PhD from Northwestern University, where she is currently a faculty member in the Performance Studies department. She has earned national and international recognition in the form of numerous awards, including the prestigious John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship (1998). She has won more than 20 Joseph Jefferson Awards for her creative work and received a 2002 Tony Award for Best Direction for Metamorphoses. Other productions include Eleven Rooms of Proust and The Secret In The Wings.
In 2004 she directed a production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre at the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. Her production was re-staged in 2006 at the Shakespeare Theatre Company Free For All. The following year, Zimmerman directed another Shakespeare play, Cymbeline, at Northwestern University.
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Matthew Sweet
Sidney Matthew Sweet (born October 6, 1964, in Lincoln, Nebraska) is an American alternative rock/power pop musician. He was part of the burgeoning Athens, Georgia, music scene in the early and mid-1980s before gaining commercial success during the early 1990s. He continues to release albums and to tour.
As a teenager in Lincoln, Sweet wrote and recorded songs on four-track cassettes, and in the ninth grade joined the band the Specs which resulted in his first recording on a battle of the bands LP produced by a local radio station. Sweet set off to Athens, Georgia in the early 1980s after graduating from Lincoln Southeast High School in 1983 to attend college and join the vibrant Athens music scene, most famous as the home base for R.E.M. and The B-52's. In 1983, Sweet collaborated with R.E.M. member Michael Stipe under the name Community Trolls as well as being in Stipe's sister Lynda Stipe's band Oh-OK, and that year also formed the power-pop duo, The Buzz of Delight with drummer David Pierce (Oh-Ok). They released an EP Sound Castles on DB Recs later that year.
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Michael Biehn
Michael Connell Biehn (born July 31, 1956) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in James Cameron's science fiction action films The Terminator as Kyle Reese, Aliens as Cpl. Dwayne Hicks, and The Abyss as Lt. Coffey. He has also acted in such films as Tombstone, The Rock, and Planet Terror. On television, Biehn appeared in the cast of the Emmy Award-winning 1980s television series Hill Street Blues and the short lived syndicated show Adventure Inc..
Biehn was born in Anniston, Alabama, the son of Marcia (née Connell) and Don Biehn, a lawyer, and grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. He has three siblings: Brooks Ann, Jonathon and Steven. Biehn attended high school in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, and was a member of the high school drama club. He then attended the drama program at the University of Arizona (where he joined Sigma Nu Fraternity) for two years before heading to Hollywood.
Michael Biehn got his start with a bit part in the film version of Grease in 1978. In 1981, he played a stalker in The Fan; at the time film was shot, he was in his mid-20s, and love interest, Bacall, more than 30 years his senior. After a few more films, Biehn played Kyle Reese, a sergeant sent back in time by John Connor to save his mother, Sarah Connor, in the 1984 film The Terminator. He starred in two other films directed by James Cameron: Aliens (as Corporal Hicks) and The Abyss (as Lieutenant Hiram Coffey), and had a small role in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (his briefly reprised role as Reese which was removed from the theatrical release but restored in the special editions and the director's cut).
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Philip Johnson
Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential American architect.
In 1930, he founded the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and later (1978), as a trustee, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and the first Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 1979. He was a student at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.
Johnson died in his sleep while at the Glass House retreat. He was survived by his life partner of 45 years, David Whitney, who died later that year at age 66.
Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was descended from the Jansen (a.k.a. Johnson) family of New Amsterdam, and included among his ancestors the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou, who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. He attended the Hackley School, in Tarrytown, New York, and then studied at Harvard University as an undergraduate, where he focused on history and philosophy, particularly the work of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. Johnson interrupted his education with several extended trips to Europe. These trips became the pivotal moment of his education; he visited Chartres, the Parthenon, and many other ancient monuments, becoming increasingly fascinated with architecture.
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Robert Van Pelt
Robert Van Pelt (September 9, 1897 – April 27, 1988) was a Nebraska attorney and served as U.S. District Judge in the District of Nebraska from 1957 until his death at age 90.
Van Pelt was born in Gosper County, Nebraska. He received an A.B. from Doane College in Crete, Nebraska in 1920 and an LL.B. from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law in 1922. He was an assistant U.S. Attorney of District of Nebraska from 1930 to 1934, and an instructor at the Nebraska College of Law from 1946 to 1957. In 1923, Van Pelt's law firm was that of Stewart, Perry, Stewart, and Van Pelt. In 1930, Van Pelt left this firm and went into practice with Lloyd J. Marti, who eventually became mayor of Lincoln, NE from 1943-1947.
Van Pelt was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 22, 1957, to a seat on the district court vacated by John W. Delehant. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 11, 1957, and received his commission on June 13, 1957. He assumed senior status on May 5, 1970.
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Ron Raikes
Ron Raikes (March 11, 1943 – September 5, 2009) was a farmer and former Nebraska state senator from Lincoln, Nebraska in the Nebraska Legislature.
He was born on March 11, 1943, in Lincoln, Nebraska and graduated from Ashland High School. He graduated from Iowa State University in farm operations, University of California-Davis with a master's in agriculture business management and a Ph.D. in agriculture economics. He is a former member of the Nebraska Economic Forecasting Advisory Board and current member of the Nebraska Farm Business Association, Nebraska Agriculture Relations Council, Nebraska Land Improvement Contractors Association, and Agriculture Builders of Nebraska.
He was appointed to the legislature on May 15, 1997 to replace Jerome Warner, who had died. He was elected in 1998 to represent the 25th Nebraska legislative district and reelected in 2000 and 2004. He chaired the Education committee, sat on the Revenue committee, the Education Commission of the States, and Midwestern Higher Education Compact.
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Roscoe Pound
Nathan Roscoe Pound (October 27, 1870 – June 30, 1964) was a distinguished American legal scholar and educator. He was Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Pound as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century.
Pound was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA to Stephen Bosworth Pound and Laura Pound.
Pound studied botany at the University of Nebraska (BA, 1888, & MA, 1889) in Lincoln, Nebraska where he became a member of Acacia Fraternity. In 1889, he began the study of law; he spent one year at Harvard but never received a law degree. He received the first Ph.D., in botany, from the University of Nebraska in 1898.
The University of Nebraska fielded its first football team the year after Pound graduated. Pound traveled with the teams to their games, including their first one. He also covered the team in the student newspaper and even refereed some matches. Pound created many chants and songs for the team and helped create a fan base that traveled well, which is something that the Cornhuskers still see to this day.
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Ryland Steen
Ryland David-Burton Steen (a.k.a. "The Rabbit" or "Xylophone") (born August 31, 1980) is the current drummer for the California-USA-based ska punk band, Reel Big Fish.
Reel Big Fish first met Steen at an Ernie Ball Battle of the Bands when he was playing with his Nebraska-born band Square. Reel Big Fish was judging the competition and gave him and his band a perfect score. Ryland's band won the contest and the $35,000 prize. Reel Big Fish stayed in touch with him and later brought him on as their drummer after the Departure of Justin Ferriera, with Steen having previously played percussion on the Cheer Up! recording of the song "Good Thing". He was raised in Lincoln, Nebraska and moved to California at age 19. Ryland has toured and/or recorded with Kris Allen, Maroon 5, The Summer Obsession, The Elected, Start Trouble, Phantom Planet, Free Moral Agents, Suburban Legends, Audiovent, Mt. Egypt, TEA, and Orange County cult legends Square. His father is guitarist Dave Steen, an accomplished songwriter and former member of the '80s power pop band The Hawks, who recorded two LPs for Columbia Records and charted with the songs, "It's All Right, It's OK" and "Right Away" (written by Dave Steen).
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Shawn Redhage
Shawn Redhage (born 21 January 1981 in Jacksonville, Florida) is a naturalised Australian professional basketball player, originally from the United States. He's currently playing for the Perth Wildcats in the Australian National Basketball League.
In the United States, Redhage was awarded Nebraska Player of the Year award in 1998/99 after a stunning senior year with Lincoln East High School. After high school, Redhage began studying and playing for Arizona State University. During his time with the Arizona State Sun Devils, Redhage was the recipient of numerous honors for both academic and athletic achievements.
Once in Australia, Redhage played in the SEABL for the NW Tasmania Thunder in 2004. Redhage was instrumental in the Thunder's SEABL championship (although they lost the ABA championship), and was awarded the SEABL MVP.
Redhage began his NBL career in September 2004 with the New Zealand Breakers. He was released mid-season after playing only 13 games, when the Breakers decided to sign veteran import Marcus Timmons. Redhage returned to the SEABL to play for the Bendigo Braves after his departure from the Breakers. In his time with the Braves, he was award a spot in the All-SEABL team and recorded a league best average of 35 points per game.
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Ted Sorensen
Theodore Chaikin "Ted" Sorensen (May 8, 1928 – October 31, 2010) was an American presidential advisor, lawyer and writer, best known as President John F. Kennedy’s special counsel, adviser and legendary speechwriter. President Kennedy once called him his “intellectual blood bank.”
Sorensen was born in Nebraska, the son of Christian A. Sorensen, a Danish American and Nebraska Attorney General (1929–33), and Annis (Chaikin) Sorensen, who was of Russian Jewish descent. He graduated from Lincoln High School (1945). He earned a Bachelor's degree at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and attended law school there, graduating first in his class.
In January 1953, the 24 year-old Sorensen became the new United States Senator John F. Kennedy's chief legislative aide. "The most important aide [Kennedy] ever hired" became a talented mimic of the senator's writing. He authored many of Kennedy's articles and speeches.
Sorensen was President Kennedy's Special Counsel & Adviser, and primary speechwriter, the role for which he is best remembered today. He was particularly famous for having helped draft the inaugural address in which Kennedy exhorted listeners to "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." This call to service is the phrase still most closely associated with the Kennedy administration. Although Sorensen played an important part in the composition of the Inaugural Address, "the speech and its famous turn of phrase that everyone remembers was," Sorensen firmly states (counter to what the majority of authors, journalists and other media sources have claimed), "written by Kennedy himself." In later years, when pressed in interviews if he wrote the phrase, Sorenson would reply tongue-in-cheek "Ask not."
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Tony Fulton
Tony Fulton (born September 29, 1972) is a member of the Nebraska Legislature from Lincoln, Nebraska.
Born in Auburn, Nebraska, he graduated from Auburn Senior High School in 1990. He graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1997.
He was appointed to the Nebraska Legislature on January 3, 2007 by Governor Dave Heineman to replace Mike Foley, who was elected as State Auditor. He won election convincingly in 2008. He serves Nebraska's 29th legislative district. He ran for State Treasurer in 2010, but came in second in the Republican primary to former State Attorney General Don Stenberg.
Fulton is of Asian descent. His father is American, and his mother is from the Philippines.
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Tosca Lee
Tosca Lee is a critically acclaimed American novelist of speculative fiction. Her sometimes controversial books are best known for their lyrical prose, extensive research, and vivid imagery.
Lee was born on December 1, 1969 in Roanoke, Virginia to Sang Moon Lee and Laura Moncrief. Her father, a first-generation Korean who initially entertained dreams of becoming an opera tenor before he went on to establish himself as a leading academic in the area of business management, named her after his favorite Puccini opera, “Tosca.”
Lee received her B.A. from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts in English Language and Literature. She also studied International Economics at Oxford University. While at Smith, Lee wrote her first novel—a story of the Stonehenge people of Salisbury plain (unpublished).
Lee wrote the book that would become Demon: A Memoir around 2000. It sold in a 2006 multi-book deal after nearly six years of rejection. Despite its nomination for a Christy Award, the release was not without some controversy within the religious market due to the book’s title and fiery cover.
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Verne Lewellen
Verne Lewellen (born September 29, 1901 - April 16, 1980) was an American football player. He played most of his nine year career with the Green Bay Packers and was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1970. He also was the Packers' General Manager from 1954 through 1957. He was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1967.
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Lincoln, Nebraska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Exciting things are happening in our city. Big things. Our spirit has a renewed sense of energy and there's enthusiasm in our collective voice. You can feel it in the streets, see it on the skyline, hear it in the ideas of our young entrepreneurs and creative class. lifeisright.com
http://wn.com/Lincoln,_Nebraska
Exciting things are happening in our city. Big things. Our spirit has a renewed sense of energy and there's enthusiasm in our collective voice. You can feel it in the streets, see it on the skyline, hear it in the ideas of our young entrepreneurs and creative class. lifeisright.com
Arriving at Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
When I arrived at Lincoln, NE, a friend came to pick me up from the airport. Then we passed through the downtown area to where I was gonna live. (Aug14, 2008)
http://wn.com/Arriving_at_Lincoln,_Nebraska,_USA
When I arrived at Lincoln, NE, a friend came to pick me up from the airport. Then we passed through the downtown area to where I was gonna live. (Aug14, 2008)
- published: 03 Mar 2009
- views: 20328
- author: chancedaily2
Lincoln, Nebraska LGBT hearing: the lady BEHIND hat lady has HER say too: she's wonderful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:03
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
She recounts her Steel Magnolia moment 30 years ago when Lincoln first attempted to pass LGBT protection (it was voted down) — among a bunch of homophobic beauty shop patrons with whom she politely took issue — and was backed up by the salon operator. This woman truly lives in a state of grace.
http://wn.com/Lincoln,_Nebraska_LGBT_hearing_the_lady_BEHIND_hat_lady_has_HER_say_too_she's_wonderful
She recounts her Steel Magnolia moment 30 years ago when Lincoln first attempted to pass LGBT protection (it was voted down) — among a bunch of homophobic beauty shop patrons with whom she politely took issue — and was backed up by the salon operator. This woman truly lives in a state of grace.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 84048
- author: aksarbent
The EPIC University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
A week or so at UNL. Shot on a canon t2i. Music: The Second Coming incompetech.com My Website: fountainfilm.net Twitter twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Check out my other videos: youtube.com Tags: UNL nebraska lincoln time lapse art t2i the second coming fountain film jordan school university clouds dslr "nebraska football" "lincoln university" "t2i timelapse"
http://wn.com/The_EPIC_University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln
A week or so at UNL. Shot on a canon t2i. Music: The Second Coming incompetech.com My Website: fountainfilm.net Twitter twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Check out my other videos: youtube.com Tags: UNL nebraska lincoln time lapse art t2i the second coming fountain film jordan school university clouds dslr "nebraska football" "lincoln university" "t2i timelapse"
- published: 04 Sep 2011
- views: 3468
- author: Jordan Fountain
Jack's Mannequin - Dark Blue in Lincoln, NE [2/10/07]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Dark Blue (w/ the new intro)on the West Coast Winter Tour in Lincoln, Nebraska.
http://wn.com/Jack's_Mannequin_Dark_Blue_in_Lincoln,_NE_2_10_07_
Dark Blue (w/ the new intro)on the West Coast Winter Tour in Lincoln, Nebraska.
- published: 12 Feb 2007
- views: 65935
- author: iheartconan
Lifeboy - Phish - Lincoln, NE 10-21-95 (High Quality Audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Lifeboy - Phish - Lincoln, NE 10-21-95 (Part 2) (High Quality Audio) Pershing Auditorium. This Good Times Bad Times melts flawlessly into Tweezer Reprise. Set 1: Tweezer Reprise, Chalk Dust Torture, Guelah Papyrus, Reba, Wilson, Cars Trucks Buses, Kung, The Lizards, Strange Design, Acoustic Army, Good Times Bad Times - Tweezer Reprise Set 2: Also Sprach Zarathustra, David Bowie, Lifeboy, Sparkle, You Enjoy Myself, Purple Rain, Hold Your Head Up, Harry Hood, Suzy Greenberg Encore: Highway to Hell Notes: Perhaps responding to fan predictions of a Michael Jackson cover album on Halloween, the band teased Black or White in GTBT and Beat It in Hood and Suzy Greenberg. Suzy also included Stairway to Heaven and Tweezer Reprise teases.
http://wn.com/Lifeboy_Phish_Lincoln,_NE_10-21-95_High_Quality_Audio
Lifeboy - Phish - Lincoln, NE 10-21-95 (Part 2) (High Quality Audio) Pershing Auditorium. This Good Times Bad Times melts flawlessly into Tweezer Reprise. Set 1: Tweezer Reprise, Chalk Dust Torture, Guelah Papyrus, Reba, Wilson, Cars Trucks Buses, Kung, The Lizards, Strange Design, Acoustic Army, Good Times Bad Times - Tweezer Reprise Set 2: Also Sprach Zarathustra, David Bowie, Lifeboy, Sparkle, You Enjoy Myself, Purple Rain, Hold Your Head Up, Harry Hood, Suzy Greenberg Encore: Highway to Hell Notes: Perhaps responding to fan predictions of a Michael Jackson cover album on Halloween, the band teased Black or White in GTBT and Beat It in Hood and Suzy Greenberg. Suzy also included Stairway to Heaven and Tweezer Reprise teases.
- published: 22 Jan 2010
- views: 8872
- author: PhrankieC87
Frank Zappa Lecture- Wesleyan University Lincoln Nebraska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:29
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Frank gives a lecture at the Wesleyan University in Lincoln Nebraska on 7th April 1986. After a 5 minute introduction, Frank talks about the PMRC censorship issue and faces a lot of tough questions which he deals with in his own manner. A very entertaining experience nevertheless. Few portions are missing but it is till pretty enjoyable to listen to. DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved to the production companies and music labels that distributed and produced the music and performance respectively. I do not own the rights to the music nor the footage. I only uploaded this video as an entertainment and creative purposes with no financial gain. Copyright infringement not intended.
http://wn.com/Frank_Zappa_Lecture_Wesleyan_University_Lincoln_Nebraska
Frank gives a lecture at the Wesleyan University in Lincoln Nebraska on 7th April 1986. After a 5 minute introduction, Frank talks about the PMRC censorship issue and faces a lot of tough questions which he deals with in his own manner. A very entertaining experience nevertheless. Few portions are missing but it is till pretty enjoyable to listen to. DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved to the production companies and music labels that distributed and produced the music and performance respectively. I do not own the rights to the music nor the footage. I only uploaded this video as an entertainment and creative purposes with no financial gain. Copyright infringement not intended.
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 10421
- author: barun432
Ford Tri-Motor Starting up in Lincoln Ne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
9-23-2007 Lincoln, Ne
http://wn.com/Ford_Tri-Motor_Starting_up_in_Lincoln_Ne
Michelle Obama in Lincoln, NE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
This is not a video of the entire speech she gave in Lincoln.(My memory card was full). In this video Michelle Obama touches on education, and a few other important issues. It was a real treat getting to be at this rally. I really enjoyed myself, and I hope you enjoy my short video. OBAMA '08!
http://wn.com/Michelle_Obama_in_Lincoln,_NE
This is not a video of the entire speech she gave in Lincoln.(My memory card was full). In this video Michelle Obama touches on education, and a few other important issues. It was a real treat getting to be at this rally. I really enjoyed myself, and I hope you enjoy my short video. OBAMA '08!
- published: 08 Feb 2008
- views: 4057
- author: lizbian2
Reaction to Landon Donovan Goal vs Algeria in Lincoln Nebraska 2010 World Cup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Courtesy of TheTJarrett402 and the American Outlaws Supporters www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Reaction_to_Landon_Donovan_Goal_vs_Algeria_in_Lincoln_Nebraska_2010_World_Cup
Courtesy of TheTJarrett402 and the American Outlaws Supporters www.youtube.com
- published: 24 Jun 2010
- views: 83627
- author: gotemstl
FSSP Priestly Ordinations 2012, Lincoln NE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 164:11
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Solemn Pontifical Mass with Ordination to the Priesthood, May 19th, 2012 from Lincoln, NE, USA. Celebrated by His Excellency The Most Reverend Fabian W Bruskewitz, Bishop of Lincoln, NE
http://wn.com/FSSP_Priestly_Ordinations_2012,_Lincoln_NE
Solemn Pontifical Mass with Ordination to the Priesthood, May 19th, 2012 from Lincoln, NE, USA. Celebrated by His Excellency The Most Reverend Fabian W Bruskewitz, Bishop of Lincoln, NE
- published: 21 May 2012
- views: 12830
- author: LiveMassChannel
Bruce Springsteen - Sugarland 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band - Sugarland Live in 1984, Lincoln, Nebraska Played only twice live in NE and Iowa
http://wn.com/Bruce_Springsteen_Sugarland_1984
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band - Sugarland Live in 1984, Lincoln, Nebraska Played only twice live in NE and Iowa
- published: 10 Jun 2009
- views: 17078
- author: OutInTheStreet24
Dan3.0 - Lincoln Legos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:56
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
In which Dan explores Lincoln, Nebraska and plays with Legos. Netflix: www.netflix.com Eventful: eventful.com Record The Intro: dan3point0.squarespace.com YourAverageAdam: www.youtube.com Filmed and edited by Michael Aranda: youtube.com Follow Dan on Twitter: twitter.com Music courtesy of "Mars Argo": youtube.com and Michael Aranda: www.youtube.com and Brutal Murder: www.jamendo.com This video uses the following sound files from Freesound (www.freesound.org) "yells.mp3" from Jasinski - www.freesound.org "Hitting baseball w. wooden bat.wav" from CGEffex - www.freesound.org
http://wn.com/Dan30_Lincoln_Legos
In which Dan explores Lincoln, Nebraska and plays with Legos. Netflix: www.netflix.com Eventful: eventful.com Record The Intro: dan3point0.squarespace.com YourAverageAdam: www.youtube.com Filmed and edited by Michael Aranda: youtube.com Follow Dan on Twitter: twitter.com Music courtesy of "Mars Argo": youtube.com and Michael Aranda: www.youtube.com and Brutal Murder: www.jamendo.com This video uses the following sound files from Freesound (www.freesound.org) "yells.mp3" from Jasinski - www.freesound.org "Hitting baseball w. wooden bat.wav" from CGEffex - www.freesound.org
- published: 22 Sep 2010
- views: 62216
- author: pogobat
Roofing Siding Painting Services Lincoln NE - ABW/MC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
ROOFING SIDING PAINTING SERVICES LINCOLN NE - A BETTER WAY ROOFING/MAYS CONTRACTING ARE ACCREDITED BBB MEMBERS WHO HAVE BEEN SERVING THE LINCOLN NEBRASKA AREA FOR OVER 30YEARS. WE ARE A FAMILY OWNED AND OPERATED BUSINESS.OUR LICENSED GENERAL CONTRACTORS SPECIALIZE IN EXTERIOR REMODELING SERVICES, PATIOS, DECKS, ROOF REPLACEMENT, SNOW REMOVAL, CUSTOM ROOFS, SIDING, GUTTERS, RESIDENTIAL REMODELING, ADDITIONS, ENCLOSURES, CONCRETE AND PAINTING SERVICES. PLEASE CALL ONE OF OUR ROOFING CONTRACTORS TODAY FOR A FREE ESTIMATE 402-432-9000 OR 402-560-4263. WE CAN BE FOUND ONLINE AT www.abw-mc.com
http://wn.com/Roofing_Siding_Painting_Services_Lincoln_NE_ABW_MC
ROOFING SIDING PAINTING SERVICES LINCOLN NE - A BETTER WAY ROOFING/MAYS CONTRACTING ARE ACCREDITED BBB MEMBERS WHO HAVE BEEN SERVING THE LINCOLN NEBRASKA AREA FOR OVER 30YEARS. WE ARE A FAMILY OWNED AND OPERATED BUSINESS.OUR LICENSED GENERAL CONTRACTORS SPECIALIZE IN EXTERIOR REMODELING SERVICES, PATIOS, DECKS, ROOF REPLACEMENT, SNOW REMOVAL, CUSTOM ROOFS, SIDING, GUTTERS, RESIDENTIAL REMODELING, ADDITIONS, ENCLOSURES, CONCRETE AND PAINTING SERVICES. PLEASE CALL ONE OF OUR ROOFING CONTRACTORS TODAY FOR A FREE ESTIMATE 402-432-9000 OR 402-560-4263. WE CAN BE FOUND ONLINE AT www.abw-mc.com
- published: 18 Jan 2010
- views: 127
- author: look2video
A TASTE OF REAL NEBRASKA: DBU Episode 2.8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:24
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
---------------------------------------- WANT TO INTERACT WITH THE SHOW MORE? FOLLOW DAN ON TWITTER!: www.twitter.com You never know when Dan might need your ideas for a video! HAVE A QUESTION? COMMENT? APPLICATION FOR INTERESTING VIEWER? SEND DAN AN EMAIL!: danbrownuniverse@gmail.com (Interesting viewer applicants: please use "Interesting Viewer" as your email's subject) HAVE SOMETHING FOR DAN'S WALL? WANT TO WRITE HIM A FRIENDLY LETTER? SEND IT ON OVER!: Dan Brown PO Box 67054 Lincoln, NE 68506 And most importantly... PLEASE SUBSCRIBE! ----------------------------------------
http://wn.com/A_TASTE_OF_REAL_NEBRASKA_DBU_Episode_28
---------------------------------------- WANT TO INTERACT WITH THE SHOW MORE? FOLLOW DAN ON TWITTER!: www.twitter.com You never know when Dan might need your ideas for a video! HAVE A QUESTION? COMMENT? APPLICATION FOR INTERESTING VIEWER? SEND DAN AN EMAIL!: danbrownuniverse@gmail.com (Interesting viewer applicants: please use "Interesting Viewer" as your email's subject) HAVE SOMETHING FOR DAN'S WALL? WANT TO WRITE HIM A FRIENDLY LETTER? SEND IT ON OVER!: Dan Brown PO Box 67054 Lincoln, NE 68506 And most importantly... PLEASE SUBSCRIBE! ----------------------------------------
- published: 28 Jul 2009
- views: 41967
- author: pogobat
Mike Posner Performs At The University Of Nebraska - Lincoln
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Mike_Posner_Performs_At_The_University_Of_Nebraska_Lincoln
Nebraska Youth Wins US National Geographic Bee
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
An 11-year-old from Lincoln, Nebraska has won the 2008 National Geographic Bee with a flawless quiz score. Akshay Rajagopal is only the second winner in the Bee's 20-year history with a perfect performance. The win earned the sixth-grader $25000 and a trip to the next international Geographic Bee competition. VOA's Jeffrey Young was there
http://wn.com/Nebraska_Youth_Wins_US_National_Geographic_Bee
An 11-year-old from Lincoln, Nebraska has won the 2008 National Geographic Bee with a flawless quiz score. Akshay Rajagopal is only the second winner in the Bee's 20-year history with a perfect performance. The win earned the sixth-grader $25000 and a trip to the next international Geographic Bee competition. VOA's Jeffrey Young was there
- published: 23 May 2008
- views: 11232
- author: VOAvideo
University of Nebraska-Lincoln's University Singers FARE THEE WELL, Peter Eklund conductor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
The University of Nebraska Lincoln's premier choral ensemble, the UNIVERSITY SINGERS, performs in November, 2009. Adam Fieldson (tenor soloist), Dr. Peter Eklund (conductor) COLLA VOCE Publisher
http://wn.com/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln's_University_Singers_FARE_THEE_WELL,_Peter_Eklund_conductor
The University of Nebraska Lincoln's premier choral ensemble, the UNIVERSITY SINGERS, performs in November, 2009. Adam Fieldson (tenor soloist), Dr. Peter Eklund (conductor) COLLA VOCE Publisher
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 8178
- author: choirgroupie
September 6, 1986 - #11 Florida State @ #8 Nebraska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:13
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Game highlights from Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, NE.
http://wn.com/September_6,_1986_11_Florida_State_@_8_Nebraska
Game highlights from Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, NE.
- published: 29 Mar 2012
- views: 3502
- author: HuskerHistorian
Right Here in Nebraska with The String Beans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
The String Beans, a popular childrens' music band from Lincoln, Nebraska, teach you everything you need to know about their home state with this catchy tune. Written and animated by Curt Bright, this home-made cartoon can also be seen on Nebraska Educational Television. Visit the String Beans' website at www.thestringbeans.net to hear clips from their CDs, watch other videos and see a calendar of the band's upcoming performances.
http://wn.com/Right_Here_in_Nebraska_with_The_String_Beans
The String Beans, a popular childrens' music band from Lincoln, Nebraska, teach you everything you need to know about their home state with this catchy tune. Written and animated by Curt Bright, this home-made cartoon can also be seen on Nebraska Educational Television. Visit the String Beans' website at www.thestringbeans.net to hear clips from their CDs, watch other videos and see a calendar of the band's upcoming performances.
- published: 10 Jul 2007
- views: 105649
- author: StringBeanCurt
Auto Dealer In Bellevue NE Car Dealer In Bellevue NE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
www.nextmovemarketing.com We help you Capture, Connect and Close More Leads through our patented Relationship Marketing System if you are a Car dealer in Bellevue NE Call us Now to Schedule a Complimentary Consultation on how we can help YOU sell more cars and develop better relationships with new and existing customers 402-509-8005 http
http://wn.com/Auto_Dealer_In_Bellevue_NE_Car_Dealer_In_Bellevue_NE
www.nextmovemarketing.com We help you Capture, Connect and Close More Leads through our patented Relationship Marketing System if you are a Car dealer in Bellevue NE Call us Now to Schedule a Complimentary Consultation on how we can help YOU sell more cars and develop better relationships with new and existing customers 402-509-8005 http
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 22499
- author: NextMoveVids
Lincoln Fire And Rescue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
To Lincoln, Ne Bravest Thank You
http://wn.com/Lincoln_Fire_And_Rescue
Speedway Motors 2009 SCCA Solo National Championships Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Over 1200 drivers from across the United States converged at AirPark in Lincoln, Nebraska for the 37th Annual SCCA Solo National Championships. The competition was tight with many of the top finishers in the 72 different classes separated by only thousandths of a second. Drivers, friends and family all had an extraordinary time and plans to return to Lincoln next year were met with wide applause and cheers.
http://wn.com/Speedway_Motors_2009_SCCA_Solo_National_Championships_Music_Video
Over 1200 drivers from across the United States converged at AirPark in Lincoln, Nebraska for the 37th Annual SCCA Solo National Championships. The competition was tight with many of the top finishers in the 72 different classes separated by only thousandths of a second. Drivers, friends and family all had an extraordinary time and plans to return to Lincoln next year were met with wide applause and cheers.
- published: 06 Oct 2009
- views: 17128
- author: SpeedwayMotorsInc
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
05 Jan 2013
Tweet. New Delhi, Jan 5 (ANI). The male friend of the 23-year-old medical student, who was gang-raped and left unclothed and bleeding in the street and later died in hospital two weeks after she was attacked on December 16 on a private bus in New Delhi, has said that things would have gone differently if someone had stopped to help ... "It would have been a very different scenario today, had even one person come to our help that day ... (ANI)....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / SANA
05 Jan 2013
Syrian government forces have bombarded several rebel strongholds in the suburbs of Damascus to quell the fighters battling the regime of President Bashar al-Assad from reaching the capital. Activists on Saturday said troops leveled their bombardment campaign on the districts of Hajar al-Aswad and Qaboun in southern Damascus while they continued to shell the suburbs of Daraya, Beit Hahm, Zibdeen, Maadamiya and Jisteen ... 445 Source. ... ....(size: 19.0Kb)
photo: AP / Yadana Htun
04 Jan 2013
LAIZA, Myanmar (AP) — Ethnic Kachins living in makeshift camps in Myanmar described their terror at the army's use of air power during fighting with Kachin rebels seeking more autonomy as the government said Friday that it has exercised maximum restraint. Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... Are We Becoming Cyborgs?. IHT Magazine ... ... ....(size: 10.1Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
07 Jan 2013
LINCOLN, Neb ... Rather, Ryan and his players were brutally honest and eloquently colorful in describing Wisconsin's 47-41 victory over Nebraska Sunday at the Devaney Center, which had to leave the crowd of 8,258 wondering how a team can win without scoring 50 points ... After the victory Sunday, Ryan took a moment to challenge Nebraska coach Tim Miles to a playful game of H-O-R-S-E....(size: 5.0Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
07 Jan 2013
Lincoln, Neb. - I just filed my final version of the game story for the paper but thought I'd drop in a few UW quotes here because coach Bo Ryan and his players were hilarious/candid after the 47-41 victory over Nebraska on Sunday ... After the victory Sunday, took a moment after the game to challenge Nebraska coach Tim Miles to a playful game of H-O-R-S-E ... So how did UW steal a victory over Nebraska (9-6, 0-2)?....(size: 12.6Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
07 Jan 2013
Lincoln, Neb ... The easy answer is that UW has faced Penn State (8-5, 0-1) and Nebraska (9-6, 0-2), two of the lesser teams in the league ... UW shot 23.5% from three-point range, 23.1% from the free-throw line and 37.7% overall in the 47-41 victory over Nebraska ... “But that’s why the game is more than just offense,” sophomore guard Traevon Jackson said, noting UW’s work on defense and on the glass against Nebraska....(size: 13.3Kb)
Star Tribune
07 Jan 2013
LINCOLN, Neb ... Hey, Bo Ryan's program has never been about style points. Maybe only a true Badger could see the beauty in their grinding 47-41 victory over Nebraska on Sunday ... "We have never been a beautiful team ... First-year Nebraska coach Tim Miles said he felt as if his team let a big opportunity slip away ... Ubel hit a 3-pointer for Nebraska's only basket after Gallegos had given the Huskers a 38-37 lead with 6.19 left ... 11 Illinois ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
07 Jan 2013
Historian Harold Holzer says it's no accident that the last five American presidents -- three Republicans and two Democrats -- were big admirers of Abraham Lincoln. "Lincoln's appeal is a unique combination of someone who was able to express in sublime language why democracy and equality were worthy ideals and who personally lived the American dream," Mr ... America promises that opportunity, and Lincoln took advantage of it....(size: 5.7Kb)
The News Tribune
07 Jan 2013
Ryan Evans registered his fourth double-double of the season with 10 points and 15 rebounds to help the Wisconsin Badgers defeat the Nebraska Cornhuskers, 47-41, in a Big Ten Conference bout at the Devaney Center ... Nebraska (9-6, 0-2) lost despite Ray Gallegos ......(size: 1.3Kb)
Digital Spy
07 Jan 2013
The National Geographic Channel has unveiled the first trailer for Killing Lincoln ... With Killing Lincoln set to premiere on the National Geographic Channel in February, the network has revealed a teaser trailer with commentary, as exclusively shared by EW. The story will focus on the final days of President Lincoln and his assassin John Wilkes Booth. Billy Campbell (The Killing) will play, Lincoln while Jesse Johnson (Law and Order....(size: 8.3Kb)
The Examiner
07 Jan 2013
Concerning the awards, "Lincoln" was the big winner of the evening with three awards, "Skyfall" earned two, and so did "Argo" which walked away with a Best Director award for Ben Affleck and Best Picture ... Best Supporting Actress - Anne Hathaway, "Les Misérables" Lifetime Achievement - Robert Duvall Best Supporting Actor - Tommy Lee Jones, "Lincoln" Technical Achievement - "The Hobbit....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
07 Jan 2013
Zanuck Producer of the Year Award in Theatrical Motion Pictures, included the six usual suspects -- Argo, Les Miserables, Life of Pi, Lincoln, Silver Linings Playbook and Zero Dark Thirty -- and divided its other four spots between two indie hits, Beasts of the Southern Wild and Moonrise Kingdom, and two big-scale blockbusters, Django Unchained and Skyfall (which becomes the first Bond film to ever score a PGA Award nom) ... Lincoln....(size: 27.6Kb)
The Tribune San Luis Obispo
07 Jan 2013
Field, who has received accolades for her portrayal of first lady Mary Todd Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln" this season and is seen as a strong contender for a supporting actress Oscar, accepted the Lifetime Achievement Award from Martin Sheen as the crowd of nearly 2,000 at the Palm Springs Convention Center gave her a standing ovation....(size: 18.2Kb)
MSNBC
07 Jan 2013
... 66-year-old Hagel, even as leading Republicans announced their opposition - though they stopped short of saying they might try to block the former Nebraska senator ... But the former Nebraska lawmaker has faced withering criticism from Congress since emerging as the front-runner for the Pentagon post.....(size: 1.7Kb)
BBC News
07 Jan 2013
He received his award for playing America's 16th president in in Steven Spielberg's historical drama Lincoln ... They gathered at the Lincoln Center in New York to choose their winners, with the evening dedicated to the memory of Village Voice critic Andrew Sarris, a founding member of the society, who died last year ... best actor for Lincoln....(size: 1.9Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
07 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON -- It was hard not to feel sorry for John Boehner, wounded, weepy, mercilessly flogged by Chris Christie ... Mr ... Deb Fischer, a new Republican from Nebraska, he cooed, "You've got beautiful eyes, Mom." ... Mr ... Obama ignores those who urge him to be less insular and -- like Jefferson, Lincoln, LBJ and Reagan -- socialize more with political players, combining fairy dust, elbow grease, intimidation and seduction to get his way ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
| City of Lincoln | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): Star City | |||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 40°48′35″N 96°40′31″W / 40.80972°N 96.67528°W / 40.80972; -96.67528 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Nebraska | ||
| County | Lancaster | ||
| Founded[1] Renamed Incorporated |
1856 July 29, 1867 April 1, 1869 |
||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Chris Beutler (D) | ||
| • Legislature |
Legislature list
|
||
| • U.S. Congress | Jeff Fortenberry (R) | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 75.4 sq mi (195.2 km2) | ||
| • Land | 74.7 sq mi (193.3 km2) | ||
| • Water | 0.7 sq mi (1.9 km2) | ||
| Elevation | 1,176 ft (358 m) | ||
| Population (2000) | |||
| • City | 258,379 (72nd) | ||
| • Density | 3,022.2/sq mi (1,166.9/km2) | ||
| • Metro | 302,157 | ||
| [2] | |||
| Time zone | CST (UTC-6) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) | ||
| Area code(s) | 402, 531 | ||
| FIPS code | 31-28000[3] | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0837279[4] | ||
| Website | www.lincoln.ne.gov | ||
The City of Lincoln is the capital and the second-most populous city of the US state of Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2010 Census population was 258,379.
Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster, and became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the creation of the territory in 1854; however, most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte considered annexation to Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. The village of Lancaster was chosen, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.[citation needed]
Omaha interests attempted to derail the move by having Lancaster renamed after the recently assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had been sympathetic to the Confederate cause in the recently concluded Civil War, and it was assumed that the legislature would not pass the measure if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The ploy did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867.[citation needed] The choice to name the capital city "Lincoln" caused quite a stir among constituents, whose sentiments were mixed regarding who should have won the Civil War.[5]
Contents |
Geography[link]
Lincoln is located at 40°48′35″N 96°40′31″W / 40.80972°N 96.67528°W / 40.80972; -96.67528 (40.809868, −96.675345).[6] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 75.4 square miles (195 km2). 74.6 square miles (193 km2) of it is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) of it (0.98%) is water.
Lincoln is one of the few large cities of Nebraska not located along either the Platte River or the Missouri River. The city was originally laid out near Salt Creek and among the nearly flat saline wetlands of northern Lancaster County. The city's growth over the years has led to development of the surrounding land, much of which is composed of gently rolling hills. In recent years, Lincoln's northward growth has encroached on the habitat of the endangered Salt Creek tiger beetle.
Metropolitan area[link]
The Lincoln metropolitan area consists of Lancaster County and Seward County, which was added to the metropolitan area in 2003. Lincoln has very little development outside its city limits and has no contiguous suburbs (the largest town that can be considered a suburb of Lincoln is Waverly.) This is due primarily to the fact that most land that would otherwise be developed as a suburban town has already been annexed by the city of Lincoln itself.
Neighborhoods[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
- Arnold Heights: Located in far northwest Lincoln, this neighborhood, also known as Airpark, began as base housing for the adjacent Lincoln Air Force Base during the Cold War. The area originally consisted of 1,000 housing units and was annexed by Lincoln in 1966, after the base closed. All 1,000 units were originally managed by the Lincoln Housing Authority, but about half of the homes in the neighborhood have been sold to private owners. The area was also formerly known as both "Capehart Housing" when completed in 1960 (north housing) and the "Military Construction Area" when built during 1956 (south housing). Additional housing subdivisions were built in the area in the 1980s and 1990s. More recent additions include a mix of duplexes and single family homes of various sizes, an IGA grocery store, and a strip mall. As of May 2009, the area is continually being developed.
- Belmont: The Belmont neighborhood lies just north of Cornhusker Highway and south of Superior Street between Interstate 180 and 14th Street.
- Bethany: Bethany is located along Cotner Blvd. and Holdrege St. Originally laid out as a separate village by the Disciples of Christ, it was annexed by Lincoln in the late 1920s.
- Capitol Beach: This area is north of West O Street, just west of Downtown, and North of BNSF's Hobson Yard. It is home to Capitol Beach Lake, and Lakeview Elementary School.[7]
- Clinton: Located north of 27th and O Streets, Clinton is the target of ongoing revitalization efforts by the City.
- College View: College View is located along 48th St. and near Calvert St., adjacent to and surrounding the Union College campus. Originally College View was a separate village. The area is anchored by Union College but has many buildings resembling those of a small town. This business area serves the college and surrounding neighborhood. It has an eclectic mix of mostly local businesses.
- Cripple Creek (Cripple Creek North) North of Pine Lake Blvd., this neighborhood is a fairly new one, with several middle to upper-class homes.
- Downtown: Lincoln's business district has a mix of offices, bars, restaurants and some retail. Events, housing, and other information about Downtown Lincoln can be found on the Downtown Lincoln Association's website at www.downtownlincoln.org.
- East Campus Located just south of the University of Nebraska East Campus, from Holdrege to Vine and from 33rd to 48th Street, this neighborhood includes a historic district, commonly referred to as "Professor Row," and McAdams Park, which borders the Mo-Pac bike trail.
- Eastridge Developed during the city's eastward expansion and development of the Gateway Mall as the nucleus of Lincoln's retail as the department stores were closing downtown and opening there. It contains mostly single-level, ranch style homes with build on garages and has maintained a well-kept appearance by residents.
- Everett Located near downtown Lincoln, from 9th to 13th Streets between G Street and South Street. The area is known for its historic apartment buildings and converted houses.
- Fallbrook: New, developing community, located east of the airport and north of I-80; includes office parks, housing, and a town center.
- Fox Hollow: Located in southeast Lincoln, from 70th to 84th Streets between Van Dorn Street and Pioneers Boulevard. Middle to upper class neighborhoods near Holmes Lake. Fox Hollow is a planned subdivision and was constructed during the 1970s to present.
- Gaslight Village[8]
- Havelock: Havelock is located along Havelock Ave. east of 56th St. in northeast Lincoln; originally a separate town. It has many shops and restaurants and its own farmers market on Tuesday afternoons.
- Hartley: One of Lincoln's earliest suburbs, Hartley is located east of the downtown proper, east of 27th St and north of O St. It is a mainly residential neighborhood of houses built 1890–1940.
- Hawley: Located directly east of UNL's downtown campus, the Hawley Historic District is home to a diverse population living in houses built in the early 20th century. Many of its houses were demolished to make way for the antelope creek valley project and many of the lower income and non-working population is shifting eastward, causing a housing strain and significant increase($50–$100/month increase within a two year period) in rental housing rates throughout the city due to the increased demand.
- Haymarket: One of Lincoln's oldest neighborhoods, the Haymarket is a historic warehouse and industrial district. In recent decades, it has become a dining, specialty shopping, and urban living district, with a variety of visual and performing arts and nightlife. The Haymarket has a weekly, Saturday morning, farmer's market from May to October. With the growth of both local and national shops increasing, the area has gained importance and seen various recent redevelopments. The area's website can be found at www.historichaymarket.info.
- Highlands: The Highlands is a newer residential neighborhood in northwest Lincoln, located north of I-80 and near Lincoln Airport.
- Historic Bungalow District The Historic Bungalow District is the neighborhood also known as Woods Park and is bound by 33rd Street to the East, 27th street to the West, "A" Street to the South, and "O" Street to the North. Some state the West boundary to be further west by only a few blocks. It is known for the large number of Bungalow style homes built around the 1910s and 1920s. Named for the large park in the area, Woods Park, the neighborhood is centrally located and contains a great deal of architecturally unique homes. This neighborhood is also home to the Lincoln Children's Zoo (formerly Folsom Children's Zoo) & Botanical Gardens, a major tourist attraction.
- Huskerville: A now non-existent neighborhood built north of Arnold Heights. Constructed during World War II, Huskerville was once the Lincoln Army Air Field hospital area from 1942 until 1945. After the war the area was converted into college housing and was most noted for a polio outbreak in 1952. The area was either removed or demolished in the late 1960s. The chapel, now protected by the National Register of Historic Places, is all that remains of Huskerville. A new development is underway here however including the construction of a new elementary school as of 2009.
- Indian Village: The Indian Village neighborhood is located from Van Dorn St. on the north to Highway 2 on the south, from 9th St on the west to 20th St on the east. Many of the Streets in the area are named in honor of Native American Tribes. The Indian Village Shopping Center is a centrally located commercial block.
- Irvingdale: The Irvingdale neighborhood is located from South St. on the North, and Van Dorn on the South, from 9th St from the west to 22nd St on the east. The neighborhood has a mix of homes built in the early 1900s to more modern homes built in the 1950s, and is home to Irving Middle School, and the Stransky Park concert series.
- Meadowlane 66th to 84th from O St to Vine St and 70th to 84th from Vine St to Holdrege St.
- Near South The Near South neighborhood is located from G Street on the north to South Street on the south, and from 13th Street from the west to 27th on the east. The neighborhood is home to many of Lincoln's grand historic homes and is currently experiencing a strong revitalization effort by the neighborhood association and city officials. Many home-owners are reconverting properties that were once divided into apartments back into single-family homes. The areas is also popular among college students and artists. The area is spotted with various homes of significant historical and architectural value. The area is widespread and architecturally diverse with a variety of sizes and values of homes. It houses some of what is considered the worst(west of Lincoln High and east of the capitol) and nicest (Mount Emerald Historic District) within blocks of each other. The area has many places of worship including historic First Plymouth, whose bell tower can be seen and heard from miles away. The Near South features coffee shops, restaurants, banks, and many other businesses. It is also home to a communal garden called Sunken Gardens.
- North Bottoms: Directly north of UNL's downtown campus, the North Bottoms is an area in the floodplain of Salt Creek that holds many smaller houses now rented by a large number of UNL students. Its proximity to Memorial stadium combined with a high student population makes it one of the main tailgating headquarters during NE college football home games. It was originally the northern part of the "German" or "Russian" bottoms settled by Volga-German refugees from Russia.
- Piedmont Higher-end neighborhood in what is now the middle of Lincoln(and was then the eastern fringe). The area is known for its many unique and custom homes encompassing many embellished architectural styles and large lot sizes. There is also a park and community shopping district of the same namesake nearby.
- The Ridge Located in Southwest Lincoln north of 27th St. and Pine lake road. This neighborhood contains many large, high priced homes.
- Salt Valley
- Seven Oaks
- Sheridan: This neighborhood is located along and around Sheridan Boulevard in south-central Lincoln. Known for its beautiful homes, this neighborhood is very exclusive in parts and features many old, expensive homes along, arguably, the most beautifully landscaped street in town. It was the first addition to Lincoln that stepped away from the "grid pattern" into the winding side streets that characterize most modern residential areas. It is listed under the National Registrar of Historic Places as the "Boulevards" district.
- South Bottoms: South of the Haymarket district, the South Bottoms, like the North Bottoms, was a neighborhood founded by Germans from Russia. Today, the neighborhood is noted for its architecture, bike paths, and family atmosphere. The low-density residential zoning, small historic houses, and proximity to the downtown, has made the area highly desirable for young families, downtown professionals, and retirees. Part of the original plate of Lincoln, the area is within walking distance to the Haymarket district and contains some of the oldest residences in the town with several dating from the 1870's. The area is also known for its many small churches, Lincoln's first park(Cooper Park), and the proximity to the trains and salt creek.
- University Place: University Place is located along 48th St. between Leighton Ave. and Adams St., near Nebraska Wesleyan University and UNL's East Campus. It was an incorporated community before its annexation by Lincoln in 1926. The has its own historic shopping district and is characterized by homes with wrap around porches near the University's Old Main. The town has a 10k+ population base within the historic 68504 zip code.
- Village Gardens: South of 56th and Pine Lake, this "pedestrian-style"(though distant from the city nucleus), contemporary neighborhood features diverse housing styles and a European-style shopping center in development, boasting a hotel, art and culinary classes, and a church. Still in development, this new neighborhood is anchored to the North by Campbell's Nursery next to the shopping center. The concept is essentially the same as the existing layout of older areas such as Hartley, which were designed to be within walking distance of everything essential.
- Williamsburg: Located at 40th and Old Cheney, this upscale neighborhood has a colonial style shopping center and many parks, trails, and apartments.
- West Lincoln: Located along West Cornhusker Hwy., the area was founded in 1887 and was an incorporated community before its annexation by Lincoln in 1966.
Parks[link]
Lincoln has an extensive park system, with over 100 individual parks. The largest parks in Lincoln's park system are: Antelope Park (which contains the Lincoln Children's Zoo and the Sunken Gardens), Woods Park, Holmes Park, Oak Lake Park, Pioneers Park and Pioneers Park Nature Center, Tierra Park, and Wilderness Park. The parks are connected by a 159 km (99 mi) system of recreational trails. The MoPac Trail extends through Lincoln.
Climate[link]
Lincoln, located on the Great Plains far from the moderating influence of mountains or large bodies of water, possesses a highly variable four-season humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa): winters are cold but relatively dry, summers are hot and occasionally humid. With little precipitation falling during winter, precipitation is concentrated in the warmer months, when thunderstorms frequently roll in, often producing tornadoes. Snow tends to fall in light amounts, though blizzards are possible. Snow cover is not very reliable due to both the dryness and the frequent thaws during winter.
Monthly averages range from 22.4 °F (−5.3 °C) in January to 77.8 °F (25.4 °C) in July. However, the city is subject both to episodes of bitter cold in winter and heat waves during summer, with 14 nights below 0 °F (−18 °C), 40 days above 90 °F (32 °C), and 5 days above 100 °F (38 °C).[9] Temperature extremes have ranged from −33 °F (−36 °C) in January 1974 to 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1995.[9]
| Climate data for Lincoln, Nebraska (Lincoln Airport), 1981–2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 73 (23) |
83 (28) |
91 (33) |
97 (36) |
104 (40) |
108 (42) |
115 (46) |
110 (43) |
106 (41) |
98 (37) |
85 (29) |
75 (24) |
115 (46) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 35.4 (1.9) |
40.1 (4.5) |
52.3 (11.3) |
64.3 (17.9) |
74.2 (23.4) |
84.2 (29.0) |
89.0 (31.7) |
86.8 (30.4) |
78.7 (25.9) |
65.8 (18.8) |
50.3 (10.2) |
37.2 (2.9) |
63.19 (17.33) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 13.8 (−10.1) |
17.9 (−7.8) |
27.9 (−2.3) |
38.8 (3.8) |
50.4 (10.2) |
60.9 (16.1) |
66.1 (18.9) |
63.7 (17.6) |
53.3 (11.8) |
40.6 (4.8) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
16.4 (−8.7) |
39.78 (4.32) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −33 (−36) |
−26 (−32) |
−19 (−28) |
3 (−16) |
24 (−4) |
39 (4) |
45 (7) |
39 (4) |
26 (−3) |
3 (−16) |
−15 (−26) |
−27 (−33) |
−33 (−36) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 0.64 (16.3) |
0.77 (19.6) |
1.93 (49) |
2.71 (68.8) |
4.29 (109) |
4.34 (110.2) |
3.40 (86.4) |
3.48 (88.4) |
3.02 (76.7) |
1.97 (50) |
1.43 (36.3) |
0.95 (24.1) |
28.93 (734.8) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 6.1 (15.5) |
5.9 (15) |
4.7 (11.9) |
1.3 (3.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.7 (1.8) |
2.1 (5.3) |
5.9 (15) |
26.8 (68.1) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.4 | 5.7 | 8.1 | 9.5 | 11.8 | 10.4 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 95.2 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.0 | 4.2 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 18.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 176.7 | 169.5 | 210.8 | 237.0 | 272.8 | 315.0 | 328.6 | 294.5 | 237.0 | 217.0 | 156.0 | 145.7 | 2,760.6 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA (temps, precip. and snowfall, records 1887–2012)[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1961–1990)[11] | |||||||||||||
Law and government[link]
Lincoln has a mayor-council government. The mayor and a seven-member city council are selected in nonpartisan elections. Four members are elected from city council districts; the remaining three members are elected at-large. Lincoln's health, personnel, and planning departments are joint city/county agencies; most city and Lancaster County offices are located in the County/City Building.
Since Lincoln is the state capital, many Nebraska state agencies and offices are located in Lincoln, as are several United States Government agencies and offices. The city lies within the Lincoln Public Schools school district; the primary law enforcement agency for the city is the Lincoln Police Department. The Lincoln Fire and Rescue Department shoulders the city's fire fighting and ambulatory services while outlying areas of the city are supported by volunteer fire fighting units.
The city's public library system is Lincoln City Libraries, which has eight branches. Lincoln City Libraries circulates more than three million items per year to the residents of Lincoln and Lancaster County. Lincoln City Libraries is also home to Polley Music Library and the Jane Pope Geske Heritage Room of Nebraska authors.
Economy[link]
Lincoln's economy is fairly typical of a mid-sized American city; most economic activity is derived from service industries. The state government and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln are both large contributors to the local economy. Other prominent industries in Lincoln include medical, banking, information technology, education, call centers, insurance (such as Allstate Insurance subsidiary Lincoln Benefit Life), and rail and truck transport.
One of the largest employers is the BryanLGH Medical Center, which consists of two major hospitals and several large outpatient facilities located across the city. Healthcare and medical jobs account for a substantial portion of Lincoln's employment: as of 2009, full-time healthcare employees in the city included 9,010 healthcare practitioners in technical occupations, 4,610 workers in healthcare support positions, 780 licensed and vocational nurses, and 150 medical and clinical laboratory technicians.[12]
Several national business were originally established in Lincoln; these include student lender Nelnet, Fort Western Stores and HobbyTown USA. Several regional restaurant chains began in Lincoln, including Amigos/Kings Classic, Runza Restaurants, and Valentino's.
Transportation[link]
_(2179171500).jpg)
Rail[link]
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Lincoln, operating its California Zephyr daily in each direction between Chicago and Emeryville, California, across the bay from San Francisco.
Bus[link]
A public bus transit system, StarTran, operates in Lincoln. StarTran's fleet consists of 60 full-sized buses and 9 Handi-Vans.[13]
Air[link]
The Lincoln Airport provides passengers with daily non-stop service to United Airlines hubs O'Hare International Airport and Denver International Airport as well as Delta Air Lines hub Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport. Regional jet service on Delta Air Lines to Salt Lake City and Atlanta was discontinued in 2009. In the past Allegiant Air departed Wednesdays and Saturdays to McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas aboard their fleet of MD-80s. However, this service has ended in Lincoln and has been transferred to the Central Nebraska Regional Airport. The Lincoln Airport is also among the emergency landing sites for the NASA Space Shuttle.
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1870 | 2,441 |
|
|
| 1880 | 13,003 | 432.7% | |
| 1890 | 55,164 | 324.2% | |
| 1900 | 40,169 | −27.2% | |
| 1910 | 43,973 | 9.5% | |
| 1920 | 54,948 | 25.0% | |
| 1930 | 75,933 | 38.2% | |
| 1940 | 81,984 | 8.0% | |
| 1950 | 98,884 | 20.6% | |
| 1960 | 128,521 | 30.0% | |
| 1970 | 149,518 | 16.3% | |
| 1980 | 171,932 | 15.0% | |
| 1990 | 191,972 | 11.7% | |
| 2000 | 225,581 | 17.5% | |
| 2010 | 258,379 | 14.5% | |
| source:[14][15] | |||
As of the census of 2010, there were 258,379 people, 103,546 households, and 60,300 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 86.0% White, 3.8% Black or African American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.5% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.
There were 103,546 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 29.6% of all householders lived alone.[16]
In the city the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 16.4% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $40,605, and the median income for a family was $52,558. Men had a median income of $33,899 versus $25,402 for women. The per capita income for the city was $20,984. About 5.8% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
The U.S. Government designated Lincoln as a refugee-friendly city due to its stable economy, educational institutions, and size. Since then, refugees from Vietnam settled in Lincoln, and further waves came from other countries.[17]
Sites of interest[link]
- Nebraska State Capitol: designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20 ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn (sculptor: Lee Lawrie), to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals depicting the Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge.[18]
- Alice Abel Arboretum
- American Historical Society of Germans from Russia Museum
- Lincoln Children's Museum[19]
- Lincoln Children's Zoo[20]
- Fairview Home, home of William Jennings Bryan
- Frank H. Woods Telephone Museum
- Governor's Mansion
- Haymarket Park
- Historic Haymarket
- Hyde Observatory
- Ice Box
- Iron Horse Park in the Haymarket
- James Arthur Vineyards
- Joshua C. Turner Arboretum
- Maxwell Arboretum
- Museum of American Speed[21]
- National Museum of Roller Skating and the offices of USA Roller Sports
- Museum of Nebraska History
- Thomas P. Kennard House
- Nebraska Statewide Arboretum
- Pioneers Park Nature Center
- Schleich Red Wing Pottery Museum[22]
- State Fair Park Arboretum
- Sunken Gardens (Nebraska)[23]
- Downtown Lincoln (Nebraska)[24]
- Veterans Memorial Garden
- Wyuka Cemetery
University of Nebraska–Lincoln[link]
- Bob Devaney Sports Center
- Great Plains Art Museum
- International Quilt Study Center & Museum
- The Kruger Collection in the College of Architecture
- Lentz Center for Asian Culture
- Lester F. Larsen Tractor Test & Power Museum
- Lied Center for Performing Arts
- Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center, aka The Ross
- Memorial Stadium: Home of the Cornhuskers football team, the stadium was built in 1923.
- The Robert Hillestad Textiles gallery [1]
- Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery: built in the early 1960s; architect Philip Johnson.
- UNL Dairy Store
- University of Nebraska State Museum: home to an extensive collection of Nebraska fossils
Education[link]
Primary and secondary education[link]
Lincoln Public Schools is the sole public school district in the city. There are six traditional high schools in the district: Lincoln High, East, Northeast, North Star, Southeast, and Southwest. Additionally, Lincoln Public Schools is home to special interest high schools including the Arts and Humanities Focus Program, the Zoo School, the Information Technology Focus Program, and the Entrepreneurship Focus Program.
There are several private parochial elementary and middle schools located throughout the community. These schools, like Lincoln Public Schools, are broken into districts, but most will allow attendance outside of boundary lines.
Private high schools located in Lincoln are College View Academy, Lincoln Christian, Lincoln Lutheran, Parkview Christian and Pius X High School.
Colleges and universities[link]
The University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the flagship campus of the University of Nebraska system, is the largest university in Nebraska. Other colleges and universities based in Lincoln are: BryanLGH College of Health Sciences, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Southeast Community College and Union College.
Colleges and universities with satellite locations in Lincoln are Bellevue University, Concordia University, Nebraska, College of Saint Mary, Doane College, and Kaplan University.
Sports teams[link]
Lincoln is best known for the university's football team, the Nebraska Cornhuskers. In total, the University of Nebraska fields 21 men's and women's teams in 14 NCAA Division I sports. Other sports teams are the Lincoln Saltdogs, an American Association independent minor league baseball team; the Lincoln Stars, a USHL junior ice hockey team. Lincoln is also home to the No Coast Derby Girls, a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.
Arts, entertainment and culture[link]
Lincoln's primary venues for live music include: Pershing Auditorium (large tours and national acts), Bourbon Theatre, Duffy's Tavern, Red9 (opened in 2009, previously P.O. Pears), Knickerbockers, Duggan's Pub (local and regional acts; smaller venues), and the Zoo Bar (blues). The Pla-Mor Ballroom is a staple of Lincoln's music and dance scene, featuring its house band, the award-winning Sandy Creek Band.
The Lied Center is a venue for national tours of Broadway productions, concert music, and guest lectures. Lincoln has several performing arts venues. Plays are staged by UNL students in the Temple Building; community theater productions are held at the Lincoln Community Playhouse, the Loft at The Mill, and the Haymarket Theater.
For movie viewing, Marcus Theatres owns 32 screens at four locations, and the University of Nebraska's Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center shows independent and foreign films. Standalone cinemas in Lincoln include the Joyo Theater and Rococo Theater. The Rococo Theater also hosts benefits and other engagements.
The downtown section of O Street is Lincoln's primary bar and nightclub district.
Lincoln is the hometown of Zager and Evans, known for their international No. 1 hit record, "In the Year 2525". It is also the home town of several notable musical groups, such as Remedy Drive, VOTA, the Bathtub Dogs, For Against, Lullaby for the Working Class, Ideal Cleaners, Matthew Sweet, Dirtfedd and The Show is the Rainbow. Lincoln is also home to Maroon 5 guitarist James Valentine.
Annual events[link]
- March: Nebraska high school state boys' and girls' basketball tournaments
- Mid April: ConStellation Science Fiction convention
- First Sunday in May: Lincoln Marathon
- May 13 – July 17: Live thoroughbred horse racing at Lincoln Race Course[25]
- Early May- Late October: The Farmers' Market in the Haymarket district.
- Early June: Cornhusker Boys' State and Cornhusker Girls' State
- Mid June: Formula SAE Lincoln http://students.sae.org/competitions/formulaseries/west/
- Mid July: Shrine Bowl state high school All-Star football game in Memorial Stadium.
- Tuesday evenings in June: Jazz in June, an outdoor summer concert series
- Third Friday in June, July, and August: Dock Stock[26]
- Late June: International Thespian Festival of the International Thespian Society at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Thursday evenings in July: Movies on the Green, movies shown on the green space near Kimball Hall
- Early August: Lancaster County Fair
- Second weekend in August: Capital City Ribfest
- Late August: Annual Zombie Walk and Zombie Fest
- Late August to late November: Nebraska Cornhuskers football
- Early September: Sports Car Club of America Solo National Championship[27] Autocross
- Late September/Early October: Lincoln Calling – Music Festival.
- Early November: Nebraska high school state football championships at Memorial Stadium
- Early to mid-November: Anime NebrasKon (has since moved to Omaha, Nebraska)
Local media[link]
Television[link]
Lincoln has four licensed broadcast television stations:
- KLKN (Channels 8 and 31; 8.1 DT) – ABC; LWN affiliate 8.2
- KOLN (Channel 10; 10.1 DT) – CBS affiliate; MyTV 10.2
- KUON (Channel 12) – PBS affiliate, NET Television flagship station
- KFXL (Channel 51) – Fox
The headquarters of Nebraska Educational Telecommunications (NET), which is affiliated with the Public Broadcasting Service, National Public Radio and Public Radio International, are in Lincoln.
Lincoln is one of the few cities without its own NBC affiliate; Omaha's WOWT-TV serves as the city's default NBC affiliate on cable, while Hastings' KHAS-TV is available in satellite locals packages. Most of Omaha's other television stations can also be picked up in Lincoln with an antenna, and all are available on cable.
Lincoln also has analog TV translators for 3ABN on channel 27 and TBN on channel 29.
Radio[link]
There are 22 radio stations in Lincoln.
FM stations include:
- KLCV (88.5) – Religious talk
- KNBE (88.9) – Religious talk and gospel
- KZUM (89.3) – Independent Community Radio
- KFLV (89.9) – Contemporary Christian
- KRNU (90.3) – Alternative / College radio UNL
- KUCV (91.1) – National Public Radio
- K220GT (91.9) – Contemporary Christian
- KTGL (92.9) – Classic Rock
- KJFT-LP (93.7) – Chinese-language Religious
- KNTK (93.7) – Sports
- K233AN (94.5) – Contemporary Christian
- KRKR (95.1) – Contemporary Christian
- KZKX (96.9) – Country
- KFGE (98.1) – Country
- KOOO (101.9) – Classic pop (Licensed to Lincoln; targeting Omaha)
- KVSS (102.7) – Catholic Radio
- KIBZ (104.1) – Active Rock
- KLNC (105.3) – Adult Hits
- KFRX (106.3) – Top-40
- KBBK (107.3) – Hot AC
AM stations include:
Most areas of Lincoln also receive radio signals from Omaha and other surrounding communities.
Print[link]
The Lincoln Journal Star is the city's major daily newspaper. The Daily Nebraskan is the official campus paper of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The DailyER Nebraskan is the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's biweekly satirical paper. The Clocktower is the official campus paper of Union College.
People[link]
- Michael Biehn, actor.
- Dan Brown, video blogger and entertainer with an audience of over 250,000 daily subscribers.
- Nancy Coover Andreasen, prominent neuroscientist and neuropsychiatrist, was born in Lincoln.
- Johnny Carson, television host and comedian, was raised in Norfolk, Nebraska, but attended college at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
- Joba Chamberlain, pitcher for the New York Yankees, was born in Lincoln and graduated from Lincoln Northeast High School.
- Dick Cheney, Vice President of the United States under George W. Bush, Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush, and former CEO of Halliburton, was born in Lincoln but raised in Casper, Wyoming.
- Amasa Cobb, U.S. Representative from Wisconsin.
- Amy Sue Cooper, U.S. Model, and Playboy Cyber Girl of the Year 2005.
- Richard Cowan, United States Army soldier during World War II and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor.
- Mary Doyle, theatre actress who appeared on TV between TV credits from 1956 to 1982. She was born in Lincoln and was the sister of the late TV actor David Doyle.
- Mignon G. Eberhart, author of mystery novels.
- Loren Eiseley, anthropologist, science writer, ecologist, and poet. He published books of essays, biographies, and general science in the 1950s through the 1970s.
- Alex Gordon, MLB player, was born and raised in Lincoln.
- Lars Krutak, tattoo anthropologist, writer, photographer.
- Louise Le Baron Opera singer and Lincoln voice teacher.
- Verne Lewellen, NFL player for the Green Bay Packers.
- Gilbert N. Lewis, physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond.
- Gordon MacRae, actor.
- Dirk Obbink, Lecturer in Papyrology and Greek Literature at Oxford University and head of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project.
- Roscoe Pound, distinguished legal scholar and educator.
- Shawn Redhage, basketball player for the Perth Wildcats, grew up in Lincoln but represented Australia at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
- Barrett Ruud, NFL linebacker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
- Bo Ruud, NFL linebacker for the Cleveland Browns.
- Brandon Sanderson, fantasy author.
- Lindsey Shaw, actress known for her starring roles as Jennifer Mosely on Nickelodeon's sitcom, Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, and Claire Tolchuck in Aliens in America.
- The Show is the Rainbow
- Samuel K. Sloan, pioneer news director for the award-winning Slice of SciFi podcast and Sirius – XM satellite program.
- Ted Sorensen, President John F. Kennedy’s special counsel and adviser, legendary speechwriter, and alter ego, whom Kennedy once called his “intellectual blood bank.”
- Alex Stivrins, NBA player for the Seattle SuperSonics, Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Clippers, Milwaukee Bucks, and Atlanta Hawks.
- Charles Starkweather, spree killer who murdered 11 victims in Nebraska and Wyoming during a road trip with his underage girlfriend Caril Ann Fugate.
- Hilary Swank, two-time Academy Award–winning actress, was born in Lincoln.
- Matthew Sweet, solo pop rock artist.
- James Valentine, guitarist for the band Maroon 5, was born and raised in Lincoln.
- Ryland Steen, drummer for the ska punk band Reel Big Fish.
- Robert Van Pelt, U.S. District Judge in the District of Nebraska.
- VOTA, contemporary Christian rock band signed to INO records.
- Don Wilson, announcer and occasional actor in radio and television.
- William N. Weins, Distinguished Professor and Metallurgist for the University of Nebraska. Noted for his restoration projects on the U.S.S. Arizona and the C.S.S. Hunley. Helped pioneer E85 Ethanol.
- Mary Zimmerman, award-winning theatre director and playwright.
- Brandon Teena, transgender murder victim.
- Janine Turner, actress on Northern Exposure, was born in Lincoln.
- Tosca Lee, award-winning Christian fiction author of Demon: A Memoir and Havah: The Story of Eve.
- Milton I. Wick, organized a book business in Lincoln, Nebraska, that employed college students to sell books to farmers during the summer months. The enterprise was so successful that it was expanded to Iowa, Missouri and Kansas, employing more than 500 students during the three years of its existence. Mr. Wick later founded Wick Communications Company.
- Ira J. McDonald, treasurer of the former Havelock, Nebraska
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Founded as "Lancaster".
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (CBSA-EST2006-01)" (CSV). 2006 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 5, 2007. http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Lincoln Convention and Visitors Bureau | Why Visit Lincoln? | History". Lincoln.org. http://www.lincoln.org/visiting/whyvisit/history. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "Capitol Beach, Lincoln, Nebraska Zip Code Boundary Map (NE)". Zipmap.net. http://www.zipmap.net/Nebraska/Lancaster_County/Z_Capitol_Beach.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "Gaslight Village Populated Place Profile / Lancaster County, Nebraska Data". Nebraska.hometownlocator.com. http://nebraska.hometownlocator.com/ne/lancaster/gaslight-village.cfm. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ a b "Climatology of the United States No. 20: LINCOLN AP, NE 1971–2000" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 2011. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ne/254795.pdf. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=oax. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Lincoln". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/lincoln_e.htm. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ "Lincoln Career, Salary & Employment Info". http://www.collegedegreereport.com/cities/lincoln.
- ^ "InterLinc: StarTran Fact Sheet". Lincoln.ne.gov. http://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/pworks/startran/factsht.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 146.
- ^ "Subcounty population estimates: Nebraska 2000–2007" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090331144404/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-31.csv. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
- ^ "American FactFinder". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "'We've Found Peace in This Land'." Parade. October 10, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "Nebraska State Capitol, Lincoln, U.S.A.". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=126253. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ (nd) Lincoln Children's Museum website. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ (nd) Lincoln Children's Zoo website. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ (nd) Museum of American Speed website. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ (nd) Schleich Red Wing Pottery Museum website. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ (nd) Sunken Gardens webpage. City of Lincoln. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ (nd) Downtown Lincoln Association webpage. Downtown Lincoln Association. Retrieved 3/6/08.
- ^ "Lincoln Race Course – Lincoln, Nebraska". Lincolnracing.com. May 13, 2011. http://www.lincolnracing.com/lrc/index.asp. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "Historic Haymarket". Historichaymarket.info. http://www.historichaymarket.info/events/dock_stock.asp. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ Sports Car Club of America Website, Sports Car Club of America, Inc.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lincoln, Nebraska |
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Wikisource has the text of an Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.) article about Lincoln, Nebraska. |
- City of Lincoln, Nebraska
- Lincoln Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Lincoln travel guide from Wikitravel
- ExploreLincoln
- A Virtual Tour of The Nebraska State Capitol Building on Roundus
- Downtown Lincoln
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Nebraska (disambiguation).
| State of Nebraska | |||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): Cornhusker State | |||||
| Motto(s): Equality Before the Law | |||||
 |
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| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Demonym | Nebraskan | ||||
| Capital | Lincoln | ||||
| Largest city | Omaha | ||||
| Largest metro area | Omaha-Council Bluffs | ||||
| Area | Ranked 16th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 77,354 sq mi (200,520 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 210 miles (340 km) | ||||
| - Length | 430 miles (690 km) | ||||
| - % water | 0.7 | ||||
| - Latitude | 40° N to 43° N | ||||
| - Longitude | 95° 19' W to 104° 03' W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 38th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 1,842,641 (2011 est)[1] | ||||
| - Density | 24.0/sq mi (9.25/km2) Ranked 43rd in the U.S. |
||||
| - Median household income | $44,623 (20th) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Panorama Point[2][3] 5,427 ft (1654 m) |
||||
| - Mean | 2,600 ft (790 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Missouri River at Kansas border[2][3] 840 ft (256 m) |
||||
| Before statehood | Nebraska Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | March 1, 1867 (37th) | ||||
| Governor | Dave Heineman (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Rick Sheehy (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Nebraska Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | None (unicameral) | ||||
| - Lower house | None (unicameral) | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Ben Nelson (D) Mike Johanns (R) |
||||
| U.S. House delegation | Jeff Fortenberry (R) Lee Terry (R) Adrian M. Smith (R) (list) |
||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - most of state | Central: UTC-6/-5 | ||||
| - panhandle | Mountain: UTC-7/-6 | ||||
| Abbreviations | NE US-NE | ||||
| Website | www.nebraska.gov | ||||
Nebraska (i/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
Nebraska is identified with notables as varied as Fred Astaire, Malcolm X, Johnny Carson, Dick Cavett, Montgomery Clift, Henry Fonda, Buffalo Bill Cody, Warren Buffett, L. Ron Hubbard, Willa Cather, Marlon Brando and Alexander Payne. Kool-Aid was first formulated in Nebraska in 1927.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Nebraska gets its name from the archaic Otoe words Ñí Brásge, pronounced [ɲĩbɾasꜜkɛ] (contemporary Otoe Ñí Bráhge), or the Omaha Ní Btháska, pronounced [nĩbɫᶞasꜜka], meaning "flat water", after the Platte River that flows through the state.[4]
History[link]
Main article: History of Nebraska
Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the region along the rivers for thousands of years before European exploration. Historical Native American tribes living in Nebraska have included the Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and various branches of the Lakota (Sioux).
Long before the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806, French-Canadian explorers (including the Mallet brothers in 1739) traversed the territory of Nebraska on their way to trade in Santa Fe, then claimed by Spain.[5]
In 1819, the United States established Fort Atkinson as the first US Army post west of the Missouri River, just east of present-day Fort Calhoun. The army abandoned the fort in 1827 as migration moved further west.
European-American settlement did not begin in any numbers until after 1848 and the California Gold Rush. On May 30, 1854, the US Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories, divided by the Parallel 40° North, under the Kansas-Nebraska Act.[6] The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.[7] The territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha.
In the 1860s, after the US government forced many of the Native American tribes to cede their lands and settle on reservations, it opened large tracts of land to agricultural development by Europeans and Americans. Under the Homestead Act, thousands of new settlers migrated into Nebraska to claim free land granted by the federal government. Because so few trees grew on the prairies, many of the first farming settlers built their homes of sod, as had the Native Americans such as the Omaha. The first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood.[8]
Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1, 1867, and the capital was moved from Omaha to the center at Lancaster, later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln.
During the 1870s to the 1880s, Nebraska experienced a large growth in population. Several factors contributed to attracting new residents. The first was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing. This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area. The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies. Agricultural inventions such as barbed wire, wind mills, and the steel plow, combined with good weather, enabled settlers to make use of Nebraska as prime farming land. By the 1880s, Nebraska's population had soared to more than 450,000 people.[9]
The Arbor Day holiday was founded in Nebraska. The National Arbor Day Foundation is still headquartered in Nebraska City, with some offices in Lincoln.
In the late nineteenth century, many African Americans migrated from the South to Nebraska as part of the Great Migration, primarily to Omaha which offered working class jobs in meatpacking, the railroads and other industries. Omaha has a long history of civil rights activism. Blacks encountered discrimination from other Americans in Omaha and especially from recent European immigrants, ethnic whites who were competing for the same jobs. In 1912 African Americans founded the Omaha chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to work for improved conditions in the city and state. Activism has continued.
Since the 1960s, Native American activism in the state has increased, both through open protest, activities to build alliances with state and local governments, and in the slower, more extensive work of building tribal institutions and infrastructure. Native Americans in federally recognized tribes have pressed for self-determination, sovereignty and recognition. They have created community schools to preserve their cultures, as well as tribal colleges and universities. Tribal politicians have also collaborated with state and county officials on regional issues.
Geography[link]
The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. The state has 93 counties; it occupies the central portion of the Frontier Strip. Nebraska is split into two time zones. The Central Time zone comprises the eastern half of the state, while the western half observes Mountain Time. Three rivers cross the state from west to east. The Platte River, formed by the confluence of the North Platte and the South Platte, runs through the central portion of the state, the Niobrara River flows through the northern part, and the Republican River runs across the southern part.
Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice Age glaciers; the Dissected Till Plains were left behind after the glaciers retreated. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region.
The Great Plains occupy the majority of western Nebraska. The Great Plains region consists of several smaller, diverse land regions, including the Sandhills, the Pine Ridge, the Rainwater Basin, the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills. Panorama Point, at 5,424 feet (1,653 m), is the highest point in Nebraska; despite its name and elevation, it is a relatively low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders.
A past Nebraska tourism slogan was "Where the West Begins"; locations given for the beginning of the "West" include the Missouri River, the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln (where it is marked by a red brick star), the 100th meridian, and Chimney Rock. Nebraska is a triply landlocked state, as it does not border the ocean, nor do any of the states it borders, nor any that they border.[10]
Federal land management[link]
Areas under the management of the National Park Service include:
- Agate Fossil Beds National Monument near Harrison
- California National Historic Trail
- Chimney Rock National Historic Site near Bayard
- Homestead National Monument of America in Beatrice
- Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail
- Missouri National Recreational River near Ponca
- Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail
- Niobrara National Scenic River near Valentine
- Oregon National Historic Trail
- Pony Express National Historic Trail
- Scotts Bluff National Monument at Gering
Areas under the management of the National Forest Service include:
Climate[link]
Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska: the eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), and the western half, a semi-arid climate (Koppen BSk). The entire state experiences wide seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. Average temperatures are fairly uniform across Nebraska, with hot summers and generally cold winters, while average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about 31.5 inches (800 mm) in the southeast corner of the state to about 13.8 inches (350 mm) in the Panhandle. Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west. Snowfall across the state is fairly even, with most of Nebraska receiving between 25 and 35 inches (65 to 90 cm) of snow annually.[11] Nebraska's highest recorded temperature is 118 °F (48 °C) at Minden on July 24, 1936 and the lowest recorded temperature is −47 °F (−44 °C) at Camp Clarke on February 12, 1899.
Nebraska is in Tornado Alley; thunderstorms are common in the spring and summer months, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes happen primarily during the spring and summer, though they can also occur in the autumn. The chinook winds from the Rocky Mountains provide a temporary moderating effect on temperatures in western Nebraska during the winter months.[12][13]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1860 | 28,841 |
|
|
| 1870 | 122,993 | 326.5% | |
| 1880 | 452,402 | 267.8% | |
| 1890 | 1,062,656 | 134.9% | |
| 1900 | 1,066,300 | 0.3% | |
| 1910 | 1,192,214 | 11.8% | |
| 1920 | 1,296,372 | 8.7% | |
| 1930 | 1,377,963 | 6.3% | |
| 1940 | 1,315,834 | −4.5% | |
| 1950 | 1,325,510 | 0.7% | |
| 1960 | 1,411,330 | 6.5% | |
| 1970 | 1,483,493 | 5.1% | |
| 1980 | 1,569,825 | 5.8% | |
| 1990 | 1,578,385 | 0.5% | |
| 2000 | 1,711,263 | 8.4% | |
| 2010 | 1,826,341 | 6.7% | |
| Source: 1910–2010[14] | |||
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Nebraska was 1,842,641 on July 1, 2011, a 0.89% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[1] The center of population of Nebraska is in Polk County, in the city of Shelby.[15]
According to the 2010 Census, 86.1% of the population was White (82.1% non-Hispanic white), 4.5% was Black or African American, 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.2% from two or more races. 9.2% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[16]
As of 2004, the population of Nebraska included about 84,000 foreign-born residents (4.8% of the population).
| By race | White | Black | AIAN* | Asian | NHPI* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 (total population) | 93.53% | 4.48% | 1.32% | 1.58% | 0.11% |
| 2000 (Hispanic only) | 5.24% | 0.13% | 0.17% | 0.04% | 0.02% |
| 2005 (total population) | 93.06% | 4.82% | 1.31% | 1.85% | 0.11% |
| 2005 (Hispanic only) | 6.74% | 0.20% | 0.18% | 0.05% | 0.03% |
| Growth 2000–05 (total population) | 2.25% | 10.52% | 1.72% | 20.76% | 5.53% |
| Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) | 0.48% | 9.02% | 0.56% | 20.73% | 4.75% |
| Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) | 32.17% | 61.17% | 9.63% | 22.13% | 8.10% |
| * AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | |||||
The five largest ancestry groups in Nebraska are German (38.6%), Irish (12.4%), English (9.6%), Czech (5.5%), and Swedish (4.9%).
Nebraska has the largest Czech-American and non-Mormon Danish-American population (as a percentage of the total population) in the nation. German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most of the state, particularly in the eastern counties. Thurston County (made up entirely of the Omaha and Winnebago reservations) has an American Indian majority, and Butler County is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech-American plurality.
Rural flight[link]
Eighty-nine percent of the cities in Nebraska have fewer than 3,000 people. Nebraska shares this characteristic with five other Midwestern states: Kansas, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota, and Iowa. Hundreds of towns have a population of fewer than 1,000. Regional population declines have forced many rural schools to consolidate.
Fifty-three of Nebraska's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000, ranging from a 0.06% loss (Frontier County) to a 17.04% loss (Hitchcock County).
More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth. In 2000, the city of Omaha had a population of 390,007; in 2005, the city's estimated population was 414,521 (427,872 including the recently annexed city of Elkhorn), a 6.3% increase over five years. The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958. The city of Lincoln had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379, a 14.5% increase.
Religion[link]
The religious affiliations of the people of Nebraska are:
- Christian – 90%
- Catholic – 28%
- Lutheran – 16%
- Methodist – 11%
- Baptist – 9%
- Presbyterian – 4%
- Other Protestant – 21%
- Other Christian – 1%
- Non-religious – 9%
- Other religions – 1%
The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Catholic Church (372,791), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (128,570), the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (117,419) and the United Methodist Church (117,277).[17]
Taxation[link]
Nebraska has a progressive income tax. The portion of income from $0 to $2,400 is taxed at 2.56%; from $2,400 to $17,500, at 3.57%; from $17,500 to $27,000, at 5.12%; and income over $27,000, at 6.84%. The standard deduction for a single taxpayer is $5,700; the personal exemption is $118.[18]
Nebraska has a state sales tax of 5.5%. In addition to the state tax, some Nebraska cities assess a city sales and use tax, up to a maximum of 1.5%. One county in Nebraska, Dakota County, levies a sales tax.[19] All real property within the state of Nebraska is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. Since 1992, only depreciable personal property is subject to tax and all other personal property is exempt from tax. Inheritance tax is collected at the county level.
Economy[link]
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates of Nebraska's gross state product in 2010 was $89.8 billion.[20] Per capita personal income in 2004 was $31,339, 25th in the nation. Nebraska has a large agriculture sector, and is an important producer of beef, pork, corn (maize), soybeans, and sorghum. [21] Other important economic sectors include freight transport (by rail and truck), manufacturing, telecommunications, information technology, and insurance.
As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 4.6%.[22]
Industry[link]
Kool-Aid was created in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in the city of Hastings, which celebrates the event the second weekend of every August with Kool-Aid Days. Kool-Aid is the official soft drink of Nebraska.[23] CliffsNotes were developed by Clifton Hillegass of Rising City. He adapted his pamphlets from the Canadian publications, Coles Notes.
Omaha is home to Berkshire Hathaway, whose CEO Warren Buffett was ranked in March 2009 by Forbes magazine as the second richest person in the world. The city is also home to ConAgra, Mutual of Omaha, InfoUSA, TD Ameritrade, West Corporation, Valmont Industries, Woodmen of the World, Kiewit Corporation, and the Union Pacific Railroad. UNIFI Companies, Sandhills Publishing Company, and Duncan Aviation are based in Lincoln; The Buckle is based in Kearney. Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela's, a specialty retailer of outdoor goods.
The world's largest train yard, Union Pacific's Bailey Yard, is in North Platte. The Vise-Grip was invented by William Petersen in 1924, and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008.[24]
Lincoln's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet-Ski, ATV, and Mule lines of product. The facility employs more than 1200 people.
The Spade Ranch, in the Sand Hills, is one of Nebraska's oldest and largest beef cattle operations.
Transportation[link]
Railroads[link]
Further information: List of Nebraska railroads
Nebraska has a rich railroad history. The Union Pacific Railroad, headquartered in Omaha, was incorporated on July 1, 1862, in the wake of the Pacific Railway Act of 1862. Bailey Yard, in North Platte, is the largest railroad classification yard in the world. The route of the original transcontinental railroad runs through the state.
Other major railroads with operations in the state are: Amtrak; Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway; Canadian Pacific Railway; and Iowa Interstate Railroad.
Roads and highways[link]
Further information: List of Nebraska numbered highways
Interstate Highways through the State of Nebraska
The U.S. Routes in Nebraska
Law and government[link]
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Nebraska's government operates under the framework of the Nebraska Constitution, adopted in 1875,[25] and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Executive branch[link]
Further information: Governor of Nebraska
The head of the executive branch is the Governor Dave Heineman. Other elected officials in the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Rick Sheehy (elected on the same ticket as the Governor), Attorney General Jon Bruning, Secretary of State John A. Gale, State Treasurer Don Stenberg, and State Auditor Mike Foley. All elected officials in the executive branch serve four-year terms.
Legislative branch[link]
Further information: Nebraska Legislature and Nebraska State Capitol
Nebraska is the only state in the United States with a unicameral legislature. Although this house is officially known simply as the "Legislature", and more commonly called the "Unicameral", its members call themselves "senators". Nebraska's Legislature is also the only state legislature in the United States that is nonpartisan. The senators are elected with no party affiliation next to their names on the ballot, and the speaker and committee chairs are chosen at large, so that members of any party can be chosen for these positions. The Nebraska Legislature can also override a governor's veto with a three-fifths majority, in contrast to the two-thirds majority required in some other states.
The Nebraska Legislature meets in the third Nebraska State Capitol building, built between 1922 and 1932. It was designed by Bertram G. Goodhue. Built from Indiana limestone, the Capitol's base is a cross within a square. A 400-foot domed tower rises from this base. The Golden Sower, a 19-foot bronze statue representing agriculture, crowns the Capitol. The state Capitol is considered an architectural achievement and has been recognized by the American Institute of Architects.
| Nebraska state insignia | |
|---|---|
| Motto | Equality Before the Law |
| Slogan | Nebraska, possibilities...endless |
| Bird | Western meadowlark |
| Animal | White-tailed deer |
| Fish | Channel catfish |
| Insect | European honey bee |
| Flower | Goldenrod |
| Tree | Cottonwood |
| Song | "Beautiful Nebraska" |
| Quarter |  Released April 7, 2006 |
| Grass | Little bluestem |
| Beverage | Milk |
| Dance | Square dance |
| Fossil | Mammoth |
| Gemstone | Blue agate |
| Rock | Prairie agate |
| Soil | Holdrege series |
For years, US Senator George Norris and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature, and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum. Norris argued:
| “ | The constitutions of our various states are built upon the idea that there is but one class. If this be true, there is no sense or reason in having the same thing done twice, especially if it is to be done by two bodies of men elected in the same way and having the same jurisdiction. | ” |
Unicameral supporters also argued that a bicameral legislature had a significant undemocratic feature in the committees that reconciled Assembly and Senate legislation. Votes in these committees were secretive, and would sometimes add provisions to bills that neither house had approved. Nebraska's unicameral legislature today has rules that bills can contain only one subject, and must be given at least five days of consideration.
In 1934, due in part to the budgetary pressure of the Great Depression, Nebraska citizens ran a state initiative to vote on a unicameral legislature, which was approved. In effect, the Assembly (the house) was abolished; as noted, today's Nebraska state legislators are commonly referred to as "Senators".
Judicial branch[link]
Further information: Nebraska Supreme Court
The judicial system in Nebraska is unified, with the Nebraska Supreme Court having administrative authority over all Nebraska courts. Nebraska uses the Missouri Plan for the selection of judges at all levels. The lowest courts in Nebraska are the county courts, above that are twelve district courts (containing one or more counties). The Court of Appeals hears appeals from the district courts, juvenile courts, and workers' compensation courts. The Nebraska Supreme Court is the final court of appeal.
In 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court ruled that the state's only method of execution, electrocution, was in conflict with the state's constitution. For the next year, Nebraska had no active death-penalty law. (Prior to that ruling, Nebraska was the only place in the world that used electrocution as the sole method of execution.) In May 2009, the legislature passed and the governor signed a bill that changed the method of execution in Nebraska to lethal injection, enabling capital punishment.[26] Executions in Nebraska have been infrequent; none have been carried out in the 21st century. During the last few decades, residents have considered a moratorium on, or complete abolition of, capital punishment.
Federal government representation[link]
Further information: United States congressional delegations from Nebraska
Nebraska's U.S. senators are Mike Johanns (R), the junior senator, and Ben Nelson (D), the senior senator.
Nebraska has three representatives in the House of Representatives: Jeff Fortenberry (R) of the 1st district; Lee Terry (R) of the 2nd district; and Adrian M. Smith (R) of the 3rd district.
Nebraska is one of two states (with Maine) that allow for a split in the state's allocation of electoral votes in presidential elections. Under a 1991 law, two of Nebraska's five votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide popular vote, while the other three go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's three congressional districts.
Politics[link]
Further information: United States presidential election, 2004, in Nebraska, Nebraska gubernatorial election, 2006, Nebraska United States Senate election, 2006 and Political party strength in Nebraska
For most of its history, Nebraska has been a solidly Republican state. Republicans have carried the state in all but one presidential election since 1940: the 1964 landslide election of Lyndon B. Johnson. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won the state's five electoral votes by a margin of 33 percentage points (making Nebraska's the fourth-strongest Republican vote among states) with 65.9% of the overall vote; only Thurston County, which is majority-Native American, voted for his Democratic challenger John Kerry. In 2008, the state split its electoral votes for the first time: Republican John McCain won the popular vote in Nebraska as a whole and two of its three congressional districts; the second district, which includes the city of Omaha, went for Democrat Barack Obama.
Despite the current Republican domination of Nebraska politics, the state has a long tradition of electing centrist members of both parties to state and federal office; examples include George Norris (who served few years in the Senate as an independent), J. James Exon, and Bob Kerrey. Voters have tilted to the right in recent years with the election of conservative Mike Johanns to the US Senate and the re-election of Ben Nelson, who is currently considered the most conservative Democrat in the US Senate.
Former President Gerald Ford, a Republican and Michigan resident, was born in Nebraska. Illinois native William Jennings Bryan represented Nebraska in Congress and unsuccessfully ran for President as a Democrat from Nebraska three times.
Important cities and towns[link]
As of the 2010 Census, there are 530 cities and villages in the state of Nebraska. There are five classifications of cities and villages in Nebraska, which is based upon population. All population figures are 2010 Census Bureau estimates.
Largest cities[link]
Metropolitan Class City (300,000 or more)
- Omaha – 408,958
Primary Class City (100,000 - 299,999)
- Lincoln – 258,379
First Class City (5,000 - 99,999)
- Bellevue – 50,137
- Grand Island – 48,520
- Kearney – 30,787
- Fremont – 26,397
- Hastings – 24,907
- North Platte – 24,733
- Norfolk – 24,210
- Columbus – 22,111
- Papillion – 18,894
- La Vista – 15,758
- Scottsbluff – 15,039
- South Sioux City – 13,353
- Beatrice – 12,459
- Lexington – 10,230
- Gering – 8,500
- Alliance – 8,491
- Blair – 7,990
- York – 7,766
- McCook - 7,698
- Nebraska City - 7,289
- Seward - 6,964
- Crete - 6,960
- Sidney - 6,757
- Plattsmouth - 6,502
- Schuyler - 6,211
- Ralston - 5,943
- Chadron - 5,851
- Wayne - 5,660
- Holdrege - 5,495
Second Class Cities (800 - 4,999) and Villages (100 - 800) make up the rest of the communities in Nebraska. There are 116 second class cities and 382 villages in the state.
Urban areas[link]
| Metropolitan areas | Micropolitan areas | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
Other areas
- Grand Island, Hastings and Kearney comprise the "Tri-Cities" area, with a combined population of 163,399.
- The northeast corner of Nebraska is part of the Siouxland region.
Education[link]
Colleges and universities[link]
|
Community Colleges |
Private colleges/universities
|
Further information: Colleges and universities of Omaha, Nebraska
Culture[link]
- Arbor Day was founded by J. Sterling Morton; the National Arbor Day Foundation has its headquarters near his home in Nebraska City.
- The swing in the Hebron, Nebraska city park at 5th and Jefferson streets is claimed to be the world's largest porch swing, long enough to fit 18 adults or 26 children.
- Nebraska Huskers football influences many of Nebraska's residents. During home football games, Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, with a capacity of 85,500, becomes larger than Nebraska's third-largest city.[27]
- Job's Daughters was founded in Omaha in 1920 by Ethel T. Wead Mick. There are now bethels in Canada, Australia, Brazil, and Philippines.
Sports[link]
Further information: Sports in Nebraska
- Professional sports
- Lincoln Saltdogs – American Association (independent minor league baseball)
- Nebraska Danger – Indoor Football League
- Omaha Beef – Indoor Football League
- Omaha Storm Chasers – Pacific Coast League (AAA minor league baseball; affiliate of the Kansas City Royals)
- Omaha Nighthawks – United Football League
- Omaha Vipers – Major Indoor Soccer League
- NCAA Division I college sports
- Creighton Bluejays
- Nebraska Cornhuskers
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (currently ice hockey only; all other sports moving to Division I in fall 2012)
- NCAA Division II college sports[28]
- University of Nebraska at Kearney Antelopes (Lopers)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha Mavericks
- Wayne State College Wildcats
- Chadron State College Eagles
- Junior-level sports: United States Hockey League
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
References[link]
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Koontz, John. "Etymology". Siouan Languages. http://spot.colorado.edu/~koontz/faq/etymology.htm. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
- ^ "Nebraska", Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910
- ^ Interactive Media Group - Nebraska Educational Telecommunications. "1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act signed". Nebraskastudies.unl.edu. http://nebraskastudies.unl.edu/0500/frameset_reset.html?http://nebraskastudies.unl.edu/0500/stories/0502_0100.html. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper Utah: Everton Publishers, 2002).
- ^ Marsha Hoffman and Dwight A. Radford, “Nebraska,” Redbook: American State, County, and Town Sources, 3rd ed. (Provo: Ancestry, 2004), 408.
- ^ Redbook
- ^ Note that Nebraska's designation as a "triply landlocked" state does not consider the fact that Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois have ports on the shores of the Great Lakes that have access to the seas.
- ^ http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/products/atlas.html
- ^ "Nebraska Climate Office | Applied Climate Science | SNR | UNL". Nebraskaclimateoffice.unl.edu. July 23, 2009. http://www.nebraskaclimateoffice.unl.edu/weather.summary.Dec99. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Climate – Twin Cities Development Association, Inc. – Nebraska: Scottsbluff, Gering, TerryTown, Mitchell, Bayard". Tcdne.org. http://www.tcdne.org/climate.htm. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
- ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data - 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/31000.html
- ^ "State Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
- ^ "State Individual Income Tax Rates, 2000–2010". The Tax Foundation. March 25, 2010. http://www.taxfoundation.org/publications/show/228.html. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about Nebraska Sales and Use Tax". Nebraska Department of Revenue. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "GDP by State". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- ^ "Nebraska State Agriculture Overview – 2006" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Ag_Overview/AgOverview_NE.pdf. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ "History: Kool-Aid: Hastings Museum". Hastings Museum<!. http://www.hastingsmuseum.org/koolaid/kahistory.htm. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
- ^ Jirovsky, Kristin. "Owner of Nail Jack Tools wants to share former Vise-Grip plant", Lincoln Journal-Star. Jan 8, 2009.
- ^ "Nebraska as a State". Andreas's History of the State of Nebraska.. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
- ^ Volentine, Jason (May 28, 2009). "Nebraska Changes Execution Method to Lethal Injection". KOLN. http://www.kolnkgin.com/political/headlines/46424547.html. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
- ^ "Nebraska Lost, Nebraska Found". Sports Illustrated. April 21, 2008. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1128181/index.htm. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
- ^ "NCAA Division II Home Page". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Archived from the original on August 22, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070822001230/http://www.siue.edu/ATHLETIC/d2/alpha.html. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
Bibliography[link]
Surveys[link]
- Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains, Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-227-7.
- Olson James C. and Ronald C. Naugle, History of Nebraska 2nd ed (1997)
- Andreas, Alfred T., History of the State of Nebraska (1882) (a highly detailed history)
- Creigh, Dorothy Weyers. Nebraska: A Bicentennial History (1977)
- Faulkner, Virginia, ed. Roundup: A Nebraska Reader (1957)
- Hickey, Donald R. Nebraska Moments: Glimpses of Nebraska's Past (1992).
- Miewald, Robert D., Nebraska Government & Politics (1984)
- Luebke Frederick C. Nebraska: An Illustrated History (1995)
- Morton, J. Sterling, ed. Illustrated History of Nebraska: A History of Nebraska from the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region. 3 vols. (1905–13)
- Wishart, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8032-4787-7. complete text online; 900 pages of scholarly articles
- Nebraska: A Guide to the Cornhusker State, WPA Guide, 1939; scanned online edition
Scholarly special studies[link]
- Barnhart, John D. "Rainfall and the Populist Party in Nebraska." American Political Science Review 19 (1925): 527–40. in JSTOR
- Beezley, William H. "Homesteading in Nebraska, 1862–1872", Nebraska History 53 (spring 1972): 59–75
- Bentley, Arthur F. "The Condition of the Western Farmer as Illustrated by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township." Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 11 (1893): 285–370
- Cherny, Robert W. Populism, Progressivism, and the Transformation of Nebraska Politics, 1885–1915 (1981)
- Bogue Allen G. Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border (1955)
- Brunner, Edmund de S. Immigrant Farmers and Their Children (1929)
- Chudacoff, Howard P. Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, 1880–1920 (1972)
- Chudacoff, Howard P. "A New Look at Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium-sized City." Journal of American History 60 (1973): 76–93. about Omaha; in JSTOR
- Coletta, Paolo E. William Jennings Bryan. 3 vols. (1964–69)
- Dick, Everett. The Sod-House Frontier: 1854–1890 (1937)
- Farragher, John Mack. Women and Men on the Overland Trail (1979)
- Fuller, Wayne E. The Old Country School: The Story of Rural Education in the Midwest (1982)
- Grant, Michael Johnston. "Down and Out on the Family Farm" (2002)
- Harper, Ivy. Walzing Matilda: Life and Times of Nebraska Senator Robert Kerrey (1992)
- Holter, Don W. Flames on the Plains: A History of United Methodism in Nebraska (1983)
- Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1880 (1979)
- Klein, Maury. Union Pacific: The Birth of a Railroad, 1862–1893 (1986)
- Klein, Maury. Union Pacific: The Rebirth, 1894–1969 (1989)
- Larsen, Lawrence H. The Gate City: A History of Omaha (1982)
- Lowitt, Richard. George W. Norris 3 vols. (1971)
- Luebke, Frederick C. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900 (1969)
- Luebke, Frederick C. "The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910–1917." Nebraska History 49 (1969): 165–85
- Olson, James C. J. Sterling Morton (1942)
- Overton, Richard C. Burlington West: A Colonization History of the Burlington Railroad (1941)
- Parsons Stanley B. "Who Were the Nebraska Populists?" Nebraska History 44 (1963): 83–99
- Pierce, Neal. The Great Plains States (1973)
- Pederson, James F., and Kenneth D. Wald. Shall the People Rule? A History of the Democratic Party in Nebraska Politics (1972)
- Riley, Glenda. The Female Frontier. A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (1978)
- Wenger, Robert W. "The Anti-Saloon League in Nebraska Politics, 1898–1910." Nebraska History 52 (1971): 267–92
External links[link]
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- Nebraska state government
- Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism
- Energy Profile for Nebraska
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Nebraska
- U.S. Census Bureau
- Nebraska State Facts
- Nebraska Frequently Asked Questions
- Nebraska State Publications Online
- Nebraska city-data
- Nebraska at the Open Directory Project
- nebraskastudies.org – History of Nebraska from Nebraska Department of Education, Nebraska State Historical Society, and NET
- Nebraska State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Nebraska state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
Geographic data related to Nebraska at OpenStreetMap
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| Preceded by Nevada |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on March 1, 1867 (37th) |
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Coordinates: 41°30′N 100°00′W / 41.5°N 100°W / 41.5; -100
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Frank Zappa | |
|---|---|
 Zappa performing in Ekeberghallen, Oslo, on January 16, 1977 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Frank Vincent Zappa |
| Born | (1940-12-21)December 21, 1940 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | December 4, 1993(1993-12-04) (aged 52) Los Angeles, California, U.S. due to prostate cancer |
| Genres | Rock, experimental, jazz, classical |
| Occupations | Composer, musician, conductor, producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, synclavier, bicycle, drums |
| Years active | 1955–1993 |
| Labels | Verve, Bizarre, Straight, DiscReet, Zappa, Barking Pumpkin |
| Associated acts | The Mothers of Invention Captain Beefheart Steve Vai |
| Website | zappa.com |
| Notable instruments | |
Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, recording engineer, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for percussion-based avant-garde composers such as Edgard Varèse and 1950s rhythm and blues music. He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; he later switched to electric guitar.
He was a self-taught composer and performer, and his diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize. His 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, Freak Out!, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. His later albums shared this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was one of rock, jazz or classical. His lyrics—often humorously—reflected his iconoclastic view of established social and political processes, structures and movements. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion, and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech, self-education, political participation and the abolition of censorship.
Zappa was a highly productive and prolific artist and gained widespread critical acclaim. He had some commercial success, particularly in Europe, and for most of his career was able to work as an independent artist. He also remains a major influence on musicians and composers. Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. Zappa was married to Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman from 1960 to 1964. In 1967, he married Adelaide Gail Sloatman, with whom he remained until his death from prostate cancer in 1993. They had four children: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet Emuukha Rodan and Diva Thin Muffin Pigeen. Gail Zappa manages the businesses of her late husband under the name the Zappa Family Trust.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Frank Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on December 21, 1940. His mother, Rose Marie Colimore, was of Italian and French ancestry; his father, Francesco Vincente Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, and was of Greek and Arab ancestry.[2] Zappa was the eldest of four children.[3] The family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to Maryland, where Zappa's father worked at the Edgewood Arsenal chemical warfare facility of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Due to their home's proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home.[4] This had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work.[5]
Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches and sinus problems. A doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappa's nostrils; little was known about the potential dangers of even small amounts of therapeutic radiation.[6] Nasal imagery and references appear in his music and lyrics, as well as in the collage album covers created by his long-time collaborator Cal Schenkel.
Many of Zappa's childhood diseases may have been due to exposure to mustard gas. His health worsened when he lived in Baltimore.[4][6] In 1952, his family relocated for reasons of health.[7] They moved, next, to Monterey, California, where his father taught metallurgy at the Naval Postgraduate School. They soon moved to Claremont, then to El Cajon, before finally settling in San Diego.[8]
Musical influences[link]
"Since I didn't have any kind of formal training, it didn't make any difference to me if I was listening to Lightnin' Slim, or a vocal group called the Jewels ... , or Webern, or Varèse, or Stravinsky. To me it was all good music."
—Frank Zappa, 1989[9]
Zappa joined his first band at Mission Bay High School in San Diego. He was the band's drummer.[10] About the same time his parents bought a phonograph, which allowed him to develop his interest in music, and to begin building his record collection.[11] R&B singles were early purchases, starting a large collection he kept for the rest of his life.[12] He was interested in sounds for their own sake, particularly the sounds of drums and other percussion instruments. By age 12, he had obtained a snare drum and began learning the basics of orchestral percussion.[10] Zappa's deep interest in modern classical music began[13] when he read a LOOK magazine article about the Sam Goody record store chain that lauded its ability to sell an LP as obscure as The Complete Works of Edgard Varèse, Volume One.[14] The article described Varèse's percussion composition Ionisation, produced by EMS Recordings, as "a weird jumble of drums and other unpleasant sounds". Zappa decided to seek out Varèse's music. After searching for over a year, Zappa found a copy (he noticed the LP because of the "mad scientist" looking photo of Varèse on the cover). Not having enough money with him, he persuaded the salesman to sell him the record at a discount.[14] Thus began his lifelong passion for Varèse's music and that of other modern classical composers.
"The things that were happening in 1955 were cosmic ... in terms of music history."
—Frank Zappa, 1969 Pop Chronicles interview.[15]
Zappa grew up influenced by avant-garde composers such as Varèse, Halim El-Dabh,[16] Igor Stravinsky, and Anton Webern, R&B and doo-wop groups (including the Medallions[15] and local pachuco groups), and modern jazz. His own heterogeneous ethnic background, and the diverse social and cultural mix in and around greater Los Angeles, were crucial in the formation of Zappa as a practitioner of underground music and of his later distrustful and openly critical attitude towards "mainstream" social, political and musical movements. He frequently lampooned musical fads like psychedelia, rock opera and disco.[17][18] Television also exerted a strong influence, as demonstrated by quotations from show themes and advertising jingles found in his later works.[19]
Youth and beginning of career (1955–1960)[link]
By 1956, the Zappa family had moved to Lancaster, a small aerospace and farming town in the Antelope Valley of the Mojave Desert close to Edwards Air Force Base, in northern Los Angeles County. Zappa's mother encouraged him in his musical interests. Although she disliked Varèse's music, she was indulgent enough to give her son a long distance call to the composer as a 15th birthday present.[14] Unfortunately, Varèse was in Europe at the time, so Zappa spoke to the composer's wife. He later received a letter from Varèse thanking him for his interest, and telling him about a composition he was working on called "Déserts". Living in the desert town of Lancaster, Zappa found this very exciting. Varèse invited him to visit if he ever came to New York. The meeting never took place (Varèse died in 1965), but Zappa framed the letter and kept it on display for the rest of his life.[13][20]
At Antelope Valley High School, Zappa met Don Vliet (who later expanded his name to Don Van Vliet and adopted the stage name Captain Beefheart). Zappa and Vliet became close friends, sharing an interest in R&B records and influencing each other musically throughout their careers.[21] Around the same time, Zappa started playing drums in a local band, The Blackouts.[17] The band was racially diverse, and included Euclid James "Motorhead" Sherwood who later became a member of The Mothers of Invention. Zappa's interest in the guitar grew, and in 1957 he was given his first guitar. Among his early influences were Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Howlin' Wolf and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown.[22] (In the 1970s and '80s, he invited Watson to perform on several albums.) Zappa considered soloing as the equivalent of forming "air sculptures",[23] and developed an eclectic, innovative and highly personal style.
Zappa's interest in composing and arranging proliferated in his last high-school years. By his final year, he was writing, arranging and conducting avant-garde performance pieces for the school orchestra.[24] He graduated from Antelope Valley High School in 1958, and later acknowledged two of his music teachers on the sleeve of the 1966 album Freak Out![25] Due to his family's frequent moves, Zappa attended at least six different high schools, and as a student he was often bored and given to distracting the rest of the class with juvenile antics.[26] He left community college after one semester, and maintained thereafter a disdain for formal education, taking his children out of school at age 15 and refusing to pay for their college.[27]
Zappa left home in 1959, and moved into a small apartment in Echo Park, Los Angeles. After meeting Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman during his short stay at Pomona College, they moved in together in Ontario, and were married December 28, 1960.[28] Zappa worked for a short period in advertising. His sojourn in the commercial world was brief, but gave him valuable insights into how it works.[29] Throughout his career, he took a keen interest in the visual presentation of his work, designing some of his album covers and directing his own films and videos.
Early 1960s: Studio Z[link]
Zappa attempted to earn a living as a musician and composer, and played different nightclub gigs, some with a new version of The Blackouts.[30] Financially more rewarding were Zappa's earliest professional recordings, two soundtracks for the low-budget films The World's Greatest Sinner (1962) and Run Home Slow (1965). The former score was commissioned by actor-producer Timothy Carey and recorded in 1961. It contains many themes that appeared on later Zappa records.[31] The latter soundtrack was recorded in 1963 after the film was completed, but it was commissioned by one of Zappa's former high school teachers in 1959 and Zappa may have worked on it before the film was shot.[32] Excerpts from the soundtrack can be heard on the posthumous album The Lost Episodes (1996).
During the early 1960s, Zappa wrote and produced songs for other local artists, often working with singer-songwriter Ray Collins and producer Paul Buff. Their "Memories of El Monte" was recorded by The Penguins, although only Cleve Duncan of the original group was featured.[33] Buff owned the small Pal Recording Studio in Cucamonga, which included a unique five-track tape recorder he had built. At that time, only a handful of the most sophisticated commercial studios had multi-track facilities; the industry standard for smaller studios was still mono or two-track.[34] Although none of the recordings from the period achieved major commercial success, Zappa earned enough money to allow him to stage a concert of his orchestral music in 1963 and to broadcast and record it.[35] He appeared on Steve Allen's syndicated late night show the same year, in which he played a bicycle as a musical instrument.[36] With Captain Beefheart, Zappa recorded some songs under the name of The Soots. They were rejected by Dot Records for having "no commercial potential", a verdict Zappa subsequently quoted on the sleeve of Freak Out![37]
In 1964, after his marriage started to break up, he moved into the Pal studio and began routinely working 12 hours or more per day recording and experimenting with overdubbing and audio tape manipulation. This set a work pattern that endured for most of his life.[38] Aided by his income from film composing, Zappa took over the studio from Paul Buff, who was now working with Art Laboe at Original Sound. It was renamed Studio Z.[39] Studio Z was rarely booked for recordings by other musicians. Instead, friends moved in, notably James "Motorhead" Sherwood.[40] Zappa started performing as guitarist with a power trio, The Muthers, in local bars in order to support himself.[41]
An article in the local press describing Zappa as "the Movie King of Cucamonga" prompted the local police to suspect that he was making pornographic films.[42] In March 1965, Zappa was approached by a vice squad undercover officer, and accepted an offer of $100 to produce a suggestive audio tape for an alleged stag party. Zappa and a female friend recorded a faked erotic episode. When Zappa was about to hand over the tape, he was arrested, and the police stripped the studio of all recorded material.[42] The press was tipped off beforehand, and next day's The Daily Report wrote that "Vice Squad investigators stilled the tape recorders of a free-swinging, a-go-go film and recording studio here Friday and arrested a self-styled movie producer".[43] Zappa was charged with "conspiracy to commit pornography".[44] This felony charge was reduced and he was sentenced to six months in jail on a misdemeanor, with all but ten days suspended.[45] His brief imprisonment left a permanent mark, and was key in the formation of his anti-authoritarian stance.[46] Zappa lost several recordings made at Studio Z in the process, as the police only returned 30 out of 80 hours of tape seized.[47] Eventually, he could no longer afford to pay the rent on the studio and was evicted.[48] Zappa managed to recover some of his possessions before the studio was torn down in 1966.[49]
Late 1960s: The Mothers of Invention[link]
In 1965, Zappa was approached by Ray Collins who asked him to take over as the guitarist in local R&B band The Soul Giants, following a fight between Collins and the group's original guitarist.[3] Zappa accepted, and soon he assumed leadership and the role as co-lead singer (even though he never considered himself a singer[50]). He convinced the other members that they should play his music to increase the chances of getting a record contract.[51] The band was renamed The Mothers, coincidentally on Mother's Day.[52] The group increased their bookings after beginning an association with manager Herb Cohen, while they gradually gained attention on the burgeoning Los Angeles underground music scene.[53] In early 1966, they were spotted by leading record producer Tom Wilson when playing "Trouble Every Day", a song about the Watts Riots.[54] Wilson had earned acclaim as the producer for singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the folk-rock act Simon & Garfunkel, and was notable as one of the few African Americans working as a major label pop music producer at this time.
Wilson signed The Mothers to the Verve Records division of MGM Records, which had built up a strong reputation in the music industry for its releases of modern jazz recordings in the 1940s and 1950s, but was attempting to diversify into pop and rock audiences. Verve insisted that the band officially rename themselves because "Mother", in slang terminology, was short for "motherfucker" — a term that apart from its profane meanings can denote a skilled musician.[55] The label suggested the name "The Mothers Auxiliary", which prompted Zappa to come up with the name "The Mothers of Invention."
[edit] Debut album: Freak Out! (1966)
With Wilson credited as producer, The Mothers of Invention, augmented by a studio orchestra, recorded the groundbreaking Freak Out! (1966) which, preceded by Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde, was the second rock double album ever released. It mixed R&B, doo-wop, musique concrète,[56] and experimental sound collages that captured the "freak" subculture of Los Angeles at that time.[57] Although he was dissatisfied with the final product—in a late '60s radio interview (included in the posthumous MOFO Project/Object compilation) Zappa recounted that the side-long closing track "Return of the Son of Monster Magnet" was intended to be the basic track for a much more complex work which Verve did not allow him to complete—Freak Out immediately established Zappa as a radical new voice in rock music, providing an antidote to the "relentless consumer culture of America".[58] The sound was raw, but the arrangements were sophisticated. While recording in the studio, some of the additional session musicians were shocked that they were expected to read the notes on sheet music from charts with Zappa conducting them, since it was not standard when recording rock music.[59] The lyrics praised non-conformity, disparaged authorities, and had dadaist elements. Yet, there was a place for seemingly conventional love songs.[60] Most compositions are Zappa's, which set a precedent for the rest of his recording career. He had full control over the arrangements and musical decisions and did most overdubs. Wilson provided the industry clout and connections to get the group the financial resources needed.[61]
 |
The opening track on Freak Out!. The album has "consistently been voted as one of top 100 greatest albums ever made".[58]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
During the recording of Freak Out!, Zappa moved into a house in Laurel Canyon with friend Pamela Zarubica, who appeared on the album.[59] The house became a meeting (and living) place for many LA musicians and groupies of the time, despite Zappa's disapproval of their illicit drug use.[62] He labeled people on drugs "assholes in action", and he tried cannabis only a few times, but without any pleasure.[63] He was a regular tobacco smoker for most of his life, and strongly critical of anti-tobacco campaigns.[64] After a short promotional tour following the release of Freak Out!, Zappa met Adelaide Gail Sloatman. He fell in love within "a couple of minutes", and she moved into the house over the summer.[51] They married in 1967, had four children and remained together until Zappa's death.
Wilson nominally produced The Mothers' second album Absolutely Free (1967), which was recorded in November 1966, and later mixed in New York, although by this time Zappa was in de facto control of most facets of the production. It featured extended playing by The Mothers of Invention and focused on songs that defined Zappa's compositional style of introducing abrupt, rhythmical changes into songs that were built from diverse elements.[65] Examples are "Plastic People" and "Brown Shoes Don't Make It", which contained lyrics critical of the hypocrisy and conformity of American society, but also of the counterculture of the 1960s.[66] As Zappa put it, "[W]e're satirists, and we are out to satirize everything."[67] At the same time, Zappa had recorded material for a album of orchestral works to be released under his own name, Lumpy Gravy, released by Capitol Records in 1967. Due to contractual problems, the album was pulled. Zappa took the opportunity to radically restructure the contents, adding newly recorded, improvised dialogue. After the contractual problems were resolved, the album was reissued by Verve in 1968.[68] It is an "incredible ambitious musical project",[69] a "monument to John Cage",[70] which intertwines orchestral themes, spoken words and electronic noises through radical audio editing techniques.[71][72]
New York period (1966–1968)[link]
The Mothers of Invention played in New York in late 1966 and were offered a contract at the Garrick Theater during Easter 1967. This proved successful and Herb Cohen extended the booking, which eventually lasted half a year.[73] As a result, Zappa and his wife, along with The Mothers of Invention, moved to New York.[68] Their shows became a combination of improvised acts showcasing individual talents of the band as well as tight performances of Zappa's music. Everything was directed by Zappa's famous hand signals.[74] Guest performers and audience participation became a regular part of the Garrick Theater shows. One evening, Zappa managed to entice some U.S. Marines from the audience onto the stage, where they proceeded to dismember a big baby doll, having been told by Zappa to pretend that it was a "gook baby".[75]
Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, The Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, We're Only in It for the Money (released 1968).[76] It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. We're Only in It for the Money featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena.[77] The cover photo parodied that of The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[78] The cover art was provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa met in New York. This initiated a life-long collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums.[79]
Reflecting Zappa's eclectic approach to music, the next album, Cruising with Ruben & the Jets (1968), was very different. It represented a collection of doo-wop songs; listeners and critics were not sure whether the album was a satire or a tribute.[80] Zappa has noted that the album was conceived in the way Stravinsky's compositions were in his neo-classical period: "If he could take the forms and clichés of the classical era and pervert them, why not do the same ... to doo-wop in the fifties?"[81] A theme from Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring is heard during one song.
In New York, Zappa increasingly used tape editing as a compositional tool.[82] A prime example is found on the double album Uncle Meat (1969),[83] where the track "King Kong" is edited from various studio and live performances. Zappa had begun regularly recording concerts,[84] and because of his insistence on precise tuning and timing, he was able to augment his studio productions with excerpts from live shows, and vice versa.[85] Later, he combined recordings of different compositions into new pieces, irrespective of the tempo or meter of the sources. He dubbed this process "xenochrony" (strange synchronizations[86]) — reflecting the Greek "xeno" (alien or strange) and "chrono" (time).[85] Zappa also evolved a compositional approach which he called "conceptual continuity," meaning that any project or album was part of a larger project. Everything was connected, and musical themes and lyrics reappeared in different form on later albums. Conceptual continuity clues are found throughout Zappa's entire œuvre.[19][82]
During the late 1960s, Zappa continued to develop the business sides of his career. He and Herb Cohen formed the Bizarre Records and Straight Records labels, distributed by Warner Bros. Records, as ventures to aid the funding of projects and to increase creative control. Zappa produced the double album Trout Mask Replica for Captain Beefheart, and releases by Alice Cooper, Wild Man Fischer, and The GTOs, as well as Lenny Bruce's last live performance.[87]
Disbanding the original Mothers of Invention (1969)[link]
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Zappa and The Mothers of Invention returned to Los Angeles in the summer of 1968, and the Zappas moved into a house on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, only to move again to one on Woodrow Wilson Drive in the autumn.[91] This was to be Zappa's home for the rest of his life. Despite being a success with fans in Europe, The Mothers of Invention were not faring well financially.[92] Their first records were vocally oriented, but Zappa wrote more instrumental jazz and classical oriented music for the band's concerts, which confused audiences. Zappa felt that audiences failed to appreciate his "electrical chamber music".[93][94]
In 1969 there were nine band members and Zappa was supporting the group himself from his publishing royalties whether they played or not.[92] 1969 was also the year Zappa, fed up with MGM's interference, left MGM Records for Warner Bros. Records' Reprise Records subsidiary where Zappa/Mothers recordings would bear the Bizarre Records imprint. In late 1969, Zappa broke up the band. He often cited the financial strain as the main reason,[95] but also commented on the band members' lack of sufficient effort.[96] Many band members were bitter about Zappa's decision, and some took it as a sign of Zappa's concern for perfection at the expense of human feeling.[94] Others were irritated by 'his autocratic ways',[61] exemplified by Zappa's never staying at the same hotel as the band members.[97] Several members would, however, play for Zappa in years to come. Remaining recordings with the band from this period were collected on Weasels Ripped My Flesh and Burnt Weeny Sandwich (both released in 1970).
After he disbanded The Mothers of Invention, Zappa released the acclaimed solo album Hot Rats (1969).[98][99] It features, for the first time on record, Zappa playing extended guitar solos and contains one of his most enduring compositions, "Peaches en Regalia", which reappeared several times on future recordings.[88] It was backed by jazz, blues and R&B session players including violinist Don "Sugarcane" Harris, drummers John Guerin and Paul Humphrey, multi-instrumentalist and previous member of Mothers of Invention Ian Underwood, and multi-instrumentalist Shuggie Otis on bass, along with a guest appearance by Captain Beefheart (providing vocals to the only non-instrumental track, "Willie the Pimp"). It became a popular album in England,[100] and had a major influence on the development of the jazz-rock fusion genre.[88][99]
1970s: From The Mothers to Zappa[link]
In 1970 Zappa met conductor Zubin Mehta. They arranged a May 1970 concert where Mehta conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic augmented by a rock band. According to Zappa, the music was mostly written in motel rooms while on tour with The Mothers of Invention. Some of it was later featured in the movie 200 Motels.[100] Although the concert was a success, Zappa's experience working with a symphony orchestra was not a happy one.[81] His dissatisfaction became a recurring theme throughout his career; he often felt that the quality of performance of his material delivered by orchestras was not commensurate with the money he spent on orchestral concerts and recordings.[101]
Rebirth of The Mothers and filmmaking (1970)[link]
Later in 1970, Zappa formed a new version of The Mothers (from then on, he mostly dropped the "of Invention"). It included British drummer Aynsley Dunbar, jazz keyboardist George Duke, Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons (bass, rhythm guitar), and three members of The Turtles: bass player Jim Pons, and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan, who, due to persistent legal and contractual problems, adopted the stage name "The Phlorescent Leech and Eddie", or "Flo & Eddie".[102]
This version of The Mothers debuted on Zappa's next solo album Chunga's Revenge (1970),[103] which was followed by the double-album soundtrack to the movie 200 Motels (1971), featuring The Mothers, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Co-directed by Zappa and Tony Palmer, it was filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London.[104] Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting.[104] The film deals loosely with life on the road as a rock musician.[105] It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film, a process which allowed for novel visual effects.[106] It was released to mixed reviews.[107] The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract.[108]
After 200 Motels, the band went on tour, which resulted in two live albums, Fillmore East - June 1971 and Just Another Band From L.A.; the latter included the 20-minute track "Billy the Mountain", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on 200 Motels scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road.[109][110]
Accident, attack and their aftermath (1971–1972)[link]
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In December 1971, there were two serious setbacks. While performing at Casino de Montreux in Switzerland, The Mothers' equipment was destroyed when a flare set off by an audience member started a fire that burned down the casino.[111] Immortalized in Deep Purple's song "Smoke on the Water", the event and immediate aftermath can be heard on the bootleg album Swiss Cheese/Fire, released legally as part of Zappa's Beat the Boots II compilation. After a week's break, The Mothers played at the Rainbow Theatre, London, with rented gear. During the encore, an audience member pushed Zappa off the stage and into the concrete-floored orchestra pit. The band thought Zappa had been killed—he had suffered serious fractures, head trauma and injuries to his back, leg, and neck, as well as a crushed larynx, which ultimately caused his voice to drop a third after healing.[111] This accident resulted in him using a wheelchair for an extended period, forcing him off the road for over half a year. Upon his return to the stage in September 1972, he was still wearing a leg brace, had a noticeable limp and could not stand for very long while on stage. Zappa noted that one leg healed "shorter than the other" (a reference later found in the lyrics of songs "Zomby Woof" and "Dancin' Fool"), resulting in chronic back pain.[111] Meanwhile, The Mothers were left in limbo and eventually formed the core of Flo and Eddie's band as they set out on their own.
During 1971–1972 Zappa released two strongly jazz-oriented solo LPs, Waka/Jawaka and The Grand Wazoo, which were recorded during the forced layoff from concert touring, using floating line-ups of session players and Mothers alumni.[112] Musically, the albums were akin to Hot Rats.[113] Zappa began touring again in late 1972.[113] His first effort was a series of concerts in September 1972 with a 20-piece big band referred to as the Grand Wazoo. This was followed by a scaled-down version known as the Petit Wazoo that toured the U.S. for five weeks from October to December 1972.[114]
Top 10 album (1973–1975)[link]
Zappa then formed and toured with smaller groups that variously included Ian Underwood (reeds, keyboards), Ruth Underwood (vibes, marimba), Sal Marquez (trumpet, vocals), Napoleon Murphy Brock (sax, flute and vocals), Bruce Fowler (trombone), Tom Fowler (bass), Chester Thompson (drums), Ralph Humphrey (drums), George Duke (keyboards, vocals), and Jean-Luc Ponty (violin).
By 1973 the Bizarre and Straight labels were discontinued. In their place, Zappa and Cohen created DiscReet Records, also distributed by Warner Bros.[115] Zappa continued a high rate of production through the first half of the 1970s, including the solo album Apostrophe (') (1974), which reached a career-high No. 10 on the Billboard pop album charts[116] helped by the chart single "Don't Eat The Yellow Snow".[117] Other albums from the period are Over-Nite Sensation (1973), which contained several future concert favorites, such as "Dinah-Moe Humm" and "Montana", and the albums Roxy & Elsewhere (1974) and One Size Fits All (1975) which feature ever-changing versions of a band still called The Mothers, and are notable for the tight renditions of highly difficult jazz fusion songs in such pieces as "Inca Roads", "Echidna's Arf (Of You)" and "Be-Bop Tango (Of the Old Jazzmen's Church)".[118] A live recording from 1974, You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 (1988), captures "the full spirit and excellence of the 1973–75 band".[118] Zappa released Bongo Fury (1975), which featured live recordings from a tour the same year that reunited him with Captain Beefheart for a brief period.[119] They later became estranged for a period of years, but were in contact at the end of Zappa's life.[120]
Business breakups and touring (1976–1979)[link]
Zappa's relationship with long-time manager Herb Cohen ended in 1976. Zappa sued Cohen for skimming more than he was allocated from DiscReet Records, as well as for signing acts of which Zappa did not approve.[121] Cohen filed a lawsuit against Zappa in return, which froze the money Zappa and Cohen had gained from an out-of-court settlement with MGM over the rights of the early Mothers of Invention recordings. It also prevented Zappa having access to any of his previously recorded material during the trials. Zappa therefore took his personal master copies of the rock-oriented Zoot Allures (1976) directly to Warner Bros., thereby bypassing DiscReet.[122]
In the mid-1970s Zappa prepared material for Läther (pronounced "leather"), a four-LP project. Läther encapsulated all the aspects of Zappa's musical styles — rock tunes, orchestral works, complex instrumentals, and Zappa's own trademark distortion-drenched guitar solos. Wary of a quadruple-LP, Warner Bros. Records refused to release it.[123] Zappa managed to get an agreement with Phonogram, and test pressings were made targeted at a Halloween 1977 release, but Warner Bros. prevented the release by claiming rights over the material.[124] Zappa responded by appearing on the Pasadena, California radio station KROQ, allowing them to broadcast Läther and encouraging listeners to make their own tape recordings.[125] A lawsuit between Zappa and Warner Bros. followed, during which no Zappa material was released for more than a year. Eventually, Warner Bros. issued different versions of much of the Läther material in 1978 and 1979 as four individual albums (five full length LPs) with limited promotion.[126] The four individual albums were not included in the third Old Masters box set released in 1987.[127] When the music was first released on CD in 1991, Zappa chose to release the four individual albums. Läther was released posthumously in 1996.[128]
Although Zappa eventually gained the rights to all his material created under the MGM and Warner Bros. contracts,[129] the various lawsuits meant that for a period Zappa's only income came from touring, which he therefore did extensively in 1975–1977 with relatively small, mainly rock-oriented, bands.[124] Drummer Terry Bozzio became a regular band member, Napoleon Murphy Brock stayed on for a while, and original Mothers of Invention bassist Roy Estrada joined. Among other musicians were bassist Patrick O'Hearn, singer-guitarist Ray White and keyboardist Eddie Jobson. In December 1976, Zappa appeared as a featured musical guest on the NBC television show Saturday Night Live.[130][131] The performances included an impromptu musical collaboration with cast member John Belushi during the instrumental piece "The Purple Lagoon". Belushi appeared as his Samurai Futaba character playing the tenor sax with Zappa conducting.[132] Zappa's song, "I'm the Slime", was performed with a voice-over by SNL booth announcer Don Pardo, who also introduced "Peaches En Regalia" on the same airing.
Zappa's band at the time, with the additions of Ruth Underwood and a horn section (featuring Michael and Randy Brecker), performed during Christmas in New York, recordings of which appear on one of the albums Warner Bros. culled from the Läther project, Zappa in New York (1978). It mixes intense instrumentals such as "The Black Page" and humorous songs like "Titties and Beer".[133] The former composition, written originally for drum kit but later developed for larger bands, is notorious for its complexity in rhythmic structure and short, densely arranged passages.[134][135]
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One of Zappa's complex, percussion-based compositions featured on Zappa in New York.
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Zappa in New York featured a song about sex criminal Michael H. Kenyon, "The Illinois Enema Bandit", which featured Don Pardo providing the opening narrative in the song. Like many songs on the album, it contained numerous sexual references,[133] leading to many critics objecting and being offended by the content.[136] Zappa dismissed the criticism by noting that he was a journalist reporting on life as he saw it.[137] Predating his later fight against censorship, he remarked: "What do you make of a society that is so primitive that it clings to the belief that certain words in its language are so powerful that they could corrupt you the moment you hear them?"[50] The remaining albums released by Warner Bros. Records without Zappa's consent were Studio Tan in 1978 and Sleep Dirt in 1979, which contained complex suites of instrumentally-based tunes recorded between 1973 and 1976, and whose release was overlooked in the midst of the legal problems.[138] Also released by the label without the artist's consent was Orchestral Favorites in 1979, which featured recordings of a concert with orchestral music from 1975.
Zappa as an independent artist (1979)[link]
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The single became a hit in non-English speaking countries and helped Sheik Yerbouti become a best-seller.[139]
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Resolving the lawsuits successfully, Zappa ended the 1970s "stronger than ever",[140] by releasing two of his most successful albums in 1979: the best selling album of his career, Sheik Yerbouti,[141] and the "bona fide masterpiece",[140] Joe's Garage.[142] The double album Sheik Yerbouti was the first release on Zappa Records, and contained the Grammy-nominated single "Dancin' Fool", which reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts,[143] and "Jewish Princess", which received attention when a Jewish group, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), attempted to prevent the song from receiving radio airplay due to its alleged anti-Semitic lyrics.[137] Zappa vehemently denied any anti-Semitic sentiments and dismissed the ADL as a "noisemaking organization that tries to apply pressure on people in order to manufacture a stereotype image of Jews that suits their idea of a good time".[144] The album's commercial success was attributable in part to "Bobby Brown". Due to its explicit lyrics about a young man's encounter with a "dyke by the name of Freddie", the song did not get airplay in the U.S., but it topped the charts in several European countries where English is not the primary language.[139] The triple LP Joe's Garage featured lead singer Ike Willis as the voice of the character "Joe" in a rock opera about the danger of political systems,[140] the suppression of freedom of speech and music — inspired in part by the Islamic revolution that had made music illegal within its jurisdiction at the time[145] — and about the "strange relationship Americans have with sex and sexual frankness".[140] The album contains rock songs like "Catholic Girls" (a riposte to the controversies of "Jewish Princess"),[146] "Lucille Has Messed My Mind Up", and the title track, as well as extended live-recorded guitar improvisations combined with a studio backup band dominated by drummer Vinnie Colaiuta (with whom Zappa had a particularly good musical rapport)[147] adopting the xenochrony process. The album contains one of Zappa's most famous guitar "signature pieces", "Watermelon in Easter Hay".[23][148]
On December 21, 1979, Zappa's movie Baby Snakes premiered in New York. The movie's tagline was "A movie about people who do stuff that is not normal".[149] The 2 hour and 40 minutes movie was based on footage from concerts in New York around Halloween 1977, with a band featuring keyboardist Tommy Mars and percussionist Ed Mann (who would both return on later tours) as well as guitarist Adrian Belew. It also contained several extraordinary sequences of clay animation by Bruce Bickford who had earlier provided animation sequences to Zappa for a 1974 TV special (which later become available on the video The Dub Room Special (1982)).[150] The movie did not do well in theatrical distribution,[151] but won the Premier Grand Prix at the First International Music Festival in Paris in 1981. The Zappa Family Trust released it on DVD, and it has been available since 2003.[150]
Zappa later expanded on his television appearances in a non-musical role. He was an actor or voice artist in episodes of Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre,[152] Miami Vice[153] and The Ren and Stimpy Show.[152] A voice part in The Simpsons never materialized, to creator Matt Groening's disappointment (Groening was a neighbor of Zappa's, and a lifelong fan).[154]
1980s: Productive as ever[link]
In 1980, Zappa cut his ties with Mercury Records after the label refused to release his song "I Don't Wanna Get Drafted."[155] It was picked up by CBS Records and released on the Zappa label in North America and the CBS label internationally.[156] After spending most of 1980 on the road, Zappa released Tinsel Town Rebellion in 1981. It was the first release on his own Barking Pumpkin Records,[157] and it contains songs taken from a 1979 tour, one studio track and material from the 1980 tours. The album is a mixture of complicated instrumentals and Zappa's use of sprechstimme (speaking song or voice)—a compositional technique utilized by such composers as Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg — showcasing some of the most accomplished bands Zappa ever had (mostly featuring drummer Vinnie Colaiuta).[157] While some lyrics still raised controversy among critics, in the sense that some found them sexist,[158] the political and sociological satire in songs like the title track and "The Blue Light" have been described as a "hilarious critique of the willingness of the American people to believe anything".[159] The album is also notable for the presence of guitarist Steve Vai, who joined Zappa's touring band in the fall of 1980.[160]
The same year the double album You Are What You Is was released. Most of it was recorded in Zappa's brand new Utility Muffin Research Kitchen (UMRK) studios, which were located at his house,[85] thereby giving him complete freedom to work.[161] The album included one complex instrumental, "Theme from the 3rd Movement of Sinister Footwear", but focused mainly on rock songs with Zappa's sardonic social commentary—satirical lyrics targeted at teenagers, the media, and religious and political hypocrisy.[162] "Dumb All Over" is a tirade on religion, as is "Heavenly Bank Account", wherein Zappa rails against TV evangelists such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson for their purported influence on the U.S. administration as well as their use of religion as a means of raising money.[163] Songs like "Society Pages" and "I'm a Beautiful Guy" show Zappa's dismay with the Reagan era and its "obscene pursuit of wealth and happiness".[163]
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The title track on Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar features Zappa's guitar improvisations.
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In 1981, Zappa also released three instrumental albums, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, and The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, which were initially sold via mail order, but later released through the CBS label due to popular demand.[164] The albums focus exclusively on Frank Zappa as a guitar soloist, and the tracks are predominantly live recordings from 1979–1980; they highlight Zappa's improvisational skills with "beautiful performances from the backing group as well".[165] Another guitar-only album, Guitar, was released in 1988, and a third, Trance-Fusion, which Zappa completed shortly before his death, was released in 2006.
From hit single to classical performances[link]
In May 1982, Zappa released Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch, which featured his biggest selling single ever, the Grammy Award-nominated song "Valley Girl" (topping out at No. 32 on the Billboard charts).[143] In her improvised lyrics to the song, Zappa's daughter Moon Unit satirized the vapid speech of teenage girls from the San Fernando Valley, which popularized many "Valspeak" expressions such as "gag me with a spoon," "fer sure, fer sure," "grody" (gross), and "barf out".[166] Most Americans who only knew Zappa from his few singles successes now thought of him as a person writing "novelty songs", even though the rest of the album contained highly challenging music.[167] Zappa was irritated by this[168] and never played the song live.[167]
In 1983, two different projects were released, beginning with The Man from Utopia, a rock-oriented work. The album is eclectic, featuring the vocal-led "Dangerous Kitchen" and "The Jazz Discharge Party Hats", both continuations of the sprechstimme excursions on Tinseltown Rebellion. The second album, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1, contained orchestral Zappa compositions conducted by Kent Nagano and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). A second record of these sessions, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 2 was released in 1987. The material was recorded under a tight schedule with Zappa providing all funding, helped by the commercial success of "Valley Girl".[169] Zappa was not satisfied with the LSO recordings. One reason is "Strictly Genteel", which was recorded after the trumpet section had been out for drinks on a break: the track took 40 edits to hide out-of-tune notes.[169] Conductor Nagano, who was pleased with the experience, noted that in "fairness to the orchestra, the music is humanly very, very difficult".[170] Some reviews noted that the recordings were the best representation of Zappa's orchestral work so far.[171] In 1984 Zappa teamed again with Nagano and the Berkeley Symphony for a live performance of A Zappa Affair with augmented orchestra, life-size puppets, and moving stage sets. Although critically acclaimed the work was a financial failure, and only performed twice. Zappa was invited by conference organizer Thomas Wells to be the keynote speaker at the American Society of University Composers at the Ohio State University. It was there Zappa delivered his famous "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" address,[172] and had two of his orchestra pieces, "Dupree's Paradise" and "Naval Aviation in Art?" performed by the Columbus Symphony and ProMusica Chamber Orchestra of Columbus.[173][174]
Synclavier[link]
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A Zappa composition for classical ensemble from Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger.
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For the remainder of his career, much of Zappa's work was influenced by his use of the Synclavier as a compositional and performance tool. Even considering the complexity of the music he wrote, the Synclavier could realize anything he could dream up.[175] The Synclavier could be programmed to play almost anything conceivable, to perfection: "With the Synclavier, any group of imaginary instruments can be invited to play the most difficult passages ... with one-millisecond accuracy—every time".[175] Even though it essentially did away with the need for musicians,[176] Zappa viewed the Synclavier and real-life musicians as separate.[175] In 1984, he released four albums. Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger, contains orchestral works commissioned and conducted by world-renowned conductor Pierre Boulez (who was listed as an influence on Freak Out!) and performed by his Ensemble InterContemporain, juxtaposed with premiere Synclavier pieces. Again, Zappa was not satisfied with the performances of his orchestral works as he found them under-rehearsed, but in the album liner notes he respectfully thanks Boulez's demands for precision.[177] The Synclavier pieces stood in contrast to the orchestral works, as the sounds were electronically generated and not, as became possible shortly thereafter, sampled.
The album Thing-Fish was an ambitious three-record set in the style of a Broadway play dealing with a dystopian "what-if" scenario involving feminism, homosexuality, manufacturing and distribution of the AIDS virus, and a eugenics program conducted by the United States government.[178] New vocals were combined with previously released tracks and new Synclavier music; "the work is an extraordinary example of bricolage".[179] Finally, in 1984, Zappa released Francesco Zappa, a Synclavier rendition of works by 18th century composer Francesco Zappa (no known relation), and Them or Us, a two-record set of heavily edited live and session pieces.
Senate testimony[link]
On September 19, 1985, Zappa testified before the United States Senate Commerce, Technology, and Transportation committee, attacking the Parents Music Resource Center or PMRC, a music organization co-founded by Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator Al Gore. The PMRC consisted of many wives of politicians, including the wives of five members of the committee, and was founded to address the issue of song lyrics with sexual or satanic content.[180] Zappa saw their activities as on a path towards censorship,[181] and called their proposal for voluntary labelling of records with explicit content "extortion" of the music industry.[182] In his prepared statement, he said:
The PMRC proposal is an ill-conceived piece of nonsense which fails to deliver any real benefits to children, infringes the civil liberties of people who are not children, and promises to keep the courts busy for years dealing with the interpretational and enforcemental problems inherent in the proposal's design. It is my understanding that, in law, First Amendment issues are decided with a preference for the least restrictive alternative. In this context, the PMRC's demands are the equivalent of treating dandruff by decapitation ... The establishment of a rating system, voluntary or otherwise, opens the door to an endless parade of moral quality control programs based on things certain Christians do not like. What if the next bunch of Washington wives demands a large yellow "J" on all material written or performed by Jews, in order to save helpless children from exposure to concealed Zionist doctrine?[183]
Zappa set excerpts from the PMRC hearings to Synclavier music in his composition "Porn Wars" on the 1985 album Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention, and the full recording was released in 2010 as Congress Shall Make No Law.... Zappa is heard interacting with Senators Fritz Hollings, Slade Gorton, Al Gore (who claimed, at the hearing, to be a Zappa fan), and in an exchange with Florida Senator Paula Hawkins over what toys Zappa's children played with. Zappa expressed opinions on censorship when he appeared on CNN's Crossfire TV series and debated issues with Washington Times commentator John Lofton in 1986.[184] Zappa's passion for US politics was becoming a bigger part of his life. He had always encouraged his fans to register to vote on album covers, and throughout 1988 he had registration booths at his concerts.[185] He even considered running for President of the United States.[186]
Digital medium and last tour[link]
Around 1986, Zappa undertook a comprehensive re-release program of his earlier vinyl recordings.[187] He personally oversaw the remastering of all his 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s albums for the new digital compact disc medium.[188] Certain aspects of these re-issues were, however, criticized by some fans as being unfaithful to the original recordings.[189] Nearly twenty years before the advent of online music stores, Zappa had proposed to replace "phonographic record merchandising" of music by "direct digital-to-digital transfer" through phone or cable TV (with royalty payments and consumer billing automatically built into the accompanying software).[190] In 1989, Zappa considered his idea a "miserable flop".[190]
The album Jazz from Hell, released in 1986, earned Zappa his first Grammy Award in 1987 for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Except for one live guitar solo (St. Etienne), the album exclusively featured compositions brought to life by the Synclavier. Although an instrumental album, containing no lyrics whatsoever, Meyer Music Markets sold Jazz from Hell featuring an "explicit lyrics" sticker—a warning label introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America in an agreement with the PMRC.[191]
Zappa's last tour in a rock and jazz band format took place in 1988 with a 12-piece group which had a repertoire of over 100 (mostly Zappa) compositions, but which split under acrimonious circumstances before the tour was completed.[192] The tour was documented on the albums Broadway the Hard Way (new material featuring songs with strong political emphasis), The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life (Zappa "standards" and an eclectic collection of cover tunes, ranging from Maurice Ravel's Boléro to Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven"), and Make a Jazz Noise Here (mostly instrumental and avant-garde music). Parts are also found on You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, volumes 4 and 6.
1990s: Classical music and death[link]
In early 1990, Zappa visited Czechoslovakia at the request of President Václav Havel, and was asked to serve as consultant for the government on trade, cultural matters and tourism. Havel was a lifelong fan of Zappa who had great influence in the avant-garde and underground scene in Central Europe in the 1970s and 1980s (a Czech rock group that was imprisoned in 1976 took its name from Zappa's 1968 song "Plastic People").[193] Zappa enthusiastically agreed and began meeting with corporate officials interested in investing in Czechoslovakia. Within a few weeks, however, the U.S. administration put pressure on the Czech government to withdraw the appointment. Havel made Zappa an unofficial cultural attaché instead.[194] Zappa also planned to develop an international consulting enterprise to facilitate trade between the former Eastern Bloc and Western businesses.[195] On June 24, 1991, Zappa took part at the concert "Adieu Soviet Army", organised in Prague, as the farewell to the last soldiers of Soviet Red Army, leaving Czechoslovakia (the Red Army had occupied Czechoslovakia since the Prague spring). This was probably Zappa's last rock appearance on stage and it is recorded on the album Adieu C. A. (Soviet Army).[196]
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One of Zappa's works for Synclavier on Civilization, Phaze III, cited as his "last great work."[197]
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Most of Zappa's projects came to a halt in 1990, when he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. The disease had been developing unnoticed for ten years and was considered inoperable.[195] After his diagnosis, Zappa devoted most of his energy to modern orchestral and Synclavier works. Shortly before his death in 1993 he completed Civilization, Phaze III, a major Synclavier work which he had begun in the 1980s.[198][199]
In 1991, Zappa was chosen to be one of four featured composers at the Frankfurt Festival in 1992 (the others were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Alexander Knaifel).[200] Zappa was approached by the German chamber ensemble, Ensemble Modern, which was interested in playing his music for the event. Although ill, Zappa invited them to Los Angeles for rehearsals of new compositions and new arrangements of older material.[201] In addition to being satisfied with the ensemble's performances of his music, Zappa also got along with the musicians, and the concerts in Germany and Austria were set up for the fall.[201] In September 1992, the concerts went ahead as scheduled, but Zappa could only appear at two in Frankfurt due to illness. At the first concert, he conducted the opening "Overture", and the final "G-Spot Tornado" as well as the theatrical "Food Gathering in Post-Industrial America, 1992" and "Welcome to the United States" (the remainder of the program was conducted by the ensemble's regular conductor Peter Rundel). Zappa received a 20-minute ovation.[202] It would become his last professional public appearance, as the cancer was spreading to such an extent that he was in too much pain to enjoy an event that he otherwise found "exhilarating".[202] Recordings from the concerts appeared on The Yellow Shark (1993), Zappa's last release during his lifetime, and some material from studio rehearsals appeared on the posthumous Everything Is Healing Nicely (1999).
Frank Zappa died on Saturday, December 4, 1993 in his home with his wife and children. At a private ceremony the following day, Zappa was interred in an unmarked grave at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles,[203][204] next to the eventual (1996) grave of actor Lew Ayres.[205] On Monday, December 6 his family publicly announced that "Composer Frank Zappa left for his final tour just before 6:00 pm on Saturday".[206]
Legacy[link]
Acclaim and honors[link]
Frank Zappa was one of the first to try tearing down the barriers between rock, jazz, and classical music. In the late Sixties his Mothers of Invention would slip from Stravinsky's "Petroushka" into The Dovells' "Bristol Stomp" before breaking down into saxophone squeals inspired by Albert Ayler
The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll
Zappa earned widespread critical acclaim in his lifetime and after his death. The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) writes: "Frank Zappa dabbled in virtually all kinds of music — and, whether guised as a satirical rocker, jazz-rock fusionist, guitar virtuoso, electronics wizard, or orchestral innovator, his eccentric genius was undeniable".[207] Even though his work drew inspiration from many different genres, Zappa was seen establishing a coherent and personal expression. In 1971, biographer David Walley noted that "The whole structure of his music is unified, not neatly divided by dates or time sequences and it is all building into a composite".[208] On commenting on Zappa's music, politics and philosophy, Barry Miles noted in 2004 that they cannot be separated: "It was all one; all part of his 'conceptual continuity'".[209]
Guitar Player devoted a special issue to Zappa in 1992, and asked on the cover "Is FZ America's Best Kept Musical Secret?" Editor Don Menn remarked that the issue was about "The most important composer to come out of modern popular music".[210] Among those contributing to the issue was composer and musicologist Nicolas Slonimsky, who conducted premiere performances of works of Ives and Varèse in the 1930s.[211] He became friends with Zappa in the 1980s,[212] and said "I admire everything Frank does, because he practically created the new musical millennium. He does beautiful, beautiful work ... It has been my luck to have lived to see the emergence of this totally new type of music."[213] Conductor Kent Nagano remarked in the same issue that "Frank is a genius. That's a word I don't use often ... In Frank's case it is not too strong ... He is extremely literate musically. I'm not sure if the general public knows that".[214] Pierre Boulez stated in Musician magazine's posthumous Zappa tribute article that Zappa "was an exceptional figure because he was part of the worlds of rock and classical music and that both types of his work would survive."[215] Many music scholars acknowledge Zappa as one of the most influential composers of his generation.[216][217][218] As an electric guitarist, he has become highly regarded.[219][220][221]
In 1994, jazz magazine Down Beat's critics poll placed Zappa in its Hall of Fame.[222] Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. There, it was written that "Frank Zappa was rock and roll's sharpest musical mind and most astute social critic. He was the most prolific composer of his age, and he bridged genres — rock, jazz, classical, avant-garde and even novelty music — with masterful ease".[223] He received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997.[224] In 2005, the U.S. National Recording Preservation Board included We're Only in It for the Money in the National Recording Registry as "Frank Zappa's inventive and iconoclastic album presents a unique political stance, both anti-conservative and anti-counterculture, and features a scathing satire on hippiedom and America's reactions to it".[225] The same year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at No. 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[226] In 2011, he was ranked at No. 22 on the list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time by the same magazine.[227]
Artists influenced by Zappa[link]
A number of notable musicians, bands and orchestras from diverse genres have been influenced by Frank Zappa's music. Rock artists like Alice Cooper,[228] Primus,[229] Fee Waybill of The Tubes[230] all cite Zappa's influence, as do progressive rock artists like Henry Cow,[231] Trey Anastasio of Phish,[226] and John Frusciante.[232] Paul McCartney regarded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as The Beatles' Freak Out![233] Heavy rock and metal acts like Black Sabbath,[234] Mike Portnoy,[235] Warren DeMartini,[236] Steve Vai,[237] Strapping Young Lad,[238] System of a Down,[239] Clawfinger,[240] and Devin Townsend[241] acknowledge Zappa's inspiration. On the classical music scene, Tomas Ulrich,[242] Meridian Arts Ensemble,[243] Ensemble Ambrosius[244] and the Fireworks Ensemble[245] regularly perform Zappa's compositions and quote his influence. Contemporary jazz musicians and composers Bill Frisell[246] and John Zorn[247] are inspired by Zappa, as is funk legend George Clinton.[248] Other artists whose work is affected by Zappa include new age pianist George Winston,[249] electronic composer Bob Gluck,[250] parodist and novelty composer "Weird Al" Yankovic,[251] industrial music pioneer Genesis P-Orridge,[252] and noise music artist Masami Akita of Merzbow.[253]
References in arts and sciences[link]
Scientists from various fields have honored Zappa by naming new discoveries after him. In 1967, paleontologist Leo P. Plas, Jr. identified an extinct mollusc in Nevada and named it Amaurotoma zappa with the motivation that, "The specific name, zappa, honors Frank Zappa".[254] In the 1980s, biologist Ed Murdy named a genus of gobiid fishes of New Guinea Zappa, with a species named Zappa confluentus.[255] Biologist Ferdinando Boero named a Californian jellyfish Phialella zappai (1987), noting that he had "pleasure in naming this species after the modern music composer".[256] Belgian biologists Bosmans and Bosselaers discovered in the early 1980s a Cameroonese spider, which they in 1994 named Pachygnatha zappa because "the ventral side of the abdomen of the female of this species strikingly resembles the artist's legendary moustache".[257] A gene of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named zapA by three biologists from Maryland. In their scientific article, they "especially thank the late Frank Zappa for inspiration and assistance with genetic nomenclature".[258] In the late 1990s, American paleontologists Marc Salak and Halard L. Lescinsky discovered a metazoan fossil, and named it Spygori zappania to honor "the late Frank Zappa ... whose mission paralleled that of the earliest paleontologists: to challenge conventional and traditional beliefs when such beliefs lacked roots in logic and reason".[259]
In 1994, lobbying efforts initiated by psychiatrist John Scialli led the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center to name an asteroid in Zappa's honor: 3834 Zappafrank.[260] The asteroid was discovered in 1980 by Czechoslovakian astronomer Ladislav Brozek, and the citation for its naming says that "Zappa was an eclectic, self-trained artist and composer ... Before 1989 he was regarded as a symbol of democracy and freedom by many people in Czechoslovakia".[261]
In 1995, a bust of Zappa by sculptor Konstantinas Bogdanas was installed in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. A replica was offered to the city of Baltimore in 2008, and on September 19, 2010 — the twenty-fifth anniversary of Zappa's testimony to the U.S. Senate — a ceremony dedicating the replica was held, with the bust installed at the Southeast Anchor Branch Library in Baltimore's Highlandtown. Speakers at the event included Gail Zappa and Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake[262][263] In 2002, a bronze bust was installed in German city Bad Doberan, since 1990 location of the Zappanale, an annual music festival celebrating Zappa.[264] At the initiative of musicians community ORWOhaus, the city of Berlin named a street in the Marzahn district "Frank-Zappa-Straße" in 2007.[265] The same year, Baltimore's mayor Sheila Dixon proclaimed August 9 as the city's official "Frank Zappa Day" citing Zappa's musical accomplishments as well as his defense of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[266]
Discography[link]
References[link]
- Day, Nancy (2001). Censorship: Or Freedom of Expression?. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, Lerner Publications. ISBN 0-8225-2628-X.
- Delville, Michel; Norris, Andrew (2005). Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and the Secret History of Maximalism. Oxford: Salt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84471-059-1.
- DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James with Holly George-Warren, ed. (1992). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. Jim Miller (Original Editor) (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-73728-6.
- Gray, Michael (1984). Mother! Is the Story of Frank Zappa. London: Proteus Books. ISBN 0-86276-146-8.
- James, Billy (2000). Necessity Is ...: The Early Years of Frank Zappa & The Mothers of Invention. London: SAF Publishing Ltd.. ISBN 0-946719-51-9.
- Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2006). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98779-5.
- Martin, Bill (2002). Avant Rock: Experimental Music from the Beatles to Björk. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9500-3.
- MacDonald, Ian (1994). Revolution in the head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. Fourth Estate Ltd.. ISBN 1-85702-099-5.
- Miles, Barry (2004). Frank Zappa. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-092-4.
- Slaven, Neil (2003). Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9436-6.
- Sparks, Michael (1982). Cocaine Fiends and Reefer Madness: An Illustrated History of Drugs in the Movies. New York: Cornwall Books. ISBN 0-8453-4504-4.
- Walley, David (1980). No Commercial Potential. The Saga of Frank Zappa. Then and Now. New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93153-8.
- Watson, Ben (1996). Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-14124-6.
- Watson, Ben (2005). Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-865-4.
- Zappa, Frank with Occhiogrosso, Peter (1989). The Real Frank Zappa Book. New York: Poseidon Press. ISBN 0-671-63870-X.
- "Frank Zappa", The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc, 1993, ISBN 0-684-81044-1
Notes[link]
- ^ Until discovering his birth certificate as an adult, Zappa believed he had been christened "Francis", and he is credited as Francis on some of his early albums. His legal name was always "Frank", however, never "Francis." Cf. Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.
- ^ a b The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, 1993.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 20–23.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 10.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 22.
- ^ Mendoza, Bart (November, 2005). "Counter Culture Coincidence". San Diego Troubadour. The San Diego Troubadour. http://www.sandiegotroubadour.com/content/features/fullcircle.aspx?issue=nov_2005. Retrieved September 11, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 34.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 29.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 22.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 36.
- ^ a b Zappa, Frank (June 1971). "Edgard Varese: The Idol of My Youth". Stereo Review: 61–62..
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 30–33.
- ^ a b Show 14 – Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock 'n' roll in the late fifties. [Part 4] : UNT Digital Library
- ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 153–4. ISBN 0-415-95781-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA153. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 13.
- ^ Among his many musical satires are the 1967 songs "Flower Punk" (which parodies the song "Hey Joe") and "Who Needs The Peace Corps?", which are critiques of the late-Sixties commercialization of the hippie phenomenon.
- ^ a b For a comprehensive list of the appearance of parts of "old" compositions or quotes from others' music in Zappa's catalogue, see Albertos, Román García, FZ Musical Quotes, Information is Not Knowledge, globia.net/donlope, http://globalia.net/donlope/fz/quotes.html . Retrieved on January 21, 2008.
- ^ On several of his earlier albums, Zappa paid tribute to Varèse by quoting his: "The present-day composer refuses to die."
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 29–30.
- ^ The Mike Douglas Show, NBC [TV Show], November 1976
- ^ a b The other signature pieces are "Zoot Allures" and "Black Napkins" from Zoot Allures. See Zappa, Dweezil (1996), Greetings music lovers, Dweezil here, Liner Notes, Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 40.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 23.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 48.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 345.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 58.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 40.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 59.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 63.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 55.
- ^ Gray, 1984, Mother!, p. 29.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 42.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 74.
- ^ Slaven, 1996, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 27.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 43.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa. pp. 82–83.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 26.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 85.
- ^ Harp, Ted (March, 1965), "Vice Squad Raids Local Film Studio", The Daily Report (Ontario, California)
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 57.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. XV.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 87.
- ^ Slaven, 1996, Electric Don Quixote, p. 40.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Swenson, John (March 1980), Frank Zappa: America's Weirdest Rock Star Comes Clean, High Times
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 42.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 58.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 103.
- ^ Interview with Frank Zappa, UMRK, Los Angeles, CA: BBC [TV Show], March 1993
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 25.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 115.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 112.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 123.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 122.
- ^ Loder, Kurt (1988), "Rolling Stone Interview", Rolling Stone
- ^ He considered such campaigns as yuppie inventions and noted that "Some people like garlic ... I like pepper, tobacco and coffee. That's my metabolism". Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 234–235.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 5.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 38–43.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 135–138.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 56.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 86.
- ^ Couture, François, Lumpy Gravy. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22630 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008; Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 56.
- ^ The initial orchestra-only recordings were released posthumously on the box set Lumpy Money (2009). See Dolan, Casey (December 8, 2008), "The Resurrection of Frank Zappa's Soul", LA Weekly (Village Voice Media), http://www.laweekly.com/2008-12-11/music/the-resurrection-of-frank-zappa-8217-s-soul/1 . Retrieved on February 2, 2009.
- ^ James, 2000, Necessity Is ... , pp. 62–69.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 147.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 94.
- ^ Huey, Steve, We're Only in It for the Money. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22631 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 15. Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 90.
- ^ As the legal aspects of using the Sgt Pepper concept were unsettled, the album was released with the cover and back on the inside of the gatefold, while the actual cover and back were a picture of the group in a pose parodying the inside of the Beatles album. Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 151.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 88.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 58.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 88.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 160.
- ^ James, 2000, Necessity Is ..., p. 104.
- ^ In the process, he built up a vast archive of live recordings. In the late 1980s some of these recordings were collected for the 12-CD set You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore.
- ^ a b c Chris Michie (January 2003), We are The Mothers...and This Is What We Sound Like!, MixOnline.com, http://mixonline.com/recording/business/audio_mothers_sound/ . Retrieved on January 4, 2008.
- ^ Bob Marshall, "Interview with Frank Zappa," October 22, 1988.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 173–175.
- ^ a b c Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 74.
- ^ Couture, François. "Peaches en Regalia [Song Review"]. Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2677929. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ Notable covers include: Jon Poole, What's the Ugliest Part of Your Body?; Meridian Arts Ensemble, Prime Meridian; Dixie Dregs, California Screamin'; Dweezil Zappa, Go with What You Know; Phish, Vegas 96; The Roots, How I Got Over
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 178.
- ^ a b Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 116.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 107.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 120.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 116.
- ^ Huey, Steve, Hot Rats. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22632 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 194.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 109.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 142–156.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 201.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 205.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 183.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 207.
- ^ Starks, 1982, Cocaine Fiends and Reefer Madness, p. 153.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 94.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 119–137.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 203–204.
- ^ During the June 1971 Fillmore concerts Zappa was joined on stage by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. This performance was recorded, and Lennon released excerpts on his album Some Time In New York City in 1972. Zappa later released his version of excerpts from the concert on Playground Psychotics in 1992, including the jam track "Scumbag" and an extended avant-garde vocal piece by Ono (originally called "Au"), which Zappa renamed "A Small Eternity with Yoko Ono".
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 112–115.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 101.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Official recordings of these bands did not emerge until more than 30 years later on Wazoo (2007) and Imaginary Diseases (2006), respectively.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 231.
- ^ Frank Zappa > Charts and Awards > Billboard Albums, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
- ^ Huey, Steve, Apostrophe ('). Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53148 . Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 114–122.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 248.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 372.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 250.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 253; pp. 258–259.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 131.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 261.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 248.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 267.
- ^ Ruhlmann, W. (2011 [last update]). "The Old Masters Box 3 [PQRSTUVW] - Frank Zappa & the Mothers | AllMusic". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53145. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ It remains debated whether Zappa had conceived the material as a four-LP set from the beginning, or only when approaching Mercury-Phonogram; see, e.g., Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 49. In the liner notes to the 1996 release, however, Gail Zappa states that "As originally conceived by Frank, Läther was always a 4-record box set."
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 49.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 262.
- ^ In 1978, Zappa served both as host and musical act on the show, and as an actor in various sketches.
- ^ Zappa, Frank, 1978, Zappa in New York, Liner Notes.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 132.
- ^ Clement, Brett (2004), "Little dots: A study of the melodies of the guitarist / composer Frank Zappa (pdf file)" (PDF), Master Thesis (The Florida State University, School of Music): pp. 25–48, http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04122004-114345/unrestricted/zappathesis3.pdf . Retrieved on December 29, 2007.
- ^ Hemmings, Richard (2006), Ever wonder why your daughter looked so sad? Non-danceable beats: getting to grips with rhythmical unpredictability in Project/Object, richardhemmings.co.uk, http://www.richardhemmings.co.uk/001/research/zappology/saddaughter.html . Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 261–262; Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 134.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 234.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 138.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 351.
- ^ a b c d Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 140.
- ^ Groening, Matt; Menn, Don (1992), "The Mother of All Interviews. Act II: Matt Groening joins in on the scrutiny of the central decentralizer", in Menn, Don (ed.), Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 61, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Both albums made it onto the Billboard top 30. Frank Zappa > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Frank Zappa > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 6, 2008.
- ^ Peterson, Chris (November 1979), He's Only 38 and He Knows How to Nasty, Relix Magazine
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 277.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 59.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 180.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 61.
- ^ Baby Snakes, 2003, DVD cover, Eagle Vision.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 282.
- ^ Sohmer, Adam (June 8, 2005), Baby Snakes – DVD, Big Picture Big Sound, http://www.bigpicturebigsound.com/article_501.shtml . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Frank Zappa, IMDb – The Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0953261/ . Retrieved on July 30, 2008.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 343.
- ^ Eliscu, Jenny (November 8, 2002), "Homer and Me", Rolling Stone Magazine
- ^ "Times The New York - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=1_i5f3jhD9UC&pg=PA3054&dq=%22zappa+records%22+%2B+mercury+%2B+drafted&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22zappa%20records%22%20%2B%20mercury%20%2B%20drafted&f=false. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "Frank Zappa - I Don't Wanna Get Drafted! (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/Frank-Zappa-I-Dont-Wanna-Get-Drafted/release/807608. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 161.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 284.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 165.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 283.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 269.
- ^ Huey, Steve, You Are What You Is. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53163 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 169–175.
- ^ Zappa, Frank (November 1982), Absolutely Frank. First Steps in Odd Meters, Guitar Player Magazine, p. 116.
- ^ Swenson, John (November, 1981), Frank Zappa: Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Guitar World
- ^ Huey, Steve, Valley Girl. Frank Zappa. Song Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2677879 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 178.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 304.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 146–156.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 315.
- ^ Ruhlmann, William, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53172 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" by Frank Zappa, 1984
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 323.
- ^ Kelp, Larry (June 18, 1984), "Zappa Pokes Into The Fine Arts", The Oakland Tribune, http://www.afka.net/Articles/1984-06_Tribune.htm, retrieved July 5, 2009
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 319.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 73.
- ^ The musical was eventually produced for the stage in 2003. See Thing-Fish – The Return of Frank Zappa, The British Theatre Guide, http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/otherresources/interviews/Thing-Fish.htm . Retrieved on December 11, 2007.
- ^ Carr, Paul; Hand, Richard J. (2007), "Frank Zappa and musical theatre: ugly ugly o'phan Annie and really deep, intense, thought-provoking Broadway symbolism", Studies in Musical Theatre 1 (1): 44–51., DOI:10.1386/smt.1.1.41/1, http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/abs/10.1386/smt.1.1.41_1?cookieSet=1&journalCode=smt Full article available by free login only. Retrieved on July 28, 2008.
- ^ Day, 2000, Censorship, p. 53.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 267.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 262.
- ^ Record Labeling. Hearing before the committee on commerce, science and transportation, U.S. Government printing office, September 19, 1985, http://www.joesapt.net/superlink/shrg99-529/p51.html . Retrieved on December 31, 2007.
- ^ Crossfire with Frank Zappa and John Lofton, CNN [TV Debate], March 1986, http://www.archive.org/details/FrankZappaOnCrossfire
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 348.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 365.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 340.
- ^ For a comprehensive comparison of vinyl of CD releases, see The Frank Zappa Album Versions Guide – Index, The Zappa Patio, www.lukpac.org/~handmade/patio, http://www.lukpac.org/~handmade/patio/vinylvscds/index.html . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ For example, new drum and bass parts were used on the 1960s albums We're Only in It for the Money and Cruising with Ruben & the Jets. See Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 327.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 337–339.
- ^ Nuzum, Eric (2001), Parental Advisory: Music Censorship in America, HarperCollins, pp. 39, 255, ISBN 0-688-16772-1
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 346–350.
- ^ Mitchell, Tony (May, 1992), "Mixing Pop and Politics: Rock Music in Czechoslovakia before and after the Velvet Revolution", Popular Music. A Changing Europe (Cambridge University Press) 11: 187–203
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 357–361.
- ^ a b Ouellette, Dan (August 1993), Frank Zappa, Pulse! Magazine, pp. 48–56.
- ^ "Pražský Výběr at the Knitting Factory". http://new-york.czechcentres.cz/program/event-details/prazsky-vyber-at-the-knitting-factory1/.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 100.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 374–375.
- ^ It brought him a posthumous Grammy Award (with Gail Zappa) for Best Recording Package – Boxed in 1994. GRAMMY Winners, GRAMMY.com, http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search . Retrieved on August 18, 2008.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Andreas Mölich-Zebhauser — Preparing the Ensemble Modern for the Frankfurt Festival", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 12–13, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 369.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 371.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 552.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 379–380.
- ^ Frank Zappa (1940–1993) – Find A Grave Memorial
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 320.
- ^ Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. (2004), The New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition, New York, NY: Fireside, p. 903, ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 3.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 383.
- ^ Menn, Don (1992), "From the Editor", in Menn, Don, Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 3, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Kozinn, Allan (December 27, 1996), "Nicolas Slonimsky, Author of Widely Used Reference Works on Music, Dies at 101", The New York Times, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6D61539F934A15751C1A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all . Retrieved on August 17, 2008.
- ^ In December 1981, the then 87 year old Slonimsky made a guest appearance on piano at a Zappa concert. Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 295–296.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Nicolas Slonimsky — The Century's Preeminent Lexicographer Nails Zappa Down", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 6–7, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Kent Nagano — Premiering Zappa with the London Symphony Orchestra", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 8–11, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Isler, Scott (February, 1994), Frank Zappa, Musician Magazine
- ^ Ashby, Arved (1999), "Frank Zappa and the Anti-Fetishist Orchestra", The Musical Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 83 (4): 557–606, DOI:10.1093/mq/83.4.557
- ^ Grier, James (2001), "The Mothers of Invention and "Uncle Meat": Alienation, Anachronism and a Double Variation", Acta Musicologica (International Musicological Society) 73 (1): 77–95, DOI:10.2307/932810, JSTOR 932810
- ^ Cotter, Jim (2002), "Frank Zappa (1940–1993)", in Sitsky, Larry, Music of the Twentieth-century Avant-garde. A Biocritical Sourcebook, Westfort, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 597, ISBN 0-313-29689-8
- ^ He is ranked 45th in "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", Rolling Stone, August 27, 2003
- ^ He is ranked 51st in The 100 Wildest Guitar Heroes, Classic Rock Magazine, April 2007
- ^ He is ranked 39th in Gibson.com Top 50 Guitarists of All Time, May 25, 2010, http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/Top-50-Guitarists-525/ . Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
- ^ 1994 Down Beat Critics Poll, Down Beat Magazine, http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=720 . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Frank Zappa, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., http://rockhall.com/inductees/frank-zappa . Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
- ^ Lifetime achievement award, GRAMMY.org, http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards . Retrieved on February 14, 2012.
- ^ The National Recording Registry 2005, National Recording Preservation Board, The Library of Congress, May 24, 2005, http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2005reg.html . Retrieved on August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b "The Immortals", Rolling Stone Magazine, Issue 972
- ^ "45 Frank Zappa". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-of-all-time-19691231/frank-zappa-19691231. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
- ^ Quigley, Mike (September 1969), Interview with Alice Cooper, Poppin, Issue #5
- ^ Elfman, Doug (October 15, 2003), "Primus plays Hard Rock", Las Vegas Review-Journal, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Oct-15-Wed-2003/news/22374264.html . Retrieved on March 14, 2009.
- ^ Randall, David (2004), Get Ready to ROCK! Interview with singer and frontman of American rock band The Tubes, Fee Waybill, getreadytorock.com, http://www.getreadytorock.com/10questions/fee_waybill.htm . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ Boisen, Myles, allmusic ((( Henry Cow > Biography ))), allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4475 . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ Cleveland, Barry (September 2006), Exclusive Outtakes from GP's Interview with John Frusciante!, Guitar Player, http://www.eqmag.com/article/exclusive-outtakes-from/sep-06/23282 . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ MacDonald, 1994, Revolution in the Head, p. 171.
- ^ Black Sabbath Online: Tony Iommi & Geezer Butler Interview, black-sabbath.com, May 1994, http://www.black-sabbath.com/interviews/tonygeez_0594.html . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ about mike, mikeportnoy.com, http://www.mikeportnoy.com/aboutmike/bio.aspx . Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Warren De Martini—Ratt Guitarist Turns Zappa Stylist", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 14, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Vai.com > All About Steve > Vaiography, Vai.com, http://www.vai.com/vaiography/ . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ SOS, Mike (August 2005). "Interview: Strapping Young Lad: An extreme metal all-star squad". In Music We Trust. http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/71h16.html. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Sinclair, Tom (May 16, 2005), "Mezmerize (2005): System of a Down", Entertainment Weekly, http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1060789,00.html . Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
- ^ The official Pages, clawfinger.net, http://www.clawfinger.net/main.php?band . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ SOS, Mike, INTERVIEW: Strapping Young Lad, inmusicwetrust.com, http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/71h16.html . Retrieved on December 18, 2010.
- ^ Tomas Ulrich at All about Jazz, All About Jazz, http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=15347 Retrieved on November 13, 2008.
- ^ Meridian Arts Ensemble – About Us, meridianartsensemble.com, http://www.meridianartsensemble.com/about.htm . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Academic Zappa: Seriously Taken Musical Study of Frank Zappa's Music — At Last, ensembleambrosius.com, http://www.ensembleambrosius.com/node/2 . Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ About fireworks, fireworksensemble.org, http://fireworksensemble.org/about/ . Retrieved on August 25, 2008.
- ^ Bill Frisell Biography, Songline/Tonefield Productions, http://www.songtone.com/artists/Frisell/default.html . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2004), The Penguin Guide To Jazz On CD, Seventh Edition, London: Penguin Books, p. 1721, ISBN 0-14-101416-4
- ^ Bush, John, allmusic ((( George Clinton > Biography ))), allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p65136 . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ George Winston Biography, georgewinston.com, http://www.georgewinston.com/us/biography . Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
- ^ gluckbio.html, electricsongs.com, http://www.electricsongs.com/gluckbio.html . Retrieved on September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Weird Al" Yankovic: Frequently Asked Questions, weirdal.com, http://www.weirdal.com/faq.htm . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984, p. 255.
- ^ Martin, 2002, Avant Rock, p. 160.
- ^ Plas, Jr., Leo P. (March, 1972), "Upper Wolfcampian (?) Mollusca from the Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada", Journal of Paleontology (SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology) 46: 249–260.
- ^ Murdy, E. O. (1989), A Taxonomic Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Oxudercine Gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae), Records of the Australian Museum, ISBN 0-7305-6374-X
- ^ Boero, Ferdinando (April, 1987), "Life cycles of Phialella zappai n. sp., Phialella fragilis and Phialella sp. (Cnidaria, Leptomedusae, Phialellidae) from central California", Journal of Natural History (Taylor & Francis Groups) 21 (2): 465–480, DOI:10.1080/00222938700771131
- ^ Bosmans, Robert; Bosselaers, Jan (October 1995), "Spiders of the genera Pachygnatha, Dyschiriognatha and Glenognatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with a revision of the Afrotropical species", Zoologica Scripta (The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters) 23 (4): 325–352, DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00392.x
- ^ Wassif, Christopher; Cheek, Diana; Belas, Robert (October 1995), "Molecular Analysis of a Metalloprotease from Proteus mirabilis", Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology) 177 (20): 5790–8, PMC 177400, PMID 7592325
- ^ Salak, Marc; Lescinsky, Halard L. (July, 1999), "Spygoria zappania New Genus and Species, a Cloudina-like Biohermal Metazoan from the Lower Cambrian of Central Nevada", Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 73: 571–576.
- ^ Seachrist, Lisa (August 12, 1994), "Random Samples", Science. New Series (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 265: 870–871.
- ^ (3834) Zappafrank, IAU: Minor Planet Center (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/special/rocknroll/0003834.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun (September 16, 2010), Zappa comes home, The Baltimore Sun, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-09-16/entertainment/bs-ae-zappa-cover-0917-20100916_1_gail-zappa-southeast-anchor-library-lithuania . Dweezil and Zappa Plays Zappa played a free three-hour show to a crowd estimated at more than 3,000. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun (September 16, 2010), Zappa-looza: A full guide to the weekend's events, The Baltimore Sun, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-09-16/news/bs-ae-zappa-rail-0917-2-20100916_1_southeast-anchor-library-zappa-plays-zappa-zappa-related . Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ^ Zappanale – Startseite, zappanale.de, http://zappanale.de/ . Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
- ^ The Associated Press (July 30, 2007), "Berlin Names Street After Frank Zappa", The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/30/AR2007073000690.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
- ^ Zappa.com > What's New in Baltimore?, zappa.com, http://www.zappa.com/whatsnew/news/baltimore.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
External links[link]
Media related to Frank Zappa at Wikimedia Commons 
Quotations related to Frank Zappa at Wikiquote
- The official Frank Zappa website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Frank Zappa at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Frank Zappa in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Frank Zappa collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Frank Zappa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Frank Zappa at the Notable Names Database
- Frank Zappa interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zappa, Frank |
| Alternative names | Zappa, Frank Vincent |
| Short description | Composer, musician, bandleader, conductor, record producer |
| Date of birth | 1940-12-21 |
| Place of birth | Baltimore, Maryland, United States |
| Date of death | 1993-12-04 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Michelle Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| First Lady of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Laura Bush |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michelle LaVaughn Robinson (1964-01-17) January 17, 1964 (age 48) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Barack Obama (m. 1992) |
| Children | Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001) |
| Residence | Hyde Park, Chicago (private) The White House (official) |
| Alma mater | Princeton University (A.B.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Protestant Christian |
| Signature |  |
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the 44th and incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, and is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School before returning to Chicago and to work at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her future husband. Subsequently, she worked as part of the staff of Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley, and for the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid and delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of two daughters, Malia and Sasha, and is the sister of Craig Robinson, men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition and healthy eating.[1][2]
Contents |
Family and education[link]
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson was born on January 17, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois, to Fraser Robinson III,[3] a city water plant employee and Democratic precinct captain, and Marian (née Shields), a secretary at Spiegel's catalog store.[4] Her mother was a full-time homemaker until Michelle entered high school.[5] The Robinson and Shields families can trace their roots[6] to pre-Civil War African Americans in the American South. Specifically, her roots can be traced to the Gullah people from South Carolina's Lowcountry region.[7] Her paternal great-great grandfather, Jim Robinson, was an American slave in the state of South Carolina,[8][9] where some of her paternal family still reside.[10][11] Her maternal great-great-great grandmother, Melvinia Shields, also a slave, became pregnant by a white man. His name and the nature of their union have been lost. She gave birth to Michelle's biracial maternal great-great grandfather, Dolphus T. Shields.[12]
Michelle grew up in a two-story house on Euclid Street in Chicago's South Shore community area. Her parents rented a small apartment on the house's second floor from her great-aunt, who lived downstairs.[4][13][14][15] She was raised in what she describes as a "conventional" home, with "the mother at home, the father works, you have dinner around the table".[16] The family entertained together by playing games such as Monopoly and by reading.[17] They attended services at nearby South Shore Methodist Church.[13] The Robinsons used to vacation in a rustic cabin in White Cloud, Michigan.[13] She and her brother, Craig (who is 21 months older), skipped the second grade. By sixth grade, Michelle joined a gifted class at Bryn Mawr Elementary School (later renamed Bouchet Academy).[18]
She attended Whitney Young High School,[19] Chicago's first magnet high school, where she was a classmate of Jesse Jackson's daughter Santita.[17] The round trip commute from the Robinsons' South Side home to the Near West Side, where the school was located, took three hours.[20] She was on the honor roll for four years, took advanced placement classes, a member of the National Honor Society and served as student council treasurer.[4] Michelle graduated in 1981 as the salutatorian of her class.[20]
Michelle was inspired to follow her brother to Princeton University;[5] Craig graduated in 1983. At Princeton, she challenged the teaching methodology for French because she felt that it should be more conversational.[21] As part of her requirements for graduation, she wrote a thesis entitled "Princeton-Educated Blacks and the Black Community."[22][23] "I remember being shocked," she says, "by college students who drove BMWs. I didn't even know parents who drove BMWs."[20] While at Princeton, she got involved with the Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center), an academic and cultural group that supported minority students, running their day care center which also included after school tutoring.[24] Robinson majored in sociology and minored in African American studies and graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in 1985.[4][25] She earned her Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Harvard Law School in 1988.[26] At Harvard she participated in demonstrations advocating the hiring of professors who were members of minorities[27] and worked for the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, assisting low-income tenants with housing cases.[28] She is the third First Lady with a postgraduate degree, after her two immediate predecessors, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Laura Bush.[29] In July 2008, Obama accepted the invitation to become an honorary member of the 100-year-old black sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha, which had no active undergraduate chapter at Princeton when she attended.[30]
She met Barack Obama when they were among the few African Americans at their law firm, Sidley Austin (she has sometimes said only two, although others have pointed out there were others in different departments),[31] and she was assigned to mentor him as a summer associate.[32] Their relationship started with a business lunch and then a community organization meeting where he first impressed her.[33] The couple's first date was to the Spike Lee movie Do the Right Thing.[34] They married in October 1992,[33] and have two daughters, Malia Ann (born 1998) and Natasha (known as Sasha, born 2001).[35] After his election to the U.S. Senate, the Obama family continued to live on Chicago's South Side, choosing to remain there rather than moving to Washington, D.C. Throughout her husband's 2008 campaign for President of the United States, she made a "commitment to be away overnight only once a week — to campaign only two days a week and be home by the end of the second day" for their two children.[36] She is the first cousin, once removed, of Rabbi Capers C. Funnye Jr., one of the country’s most prominent black rabbis.
She once requested that her then-fiancé meet her prospective boss, Valerie Jarrett, when considering her first career move.[16] Now, Jarrett is one of her husband’s closest advisors.[37][38] The marital relationship has had its ebbs and flows; the combination of an evolving family life and beginning political career led to many arguments about balancing work and family. Barack Obama wrote in his second book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, that "Tired and stressed, we had little time for conversation, much less romance".[39] However, despite their family obligations and careers, they continue to attempt to schedule date nights.[40]
The Obamas' daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, a private school.[41] As a member of the school's board, Michelle fought to maintain diversity in the school when other board members connected with the University of Chicago tried to reserve more slots for children of the university faculty. This resulted in a plan to expand the school.[5] Malia and Sasha now attend Sidwell Friends School in Washington, after also considering Georgetown Day School.[42][43] Michelle stated in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show that they do not intend to have any more children.[44] The Obamas have received advice from past first ladies Laura Bush, Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton about raising children in the White House.[43] Marian Robinson, Michelle's mother, has moved into the White House to assist with child care.[45]
Career[link]
Following law school, she was an associate at the Chicago office of the law firm Sidley Austin, where she first met her future husband. At the firm, she worked on marketing and intellectual property.[4] She continues to hold her law license, but as she no longer needs it for her work, it has been on a voluntary inactive status since 1993.[46]
In 1991, she held public sector positions in the Chicago city government as an Assistant to the Mayor, and as Assistant Commissioner of Planning and Development. In 1993, she became Executive Director for the Chicago office of Public Allies, a non-profit organization encouraging young people to work on social issues in nonprofit groups and government agencies.[19] She worked there nearly four years and set fundraising records for the organization that still stood 12 years after she left.[17]
In 1996, she served as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago, where she developed the University's Community Service Center.[47] In 2002, she began working for the University of Chicago Hospitals, first as executive director for community affairs and, beginning May 2005, as Vice President for Community and External Affairs.[48] She continued to hold the University of Chicago Hospitals position during the primary campaign, but cut back to part time in order to spend time with her daughters as well as work for her husband's election;[49] she subsequently took a leave of absence from her job.[50] According to the couple’s 2006 income tax return, her salary was $273,618 from the University of Chicago Hospitals, while her husband had a salary of $157,082 from the United States Senate. The Obamas' total income, however, was $991,296, which included $51,200 she earned as a member of the board of directors of TreeHouse Foods, and investments and royalties from his books.[51]
She served as a salaried board member of TreeHouse Foods, Inc. (NYSE: THS),[52] a major Wal-Mart supplier with whom she cut ties immediately after her husband made comments critical of Wal-Mart at an AFL-CIO forum in Trenton, New Jersey, on May 14, 2007.[53] She serves on the board of directors of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs.[54]
2008 Presidential election[link]
Oprah Winfrey joins the Obamas on the campaign trail, December 10, 2007
The Obamas fist bump upon his winning the Democratic nomination.
The Obamas, with Joe and Jill Biden at the August 23, 2008 Vice Presidential announcement in Springfield, Illinois.
Obama speaks at the 2008 Democratic convention
Although Obama has campaigned on her husband's behalf since early in his political career by handshaking and fund-raising, she did not relish the activity at first. When she campaigned during her husband's 2000 run for United States House of Representatives, her boss at the University of Chicago asked if there was any single thing about campaigning that she enjoyed; after some thought, she replied that visiting so many living rooms had given her some new decorating ideas.[55]
At first, Obama had reservations about her husband's presidential campaign, due to fears about a possible negative effect on their daughters.[56] She says that she negotiated an agreement in which her husband was to give up smoking in exchange for her support of his decision to run.[57] About her role in her husband's presidential campaign she has said: "My job is not a senior adviser."[37][58][59] During the campaign, she has discussed race and education by using motherhood as a framework.[21]
In May 2007, three months after her husband declared his presidential candidacy, she reduced her professional responsibilities by 80 percent to support his presidential campaign.[16] Early in the campaign, she had limited involvement in which she traveled to political events only two days a week and traveled overnight only if their daughters could come along;[3] by early February 2008 her participation had increased significantly, attending thirty-three events in eight days.[38] She made several campaign appearances with Oprah Winfrey.[60][61] She wrote her own stump speeches for her husband's presidential campaign and generally spoke without notes.[20]
Throughout the campaign, the media often labeled her as an "angry black woman,"[62][63][64] and some Web sites attempted to propagate this image,[65] prompting her to respond: "Barack and I have been in the public eye for many years now, and we've developed a thick skin along the way. When you’re out campaigning, there will always be criticism. I just take it in stride, and at the end of the day, I know that it comes with the territory."[66] By the time of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in August, media outlets observed that her presence on the campaign trail had grown softer than at the start of the race, focusing on soliciting concerns and empathizing with the audience rather than throwing down challenges to them, and giving interviews to shows like The View and publications like Ladies' Home Journal rather than appearing on news programs. The change was even reflected in her fashion choices, wearing more informal clothes in place of her previous designer pieces.[55] The View appearance was partly intended to help soften her public image,[62] and it was widely-covered in the press.[67]
The presidential campaign was her first exposure to the national political scene; even before the field of Democratic candidates was narrowed to two, she was considered the least famous of the candidates' spouses.[58] Early in the campaign, she told anecdotes about the Obama family life; however, as the press began to emphasize her sarcasm, she toned it down.[51][57] New York Times op-ed columnist Maureen Dowd wrote:
I wince a bit when Michelle Obama chides her husband as a mere mortal — comic routine that rests on the presumption that we see him as a god ... But it may not be smart politics to mock him in a way that turns him from the glam JFK into the mundane Gerald Ford, toasting his own English muffin. If all Senator Obama is peddling is the Camelot mystique, why debunk this mystique?[58][68]
On the first night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, Craig Robinson introduced his younger sister.[69] She delivered her speech, during which she sought to portray herself and her family as the embodiment of the American Dream.[70] Obama said both she and her husband believed "that you work hard for what you want in life, that your word is your bond, and you do what you say you're going to do, that you treat people with dignity and respect, even if you don't know them, and even if you don't agree with them."[71] She also emphasized loving her country, in response to criticism for her previous statements about feeling proud of her country for the first time.[70][72][73] That keynote address was largely well received and drew mostly positive reviews.[74] A Rasmussen Reports poll found that her favorability among Americans reached 55%.[75]
On an October 6, 2008 broadcast, Larry King asked her if the American electorate was past the Bradley effect. She stated that her husband's achievement of the nomination was a fairly strong indicator that it was.[76] The same night she also was interviewed by Jon Stewart on The Daily Show where she deflected criticism of her husband and his campaign.[77] On Fox News' America's Pulse, E. D. Hill referred to the fist bump shared by the Obamas on the night that he clinched the Democratic presidential nomination as a "terrorist fist jab"; Hill was taken off air and the show itself was cancelled.[78][79][80]
First Lady of the United States[link]
Michelle Obama wore Isabel Toledo clothes made of St. Gallen Embroidery to the 2009 presidential inauguration.
The Obamas dance at a presidential inaugural ball.
Public image and style[link]
With the ascent of her husband as a prominent national politician, Michelle Obama has become a part of popular culture. In May 2006, Essence listed her among "25 of the World's Most Inspiring Women."[81][82] In July 2007, Vanity Fair listed her among "10 of the World's Best Dressed People." She was an honorary guest at Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball as a "young'un" paying tribute to the 'Legends,' which helped pave the way for African American Women. In September 2007, 02138 magazine listed her 58th of 'The Harvard 100'; a list of the prior year's most influential Harvard alumni. Her husband was ranked fourth.[81][83] In July 2008, she made a repeat appearance on the Vanity Fair international best dressed list.[84] She also appeared on the 2008 People list of best-dressed women and was praised by the magazine for her "classic and confident" look.[85][86]
At the time of her husband's election, some sources anticipated that as a high-profile African-American woman in a stable marriage she would be a positive role model who would influence the view the world has of African-Americans.[87][88] Her fashion choices were part of the 2009 Fashion week,[89] but Obama's influence in the field did not have the impact on the paucity of African-American models who participate, that some thought it might.[90][91]
She has been compared to Jacqueline Kennedy due to her sense of style,[84] and also to Barbara Bush for her discipline and decorum.[92][93] Her white, one-shoulder Jason Wu 2009 inaugural gown was said to be "an unlikely combination of Nancy Reagan and Jackie Kennedy".[94][95] Obama's style is described as populist.[29] She often wears clothes by designers Calvin Klein, Isabel Toledo, Narciso Rodriguez, Donna Ricco and Maria Pinto,[96] and has become a fashion trendsetter,[97][98][99] in particular her favoring of sleeveless dresses that showcase her toned arms.[100]
She appeared on the cover and in a photo spread in the March 2009 issue of Vogue.[101][102] Every First Lady since Lou Hoover (except Bess Truman) has been in Vogue,[101] but only Hillary Clinton had previously appeared on the cover.[103]
The media have been criticized for focusing more on the first lady's fashion sense than her serious contributions.[29][104] She has stated that she would like to focus attention as First Lady on issues of concern to military and working families.[87][105][106] U.S.News & World Report blogger, PBS host and Scripps Howard columnist Bonnie Erbe has argued that Obama's own publicists seem to be feeding the emphasis on style over substance.[107] Erbe has stated on several occasions that she is miscasting herself by overemphasizing style.[45][108]
Work undertaken and causes promoted[link]
Michelle Obama and Carla Bruni
During her early months as First Lady, she visited homeless shelters and soup kitchens.[109] She also sent representatives to schools and advocated public service.[109][110] On her first trip abroad in April 2009, she toured a cancer ward with Sarah Brown, wife of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[111] She has begun advocating on behalf of military families.[112] Like her predecessors Clinton and Bush, who supported the organic movement by instructing the White House kitchens to buy organic food, Obama has received attention by planting an organic garden and installing bee hives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[113][114]
Obama has become an advocate of her husband's policy priorities by promoting bills that support it. Following the enactment of the Pay equity law, Obama hosted a White House reception for women's rights advocates in celebration. She has pronounced her support for the economic stimulus bill in visits to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and United States Department of Education. Some observers have looked favorably upon her legislative activities, while others have said that she should be less involved in politics. According to her representatives, she intends to visit all United States Cabinet-level agencies in order to get acquainted with Washington.[115]
She gained growing public support in her early months as first lady.[109][116] She is notable for her support from military families and some Republicans.[109][112] As the public is growing accustomed to her, she is becoming more accepted as a role model.[109] Newsweek described her first trip abroad as an exhibition of her so-called "star power"[116] and MSN described it as a display of sartorial elegance.[82] There were questions raised in the American and British media regarding protocol when the Obamas met Queen Elizabeth II,[117] and Michelle reciprocated a touch on her back by the Queen during a reception, purportedly against traditional royal etiquette.[117][118] Palace sources denied that any breach in etiquette had occurred.[119]
On June 5, 2009, the White House announced that Michelle Obama was replacing her current chief of staff, Jackie Norris, with Susan Sher, a longtime friend and adviser. Norris will become a senior adviser to the Corporation for National and Community Service.[120] Then in February 2010, the resignation of White House Social Secretary, Desiree Rogers was announced to be effective the following month.[121] Rogers had been at odds with other administration officials, such as David Axelrod, and then the White House State Dinner faux pas occurred on November 24, 2009.[122] Rogers was replaced by Julianna Smoot.[123]
After a year as First Lady, she undertook her first lead role in an administrationwide initiative. Her goal was to make progress in reversing the 21st century trend of childhood obesity.[124] She stated that her goal is to make this effort her legacy: "I want to leave something behind that we can say, ‘Because of this time that this person spent here, this thing has changed.’ And my hope is that that’s going to be in the area of childhood obesity."[124] She has named the movement "Let's Move!".[125] This effort does not supplant her other efforts: supporting military families, helping working women balance career and family, encouraging national service, promoting the arts and arts education, and fostering healthy eating and healthy living for children and families across the country.[126] She has earned widespread publicity on the topic of healthy eating by planting the first White House vegetable garden since Eleanor Roosevelt served as First Lady.[124][127]
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- ^ a b O'Neil, Nicole (April 2009). "First Lady style: Michelle Obama". U.K. MSN. http://style.uk.msn.com/fashion/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=10730465. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ "The Harvard 100". 02138. September 2007.
- ^ a b "Michelle Obama makes best-dressed list: For the second year in a row, Obama's style puts her on Vanity Fair's list". MSNBC. July 30, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25939033/. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
- ^ "Michelle Obama among 10 best dressed women: People magazine". The Economic Times (India). September 18, 2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Michelle_Obama_Best_dressed_women/articleshow/3496244.cms. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ "Michelle Obama, Rihanna Named To People’s Best Dressed List". Access Hollywood. September 17, 2008. http://www.accesshollywood.com/style/michelle-obama-rihanna-named-to-peoples-best-dressed-list_article_11297. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ a b Samuels, Allison (November 22, 2008). "What Michelle Means to Us: We've never had a First Lady quite like Michelle Obama. How she'll change the world's image of African-American women—and the way we see ourselves.". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/170383/page/1. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ Fiori, Pamela (February 2009). "She's Got It!". Town & Country: pp. 78–83. http://img147.imagevenue.com/img.php?image=92323_Obama1_122_905lo.jpg. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ Von Glinow, Kiki (March 9, 2009). "The New Black". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/186989. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ^ Soller, Kurt (February 18, 2009). "Is Michelle Obama Diversifying Model Portfolios? Not So Much". Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/popvox/archive/2009/02/18/is-michelle-obama-diversifying-model-portfolios-not-so-much.aspx. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ^ Trebay, Guy (February 13, 2009). "Has the ‘Obama Effect’ Come to Runway Castings?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/fashion/13diary.html. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ^ Trebay, Guy (June 8, 2008). "She Dresses to Win". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/fashion/08michelle.html?. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
- ^ Springen, Karen and Jonathan Darman (January 29, 2007). "Ground Support: Michelle Obama Has Seemed Ambivalent About Barack's'08 Run. But She's Provided The Entree For Him To Give It A Go.". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/70165. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ French, Serena (January 21, 2009). "Michelle in a 'Hue-Turn'". The New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/01212009/news/politics/michelle_in_a_hue_turn_151202.htm. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Soller, Kurt (December 2, 2008). "Feedback: Fashion First Ladies". Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/readback/archive/2008/12/02/feedback-fashion-first-ladies.aspx. Retrieved January 9, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Michelle Obama's Winning Style". In Style. November 2008. http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/general/photos/0,,20214895_20238771_20549587,00.html. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
- ^ Kroll, Betsy (December 2008). "6. Michelle Obama's $148 Dress". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/top10/article/0,30583,1855948_1863061_1863070,00.html. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ Zimbalist, Kristina (October 31, 2008). "Purple Reign". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1855343,00.html. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ Givhan, Robin (January 21, 2009). "All Hail the Leader of the Fashionable World". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/20/ST2009012004580.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ See for example: Vanessa Jones, Michelle Obama's right to bare arms, The Boston Globe, March 19, 2009 (retrieved 2009-10-08); Jeannine Stein, Michelle Obama's toned arms are debated. Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2009 (retrieved 2009-10-08)
- ^ a b Serjeant, Jill (February 11, 2009). "Michelle Obama graces cover of Vogue magazine". Thompson Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/usPoliticsNews/idUKTRE51A86320090211. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "Michelle Obama makes Vogue cover". BBC. February 11, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7883253.stm. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ Tschorn, Adam (February 11, 2009). "All the Rage: The Image Staff Muses On The Culture of Keeping Up Appearance in Hollywood and Beyond". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2009/02/first-look-mich.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ Felchner, Morgan E. (November 14, 2008). "For Mom-in-Chief Michelle Obama and Women Everywhere, It’s About Choice". U.S.News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/blogs/morgan-felchner/2008/11/14/for-mom-in-chief-michelle-obama-and-women-everywhere-its-about-choice.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Obama, Michelle (October 17, 2008). "Michelle Obama: As Barack’s First Lady, I Would Work to Help Working Families and Military Families". U.S.News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/articles/opinion/2008/10/17/michelle-obama-as-baracks-first-lady-i-would-work-to-help-working-families-and-military-families.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Klaidman, Daniel (November 22, 2008). "The Editor’s Desk". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/170435. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ Erbe, Bonnie (November 13, 2008). "Michelle Obama Is Making Herself a Stay-at-Home Mom, Not the Media". U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/blogs/erbe/2008/11/13/michelle-obama-is-making-herself-a-stay-at-home-mom-not-the-media-2.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Erbe, Bonnie (November 6, 2008). "Barack and Michelle Obama Sound Tone-Deaf on Women's Issues". U.S.News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/blogs/erbe/2008/11/06/barack-and-michelle-obama-sound-tone-deaf-on-womens-issues.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Romano, Lois (March 31, 2009). "Michelle's Image: From Off-Putting To Spot-On". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/30/AR2009033003332.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ Alter, Jonathan (March 7, 2009). "An Army Of Changemakers". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/188270. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ Scherer, Michael (April 2, 2009). "Michelle Obama Finds Her Role on the World Stage". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1889307,00.html. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ a b Walsh, Kenneth T. (March 26, 2009). "Michelle Obama Makes Military Families Her Mission: The first lady is often moved by accounts of personal sacrifice by service families". U.S.News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/obama/2009/03/26/michelle-obama-makes-military-families-her-mission.html. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ^ Bedard, Paul (March 28, 2009). "Michelle Obama Goes Organic and Brings in the Bees". U.S.News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2009/3/28/michelle-obama-goes-organic-and-brings-in-the-bees.html. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ^ Black, Jane (March 20, 2009). "Shovel-Ready Project: A White House Garden". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/19/AR2009031902886.html. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (February 7, 2009). "‘Mom in Chief’ Touches on Policy; Tongues Wag". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/us/politics/08michelle.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Stone, Daniel (April 3, 2009). "Mixed Review". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/192394. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ a b Chua-Eoan, Howard (April 1, 2009). "The Queen and Mrs. Obama: A Breach in Protocol". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1888962,00.html. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ Bailey, Holly (April 2, 2009). "Touch Her... If You Dare". Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/archive/2009/04/02/touch-her-if-you-dare.aspx. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ Bailey, Holly (April 1, 2009). "G-20 Gossip: No Touching, Please". Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/archive/2009/04/01/g-20-gossip-no-touching-please.aspx. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ "Michelle Obama gets new chief of staff". UPI. June 5, 2009. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/06/05/Michelle-Obama-gets-new-chief-of-staff/UPI-61071244180466/. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
- ^ Strzemien, Anya (2010-02-26). "Desiree Rogers Stepping Down Next Month". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/26/desiree-rogers-stepping-d_n_478550.html. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ Baker, Peter (2010-03-12). "Obama Social Secretary Ran Into Sharp Elbows". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/us/politics/12rogers.html. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne and Krissah Thompson (2010-03-03). "Julianna Smoot brings an insider's perspective to Obama's inner circle". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/02/AR2010030200941.html?hpid=artslot. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ a b c Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (2010-01-14). "After a Year of Learning, the First Lady Seeks Out a Legacy". The New York Times: p. A20. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/us/14michelle.html. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ Darensbourg, Lauren (2011-05-27). "Let’s Move!". Letsmove.gov. http://letsmove.gov/. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ^ "First Lady Michelle Obama". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/first-lady-michelle-obama/. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ "White House Photo Blog: Wednesday, June 17, 2009: First Garden". Time. 2009-06-17. http://www.time.com/time/politics/whitehouse/photos/0,27424,1905324,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
Further reading[link]
- David Colbert (December 2008). Michelle Obama, An American Story. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-547-24770-2.
- Elizabeth Lightfoot (December 2008). Michelle Obama: First Lady of Hope. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59921-521-7.
- Liza Mundy (October 2008). Michelle Obama, A Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4165-9943-6.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michelle Obama |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Michelle Obama |
- First Lady Michelle Obama at Whitehouse.gov
- "About Michelle Obama" at BarackObama.com
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Michelle Obama at the Internet Movie Database
- Michelle Obama at TED Conferences
- Works by or about Michelle Obama in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Michelle Obama at the Notable Names Database
- Michelle Obama collected news and commentary at Chicago Tribune
- Michelle Obama collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Michelle Obama collected news and commentary at U.S.News & World Report
- Michelle Obama On Love, Family & Politics, interview with Katie Couric of CBS News, February 15, 2008
- Photoessay in Newsweek
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Laura Bush |
First Lady of the United States 2009–present |
Incumbent |
| Honorary Chair of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities Serving with Chairwoman Adair Wakefield Margo 2009–present |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Obama, Michelle |
| Alternative names | Obama, Michelle LaVaughn Robinson; Robinson, Michelle |
| Short description | Wife of the 44th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | January 17, 1964 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Donovan with the Galaxy in October 2010 |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Landon Timothy Donovan | ||
| Date of birth | (1982-03-04) March 4, 1982 (age 30) | ||
| Place of birth | Ontario, California, United States | ||
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)[1] | ||
| Playing position | Forward / Midfielder | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Los Angeles Galaxy | ||
| Number | 10 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 1999 | IMG Soccer Academy | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1999–2001 | Bayer Leverkusen II | 28 | (9) |
| 1999–2005 | Bayer Leverkusen | 7 | (0) |
| 2001–2004 | → San Jose Earthquakes (loan) | 87 | (32) |
| 2005– | Los Angeles Galaxy | 176 | (85) |
| 2009–2010 | → Bayern Munich (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 2010 | → Everton (loan) | 10 | (2) |
| 2012 | → Everton (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 1998–1999 | United States U17 | 41 | (35) |
| 2001 | United States U20 | 4 | (0) |
| 2000 | United States U23 | 15 | (9) |
| 2000– | United States | 140 | (49) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23:04, 8 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
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Landon Timothy Donovan (born March 4, 1982) is an American association football player for Los Angeles Galaxy and the United States men's national soccer team. He usually plays as a withdrawn forward, and can also be used as an attacking midfielder on either wing.
A member of the inaugural class of the U.S. Soccer residency program in Bradenton, Florida, Donovan was declared player of the tournament for his role in the national U-17 team that finished fourth in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship, Donovan later signed with the German side Bayer Leverkusen. After six years with the club, the majority of which was spent on loan at the San Jose Earthquakes, Donovan moved to the Los Angeles Galaxy in 2005, though he returned to the Bundesliga for a three-month spell at the start of 2009 on loan to Bayern Munich. He went on loan again from January to March 2010 with English Premier League side Everton, where he scored twice in ten appearances.
For the United States national team, Donovan is the all-time leader in scoring and assists, and has the most caps of all active players.[2][3] He is a four-time winner of the U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year award (the only male to do so and the only male to win in consecutive years),[4] as well as the only three-time winner of the Honda Player of the Year award, having won it seven times.[5] His goals in the 2010 World Cup made Donovan the highest scoring American player in World Cup history and the third American player to score in more than one World Cup (after Brian McBride and Clint Dempsey).
Donovan is widely regarded as the best soccer player ever in United States, many citing the only who reached at the top international level after the appearance in 2010 FIFA World Cup when he demostrated high skills in dribling, passing and attacking.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Donovan was born on March 4, 1982, in Ontario, California, to Donna Kenney-Cash, a special education teacher, and Tim Donovan, a semi-professional ice hockey player originally from Canada.[6]
When Donovan was six, his mother allowed him to join an organized league, and he scored seven goals in his first game.[6] Donovan was a member of Cal Heat – a club based in Rancho Cucamonga under coach Clint Greenwood. In 1997, he was accepted into U.S. Youth Soccer's (football) Olympic Development Program. He attended Redlands East Valley High School in California.[7] In 1999, Donovan attended the IMG Soccer Academy in Bradenton, Florida, part of U.S. Soccer's training program.[8] While at IMG Academy Donovan almost had his feet bitten off by an alligator while enjoying a post-training round of golf.[9]
Club career[link]
Bayer Leverkusen/San Jose Earthquakes[link]
Later in 1999 Donovan signed a six-year contract for German club Bayer Leverkusen, whose sporting director Michael Reschke spotted him at a youth tournament in Europe.[10] Unhappy with his situation in Germany,[11] he was loaned to the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer for the 2001 season. In MLS, Donovan had immediate success, leading the Earthquakes to MLS Cup championships in 2001 and 2003 and becoming one of the most recognizable faces of soccer in America.[12] In four years in the league, he scored 32 goals and 29 assists in league play, and 10 goals and six assists in the playoffs. Donovan was named U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year in 2003.[13]
In 2004 Donovan became the first man to be named U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year three years in a row,[13] before returning to Bayer Leverkusen in 2005. After playing seven games with Leverkusen, only two of which were starts, Donovan stated his intentions to return to MLS. Despite a late offer from English club Portsmouth, Bayer Leverkusen officials respected his wishes. However, because San Jose GM Alexi Lalas had traded away Donovan's rights, the Los Angeles Galaxy, his hometown team, were able to trade leading scorer Carlos Ruiz to FC Dallas to get on top of the MLS allocation order one week before the season started.[14]
Los Angeles Galaxy[link]
In his first season with the Galaxy, Donovan scored twelve league goals and ten assists and added four goals and an assist in the playoffs as the Galaxy won the MLS Cup (his third MLS championship to date). He was named to the MLS All-Time Best XI after the season.[15] In his second season with the Galaxy, Donovan scored twelve league goals and eight assists. Donovan also scored three goals in the Open Cup. Despite this, Donovan and the Galaxy failed to make the playoffs and lost in the Open Cup to Chicago Fire. Donovan's playoff goals make him MLS' second all-time leading scorer in the playoffs with fourteen, behind Carlos Ruiz with fifteen.[16]
Donovan had a mixed year with the Galaxy in 2007. Upon the signing and arrival of David Beckham, Donovan relinquished his captaincy to the English superstar. In the 2007 SuperLiga tournament, Donovan was the top scorer. Donovan scored a goal in every game except for the final. At this point in his career, Donovan had eighty-four all-time regular season goals putting him in seventh place on the league's all time scoring list. Although the 2008 season was a disappointment for the Galaxy, it was a banner year for Donovan as he scored twenty goals and nine assists in twenty-five games, forming a strong offensive partnership with David Beckham and Edson Buddle.[16]
After his former national team manager Bruce Arena was named Galaxy head coach and Beckham joined AC Milan on loan in early 2009, Donovan once again was given the club captaincy on a permanent basis. In July 2009, Donovan received praise and criticism for his critical comments about Beckham in Sports Illustrated journalist Grant Wahl's book The David Beckham Experiment, calling Beckham a poor captain and teammate. He later apologized to Beckham for discussing his concerns to a reporter rather than to him directly.[17] The two reconciled upon Beckham's midseason return to Los Angeles and Donovan enjoyed an outstanding 2009 campaign, winning the league's Most Valuable Player and MLS Goal of The Year 2009 award and leading the Galaxy to MLS Cup 2009, which they lost on penalties. Following the season Donovan agreed to a four-year extension to his contract with the Galaxy, with clauses that allow him to seek loans during the MLS offseason. On August 1, 2010, Donovan scored the 100th goal of his MLS career. On September 18, 2010, he became the all-time leading scorer for the LA Galaxy.[18]
The Galaxy had another successful campaign in 2010 winning the Supporters' Shield for the first time since 2003. In that campaign, Donovan notched 7 goals and a team high 16 assists. In the playoffs, the Galaxy would ultimately succumb to FC Dallas in the semifinals.
In 2011, the Galaxy again won the MLS Supporter's Shield. In the 2011 MLS Cup, Donovan scored the title-clinching goal in the 72nd minute over the Houston Dynamo, securing his 4th MLS Cup title.[19] Donovan was named the MLS Cup MVP.
Loans to other clubs[link]
In November 2008 Donovan trained with Bayern Munich,[20] before joining the German club on loan until the start of the 2009 MLS season in mid-March.[21] During his stay with Bayern, Donovan had appearances in five friendly matches, in which he scored four goals, five league games, and one DFB Cup match.[22] At the end of the loan period, Bayern declined to extend his loan.[23]
After the 2009 MLS season had finished, Donovan joined English Premier League side Everton on loan in January 2010, though there was strong suggestions he could join his American teammates at Fulham F.C.[24][25][26] During this period, he played in thirteen games in all competitions, scored two goals, and was named the club's Player of the Month for his performances in January.[27] Everton were keen on extending his loan deal, but the Galaxy refused,[28] and Donovan returned to the US in time for the start of the 2010 MLS season.[29] Everton also wanted to sign Donovan in the summer transfer window but due to lack of funds, no formal offer was made.
An agreement was reached in December 2011 for Donovan to spend another two months at Everton beginning in January 2012.[30] Donovan made his returning debut for Everton on January 4, 2012 against Bolton Wanderers, Everton lost 2–1. In his third game on loan, he assisted Everton's only goal in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa on January 14, 2012. On January 27, 2012, Donovan assisted in both goals in a 2–1 win over Fulham in the FA Cup Fourth round Proper. On January 31, 2012, he assisted in Darron Gibson's winning goal over Manchester City. Donovan took his tally of assists to 7 when he assisted Denis Stracqualursi's goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea on February 11, 2012. He missed the last game of his loan spell through illness though, and shortly after returned to LA.
International career[link]
Donovan was a member of the inaugural class at U.S. Soccer's full-time residency program at the IMG Soccer Academy, in Bradenton, Florida. He won the Golden Ball at the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship as the tournament's best player. In his two years playing for the U-17 team, he scored thirty-five goals in forty-one games.[31] In 2000, he moved up to both the United States U-23 men's national soccer team as well as the senior team. Despite this he played for the United States U-20 men's national soccer team in 2001. In March 2001 he was involved in a collision with Marvin Lee, the captain of Trinidad and Tobago national football team U20s in Macoya, Trinidad, which resulted in Lee being paralyzed and broke one of Donovan's ribs.[32] Lee later died from his injuries in 2003.
In 2006 he became the United States' all-time assist leader with twenty-three when he set up Ben Olsen; the previous all-time assist leader was Cobi Jones.[33]
Donovan made his World Cup Finals debut in the 2002 World Cup starting in the shock upset of pre-tournament favorites Portugal, a match the Americans won 3–2. Donovan's cross in the 29th minute deflected in off Jorge Costa, giving the U.S. a 2–0 lead. Later, Donovan would tally his first World Cup Finals goal in the 83rd minute of a 3–1 loss to Poland in the third match of the group stage. He then scored his second goal of the tournament on a header which clinched a 2–0 "Round of 16" victory for the Americans over arch-rival Mexico. Though the U.S. would go on to lose 1–0 to Germany in the quarterfinals, Donovan would later be named "Best Young Player" of the tournament.[34]
Donovan was a member of the U.S. squad at the 2006 World Cup, in which the Americans were eliminated in the group stage. He led the U.S. to the 2007 Gold Cup title with 4 goals, including a crucial penalty in the 2–1 victory over Mexico in the final. On January 19, 2008, Donovan scored his 35th international goal, a penalty against Sweden, and passed Eric Wynalda as the United States' all-time leading goal scorer. Donovan reached 100 caps at the age of 26 on June 8, 2008, in a friendly against Argentina that ended in a 0–0 draw, and was the fourth-youngest person to do so.[35]
Donovan captained the U.S. in the group stage of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup due to Carlos Bocanegra's injury absence. Donovan scored on a penalty kick against Italy, shortly after his team had been reduced to 10 men, and scored for the United States in a 3–2 defeat to Brazil in the final. On October 10, 2009, Donovan scored on a free kick, giving the U.S. a 3–2 victory over Honduras in San Pedro Sula, clinching a berth in the 2010 World Cup.
Donovan was included in the squad for the 2010 World Cup, and played all four games in the United States' campaign. He scored against Slovenia with a shot straight up into goal past the goalkeeper's face, in a 2–2 tie,[36] and the only goal in a 1–0 defeat of Algeria off of a rebounded attempt on goal by teammate Clint Dempsey, leading the USA to win their World Cup group for the first time since 1930.[37][38] Donovan scored a penalty against Ghana as the U.S lost 2–1 after extra time and were eliminated from the competition.[39] His goals in the 2010 World Cup made Donovan the highest scoring American man in World Cup history,[39] and just the third American man to score in more than one World Cup (after Brian McBride and Clint Dempsey).[40] His total of five World Cup goals is the most for any man representing a team from CONCACAF.
International goals[link]
- Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first.
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01. | October 25, 2000 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States |  Mexico |
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| 02. | January 19, 2002 | Rose Bowl, Pasadena, USA |  South Korea |
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| 03. | March 2, 2002 | Safeco Field, Seattle, USA |  Honduras |
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| 04. |
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| 05. | May 16, 2002 | Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, USA |  Jamaica |
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| 06. | June 14, 2002 | Daejeon World Cup Stadium, Daejeon, South Korea |  Poland |
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| 07. | June 17, 2002 | Jeonju World Cup Stadium, Jeonju, South Korea | Mexico |
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| 08. | March 29, 2003 | Qwest Field, Seattle, USA |  Venezuela |
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| 09. | May 26, 2003 | Spartan Stadium, San Jose, USA |  Wales |
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| 10. | July 6, 2003 | Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, USA |  Paraguay |
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| 11. | July 13, 2003 | Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, USA |  Cuba |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. | January 18, 2004 | Home Depot Center, Carson, USA |  Denmark |
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| 16. | June 20, 2004 | Grenada National Stadium, St. George's, Grenada |  Grenada |
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| 17. | September 4, 2004 | Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, USA |  El Salvador |
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| 18. | October 13, 2004 | RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C., USA |  Panama |
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| 19. |
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| 20. | June 4, 2005 | Rice-Eccles Stadium, Salt Lake City, USA |  Costa Rica |
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| 21. |
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|||||
| 22. | June 8, 2005 | Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama City, Panama | Panama |
|
|
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| 23. | July 7, 2005 | Qwest Field, Seattle, USA | Cuba |
|
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| 24. |
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|||||
| 25. | July 9, 2005 | Qwest Field, Seattle, USA |  Canada |
|
|
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| 26. | January 20, 2007 | Home Depot Center, Carson, USA | Denmark |
|
|
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| 27. | February 7, 2007 | University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, USA | Mexico |
|
|
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| 28. | March 25, 2007 | Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, USA |  Ecuador |
|
|
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| 29. |
|
|||||
| 30. |
|
|||||
| 31. | June 12, 2007 | Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, USA | El Salvador |
|
|
|
| 32. | June 16, 2007 | Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, USA | Panama |
|
|
|
| 33. | June 21, 2007 | Soldier Field, Chicago, USA | Canada |
|
|
|
| 34. | June 24, 2007 | Soldier Field, Chicago, USA | Mexico |
|
|
|
| 35. | January 19, 2008 | Home Depot Center, Carson, USA |  Sweden |
|
|
|
| 36. | June 15, 2008 | Home Depot Center, Carson, USA |  Barbados |
|
|
|
| 37. | October 11, 2008 | RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C., USA | Cuba |
|
|
|
| 38. | June 3, 2009 | Estadio Saprissa, San José, Costa Rica | Costa Rica |
|
|
|
| 39. | June 6, 2009 | Soldier Field, Chicago, USA | Honduras |
|
|
|
| 40. | June 15, 2009 | Loftus Versfeld Stadium, Pretoria, South Africa |  Italy |
|
|
|
| 41. | June 28, 2009 | Coca-Cola Park, Johannesburg, South Africa |  Brazil |
|
|
|
| 42. | October 10, 2009 | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras | Honduras |
|
|
|
| 43. | June 18, 2010 | Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa |  Slovenia |
|
|
|
| 44. | June 23, 2010 | Loftus Versfeld Stadium, Pretoria, South Africa |  Algeria |
|
|
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| 45. | June 26, 2010 | Royal Bafokeng Stadium, Rustenburg, South Africa |  Ghana |
|
|
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| 46. | June 25, 2011 | Rose Bowl, Pasadena, USA | Mexico |
|
|
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| 47. | May 26, 2012 | EverBank Field, Jacksonville, USA |  Scotland |
|
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| 48. |
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|||||
| 49. |
|
Career statistics[link]
| Club performance | League | Cup | League Cup | Continental | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Germany | League | DFB-Pokal | Premiere Ligapokal | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 1999–00 | Bayer Leverkusen II | Regionalliga West/Südwest | 20 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 6 |
| 2000–01 | Regionalliga | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| USA | League | Open Cup | League Cup | North America | Total | |||||||
| 2001 | San Jose Earthquakes | Major League Soccer | 22 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 12 |
| 2002 | 20 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 8 | ||
| 2003 | 22 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 16 | ||
| 2004 | 23 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 7 | ||
| Germany | League | DFB-Pokal | Premiere Ligapokal | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 2004–05 | Bayer Leverkusen | Bundesliga | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| USA | League | Open Cup | League Cup | North America | Total | |||||||
| 2005 | Los Angeles Galaxy | Major League Soccer | 22 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 18 |
| 2006 | 24 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 30 | 16 | ||
| 2007 | 25 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 8 | ||
| 2008 | 25 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 20 | ||
| Germany | League | DFB-Pokal | Premiere Ligapokal | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 2008–09 | Bayern Munich | Bundesliga | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| USA | League | Open Cup | League Cup | North America | Total | |||||||
| 2009 | Los Angeles Galaxy | Major League Soccer | 25 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 15 |
| England | League | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 2009–10 | Everton | Premier League | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 2 |
| USA | League | Open Cup | League Cup | North America | Total | |||||||
| 2010 | Los Angeles Galaxy | Major League Soccer | 24 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 29 | 7 |
| 2011 | 23 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 32 | 15 | ||
| England | League | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 2011–12 | Everton | Premier League | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| USA | League | Open Cup | League Cup | North America | Total | |||||||
| 2012 | Los Angeles Galaxy | Major League Soccer | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 3 |
| Total | Germany | 33 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 37 | 6 | |
| USA | 265 | 117 | 9 | 5 | 28 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 306 | 142 | ||
| England | 17 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 2 | ||
| Career total | 315 | 125 | 14 | 5 | 28 | 19 | 8 | 1 | 365 | 150 | ||
Personal life[link]
Donovan married actress Bianca Kajlich on December 31, 2006; the couple separated in July 2009,[43] and Donovan filed for divorce in December 2010.[44] He currently resides in Manhattan Beach, California. He speaks Spanish, which he learned in high school and while playing with the Cal Heat club (which consisted primarily of players of Hispanic descent).[45] He also speaks German as a result of his time spent in Germany.[46] After his brief stint playing for Everton, Donovan declared himself an "Evertonian for life."[47]
Honors[link]
United States[link]
- CONCACAF Gold Cup (3):
- FIFA Confederations Cup:
- Runners-up: 2009
Los Angeles Galaxy[link]
- MLS Cup (2):
- Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1):
- MLS Supporters' Shield (2):
San Jose Earthquakes[link]
Individual[link]
- U.S. Soccer Young Athlete of the Year:
- Winner: 2000
- U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year:
- Winner: 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010
- Honda Player of the Year:
- Winner: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
- FIFA U-17 World Championship Golden Ball:
- Winner: 1999
- FIFA World Cup Best Young Player of the Tournament:
- Winner: 2002
- FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament:
- Winner: 2002
- CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI:
- Everton Player of the Month:
- Winner: January 2010, January 2012
- MLS All-Time Best XI:
- Major League Soccer MVP:
- Winner: 2009
- MLS Best XI:
- Winner: 2003, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
- MLS Cup MVP:
- Winner: 2003, 2011
- MLS All-Star Game MVP:
- Winner: 2001
- MLS Golden Boot:
- Winner: 2008
- MLS Silver Boot:
- Winner: 2010
- MLS Goal of the Year:
- Winner: 2009
United States national team[link]
- United States all-time goalscorer (49)
- United States all-time assists leader (48)
Major League Soccer[link]
- Career regular seasons goals list: 3rd place
- Career regular seasons assists list: 6th place
- Career playoff goals list: 1st place
- Career playoff assists list: 7th place
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "MLS Player Profile". Major League Soccer. http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/landon-donovan. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- ^ "U.S. Men's National Team Prepares to Kick Off 2009 Confederations Cup Against World Champion Italy". United States football Federation (Chicago). http://www.ussoccer.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14745621.html. Retrieved June 25, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "FIFA makes Donovan's record official". ESPN (New York). February 29, 2008. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/print?id=512376&type=story&cc=null. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ "Donovan, Wambach, Agbossoumonde and Henninger Voted 2010 U.S. Soccer Athletes of the Year". U.S. Soccer. December 20, 2010. http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2010/12/2010-Athletes-of-the-Year-Announcement.aspx. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ "Donovan wins sixth Honda Award". ESPN. Associated Press (Los Angeles). October 20, 2009. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=687455&sec=us&cc=5901. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ a b "Landon Donovan Biography". JockBio. March 4, 1982. http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/Donovan_Landon/Donovan_bio.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Landon Donovan (March 4, 1982). "Landon Donovan Profile, Statistics, News, Game Log – Los Angeles, USA Major League Soccer – ESPN Soccernet". ESPN. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/profile?id=19107&cc=5901. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ "Residency Program". US Soccer. http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/Youth/US-Under17-Men/Residency.aspx. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
- ^ Rogers, Martin. "The day Donovan's career almost ended". G.sports.yahoo.com. http://g.sports.yahoo.com/soccer/world-cup/news/the-day-donovan-s-career-almost-ended--fbintl_ro-donovan062110.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ "Landon Donovan: Home is where the heart is". PlayerPress.com. http://www.playerpress.com/articles/landon-donovan-home-is-where-the-heart-is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ "Landon Donovan". Landon Donovan. http://www.landondonovan.com/donovan/about. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ "Los Angeles Galaxy mini bios". Major League Soccer. November 10, 2005. Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070318235530/http://web.mlsnet.com/news/mls_events_news.jsp?ymd=20051110&content_id=47956&vkey=mlscup2005&fext=.jsp. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- ^ a b "U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year". National Soccer Hall of Fame. http://national.soccerhall.org/history/ChevroletWinners.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
- ^ "Galaxy trade Ruiz to Dallas, Donovan returning to L.A.?". USA Today. Associated Press (Carson, California). March 30, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/mls/2005-03-30-dallas-ruiz_x.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
- ^ Nierman, Jonathan (November 11, 2005). "MLS All-Time Best XI team unveiled". Major League Soccer (Frisco, Texas). Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070608223502/http://web.mlsnet.com/news/mls_events_news.jsp?ymd=20051111&content_id=47999&vkey=mlscup2005&fext=.jsp. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- ^ a b "Landon Donovan". Los Angeles Galaxy (Major League Soccer). http://la.galaxy.mlsnet.com/players/bio.jsp?team=t106&player=donovan_l&playerId=don474618&statType=career. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ Dominic Fifield in New Jersey (July 16, 2009). "David Beckham warns LA Galaxy he will go on loan again | Football | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/jul/16/david-beckham-la-galaxy. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Ian Rose. "Donovan Sets LA Galaxy Scoring Record; theoffside.com". TheOffside. http://www.theoffside.com/world-football/donovan-sets-la-galaxy-scoring-record.html. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
- ^ "Galaxy defeats Dynamo, 1–0, to win championship". Los Angeles Times. November 20, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2011/11/mls-cup-galaxy-defeats-dynamo-1-0-to-win-championship.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+LAT_Sports_Blog+%28The+Fabulous+Forum%29. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
- ^ Wild, Karlheinz (November 11, 2008). "Donovan zum FC Bayern?" (in German). Kicker. http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/artikel/500264/.
- ^ "Bayern borrow Landon Donovan from Galaxy". ESPN. November 20, 2008. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=594415&sec=europe&cc=5901.
- ^ "Donovan will return to LA Galaxy". Los Angeles Galaxy. March 5, 2009. http://web.mlsnet.com/news/team_news.jsp?ymd=20090305&content_id=221945&vkey=pr_lag&fext=.jsp&team=t106. Retrieved June 25, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Donovan unlikely to extend with Bayern". Associated Press. February 17, 2009. http://msn.foxsports.com/soccer/story/9230914/Donovan-unlikely-to-extend-with-Bayern. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
- ^ "Toffees Confirm Donovan Deal". Sky Sports. December 18, 2009. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_5780634,00.html. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/850309-landon-donovan-could-opt-for-fulham-loan-transfer-over-everton-return
- ^ http://www.friendsoffulham.com/forum/index.php?topic=8068.0;wap2
- ^ Bould, Giulia (March 14, 2010). "Donovan Returns to LA". Everton F.C.. http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/03/14/donovan-returns-to-la. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
- ^ "Galaxy: Donovan Not Staying At Everton". FIFA. March 5, 2010. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1177737.html#galaxy+donovan+staying+everton. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
- ^ "Landon Donovan returns to US after loan spell at Everton ends". The Guardian. March 14, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/mar/14/everton-landon-donovan. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
- ^ "Everton agree deal to bring Landon Donovan on loan from LA Galaxy". The Guardian. December 15, 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/dec/15/everton-landon-donovan-loan-la-galaxy. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
- ^ "player profile". Soccertimes.com. http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/men/donovan.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ "From Marvin Lee Stadium". RevolutionSoccer.net. http://blog.revolutionsoccer.net/?p=582. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
- ^ "Donovan becomes leader in career assists in 1–1 draw with Jamaica". SoccerTimes.com (Cary, North Carolina). April 11, 2006. http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/2006/men/games/apr11.htm. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- ^ "Hyundai Best Young Player Award: 2002 Landon Donovan (USA)". http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/awards/bestyoungplayer/player=175507/index.html.
- ^ "Landon Donovan". U.S. Soccer. http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/MNT/D/Landon-Donovan.aspx. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ^ Ornstein, David (June 18, 2010). "Slovenia 2–2 USA". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_22/default.stm. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ "USA-Algeria – The matches of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa". FIFA.com. June 10, 2010. http://www.fifa.com/live/competitions/worldcup/matchday=13/day=1/match=300061461/index.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Blum, Ronald. US advances at World Cup with 1–0 win, Associated Press, June 23, 2010.
- ^ a b Fletcher, Paul (June 26, 2010). "USA 1–2 Ghana (aet)". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_50/default.stm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ Dempsey was the second American to score in more than one World Cup during the first match with England. The following match was against Slovenia, in which Donovan scored the first goal, thus making him the third.
- ^ "Landon Donovan Career Stats". soccerbase.com. January 14, 2012. http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=24312. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ "Landon Donovan Career Stats (2)". national-football-teams.com. January 14, 2012. http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=7281. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ Ingrassia, Lisa (July 17, 2009). "Bianca Kajlich and Soccer Star Landon Donovan Split". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20292059,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Macht, Daniel (December 23, 2010). "No Reconciliation: Landon Donovan Files for Divorce". NBC Los Angeles. http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local-beat/NATL-No-Reconciliation-Landon-Donovan-Files-for-Divorce-112354234.html. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. soccer star Landon Donovan". USA Today. May 18, 2005. http://cgi1.usatoday.com/mchat/20050518005/tscript.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ "Chandler making rapid progress for club and country.". Yahoo sports. April 1, 2011. http://sports.yahoo.com/soccer/news?slug=ap-us-chandler. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
- ^ "Donovan an Evertonian for life". Liverpool Echo. Jan 4, 2011. http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/everton-fc/everton-fc-news/2011/01/04/landon-donovan-wants-fairytale-return-to-everton-fc-100252-27928134/. Retrieved Jan 4, 2011.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Landon Donovan – FIFA competition record
- Landon Donovan – UEFA competition record
- Landon Donovan French
- MLS player profile
- Player profile at Everton
- ESPN Profile
- Profile at SoccerSurfer.com
- Landon Donovan: USA Soccer Hero – slideshow by Life magazine
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Cobi Jones |
Los Angeles Galaxy captain 2007 |
Succeeded by David Beckham |
| Preceded by David Beckham |
Los Angeles Galaxy captain 2009– |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
|
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|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Donovan, Landon |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Professional soccer player |
| Date of birth | March 4, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Ontario, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Landon_Donovan
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://cs.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://id.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://es.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://ru.wn.com/Донован, Лэндон
http://nl.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://pl.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://fr.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://de.wn.com/Landon Donovan
http://pt.wn.com/Landon Donovan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Donovan
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Wiki Summary
The City of Lincoln is the capital and the second-most populous city of the US state of Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2010 Census population was 258,379.
Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster, and became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the creation of the territory in 1854; however, most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte considered annexation to Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. The village of Lancaster was chosen, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.[citation needed]
Omaha interests attempted to derail the move by having Lancaster renamed after the recently assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had been sympathetic to the Confederate cause in the recently concluded Civil War, and it was assumed that the legislature would not pass the measure if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The ploy did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867.[citation needed] The choice to name the capital city "Lincoln" caused quite a stir among constituents, whose sentiments were mixed regarding who should have won the Civil War.
