28 Days Later is a 2002 British horror film directed by Danny Boyle. The screenplay was written by Alex Garland, and the film stars Cillian Murphy, Naomie Harris, Brendan Gleeson, Megan Burns, and Christopher Eccleston. The plot depicts the breakdown of society following the accidental release of a highly contagious "rage" virus and focuses upon the struggle of four survivors to cope with the destruction of the life they once knew.

A critical and commercial success, the film is widely recognised for images of a deserted London, and was shot almost entirely on digital video. The film spawned a 2007 sequel, 28 Weeks Later, a graphic novel titled 28 Days Later: The Aftermath, which expands on the timeline of the outbreak, and a 2009 comic book series 28 Days Later.

Plot[link]

British animal liberation activists break into a laboratory in Cambridge and are caught by a scientist while trying to free some chimpanzees being used for medical research. Despite the warnings of the chief scientist that the chimps are infected with a virus dubbed "Rage," which he claims is highly contagious and only takes one bite to spread, the activists open the cages anyway and release the chimpanzees. A chimp attacks a female activist and immediately infects her, and she in turn infects the other members of the group, including the chief scientist when he attempts to kill her.

Twenty-eight days later, a bicycle courier named Jim (Cillian Murphy) awakens from a coma in the deserted St Thomas' Hospital. As he leaves, he discovers London deserted with signs of catastrophe everywhere. Jim is soon discovered and chased through the streets by psychotic people before being rescued by two survivors, Selena (Naomie Harris) and Mark (Noah Huntley), who kill Jim's pursuers with Molotov cocktails and a petrol station explosion. After, they rush him to their hideout in the London Underground. There they reveal that while Jim was comatose from his accident, a virus spread uncontrollably among the populace, turning most people into rabid, psychotic "infected," resulting in societal collapse. They also explain that infection has been reported in Paris and New York. Selena and Mark accompany Jim to his parents' house the next morning, where he discovers that they committed suicide, leaving a note for him. That night, two of the infected see a candle Jim lights in the kitchen and attack. Mark is badly cut and covered in infected blood; Selena quickly kills him, later explaining to Jim that the Rage virus overwhelms its victims in no more than twenty seconds. This necessitates the immediate killing of people who may have been infected. She also assures him that, should he get infected, she would kill him "in a heartbeat." After leaving, they discover two more survivors, Frank (Brendan Gleeson) and his teenage daughter, Hannah (Megan Burns), holed up in a block of flats, and are invited to spend the rest of the night.

Frank informs them the next day that supplies, particularly water, are dwindling, and plays them a pre-recorded radio broadcast apparently transmitted by an Army blockade near Manchester, who claim to have "the answer to infection" and invites any survivor to try to reach their safe haven. The survivors board Frank's cab in search of the signal source and during the trip bond with one another in various situations. When the four reach the deserted blockade, Frank is infected when a drop of blood from a dead body falls into his eye. As he succumbs, he is killed by the arriving soldiers, who then take the remaining group to a fortified mansion under the command of Major Henry West (Christopher Eccleston). After settling in the mansion, West promises the three protection from the infected. However, Jim quickly discovers that West's "answer to infection" involves waiting for the infected to starve to death, and his broadcast of the radio message was launched to attract female survivors into sexual slavery to rebuild the population with his platoon's members. Jim attempts to escape with Selena and Hannah, but is captured by the soldiers, along with a Sergeant Farrell (Stuart McQuarrie), who disagrees with the major's plan and tried to stop the other soldiers from imprisoning the group. During their imprisonment, Farrell theorizes that there is no worldwide pandemic, but rather that Great Britain has been quarantined.

The next day, Selena and Hannah are made to dress in evening wear and prepare for rape, as two soldiers lead Jim and Farrell to be executed. After his escorts quarrel after killing Farrell, Jim manages to escape and notices the contrail of a jet aircraft flying high overhead, which largely confirms Farrell's theory. After luring West and one of his men to the blockade and ambushing them, Jim runs back to the soldiers' headquarters where he unleashes Mailer, an infected soldier that West kept chained outside for observation. Mailer attacks the soldiers in the mansion, while Jim sets out to rescue the girls, who had been split up in the chaos. Selena, held hostage by a surviving soldier, is then rescued by Jim, who arrives and savagely kills her captor with his bare hands. Selena mistakes Jim for an infected and raises her machete to kill him, but when she hesitates, Jim remarks "That was longer than a heartbeat." The two kiss, reunite with Hannah, and run to Frank's cab, only to encounter a vengeful West, who shoots Jim in the stomach. Hannah commandeers the cab and backs it up to the front door, where Mailer drags West out through the rear window and kills him. She then drives away with Jim and Selena.

Selena and Hannah rush Jim into a deserted hospital, where Selena performs life-saving emergency procedures. Twenty-eight days later, Jim is shown waking up in recovery again, this time at a remote cottage. Downstairs, he finds Selena sewing large swaths of fabric when Hannah appears. The three rush outside and unfurl a huge cloth banner, adding the final letter to the word "HELLO" laid out on the meadow. As a Finnish fighter jet flies over the landscape, infected people are shown lying by the side of a road, dying of starvation. The jet flies past the three waving survivors and their distress sign, and as it flies away Selena says with a smile: "Do you think he saw us this time?"

Alternative endings[link]

The DVD extras include three alternative endings, all of which conclude with Jim dying. Two were filmed, while the third, a more radical departure, was presented only in storyboards. On 25 July 2003, cinemas started showing the alternative ending after the film's credits.^[1]

Jim dies at the hospital[link]

In this ending, after Jim is shot, Selena and Hannah still rush him to the deserted hospital, but the scene is extended. Selena, with Hannah's assistance, attempts to perform life-saving procedures but cannot revive Jim. Selena is heartbroken, and Hannah, distraught, looks to her for guidance. Selena tells Hannah that they will go on; they pick up their guns and walk away from Jim's lifeless body. Selena and Hannah, still dressed in ballgowns and fully armed, walk through the operating room doors, which gradually stop swinging.

On the DVD commentary, Boyle and Garland explain that this was the original ending of the film's first cut, which was tested with preview audiences. It was rejected for seeming too bleak; the final exit from the hospital was intended to imply Selena and Hannah's survival, whereas test audiences felt that the women were marching off to certain death. Boyle and Garland express a preference for this alternative ending, calling it the "true ending." They comment that this ending brought Jim full circle, as he starts and finishes the story in bed in a deserted hospital.

This ending was added in the theatrical release of the film beginning on 25 July 2003, placed after the credits and prefaced with the words "what if..."^[1]

Rescue coda without Jim[link]

This ending, for which only a rough edit was completed, is an alternative version of the potential rescue sequence shown at the very end of the released film. Here, the scenes are identical, except that this ending was intended to be placed after the first alternative ending where Jim dies, so he is absent. When Selena is sewing one of the banner letters in the cottage, she is seen facetiously talking to a chicken instead of Jim. Only Selena and Hannah are seen waving to the jet flying overhead in the final shots.

"Radical Alternative Ending"[link]

The "Radical Alternative Ending", rather than a bare ending, is a radically different development of the movie from the midpoint onwards; it was not filmed and is presented on the DVD as a series of illustrated storyboards with voiceovers by Boyle and Garland. When Frank is infected at the military blockade near Manchester, the soldiers do not enter the story. Instead, Jim, Selena and Hannah are somehow able to restrain the infected Frank, hoping they will find a cure for the virus nearby as suggested in the radio broadcast. They soon discover that the blockade had protected a large medical research complex, the same one featured in the first scene of the film where the virus was developed. Inside, the party is relieved to find a scientist self-barricaded inside a room with food and water. He will not open the door because he fears they will take his food, although he does admit that the "answer to infection is here". Unfortunately, he refuses to talk further because he does not want to make an emotional attachment to people who will soon be dead. After hours of failed attempts to break through the door or coax the man out, Jim eventually brings Hannah to the door and explains Frank's situation. The scientist reluctantly tells them that Frank can only be cured with a complete blood transfusion, and supplies them with the necessary equipment. After learning that he is the only match with Frank's blood type, Jim sacrifices himself so that Frank can survive with his daughter. Just as his journey began, Jim is left alone in the abandoned medical facility, and Selena, Hannah and Frank move into the room with the scientist as a horde of the infected breach the complex. The computer monitors show death and destruction come to life around a thrashing, infected Jim, who is strapped to the same table as the chimp had been in the opening scene.

Garland and Boyle explain that they conceived this ending to see what the film would be like if they did not expand the focus beyond the four core survivors. They decided against it because the idea of a total blood replacement as a cure was not credible. As Boyle said in the DVD commentary, it "didn't make much sense" since the film had already established that one drop of blood can infect a person. "What would we do? Drain him of blood and scrub his veins with bleach?"

"Hospital Dream"[link]

The "Hospital Dream" ending is an extended version of the theatrical alternative ending where Jim dies at the hospital. It is revealed by the director during the optional commentary that this was the full version of the original ending. Jim dreams while unconscious and remembers the final moments on his bicycle before the crash. The footage cuts back and forth between the scene with Selena and Hannah trying to save his life and the dream sequence. As he gets hit by a car in his flashback, he simultaneously dies on the operating table.

Cast[link]

On the DVD, Boyle explains that, with the aim of preserving the suspension of disbelief, relatively unknown actors were cast in the film. Cillian Murphy had starred primarily in small independent films, while Naomie Harris had acted on British television as a child, and Megan Burns had only had previous film credit. However, Christopher Eccleston and Brendan Gleeson were well-known character actors.

Production[link]

28 Days Later features scenes set in normally bustling parts of London such as Westminster Bridge, Piccadilly Circus, Horse Guards Parade, and Oxford Street. In order to depict these locations as desolate, the film crew closed off sections of street for minutes at a time, usually in early morning to minimise disruption. Portions of the film were shot on a Canon XL1 digital video camera.^[2] DV cameras are much smaller and more manoeuvrable than traditional film cameras, which would have been impractical on such brief shoots.

The scenes of the M1 motorway completely devoid of traffic were also filmed within very limited time periods. A mobile police roadblock slowed traffic sufficiently to leave a long section of carriageway empty while the scene was filmed. The section depicted in the film was actually located at Milton Keynes, nowhere near Manchester.^{[citation needed]} For the London scene where Jim walks by the overturned double-decker bus, the film crew placed the bus on its side and removed it when the shot was finished, all within 20 minutes.^{[citation needed]}

Much of the filming took place prior to the September 11 attacks, and in the audio commentary Boyle notes the parallel between the "missing persons" flyers seen at the beginning of the film and similar flyers posted in New York City in the wake of the attacks. Boyle adds that his crew probably would not have been granted permission to close off Whitehall for filming after the terrorist attacks in New York.

The mansion used in the film was Trafalgar Park near Salisbury. Many rooms in the house, including the Cipriani-painted music room and the main hall, were filmed with minimal set decoration. The scenes occurring upstairs were actually filmed downstairs, as the mansion's owner resided upstairs.^{[citation needed]}

One month before the film was released in cinemas, various newspapers included a short panel comic book style promotion for the film, in which various scenes showed a chaotic London during those 27 days with people trying to escape the city en masse.^{[citation needed]}

The old ruins used as the setting for an idyllic interlude in their journey to Manchester were those of Waverley Abbey, Surrey. The end scenes of the film where Jim, Selena and Hannah are living in a rural cottage were filmed around Ennerdale in Cumbria.^[3] This reflects the motorway road signage in the film which indicates the trio heading north towards the Lake District National Park.

Style and inspiration[link]

On the DVD commentary, Boyle and Garland frequently call it a post apocalypse and horror film, commenting on scenes that were specific references to George A. Romero's Dead trilogy. However, during the initial marketing of the film Boyle did try to distance the film from such labels. Boyle identified John Wyndham's The Day of the Triffids as Garland's original inspiration for the story.^[4]

Reception[link]

28 Days Later was a considerable success at the box office and became highly profitable on a budget of about £5 million. In the UK, it took in £6.1 million, while in the US it became a surprise hit, taking over $45 million despite a limited release at fewer than 1,500 screens across the country. The film garnered around $82.7 million worldwide.

Critical views of the film were very positive. Based on 199 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of critics gave 28 Days Later a positive review.^[5] On Metacritic, it received a 73 (out of 100) based on 39 reviews.^[6] The Los Angeles Times described it as a "stylistic tour de force," and efilmcritic.com called it "raw, blistering and joyously uncompromising."

Bravo awarded it the 100th spot on their "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments."^[7] In 2007, Stylus Magazine named it the second best zombie movie of all time.^[8] The film also ranked at number 456 in Empire magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.^[9] Bloody Disgusting ranked the film seventh in their list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade', with the article saying "Zombie movie? Political allegory? Humanist drama? 28 Days Later is all of those things and more – a genuine work of art by a director at the top of his game. What's so amazing about the film is the way it so expertly balances scenes of white-knuckled, hell-for-leather horror with moments of intimate beauty."^[10]

Awards[link]

• Best Horror Film (U.S. Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films — Saturn Award)
• Best British Film (Empire Award)
• Danny Boyle (Grand Prize of European Fantasy Film in Silver)
• Best Director — Danny Boyle (International Fantasy Film Award)
• Best International Film — Danny Boyle (Narcisse Award)
• Best Breakthrough Performance — Naomie Harris (Black Reel)
• Best Cinematographer — Anthony Dod Mantle (European Film Award)^{[citation needed]}

Soundtrack and score[link]

	John Murphy – "In The House – In A Heartbeat" noicon Music from the 2002 film 28 Days Later.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

The film's score was composed by John Murphy and was released in a score/song compilation in 2003. It also features notable tracks from Brian Eno, Grandaddy, and Blue States.

A heavily edited version of the song "East Hastings" by the post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor appears in the film, but the track is excluded from the soundtrack, because Boyle could only obtain the rights to use it in the film.^[11]

28 Days Later: The Soundtrack Album was released on 17 June 2003. A modified version of the soundtrack 'In The House – In A Heartbeat' was used as the character Big Daddy's theme in the 2010 film Kick-Ass.

Sequels[link]

A sequel, 28 Weeks Later, was released May 11, 2007.^[12] Danny Boyle and Alex Garland took producing roles alongside Andrew Macdonald. The plot revolves around the arrival of American troops about seven months after the incidents in the original film, attempting to revitalise a nearly desolate Britain. The cast for this sequel includes Robert Carlyle, Rose Byrne, Jeremy Renner, Imogen Poots, Harold Perrineau, Catherine McCormack, Mackintosh Muggleton, and Idris Elba.

In March 2007, Danny Boyle was interviewed by an Irish radio station, where he claimed to be interested in making a third film in the series, 28 Months Later.^[13]

Comic books[link]

Fox Atomic Comics, in association with HarperCollins, has published a graphic novel bridging the time gap between 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later, entitled 28 Days Later: The Aftermath, written by Steve Niles.

28 Days Later, a comic sequel also linking Days and Weeks and produced by Fox Atomic (until its demise) and Boom! Studios, begun production in 2009. The series focuses on Selena and answers questions about her in the film and her sequel whereabouts.^[14]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 28 Days Later

• Official website
• 28 Days Later at the Internet Movie Database
• 28 Days Later at AllRovi
• 28 Days Later at Box Office Mojo
• 28 Days Later at Rotten Tomatoes
• 28 Days Later at Metacritic
• Naomi Harris Interview
• Filming Locations Guide

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28 Days are a punk rock band formed in Bacchus Marsh, Australia during 1997. At their career peak, they had a #1 album (Upstyledown) on the Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart and also a #12 single ("Rip It Up") on the ARIAnet Singles Chart.

The band's constant members are Jay Dunne (vocals), Simon Hepburn aka 'Hep' (guitar), and Damian Gardiner (bass). Original drummer Adam was replaced by Scott Murray in 2000. On 18 November 2001, Murray died after being hit by a car in the Melbourne suburb of Prahran. Vinnie Jukic then briefly filled in the drum role until Adrian Griffin joined, and Griffin would go on to stay until the band's dissolution. For the album Extremist Makeover, the drums were laid down by Matt Bray.The band came out of Hiatus in December 2009 to support long time friends Bodyjar on their 'End is Now' Tour. 28 Days have announced that they are currently writing an LP with new drummer Dan Kerby (previously of Behind Crimson Eyes) who joined the band at the beginning of 2011.

History[link]

After debuting with a one-sided 7" single "Ball of Hate" and the Sand CD single, 28 Days released their self-titled album in 1998 through the independent Stubble imprint. A year later they were picked up by Festival Mushroom's newly launched development label Sputnik, releasing the Kid Indestructible EP. The EP consolidated a following around Australia as a result of Triple J's constant rotation of the tracks "Kool" and "La Tune".

With the introduction of Jay Howard (aka DJ Jedi Master Jay) on turntables and samples, the more hard-edged, rap-influenced singles of 2000, "Here We Go/Sucker" and "Rip It Up", boosted 28 Days' audience. The latter peaked at #12 on the ARIAnet Singles Chart, and the former featured in some editions of Mission: Impossible II soundtrack. When released later that June, their second album Upstyledown entered the ARIAnet album chart at #1, and would go gold. The year was rounded out with two further charting singles - the more reflective "Goodbye" and "Song For Jasmine", written for Simon Hepburn's young daughter.

28 Days' first home video When Dickheads Snap came out in 2001, featuring tour shots, and behind-the-scenes footage. The only other material to come out that year was the Apollo Four Forty collaboration, "Say What?", which charted in the ARIA Top 30. The rest of the year involved more touring and preparation for a new album, until the death of Scott Murray briefly halted their progress. With new drummer Vinnie Jukic, third album Stealing Chairs saw 28 Days into 2002, with its most popular single being the summary "What's The Deal?". Stealing Chairs charted in the ARIA Top 10 for a short period, but didn't capitalise on the success brought by Upstyledown.

The band received some negative publicity in February 2003 after members descended upon a gig by satirical Sydney-based band The Drugs at Melbourne's Duke of Windsor Hotel late that month. 28 Days allegedly caused an estimated $4500 in damage to The Drugs' equipment, which included beer being poured over a laptop computer and amplifier, and The Drugs' hired van having three of its tyres slashed. Fans of 28 Days at the show were also believed to have graffitied The Drugs' merchandise stand and the venue's chalkboard. The motive for the attack was in regard to an open letter The Drugs' lead singer Ian Baddley posted on his band's website, accusing Jay Dunne of being homophobic and misogynistic at 28 Days' 2003 Big Day Out appearances.

Following another quiet period, they released a new single "Like I Do" to little fanfare in 2004. It would be a taster for the band's fourth album Extremist Makeover. The album could only manage to scrape into the Top 40, whilst two further singles also charted poorly. Due to this slump in popularity, 28 Days left Festival Mushroom in November 2004, amid much controversy. It was suggested by many that they were dropped, but Damian Gardiner insisted on the band's official message board it was 28 Days' decision alone to leave the label.

Their last EP Bring 'Em Back was released on 6 March 2006 on their own Rebel Scum label (through Sony/BMG); a new DVD When Dickheads Snap 3 was then sold at later 28 Days shows. Soon afterwards the band announced its 10 Years of Cheap Fame tour. The band retired late in 2007.

On 2 May 2009 they released a new demo song on their MySpace page. They supported Bodyjar's farewell tour later that year in November 2009. This tour featured Dunne, Hepburn, Gardiner & Griffin, in addition to a new unidentified co-vocalist. During this tour, Dunne announced that 28 Days would return with a new album released late 2010.

28 Days capped off 2009 playing the 'Fistful of Awesome' showcase at Melbourne's Hi Fi Bar, with up and coming rock acts including super FLORENCE jam and Sheriff. The band returned in 2010 for a headlining tour of Australia supported by Behind Crimson Eyes.

The band has spent later 2010 and 2011 playing occasional rural dates and a number of special club appearances in capital cities across the nation. They have mentioned at recent shows that they have a new record in the works.

Discography[link]

(with Australian chart positions)

Albums[link]

• 28 Days (1998)
• Upstyledown (2000) #1
• Stealing Chairs (2002) #6
• Extremist Makeover (2004) #31
• 10 Years of Cheap Fame (2007)

Singles[link]

• "Ball of Hate" (7")
• "Sand" (1998)
• "Rip It Up " (2000) #12
• "Goodbye" (2000) #50 {bside "Drink It Up (live)"}
• "Song for Jasmine" (2000) #57
• "Say What?" (2001) (with Apollo Four Forty) #23
• "Take Me Away" (2002) #42
• "What's the Deal?" (2002) #32
• "Like I Do" (2004)
• "Use It" (2004) #75
• "Birthday" (2005) #66
• "Sing It To Me" (2010)

EPs[link]

• "Uzumaki/28 Days Split"
• "Sommerset/28 Days Split"
• "Kid Indestructible" (1999)
• "Here We Go"/"Sucker" (2000) #21
• "Bring 'Em Back" (2006)

Track listing

1. Bring 'Em Back
2. The Pirate Song
3. If I Have To
4. On My Mind
5. Boom
6. Bow of Disappointment

Promotional[link]

• "Live & Electric Indie Sampler" (2005)

References[link]

• 28 Days Message Board - "28 Days Dropped From Record Label" link
• Rock bands' war of words turns nasty (The Age, 27 February 2003)

External links[link]

• Official 28 Days website
• 28 Days on MySpace

Lauren Bennett (born 23 June 1989) is a British singer, dancer and model. She is best known for her involvement with girl group the Paradiso Girls and her work with Cee Lo Green and LMFAO. She is the new lead singer in the new line-up of the Pussycat Dolls.

Early life[link]

Bennett was raised in Meopham, Kent and went to a song and dance school in Tunbridge Wells. She also auditioned for the third series of The X Factor in 2006 and made it to bootcamp, but was sent home.

Career[link]

Paradiso Girls (2007–2010)[link]

Bennett was part of a girl group called Paradiso Girls. The group consisted of seven members at its formation in 2007, but by 2008 it had dropped to five. Each member comes from a different country: Chelsea Korka from the United States, Aria Crescendo from France, Kelly Beckett from Barbados, Shar Mae Amo from the Philippines and Lauren herself from the United Kingdom. The band was signed to Interscope Records. Their debut single "Patron Tequila" featuring Lil’ Jon and Eve was released on 12 May 2009 and reached 3 on the Hot Dance Club Play Chart and 82 in Canadian Hot 100. After their second single, "Who's My B***" was unsuccessful, the group was put on an indefinite hiatus in 2010.

Solo career and The Pussycat Dolls (2010–present)[link]

After the group was put on an indefinite hiatus in 2010, she then went on to pursue a solo career. She featured in a remix of will.i.am's "I Got It from My Mama". She also joined in the Party Rock Tour with LMFAO. Later on that year she met Cee Lo Green, she was then featured on his album The Lady Killer on the track "Love Gun".

The following year, she was featured on LMFAO's international hit "Party Rock Anthem", which has sold over 5,000,000 digital downloads in the United States and reached number one in the U.S. for six weeks. She also is modeling for ViolentLips.^[1]

Bennett still works with Robin Antin and is featured in the Pussycat Dolls' second fitness DVD. Talking to Billboard.com on the red carpet at the American Music Awards, Bennett confirmed herself as a part of the newly regrouped recording group. This makes her the first member of a brand new lineup that creator Robin Antin confirmed to Billboard was in the process of being built. "We're currently figuring out who's in the group and we're working on an album," Bennett says of the Pussycat Dolls.^[2] In 2011 it was announced that a new line-up of the "sexy brand" would debut in February 2012 in a Go Daddy advertisement at the Super Bowl. A video posted showed Lauren Bennett, Vanessa Curry, Chrystina Sayers, Erica Kiehl Jenkins and Paula van Oppen as the current line-up.

Her debut solo single "I Wish I Wish"^[3] was released on 21 November 2011 via Interscope Records.^[4] The track was written by Esmée Denters, Billy Mann and produced by David Schuler.

Discography[link]

With Paradiso Girls[link]

Solo singles[link]

As a featured artist[link]

References[link]

1. ^ "Violent Lips Look Book". Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/media/set/fbx/?set=a.207190305976687.61082.171816272847424. Retrieved 2011-12-15. 
2. ^ "Latest Music News, Band, Artist, Musician & Music Video News". Billboard.com. 2011-10-23. http://www.billboard.com/news#/news/party-rock-anthem-singer-lauren-bennett-1005557752.story. Retrieved 2011-12-15. 
3. ^ "Connecting to the iTunes Store". Phobos.apple.com. http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?playListId=480077889. Retrieved 2011-12-15. 
4. ^ "Lauren Bennett : Releases : I Wish I Wish". Interscope.com. 2011-12-06. http://www.interscope.com/artist/releases/detail.aspx?pid=3148&aid=1248. Retrieved 2011-12-15. 
5. ^ "I Wish I Wish - single by Lauren Bennett". iTunes. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/i-wish-i-wish-single/id480077889. Retrieved 2011-11-21. 
6. ^ Party Rock Anthem - LMFAO

External links[link]

• Official website

George Green (14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British mathematical physicist who wrote An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism (Green, 1828).^[1][2] The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem similar to the modern Green's theorem, the idea of potential functions as currently used in physics, and the concept of what are now called Green's functions. Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson, and others. His work ran parallel to that of the great mathematician Gauss (potential theory).

Green's life story is remarkable in that he was almost entirely self-taught. He was born and lived for most of his life in the English town of Sneinton, Nottinghamshire, nowadays part of the city of Nottingham. His father (also named George) was a baker who had built and owned a brick windmill used to grind grain. The younger Green only had about one year of formal schooling as a child, between the ages of 8 and 9.

Early life[link]

In his youth, George Green was described as having a frail constitution and a dislike for doing work in his father's bakery. He had no choice in the matter, however, and as was common for the time he likely began working daily to earn his living at the age of five.

Robert Goodacre's Academy[link]

Roughly 25-50% of children in Nottingham received any schooling in this period. The majority of schools were Sunday schools, run by the Church, and children would typically attend for one or two years only. Recognizing the young Green's above average intellect, and being in a strong financial situation due to his successful bakery, his father enrolled him in March 1801 at Robert Goodacre's Academy in Upper Parliament Street. Robert Goodacre was a well-known science popularizer and educator of the time. He published Essay on the Education of Youth, in which he wrote that he did not "study the interest of the boy but the embryo Man". To a non-specialist, he would have seemed deeply knowledgeable in science and maths, but a close inspection of his essay and curriculum revealed that the extent of his mathematical teachings was limited to algebra, trigonometry and logarithms. Thus, Green's later mathematical contributions, which exhibited knowledge of very modern developments in maths, could not have resulted from his tenure at the Robert Goodacre Academy. He stayed for only four terms (one year), and it was speculated by his contemporaries that he probably exhausted all they had to teach him.

Move from Nottingham to Sneinton[link]

At the time when George's father moved there, 1773, Nottingham had a reputation for being a pleasant town with open spaces and wide roads. By 1831, however, the population had increased nearly five times (in part due to the budding industrial revolution), and Nottingham became known as one of the worst slums in England. There were frequent riots by starving workers, often associated with special hostility towards bakers and millers on the suspicion that they were hiding grain to drive up food prices.

Green's Windmill

For these reasons, in 1807, George Green senior bought a plot of land in Sneinton, a small town about a mile away from Nottingham. On this plot of land he built a "brick wind corn mill", the wind-mill now famously referred to as Green's Windmill. It was technologically impressive for its time, but required nearly twenty-four hour maintenance, which was to become George Green's burden for the next twenty years.

Adult life[link]

Life as a miller[link]

Just as with baking, Green found the responsibilities of operating the mill annoying and tedious. Grain from the fields was arriving continuously at the mill's doorstep, and one had to constantly adjust the sails of the windmill to the windspeed (either to prevent damage, in high winds, or to maximize rotational speed in low winds). The mill-stones that would continuously grind against each other, could wear down or cause a fire (due to friction) if they ran out of grain to grind. Every month the stones, which weighed over a ton, would have to be replaced or repaired.

Family Life[link]

In 1823 Green formed a relationship with Jane Smith, the daughter of William Smith, hired by Green Senior as mill manager. Although Green and Jane Smith never married, Jane eventually became known as Jane Green and the couple had seven children together; all but the first had Green as a baptismal name. The final child was born 13 months before Green's death. Green provided for his common-law wife and children in his will.^[3]

Membership to the Nottingham Subscription Library[link]

When Green was thirty, he became a member to the Nottingham Subscription Library. This library exists today, and was likely one of the only sources of Green's advanced mathematical knowledge. Unlike more conventional libraries, the subscription library was exclusive to a hundred or so subscribers (e.g., the first on the list of subscribers was the Duke of Newcastle). This library catered to requests for specialized books and journals that satisfied the particular interests of their subscribers.

The title page to Green's original essay on what is now known as Green's theorem. It was published privately at the author's expense, because he thought it would be presumptuous for a person like himself, with no formal education in mathematics, to submit the paper to an established journal.

The 1828 Essay[link]

In 1828, Green published An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, which is the essay he is most famous for today. When Green published his Essay, it was sold on a subscription basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends and probably could not understand it. The wealthy landowner and mathematician Edward Bromhead bought a copy and encouraged Green to do further work in mathematics. Not believing the offer was sincere, Green did not contact Bromhead for two years.

From miller to mathematician[link]

By 1829, the time when Green's father died, the senior Green had become one of the gentry due to his considerable accumulated wealth and land owned, roughly half of which he left to his son and the other half to his daughter. The young Green, now thirty-six years old, consequently was able to use this wealth to abandon his miller duties and pursue mathematical studies.

Undergraduate at Cambridge[link]

Members of the Nottingham Subscription Library who knew Green repeatedly insisted that he obtain a proper University education. In particular, the most prestigious subscriber (after the Duke of Newcastle) was Sir Edward Bromhead, with whom Green shared many correspondences; he insisted that Green go to Cambridge.

So, in 1832, aged nearly forty, Green was admitted as an undergraduate at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.^[4] He was particularly insecure about his lack of knowledge of Greek or Latin, which was a prerequisite, but it turned out not to be as hard for him to learn as he had expected (and the expected mastery was not as high as he expected). In the mathematics examinations, he won the first-year mathematical prize. He graduated BA in 1838 as a 4th Wrangler (the 4th highest scoring student in his graduating class, coming after James Joseph Sylvester who scored 2nd).^[4]

College fellow[link]

Following his graduation, Green was elected a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Even without his stellar academic standing, the Society had already read and made note of his Essay and three other publications, and so Green was warmly welcomed. The next two years provided an unparalleled opportunity for Green to read, write and discuss his scientific ideas. In this short time he published an additional six publications with applications to hydrodynamics, sound and optics.

Final years and posthumous fame[link]

The Grave of Green, in the church not far from his mill

In his final years at Cambridge, Green became rather ill, and in 1840 he returned to Sneinton, only to die a year later. There are rumours that at Cambridge, Green had "succumbed to alcohol", and some of his earlier supporters, such as Sir Edward Bromhead, tried to distance themselves from him.

Green's work was not well known in the mathematical community during his lifetime. Besides Green himself, the first mathematician to quote his 1828 work was the Briton Robert Murphy (1806–1843) in his 1833 work. In 1845 (four years after Green's death), Green's work was rediscovered by the young William Thomson (age 21 in 1845), later known as Lord Kelvin, who popularised it for future mathematicians. According to the book "George Green" by D.M. Cannell, William Thomson noticed Murphy's citation of Green's 1828 essay but found it difficult to locate Green's 1828 work; he finally got some copies of Green's 1828 work from William Hopkins in 1845. So Green died without any idea of his posthumous fame.

Green's work on the motion of waves in a canal anticipates the WKB approximation of quantum mechanics, while his research on light-waves and the properties of the ether produced what is now known as the Cauchy-Green tensor. Green's theorem and functions were important tools in classical mechanics, and were revised by Schwinger's 1948 work on electrodynamics that led to his 1965 Nobel prize (shared with Feynman and Tomonaga). Green's functions later also proved useful in analyzing superconductivity. On a visit to Nottingham in 1930, Albert Einstein commented that Green had been 20 years ahead of his time. The theoretical physicist, Julian Schwinger, who used Green's functions in his ground-breaking works, published a tribute, entitled "The Greening of Quantum Field Theory: George and I," in 1993.

The George Green Library at the University of Nottingham is named after him, and houses the majority of the University's Science and Engineering Collection. In 1986, Green's Windmill was restored to working order. It now serves both as a working example of a 19th century windmill and as a museum and science centre dedicated to Green.

Westminster Abbey has a memorial stone for Green in the nave adjoining the graves of Sir Isaac Newton and Lord Kelvin.^[5]

List of publications[link]

• An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism. By George Green, Nottingham. Printed for the Author by T. Wheelhouse, Nottingham. 1828. (Quarto, vii + 72 pages.)
• Mathematical Investigations concerning the Laws of the Equilibrium of Fluids analogous to the Electric Fluid, with other similar Researches. By George Green, Esq., Communicated by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.L. and E. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 12 November 1832, printed in the Transactions 1833. Quatro, 64 pages.) Vol. III, Part I.
• On the Determination of the Exterior and Interior Attractions of Ellipsoids of Variable Densities. By George Green, Esq., Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 6 May 1833, printed in the Transactions 1835. Quarto, 35 pages.) Vol. III, Part III.
• Researches on the Vibration of Pendulums in Fluid Media. By George Green, Esq., Communicated by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.S. Lond. and Ed. (Royal Society of Edinburgh, read 16 December 1833, printed in the Transactions 1836, Quarto, 9 pages.) Vol. III, Part I.
• On the Motion of Waves in a Variable Canal of Small Width and Depth. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 15 May 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 6 pages.) Vol. VI, Part IV.
• On the Reflexion and Refraction of Sound. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College, Cambridge. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 11 December 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 11 pages.) Vol. VI, Part III.
• On the Laws of Relexion and Refraction of Light at the common Surface of two non-crystallized Media. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 11 December 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 24 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.
• Note on the Motion of Waves in Canals. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 18 February 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 9 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.
• Supplement to a Memoir on the Reflexion and Refraction of Light. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 6 May 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 8 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.
• On the Propagation of Light in Crystallized Media. By George Green, BA, Fellow of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 20 May 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 20 pages.) Vol. VII, Part II.

Mystery of his mathematical knowledge[link]

It is unclear to historians exactly where Green obtained information on current developments in mathematics, as Nottingham had little in the way of intellectual resources. What is even more mysterious is that Green had used "the Mathematical Analysis", a form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were thus championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them.

It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806–1819, graduate from Cambridge and an enthusiast of French mathematics, is known to have lived in Nottingham at the time.

See also[link]

• Green's identities
• Green's matrix
• Green measure

Notes[link]

References[link]

• I. Grattan-Guinness, ‘Green, George (1793–1841)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 26 May 2009
• D.M. Cannell, "George Green mathematician and physicist 1793-1841", The Athlone Press, London, 1993.
• Robert Murphy, "On the inverse method of definite integrals", Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 4 (1833), pp. 353–408. (Note: This was the first quotation of Green's 1828 work by somebody other than Green himself.)
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "George Green", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Green.html .
• "George Green". http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/web/regionsandbranches/branchactivityinyourarea/Midlands/GeorgeGreen/index.htm.  - An excellent on-line source of George Green information
• Green, George (1828). "An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism". arXiv:0807.0088 [physics.hist-ph]. 
• "Mathematical papers of the late George Green ... Ed. by N. M. Ferrers.". http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAN8197.0001.001. 
• Cannel, D. M. and Lord, N. J.; Lord, N. J (March 1993). "George Green, mathematician and physicist 1793-1841". The Mathematical Gazette (The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 77, No. 478) 77 (478): 26–51. DOI:10.2307/3619259. JSTOR 3619259. 
• Challis, L. and Sheard, F.; Sheard, Fred (December 2003). "The Green of Green Functions". Physics Today 56 (12): 41–46. Bibcode 2003PhT....56l..41C. DOI:10.1063/1.1650227. 
• "Green's Mill and Science Centre" (Web page). http://www.greensmill.org.uk/. Retrieved 22 November 2005. 
• Schwinger, Julian (1993). The Greening of quantum Field Theory: George and I. arXiv:hep-ph/9310283. Bibcode 1993hep.ph...10283S. 

Jules Verne
Born	Jules Gabriel Verne (1828-02-08)February 8, 1828 Nantes, France
Died	March 24, 1905(1905-03-24) (aged 77) Amiens, France
Occupation	Author
Language	French
Nationality	French
Genres	Science fiction
Notable work(s)	Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, The Mysterious Island, Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen
Spouse(s)	Honorine Hebe du Fraysse de Viane (Morel) Verne
Children	Michel Verne and step-daughters Valentine and Suzanne Morel
Influences Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Józef Sękowski, Edgar Allan Poe, James Fenimore Cooper, Jacques Arago, Daniel Defoe, Johann David Wyss, George Sand, Erckmann-Chatrian, Adolphe d'Ennery
Influenced H.G. Wells, Hugo Gernsback, Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Donald G. Payne, Steampunk, Emilio Salgari, Paschal Grousset, Ray Bradbury
Signature

Jules Gabriel Verne (French pronunciation: [ʒyl vɛʁn]; February 8, 1828 – March 24, 1905) was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre.^[1] He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). Verne wrote about space, air, and underwater travel before air travel and practical submarines were invented, and before practical means of space travel had been devised. He is the second most translated author in the world (after Agatha Christie).^[2] Some of his books have also been made into live-action and animated films and television shows. Verne is often referred to as the "Father of Science Fiction", a title sometimes shared with Hugo Gernsback and H. G. Wells.^[3]

Early life[link]

Jules Verne was born in Nantes, in France, to Pierre Verne, an attorney, and his wife, Sophie Allote de la Fuÿe.^[4] Jules spent his early years at home with his parents in the bustling harbor city of Nantes. The family spent summers in a country house just outside the city, in Brains on the banks of the Loire River. Here Jules and his brother Paul would often rent a boat for one franc a day. The sight of the many ships navigating the river sparked Jules's imagination, as he describes in the autobiographical short story "Souvenirs d'Enfance et de Jeunesse". At the age of nine, Jules and Paul, of whom he was very fond, were sent to boarding school at the Saint Donatien College (Petit séminaire de Saint-Donatien). As a child, he developed a great interest in travel and exploration, a passion he showed as a writer of adventure stories and science fiction. His interest in writing often cost him progress in other subjects.

At the boarding school, Verne studied Latin, which he used in his short story "Le Mariage de Monsieur Anselme des Tilleuls" in the mid 1850s. One of his teachers may have been the French inventor Brutus de Villeroi,^{[citation needed]} professor of drawing and mathematics at the college in 1842, and who later became famous for creating the US Navy's first submarine, the USS Alligator. De Villeroi may have inspired Verne's conceptual design for the Nautilus in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, although no direct exchanges between the two men have been recorded.

Verne's second French biographer, his grand-niece Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe,^[5] formulated the rumor that Verne was so fascinated with adventure at an early age that he stowed away on a ship bound for the West Indies, but that Jules's voyage was cut short when he found his father waiting for him at the next port.

Literary debut[link]

After completing his studies at the lycée, Verne went to Paris to study law. Around 1848, in conjunction with Michel Carré, he began writing libretti for operettas, five of them for his friend the composer Aristide Hignard, who also set Verne's poems as chansons. For some years, his attentions were divided between the theater and work, but some travelers' stories which he wrote for the Musée des familles revealed to him his true talent: the telling of delightfully extravagant voyages and adventures to which cleverly prepared scientific and geographical details lent an air of verisimilitude.

When Verne's father discovered that his son was writing rather than studying law, he promptly withdrew his financial support. Verne was forced to support himself as a stockbroker, which he hated despite being somewhat successful at it. During this period, he met Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, who offered him writing advice.

Verne also met Honorine de Viane Morel, a widow with two daughters. They were married on January 10, 1857. With her encouragement, he continued to write and actively looked for a publisher. On August 3, 1861, their son, Michel Verne, was born. Michel married an actress over Verne's objections, had two children by an underage mistress, and buried himself in debts. The relationship between father and son improved as Michel grew older.

It was Jules Verne himself who confirmed once having traveled from Stockholm, Sweden, to Christiania^{[clarification needed]} during 1862.^{[clarification needed][6]} Consequently, Swedish publication of Jules Verne began during the very next year.^[7] En luftballongsresa genom Afrika (A Hot Air Balloon trip through Africa), translated into Swedish, actually is dated 1863 – making it the very first dated Jules Verne full-length book on record.^[8]

A typical Hetzel front cover for a Jules Verne book. The edition is Les Aventures du Capitaine Hatteras au Pôle Nord, type "Aux deux éléphants".

Verne's situation improved when he met Pierre-Jules Hetzel, one of the more important French publishers of the 19th century, who also published Victor Hugo, George Sand, and Erckmann-Chatrian, among others. They formed an excellent writer-publisher team until Hetzel's death. Hetzel helped improve Verne's writings, which until then had been repeatedly rejected by other publishers. Hetzel read a draft of Verne's story about the balloon exploration of Africa, which had been rejected by other publishers for being "too scientific". With Hetzel's help, Verne rewrote the story, which was published in 1863 in book form as Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon). Acting on Hetzel's advice, Verne added comical accents to his novels, changed sad endings into happy ones, and toned down various political messages.

Unlike En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 and published anonymously, Cinq semaines en ballon was undated (circa 1863), but noted its author. It presently is unknown whether such dating and author attribution practice was done intentionally or by accident. It also is unclear as to which book became first to reach publication despite the fact that both express largely identical story lines.^{[clarification needed][9]}

From that point, Verne published two or more volumes a year. The most successful of these include Voyage au centre de la Terre (Journey to the Center of the Earth, 1864); De la Terre à la Lune (From the Earth to the Moon, 1865); Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, 1869); and Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (Around the World in Eighty Days), which first appeared in Le Temps in 1872. The series is collectively known as "Voyages Extraordinaires" ("extraordinary voyages"). Verne could now live on his writings. But most of his wealth came from the stage adaptations of Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (1874) and Michel Strogoff (1876), which he wrote with Adolphe d'Ennery. In 1867, Verne bought a small ship, the Saint-Michel, which he successively replaced with the Saint-Michel II and the Saint-Michel III as his financial situation improved. On board the Saint-Michel III, he sailed around Europe. In 1870, he was appointed as "Chevalier" (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur. After his first novel, most of his stories were first serialised in the Magazine d'Éducation et de Récréation, a Hetzel biweekly publication, before being published in the form of books. His brother Paul contributed to 40th French climbing of the Mont-Blanc and a collection of short stories – Doctor Ox – in 1874. Verne became wealthy and famous. According to the Unesco Index Translationum, Jules Verne regularly places among the top five most translated authors in the world.

Later years[link]

On March 9, 1886, as Verne was coming home, his twenty-five-year-old nephew, Gaston, shot him with a gun. One bullet missed, but the second entered Verne's left leg, giving him a limp that would not be cured. The incident was hushed up by the media, and Gaston spent the rest of his life in an asylum.

After the deaths of Hetzel and his beloved mother Sophie Henriette Allotte de la Fruye in 1887, Jules began writing darker works. This may partly be due to changes in his personality, but an important factor is the fact that Hetzel's son, who took over his father's business, was not as rigorous in his corrections as Hetzel had been. In 1888, Jules Verne entered politics and was elected town councillor of Amiens, where he championed several improvements and served for fifteen years. In 1905, while ill with diabetes, Verne died at his home, 44 Boulevard Longueville (now Boulevard Jules-Verne). Michel oversaw publication of his novels Invasion of the Sea and The Lighthouse at the End of the World. The "Voyages extraordinaires" series continued for several years afterwards in the same rhythm of two volumes a year. It has later been discovered that Michel Verne had made extensive changes in these stories, and the original versions were published at the end of the 20th century.

In 1863, Jules Verne wrote a novel called Paris in the Twentieth Century about a young man who lives in a world of glass skyscrapers, high-speed trains, gas-powered automobiles, calculators, and a worldwide communications network, yet cannot find happiness and comes to a tragic end. Hetzel thought the novel's pessimism would damage Verne's then-booming career, and suggested he wait 20 years to publish it. Verne put the manuscript in a safe, where it was discovered by his great-grandson in 1989. It was published in 1994, and around the same time many other Verne novels and short stories were also published for the first time, and these too are gradually appearing in English translation.

Memorials[link]

A restaurant built into the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is named Le Jules Verne.^[10] In June 1989, the Jules Verne Food Court opened at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in the West Midlands of England; however, it had closed by the mid 1990s due to disappointing trade.^[11]

Hetzel's influence[link]

Hetzel substantially influenced the writings of Verne, who was so happy to finally find a willing publisher that he agreed to almost all changes that Hetzel suggested. Hetzel rejected at least one novel (Paris in the Twentieth Century) and asked Verne to significantly change his other drafts. One of the most important changes Hetzel enforced on Verne was the adoption of optimism in his novels. Verne was in fact not an enthusiast of technological and human progress, as can be seen in his works created before he met Hetzel and after Hetzel's death. Hetzel's demand for optimistic texts proved correct. For example, Mysterious Island originally ended with the survivors returning to the mainland forever nostalgic about the island. Hetzel decided that the heroes should live happily, so in the revised draft, they use their fortunes to build a replica of the island. Many translations are like this. Also, in order not to offend France's then-ally, Russia, the origin and past of the famous Captain Nemo were changed from those of a Polish refugee avenging the partitions of Poland and the death of his family in the January Uprising repressions to those of an Indian prince fighting the British Empire after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Bibliography[link]

Cover of L'Algerie Magazine, June 15, 1884: A drawing of Jules Verne and some of the creatures from his novels.

Verne wrote numerous works, most famous of which are the 54 novels comprising the Voyages Extraordinaires. He also wrote short stories, essays, plays, and poems.

His first and better known works include:

• A Voyage in a Balloon (Un Voyage en ballon, August 1851 as published in Musée des familles)^[12]
• Five Weeks in a Balloon (Cinq semaines en ballon, 1863)^[13]
• Paris in the Twentieth Century (Paris au XX^e siècle, 1863, not published until 1994)
• A Journey to the Center of the Earth (Voyage au centre de la Terre, 1864)
• From the Earth to the Moon (De la Terre à la Lune, 1865)
• The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras, 1866)
• In Search of the Castaways or Captain Grant's Children (Les Enfants du capitaine Grant, 1867–1868)
• Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Vingt mille lieues sous les mers, 1870)
• Around the Moon (Autour de la Lune, a sequel to From the Earth to the Moon, 1870)
• A Floating City (Une ville flottante, 1871)
• Dr. Ox's Experiment (Une fantaisie du Docteur Ox, 1872)
• The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (Aventures de trois Russes et de trois Anglais, 1872 )
• The Fur Country (Le Pays des fourrures, 1873)
• Around the World in Eighty Days (Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours, 1873)
• The Survivors of the Chancellor (Le Chancellor, 1875)
• The Mysterious Island (L'Île mystérieuse, 1875)
• The Blockade Runners (Les Forceurs de blocus, 1876)
• Michael Strogoff (Michel Strogoff, 1876)
• Off on a Comet (Hector Servadac, 1877)
• The Child of the Cavern, also known as Black Diamonds or The Black Indies (Les Indes noires, 1877)
• Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (Un capitaine de quinze ans, 1878)
• The Begum's Fortune (Les Cinq cents millions de la Bégum, 1879)
• The Steam House (La Maison à vapeur, 1879)
• Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (Les Tribulations d'un Chinois en Chine), 1879
• Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (La Jangada, 1881)
• The Green Ray (Le Rayon vert, 1882)
• Kéraban the Inflexible (Kéraban-le-têtu, 1883)
• Frritt-Flacc (1884)
• The Vanished Diamond (L’Étoile du Sud, 1884)
• The Archipelago on Fire (L’Archipel en feu, 1884)
• Mathias Sandorf (1885)
• Robur the Conqueror or The Clipper of the Clouds (Robur-le-Conquérant, 1886)
• Ticket No. "9672" (Un billet de loterie, 1886 )
• North Against South (Nord contre Sud, 1887)
• The Flight to France (Le Chemin de France, 1887)
• Family Without a Name (Famille sans nom, 1888)
• Two Years' Vacation (Deux ans de vacances, 1888)
• The Purchase of the North Pole (Sans dessus dessous, the second sequel to From the Earth to the Moon, 1889)
• César Cascabel (1890)
• Mistress Branican (1891)
• The Carpathian Castle (Le Château des Carpathes, 1892)
• Claudius Bombarnac (Claudius Bombarnac, 1893)
• Foundling Mick (P’tit-Bonhomme, 1893)
• Propeller Island (L’Île à hélice, 1895)
• Facing the Flag (Face au drapeau, 1896)
• Clovis Dardentor (1896)
• The Sphinx of the Ice Fields or An Antarctic Mystery (Le Sphinx des glaces, a sequel to Edgar Allan Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, 1897)
• The Mighty Orinoco (Le Superbe Orénoque, 1897)
• The Village in the Treetops (Le Village aérien, 1901)
• The Kip Brothers (Les Frères Kip,1902)
• Master of the World (Maître du monde, sequel to Robur the Conqueror, 1904)
• Invasion of the Sea (L’Invasion de la mer, 1904)
• A Drama in Livonia (Un drame en Livonie, 1904)
• The Lighthouse at the End of the World (Le Phare du bout du monde, 1905)
• The Chase of the Golden Meteor (La Chasse au météore, 1908)
• The Danube Pilot (Le Pilote du Danube, 1908)
• The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (Les Naufragés du « Jonathan », 1909)

See also[link]

Brittany portal

	Book: Jules Verne
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

References[link]

1. ^ Roberts, Adam (2007). "7. Jules Verne and H. G. Wells". The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–155. ISBN 0-230-54691-9. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16511205/The-History-of-Science-Fiction. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
2. ^ UNESCO Statistics. "Index Translationum - "TOP 50" Author". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50. Retrieved 2011-06-20. 
3. ^ Adam Charles Roberts (2000), "The History of Science Fiction": Page 48 in Science Fiction, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19204-8. Others who are popularly called the "Father of Science Fiction" include Hugo Gernsback and H. G. Wells, see the list of people known as father or mother of something.
4. ^ « N. Allot, Écossais, venu en France avec la Garde Écossaise de Louis XI, rendit service au roi qui l'anoblit, et lui donna « le droit de Fuye », c'est-à-dire celui d'avoir un colombier, ce qui était un privilège royal. L'archer écossais se fixa près de Loudun, construisit un château et devint Allotte, seigneur de la Fuÿe ». Cf. Jean-Jules Verne, Jules Verne, Hachette, 1973, page 21.
5. ^ Smyth, Edmund J (2000). Jules Verne: Narratives of Modernity. Liverpool University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-85323-704-4. 
6. ^ McClure's Magazine Volume II, No. 2, page 122; January 1894; R. H. Shekard. Article entitled, Jules Verne at Home -- His own Account of his Life and Work.
7. ^ Swedish bibliography of 'En luftballongsresa genom Afrika'; 1863
8. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 -- Seventh and eighth scans at bottom of webpage
9. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863
10. ^ "Le Jules Verne, restaurant at the Eiffel Tower in Paris". Dininginfrance.com. 2008-11-22. http://www.dininginfrance.com/jules_verne.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-27. 
11. ^ Peter Rhodes (2006-12-18). "Food court on Merry Hill menu « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. http://www.expressandstar.com/latest/2006/12/18/food-court-on-merry-hill-menu/. Retrieved 2011-06-27. 
12. ^ TrueScans of Un Voyage en ballon, 1851; A Voyage in a Balloon, 1852; and Voyage in a Balloon, 1852
13. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 (Cinq semaines en ballon circa 1863)

Further reading[link]

• William Butcher, Arthur C. Clarke (Introduction) (2006). Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography. ISBN 1-56025-854-3
• Herbert R. Lottman (1997). Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography. ISBN 0-312-14636-1
• Philippe Melot, Jean-Marie Embs (2005).Le Guide Jules Verne. Les Editions de l'Amateur, Paris.ISBN 2-85917-417-6
• Françoise Schiltz (2011). The Future Revisited: Jules Verne on Screen in 1950s America. Chaplin Books, Gosport. ISBN 0-9565595-2-2
• Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1928). Jules Verne, sa vie, son oeuvre (Original ed.). Paris: Simon Kra. 
  • Translated as Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1954). Jules Verne. Erik de Mauny (transl.). London: Staples Press. 
• Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1966). Jules Verne, sa vie, son oeuvre (2nd ed.). Hachette. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jules Verne

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jules Verne

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Jules Verne

Bibliography

• Les Voyages Extraordinaires – list of Verne works Compiled by Dennis Kytasaari. Bibliography.

Sources

• Works by Jules Verne at Project Gutenberg
• Jules Verne's works: text, concordances and frequency list
• A Jules Verne Centennial 1905–2005: A selection of early Jules Verne books and illustrations at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries edited by Norman M. Wolcott.
• Zvi Har'El's Jules Verne Collection, including the Jules Verne Virtual Library, online sources of 51 of Jules Verne's novels translated into eight languages.
• The Jules Verne Collecting Resource Page, complete online sources, posters, cards, autographs, first edition covers, etc..

Biography

• Biography of Jules Verne

Reviews

• "Jules Verne: Father of Science Fiction?", John Derbyshire, The New Atlantis, Number 12, Spring 2006, pp. 81–90. A review of four new Jules Verne translations from the "Early Classics of Science Fiction" series by Wesleyan University Press.
• Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography, by Herbert R. Lottman – a review.

Misc

• The maps from the Voyages Extraordinaires, scans of all the maps that were included in the original editions of Jules Verne’s novels.
• Jules Verne Museum located in Nantes, France.

Resources

• North American Jules Verne Society
• Centre International Jules Verne