The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of an American radio production and distribution service from 1927 to 1945. Tracing its formal origins back to 1927 as one of the two radio networks owned by the National Broadcasting Company, the Blue Network was born of a divestiture in 1942, arising from anti-trust litigation, and is the direct predecessor of the American Broadcasting Company.

Early history[link]

The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse (which had created the station in 1921)^[1] and moved it to New York City in May of that year. When RCA commenced operations of WRC, Washington on August 1, 1923, the root of a network was born, though it did not operate under the name by which it would later become known. Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod states that it would not be until 1924 that the "Radio Group" formally began network operations.^[2]

The core stations of the "Radio Group" were RCA's stations WJZ and WRC; the Westinghouse station WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts; and WGY, the General Electric station in Schenectady, New York.^[2]

RCA's principal rival prior to 1926 was the radio broadcasting department of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. AT&T, starting in 1921, had been using this department as a test-bed for equipment being designed and manufactured by its Western Electric subsidiary.

The RCA stations operated at a significant disadvantage to their rival chain; AT&T used its own high-quality transmission lines, and declined to lease them out to competing entities, forcing RCA to use the telegraph lines of Western Union, which were not as well calibrated to voice transmission as the AT&T lines.^[3]

Nevertheless, the WJZ network sought to compete toe-to-toe with the AT&T network, which was built around WEAF (today's WFAN). For example, both stations sent announcer teams to cover the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City.^[4] Promotional material produced in 1943 claimed certain "firsts" in broadcasting by WJZ, such as the first educational music program in April 1922, the first World Series broadcasts in 1922, and the first complete opera broadcast, The Flying Dutchman, from the Manhattan Opera House.^[5]

Creation[link]

RCA (as well as its consortium partners General Electric and Westinghouse)^[6] were to receive a break in 1926, when AT&T made a corporate decision to exit the broadcasting business and focus on its telecommunications business.

The first step by AT&T was to create the Broadcasting Company of America on May 15, 1926, to hold its broadcasting assets. As reported in the press, this move was due to the growth in the radio broadcasting activities of AT&T and the special issues related thereto,^[7] though it would appear that subsequent activities in disposing of the assets of BCA may have also played a role in the decision. AT&T did in fact subsequently sell WEAF to RCA for $1 million in July 1926,^[8] a price that newspaper reports indicated was a substantial premium over what other stations were commanding in the marketplace,^[9] and represented a recognition of the status of WEAF in broadcasting, as well as its access to AT&T's lines. Indeed, the negotiations for the sale may have taken place very shortly after the creation of BCA, as Folder 129 in the NBC History Files at the Library of Congress contains a contract of sale for WEAF dated July 1, 1926.^[10] The Oakland Tribune stated that 4/5ths of the purchase price of WEAF could be attributed to good-will and the line access.^[11] On July 28, 1926, the Washington Post reported in a front-page story that RCA had acquired WCAP. The Oakland Tribune reported the same day^[12] that WCAP had departed the field, and WRC would be operating on the frequency that they had shared, which was 640 AM.

As part of the reorganization of the broadcasting assets in the wake of the acquisitions, on September 13, 1926, the formation of the National Broadcasting Company was announced via newspaper advertisements, and on November 15, 1926 NBC's first broadcast was made.^[13] This first broadcast on November 15, 1926 marked the de facto formation by NBC of the Red Network from the WEAF network assets, using WEAF as the "key station"; this network in eventual popular image tended to broadcast the most popular entertainment programming. RCA merged its former radio operations into NBC, and on January 1, 1927, WJZ became the "key station" of the Blue Network when its network switch operations began;^[14] this network, again in eventual popular image, tended to place its focus more on news and public affairs programming, as well as the "sustaining", or non-sponsored shows.

The Decatur Review (Illinois) for Sunday, December 12, 1926 reported the following in an article describing a broadcast to be sponsored by the Victor Talking Machine Company and aired the following New Year's Day, January 1, 1927, which is a description of this first Blue Network broadcast—note that it makes it clear that January 1, 1927 marked the debut of the Blue Network:

"TWO BIG NETWORKS: The network to be used for the first concert will consist of a combination of chains of stations affiliated with WEAF and WJZ, New York. It is also announced that this opening Victor program inaugurates a new chain system to be operated by the National Broadcasting Company, with WJZ as the "key" station. This new chain, which will be known as the "blue" network, will allow simultaneous broadcasting from WJZ through WBZ, Springfield and Boston, KDKA, Pittsburgh, and KYW, Chicago. For broadcasting of the first program, therefore, the "blue" network will be joined with the "red" network, as the WEAF chain is designated, as well as other stations in various cities. Following the New Year's night program, the concerts will be given bi-monthly, through the "blue" network (...)"^[15]

Allegedly, the color designations came from the way the networks were represented on maps, with red lines (or pushpins) denoting the WEAF network circuits, and blue the WJZ circuits.^[16]

Operations, 1927–1941[link]

Cooperation with the Red Network[link]

The Red and Blue Networks shared a common pool of engineers and facilities,^[2] and would, on occasion, broadcast the same events. There are two early examples, from the biggest news events of 1927. On June 20, 1927, both of the NBC networks covered the return of Charles Lindbergh to America from his trans-Atlantic flight, star announcer Graham McNamee doing the honors. Three months later, a combined hookup of 67 stations on the two networks presented the second Dempsey–Tunney fight, broadcast by McNamee and NBC colleague Phillips Carlin. See Elizabeth McLeod's discussion of surviving NBC broadcast material from this era^[17]

A slightly later example of cooperation came on the evening of Sunday, December 1, 1929, when the famed "Laird of the Music Halls", Sir Harry Lauder, appeared on a coast-to-coast hookup that originated from KFI in Los Angeles (later an NBC Red station, but at this time part of NBC's West Coast "Orange Network"), but was distributed by WJZ, which, as noted, was the key station of the Blue Network; advertisements suggest that certain NBC Red stations, as well as stations in the Orange Network, supplemented the network. A description of this broadcast is contained in a 1930 pamphlet put out by the Enna Jettick Shoe Company;^[18] Enna Jettick sponsored the first of Lauder's performances that night on its "Enna Jettick Melodies" show, which was followed later by another performance during the time ordinarily used by The Collier Hour.^[19]

At least as late as January 1939, in spite of the fact that by this time NBC was seeking to differentiate the images of its NBC Red and NBC Blue networks (see below), it would still arrange for special, joint broadcasts, such as a special two-hour presentation of the "The Magic Key of RCA" musical program (normally an NBC Blue program, sponsored by RCA's Victor records division) entitled "Salute to 1939."^[20]

Blue Network function through the mid-1930s[link]

Ironically, even though the Blue Network generally was not given the more popular programs, it was the network that broadcast Amos 'n Andy at the height of its popularity in the early 1930s, when on average over half of the nation's radio audience would tune into the show.^[21] During the 1932–1933 season, Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso) sponsored an unusual program, the Five-Star Theater, which each weeknight presented a show in a different format. The marquee show in this cycle was Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel, which starred Groucho Marx and Chico Marx. Considering the show's relatively early (7:30 p.m. ET) time slot, it did rather well in the ratings,^[22] but it could not compete with the much stronger ratings produced by Esso's arch-rival Texaco, which sponsored Ed Wynn on NBC Red, and the show ended after one year.^[23]

More commonly, the Blue Network would operate as a quasi-"farm team" for the Red Network, in terms of entertainment programs. Bob Hope (in 1935 and again in 1937), Jack Benny (in 1932), Fibber McGee and Molly (in 1935), and Information, Please! (in 1938) are all examples of shows that debuted on the Blue Network before eventually transitioning over to larger audiences on the Red Network.^[24]

On occasion, shows would make brief stops at NBC Blue before moving elsewhere, such as the Lux Radio Theatre (1934–5) and Will Rogers' program (1933), both of which would move to CBS.

At some level, the Blue Network was known in the late 1920s and early 1930s for its children's programming. There are at least two volumes extant, from an Akron-based publishing house,^[26] which are collections of stories which purport to have been part of Blue Network programs. A copy of one, in the collection of E.O. Costello, shows a cover with two children listening to a late 1920s-style radio, from which shimmering images of fairy-tale characters are emerging. Other than the title (and the radio on the cover), the precise nature of the ties to the Blue Network is not known; the book does not even make direct reference to the National Broadcasting Company. It can also be said that this is an indication that the Blue Network had a well-established identity of its own by 1929.^[27]

Problems[link]

The descriptions of the material contained in the NBC History Files at the Library of Congress appear to indicate that at some level, there was discontent with the way NBC was managing the Blue Network vis-à-vis the Red Network. For example, one folder in the NBC History Files^[28] contains a three-page letter dated June 28, 1934, from station WSYR in Syracuse, New York, which complains of the neglect of the Blue Network in favor of the Red Network. This point can said to be reinforced firstly by a memorandum dated September 18, 1935,^[29] in which the Blue complained about its lack of access to broadcasts of the World Series, and secondly by a letter dated shortly after that, on October 5, 1935,^[30] which is a communication from Hearst Radio complaining that Amos 'n Andy and the Al Pearce programs had been moved from the Blue Network to the Red Network, and complaining in general about the weakness of the Blue's programming. Indeed, the NBC History Files contain^[31] a February 1937 in-house memorandum so caustic of the performance of the Blue Network that the author's name was redacted from the document.

A significant issue with the NBC Blue Network may have been its size. It started, in January 1927, with 7 stations, had grown to 17 by the end of 1929, but still had only 33 stations by 1937.^[32] This would have made it significantly smaller than its rivals. In 1938, Mutual had 107 affiliates, and CBS had 114; the Blue Network, by contrast, was not able to blanket the United States when NBC Red sold out its time, with the result that during 1937–1938, the Blue Network's revenues were generally falling, while NBC Red's increased.^[33] Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod has noted that as of 1938, NBC had 23 stations in its core "Basic Red" group, and 24 in its "Basic Blue" group, with 107 stations that could be Red or Blue depending on the needs of a sponsor;^[34] the relative ratings (and thus revenues) for NBC Red programs versus NBC Blue counterparts suggests that sponsors chose to use Red more often than Blue.

Image[link]

Perhaps more in line with the common perception of the Blue Network as a smaller, but more high-brow and public affairs-centered network^[35] was the fact that it was the original home of the NBC Symphony Orchestra broadcasts, led by Maestro Arturo Toscanini.^[36] In a similar vein, one of the Blue Network's longest running programs was America's Town Meeting of the Air, a current-affairs discussion program.^[37] Both Lowell Thomas and Walter Winchell's news programs were also broadcast over the Blue Network. Both of these shows were the Blue's highest rated programs in the late 1930s and early 1940s.^[38] In an interesting variation on the talent shows hosted by Major Bowes, the Sherwin-Williams paint company sponsored the Metropolitan Opera Auditions of the Air for a number of years on Sunday afternoons in the 1930s and 1940s, in which singers competed for a chance to win contracts with the famed opera troupe.^[39] The National Farm and Home Hour, a show backed for many years by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, was one of the Blue Network's standout daytime programs, and would be a part of its lineup from 1929 until March 1945, when the program shifted to NBC.^[40]

Along with the NBC Symphony Orchestra broadcasts, the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts were part of the "crown jewels" of NBC Blue. A sober, dignified pamphlet issued by the network in 1937^[41] stated that the broadcasts were under RCA sponsorship, and "[t]hrough the medium of nationwide NBC Network broadcasting, Grand Opera has been given to the entire nation. No longer is it reserved for the privileged few – now even the most isolated listeners throughout the United States are able to enjoy the world's finest music at their own firesides. The National Broadcasting Company (...) is proud to be the means of bringing the Metropolitan Opera to American radio listeners." The pamphlet notes that 78 stations broadcast these opera performances in 1937, and that reception for the program was "nationwide", something moderately unusual for an NBC Blue broadcast.

Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod has suggested, aside from a brief period where NBC Red and NBC Blue had different chime-sequences in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the two networks were *not* differentiated for many years, which would certainly be consistent with the roster of shows described above. She points out, with some justice, that NBC Red also broadcast a number of high-brow programs such as The Voice of Firestone, The Atwater Kent Hour, and the Cities Service Concerts. Furthermore, she points out that until the 1936–1937 period, the "back office" support for the networks was the same,^[42] and often stations would shift from one network to another, depending on sponsor needs.^[43] It was only when the Federal Communications Commission began investigating network practices, McLeod believes, that efforts were made by RCA to differentiate the two networks, and to fully position NBC Blue as a high-brow/public affairs network. (In the same light, it has been suggested that the congressional pressure was the real reason the NBC Symphony Orchestra was created.)^[44]

The NBC History Files at the Library of Congress lend support to the notion that NBC was gradually groping for a way to differentiate the Red Network from the Blue Network. For example, they contain a confidential memorandum, dated May 13, 1936, which sets forth a network policy against mixing the Red and Blue network stations.^[45] (Compare and contrast this with the way the Harry Lauder broadcast of 1929 was handled, above.) There also exists an October 1938 sales force memorandum, which contains talking points on how to differentiate the Blue Network from the Red Network and CBS.^[46] Even as far back as December 1932, NBC had set forth a policy banning specific references not only to CBS, but even to the Red Network.^[47]

Of note is the fact that NBC began to step up efforts to expand the network; while it had 33 stations in 1937, this total had nearly tripled by January 1941, when the network had 92 stations coast to coast.^[32]

These efforts to expand the network are evidenced by an NBC publication in late 1936, Great and Growing Greater, which described efforts to increase both the size and quality of Blue Network stations.^[48] Among the improvements cited and proposed were increasing the broadcast power of WJZ and KDKA to 50,000 watts each, adding new stations to the group such as WEAN, WICC and WEBR, adding a Pacific Coast network (with KGO, KECA, KFSD, KEX, KJR and KGA) and expanding the daytime power of such stations as KOIL, KWK and KSO. This ad campaign, in a booklet tipped into the book, also showed a lengthy list of sponsors that had purchased Blue Network time. As the book stated: "All of these additions and improvements are daily increasing the effectiveness of the NBC Blue Network. All contribute considerably to the listener's pleasure and to the advertiser's sales results."

In the months leading up to the January 1942 spinoff of the Blue Network, NBC undertook vigorous steps to create separate brand images for the Red and Blue Networks. To a certain extent, this had been going on since at least the summer of 1939, when Time magazine indicated that NBC was undertaking an extensive build-up of NBC Blue.^[49] In both the fall of 1937, and the fall of 1941, NBC would specifically identify a program as being broadcast on the "Red Network of the National Broadcasting Company", and at least in the fall of 1941, would have a similar tag for the Blue Network.^[50] An example of this buildup comes in "Alice in Sponsor-Land", a publication put out by RCA some time in mid-1941^[51] to market that network's shows.^[52] This book focuses squarely on the Red Network, describing its entertainment programming, without any reference to the Blue Network.^[53] Above the lineup of stations^[54] in the back of the volume is the tag-line: "This is the Red Network of the National Broadcasting Company." In addition, throughout the book are slogans such as "Any time is Good Time on NBC Red!" This book, in part, demonstrates exactly how NBC differentiated the Red Network from the Blue Network in the fall of 1941, when, as noted, the Blue Network was still a part of NBC.

Programming, 1935–1941[link]

What follows are some examples of the programming on NBC Blue that illustrate the gradual shift in tone.

The official website for Helen Hayes^[55] shows a number of programs that she did for NBC Blue during this time, including a Eugene O'Neill play cycle in August 1937, two different dramatic series of her own in 1935–1936 (one sponsored by General Foods), and an appearance on a Blue series in 1940, one which brought famous people who would explain why a particular book has been their favorite.

The "preview" section of the November 28, 1938 edition of Time^[56] gives some idea of the kind of programming that the Blue Network carried. On Friday, November 25 at 4 p.m., it carried a speech by then-Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Later that night, it carried the welterweight championship fight from Madison Square Garden, followed by Wagnerian opera from Chicago's Lyric Opera. Saturday, November 26 shows that the Blue carried both the Army–Navy football game and the NBC Symphony Orchestra. The Town Meeting of the Air on Thursday night carried a debate among economists as to whether an economic plan for world peace was possible.

For one season in the early 1940s, a high-profile sponsored program on the Blue was The Cavalcade of America, a show dramatizing historical events which was sponsored by DuPont. The show, which debuted in 1935 on CBS and moved to the Blue in January 1940,^[57] was created at a time when the firm was under attack for being, in effect, a "merchant of death", and this show, which focused on American historical figures, was one way DuPont tried to burnish its image.^[58] Certainly, the show had high production values, as can be witnessed by its use of Raymond Massey for a show in February 1940 on Abraham Lincoln, as described in the February 26, 1940 issue of Time.^[59] It was also known for the use of university professors to vet the historical accuracy of the stories, as well as scripts by future Pulitzer Prize-winner Arthur Miller.^[60] (This show would eventually stay with NBC Red and NBC, starting in 1941, and the network would continue to broadcast the show even into the age of television).^[58]

A poignant example of the Blue Network's counterprogramming comes on the night of Sunday, May 4, 1941. The network carried an address by exiled Lithuanian president Antanas Smetona at 7:45 p.m., where he was addressing a mass rally in Chicago. Given that NBC Red was, at the same time, broadcasting the popular Fitch Bandwagon radio program (on right after Jack Benny), one wonders how many people tuned in to hear this statesman speak of the tragic fate of his nation.^[61]

An interesting perspective can be seen on one of the most dramatic days in the history of network radio. On the morning/afternoon of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, while the first attack wave was over Oahu, NBC Blue was broadcasting The Inspector General, as part of its Great Plays program, while NBC Red was broadcasting a program with popular bandleader Sammy Kaye. At 4 p.m., ET, the Blue's broadcasts of the National Vespers was interrupted by various news reports. Later on in the evening, at 6:30 p.m. and 6:45 p.m., Drew Pearson's and Eleanor Roosevelt's regular broadcasts are heard, followed at 7 p.m. by a news roundup show that competed with Jack Benny, and later on Bible Week opposite the Chase and Sanborn Hour with Edgar Bergen. (The Blue did have the popular Inner Sanctum mystery anthology series later that night at 8:30, followed in turn by its number one show with Walter Winchell.) Lastly, of interest to those who may recall the satiric references in Warner Bros. cartoons of the era, at 10 p.m., the Blue carried The Goodwill Hour with John J. Anthony, dispensing advice to those who sought it, and who presumably were not tuned into Phil Spitalny's orchestra on the Red network.^[62]

Proposed sale[link]

In light of subsequent events, it is most interesting that NBC seriously considered, during the late 1930s, disposing of the Blue Network on its own initiative. There are substantial materials contained in the NBC History Files at the Library of Congress^[63] on this point. The fact that David Sarnoff, the head of RCA, was involved in these discussions indicates the high level at which this proposal was given consideration. A plain reading of the finding guide at the Library of Congress on the NBC History Files does not disclose the precise nature of these discussions, though the fact that these discussions existed is of interest. In 1943, after the Blue Network had been spun off (but before its eventual sale), a promotional publication noted that:

"As far back as 1932, a group of executives of the National Broadcasting Company conceived the idea that The Blue Network could progress faster and serve its stations, its advertisers and the listening public much better if, instead of being a part of NBC it were to become an independent network."^[64]

Divestiture, 1940–1943[link]

Initial moves by the FCC[link]

During the 1930s, accusations were leveled at both NBC and CBS, in part by their rival Mutual, that the two senior network systems engaged in a series of anticompetitive activities, by locking up talent through in-house talent bureaus, and tightly tying together the system of affiliated stations through onerous contracts.

In May 1940, after a three-year investigation, the Federal Communications Commission (which had had oversight over radio broadcasting since 1934) issued a scathing report (the "Report on Chain Broadcasting") attacking the affiliation policies of NBC and CBS, as well as the talent booking agency practices. The report proposed limiting each network to one affiliated station per city, which would have had a direct impact on NBC's dual-network ownership.^[65] In May 1941, the FCC went a step further and issued formal rules to break up what it perceived to be monopolies in radio; one of these rules specifically barred a network from operating more than one hookup, which would have been aimed directly at NBC's ownership of its two networks, in a manner even more explicit than the June 1940 report.^[66]

Litigation against NBC[link]

Subsequent congressional hearings in the fall of 1941 resulted in the FCC watering down the rules, but the reprieve was short-lived, as the antitrust division of the Department of Justice, on December 31, 1941, filed an antitrust action against NBC and CBS, seeking to break up the networks' methods of operation. Mutual, at the same time, filed an antitrust suit of its own, in the amount of $10.275 million, according to the January 12, 1942 edition of Time.^[67]

This account by Time^[67] describes at least one of the accusations leveled against NBC by Mutual, from an affidavit by Mutual's general manager. In the fall of 1941, Mutual debuted a comedy-variety series sponsored by Ballantine Ale, called Three Ring Time, starring Milton Berle and Charles Laughton.^[68] The show was set to debut on a 77-station network, but 14 of these stations were under contract to NBC, which had the power to exercise options on the most desirable time, in cities where there was limited competition. NBC eventually exercised options for six of these stations, with the result that Three Ring Time was being carried simultaneously on NBC Blue and Mutual.

While the antitrust suits were pending, NBC and CBS had appealed to the courts regarding the ability of the FCC to regulate the operations of radio networks.^[70] While these appeals were in progress, NBC started the process of formally separating the operations of the Red Network and the Blue Network, a process which had begun in 1939 with the formation of a separate sales department for the Blue Network and which continued into 1940 and 1941 with the formation of other departments for the Blue Network.^[64] NBC began to specifically identify the networks, contrary to its general practice, and began to divide personnel and facilities; eventually, it formed a separate corporate entity for the Blue Network on January 8, 1942, "Blue Network Company, Inc."^[71] From this date on, while NBC still maintained ownership of the Blue Network, it was for most purposes an entirely separate network. NBC Red at this point became known as simply NBC.^[72]

In June 1942 the United States Supreme Court upheld the jurisdiction of the FCC over the issuance of rules relating to chain broadcasting. While the FCC litigation continued in the wake of this ruling, the public and private antitrust litigation was held in abeyance.^[74]

On May 10, 1943 the Supreme Court (National Broadcasting Co. v. United States, 319 U.S. 190) upheld the right of the FCC to regulate practically everything that was radio, by sustaining the jurisdiction of the FCC to regulate the contractual relations of the major networks with affiliated stations.^[75] Efforts in late 1943 before the Senate Interstate Commerce Committee to obtain legislation to, in effect, reverse the decision went nowhere.

Sale[link]

The January 11, 1943 edition of Time states that seven investment houses, three insurance companies, two manufacturers, a daily newspaper, and an industrialist had all taken serious looks at purchasing the network.^[76] However, with the ruling from the Supreme Court, NBC was now spurred to take vigorous action to sell the Blue Network. The bidding came down to three groups, with an initial bid of $6 million, which was raised in sequence by rivals to $6.5 and then $7 million. In late July, 1943, the investment banking firm of Dillon, Read & Co. made a bid of $7.8 million.^[77]

On July 30, 1943, just over two months after the court's ruling, RCA announced the sale of the network to American Broadcasting System, Inc., a firm controlled by Edward J. Noble, a former undersecretary of commerce who was better known as the chairman of Life Savers Corp. The price was announced as $8 million.^[78] This was followed by a petition to the FCC to approve the sale, which was filed on August 13.^[79]

FCC hearings[link]

One of the significant issues surrounding the sale of the Blue Network involved the network's practices regarding "controversial" topics and proponents. The network, citing the code of the National Association of Broadcasters, declined to sell time to labor organizations, cooperatives, and other organizations advocating "controversial topics", but did give them free air time, provided there was an opportunity for the other side to be heard. On August 27, 1943, the Congress of Industrial Organizations filed a brief in a petition to intervene in the FCC proceedings on the network sale.^[80] The CIO complained that the NAB code regarding "controversial" broadcasts inhibited its ability to buy airtime. While the FCC denied the CIO's petition to intervene, it did invite the CIO to give testimony in the hearings.^[81]

At the hearings held on September 10, 1943, FCC Chairman James L. Fly roundly denounced the policy of the Blue Network in refusing to sell airtime, but granting air time for free, to proponents of controversial broadcasts. He colorfully described the policy as chasing would-be purchasers from the front of the shop, but "directing them to the back door for a handout." Mark Woods, the head of the Blue Network, defended the policy, stating that it was in compliance with the NAB code.^[82] When Edward J. Noble testified at the hearings held on September 20, 1943, he was questioned closely by Chairman Fly as to the policies regarding the refusal to sell air time to labor organizations, cooperatives and other special interest groups.^[83] Noble was directed by Chairman Fly at this hearing to submit a statement as to what the policy would be of the Blue Network in terms of "the expansion of the mechanisms of free speech."^[83] On October 3, 1943, Noble released a letter to the FCC in which it was stated that the Blue Network would meet "with an open mind" all requests for broadcasting time, "considering each on the merits", and excluding none on the basis of ideas or personality.^[83] Certainly, not all were pleased by Chairman Fly's stance. Columnist David Lawrence, in his October 7, 1943 column, thought that the FCC had overstepped its authority in attempting to force the Blue Network to change its policies regarding the sale of airtime.^[84]

Noble's written response seems to have been sufficient. The sale was approved by the FCC on October 12, 1943.^[85] Noble was forced to divest himself of New York station WMCA, which he had owned since 1940, but his American Broadcasting System, Inc., the entity formed to be the parent of the Blue Network, acquired WJZ, additional stations in Chicago and San Francisco, as well as land-line leases, certain studio facilities and leased studio facilities, and the affiliation system.^[86]

Anti-trust conclusion[link]

Following the sale, the Department of Justice dropped its antitrust proceedings against NBC on October 17, 1943,^[88] having previously dropped proceedings against CBS on October 11, and the federal courts, upon its motion, dismissed Mutual's antitrust claims against CBS and NBC.^[89]

Changes, 1943–1945[link]

In the April 21, 1947 issue of Time,^[90] Mark Woods called the Blue Network of 1942 (that is, just before the sale) "a dump." The article describes the then-116 station network as the home of cast-off speeches and classical music, which had only generated $14 million in revenue. It could, perhaps, be argued that Woods was denigrating the state of the Blue Network at that time, to contrast with the relative success of the network later in the 1940s; this is possible in light of the fact that the Blue Network had been profitable in 1942.^[91] Woods and the rest of the management team, after the sale to Noble, began to take steps to make the Blue Network more competitive with NBC and CBS.

Finances and ownership[link]

An early step was to obtain a deep pocketed backer. Noble, on December 28, 1943, sold a 12.5% stake to Time, Inc,^[92] and a similar stake to advertising executive Chester LaRoche, for $500,000 each. Smaller stakes were taken by Blue Network executives Mark Woods (president) and Edgar Kobak (executive vice-president, who would the next year leave the Blue for Mutual).^[93]

Programming[link]

During the 1943–1945 period, the Blue Network used many of the NBC broadcasting facilities, including the Radio City facilities in New York (see the KATE ad, above), as well as studio space in Los Angeles. The back of the ticket for Fun Valley , a show starring veteran comedian Al Pearce, sponsored by Dr. Pepper and broadcast on Sunday afternoons in 1944, makes reference to both Blue Network Company, Inc. and the National Broadcasting Company, Inc. in terms of the rules and regulations audience members had to obey.^[95]

Of obvious import were steps taken to preserve the best programming the network had, and make improvements; these were happening in the period immediately prior to, and following, the sale of the network. While the Blue Network did lose a few programs to NBC, such as Quiz Kids and Duffy's Tavern (more shows that debuted or had a previous run on the Blue; see Lackmann, op. cit.) and the NBC Symphony Orchestra (Lackmann, op. cit.), it did retain one highly-rated show, the Jergen's Journal with Walter Winchell, which managed to compete successfully with NBC's powerhouse Sunday night lineup (it was the 11th-ranked program for all of 1943–1944, and Blue's only program in the top 20).^[96] The Blue Network also retained the rights to broadcast the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts; Milton Cross was the host for NBC, Blue, ABC, CBS, and the opera's own broadcasts from 1931 through 1975. This was in spite of the fact that NBC did not want to assign the rights to either the Town Meeting of the Air or the Metropolitan Opera broadcasts to the Blue Network.^[97]

In an interview with Time published on January 11, 1943, Woods noted that the Blue Network was seeking to differentiate itself from NBC and CBS by the aggressive use of transcriptions, contrary to the practice of the larger networks.^[76] This would have its full fruition when Bing Crosby started transcribing his prime-time shows later in the decade.

In certain respects, the Blue made attempts to grab the spotlight with unusual broadcasts. On December 25, 1942, the Coca-Cola Company sponsored an all-day broadcast on the network, a "Victory Parade's Christmas Party of Spotlight Bands".^[98] The hiring, in 1943, of noted bandleader Paul Whiteman as Director of Music was an attempt by the network, in its own words, to strengthen the entire musical schedule, as well as obtain a prominent figure.^[99] The "Metropolitan Auditions of the Air", discussed above, had moved to the Blue Network by 1943 as well, joining the Metropolitan Opera broadcasts and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.^[100]

News continued to be a priority for the network; indeed, Raymond Swing would win a Peabody Award for the network in 1944 for his news commentary.^[102] A 1943 promotional pamphlet listed Martin Agronsky, Drew Pearson, Swing, Lowell Thomas, Dorothy Thompson and Walter Winchell, among others, as part of "the most impressive roster of news analysts and commentators on the air today."^[103] Newsman George Hicks was on a landing craft heading to the Normandy invasion beaches on D-Day when it was strafed by enemy planes, the sound of the combat being broadcast.^[104] The network did have some difficulty with its news commentators during the war, however. The February 22, 1943 edition of Time notes that Woods had to clamp down on both Winchell and Drew Pearson for over-aggressive name calling in their broadcasts, much to the dismay of Winchell, for one.^[105]

Specific Blue Network programs[link]

While space limitations prevent a detailed overview of all of the programming on the Blue Network during its 1943–1945 period, there are a few examples of programming that can be cited to show how the Blue was striving to reach beyond its previous reputation, and compete head-on with CBS and NBC as a stand-alone network.

One ambitious broadcast, copies of which are generally available to collectors of old-time radio broadcasts, was a special two-hour program broadcast on Christmas Day, 1944. Entitled "Christmas on the Blue", the show was emceed by Gracie Fields, and featured, among other stars, Joe E. Brown, The Andrews Sisters, Ed Wynn, Paul Whiteman and others. The show also featured broadcasts of overseas servicemen talking to their loved ones at home, something slightly unusual for the era.

One of the pairings on this special program involved Wendell Niles, a long-time announcer on many radio shows, including Bob Hope's. The Blue Network gave him and partner Don Prindle a comedy series, Niles and Prindle, which is referenced in the special as being scheduled for a debut the following month. Little can be found regarding this show, other than it involved two friends "who argued about everything", and had a brief life in 1945.^[106] It was certainly most unusual for the Blue to attempt to convert a long-time announcer into a featured comedy star, and in this sense, "Niles and Prindle", if not unique (given that Graham McNamee was the "Perfect Foil" to Ed Wynn), it must be said to be at least quite singular.

Of some interest to animation fans is the existence of a show called Nitwit Court, which sought to do to John J. Anthony's The Goodwill Hour what It Pays to Be Ignorant did to Information, Please!. Host Ransom Sherman would pose problems to a jury consisting of Arthur Q. Bryan, as "Willow", a man with a lisp, Mel Blanc, as "Hornblower", a fumbling motorboat owner, and Sara Berner as "Bubbles Lowbridge", a not terribly bright woman.^[107]

Affiliate growth[link]

Strengthening the affiliate station group was a third matter of importance to the network. While the network had 116 stations in January 1942 and 155 stations as of June 1943, this still meant that it could only offer to advertisers coverage of approximately 76% of the radio homes in the United States.^[108] In this sense, the moves by the FCC to loosen the provisions of the contracts binding affiliated stations to networks helped the Blue. This allowed the Blue Network to pick up a few additional stations in 1944, including (ironically) a few from Mutual^[109] This was one of its priorities, as in general the Blue Network had inherited smaller and less powerful stations than the group of stations that had made up its former twin sister network.

Rebranding[link]

Finally, a major priority of the Blue Network was to form a new identity, one that would mark a break with the past. In December, 1945, the FCC approved the transfer of The Blue Network, Inc.'s broadcast licenses to American Broadcasting Company. Beginning on January 22, 1945, the network's opening and closing announcements changed to "The Blue Network of the American Broadcasting Company"; starting February 18, the same wording was instituted as the network outcue for station breaks.^[110] On June 15, 1945, the Blue Network formally changed its name to the American Broadcasting Company.^[111] They were not alone in desiring this catchy acronym.^[112] Two prior claimants were bought out prior to June 1945,^[113] and in negotiations with the Associated Broadcasting Corp. in December 1945, it acquired the rights to the name "ABC" from yet a third party.^[114] From June 1945 forward, the entity has been known generally as the American Broadcasting Company, and reference should be made to that entry for its subsequent history.

Of course, things are never all that simple. The souvenir program for the Maurice B. Sachs Amateur Hour broadcast of Sunday, September 30, 1945 refers to the broadcast as coming from "Blue Network Studio A."^[115] Even into 1947, in some markets, ABC would promote its shows with the tag-line "It's a Blue Network Program!"^[116]

Television[link]

As of June 1945, commercial television in the United States had been frozen, owing to the lower level of priorities given to it as compared to war work. Furthermore, ABC was generally slow to move into television broadcasting. It did not acquire a television station until WJZ-TV (now WABC-TV), Channel 7 in New York was completed in the summer of 1948, followed by four other Channel 7 stations which signed on in 1948 and 1949 in Detroit, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Until those stations were built, ABC had to lease time and studio facilities from other stations including DuMont network New York flagship WABD, as well as other stations in Philadelphia and Washington which eventually helped form the core of the ABC television network.^[117] It might be supposed that the Blue Network never existed in television, but as noted above, the Blue Network did make at least a few known forays into television prior to the June 1945 name change. For example, the Blue Network applied for a construction permit for a TV station in the upper VHF band, but all such applications were shelved during the war years. Experiments were also conducted by the Blue Network in television program production before it permanently became ABC and formally opened a network under the ABC name in 1948. The script for a February 25, 1945 broadcast of Ladies Be Seated, which was a relatively popular audience-participation/stunt game show on Blue Network radio, still exists, and is reprinted in full in Ritchie;^[118] it is, in fact, the script for the first broadcast.^[119] It was hosted by Johnny Olson, who would later become the long-running announcer on CBS's The Price Is Right. Technically, this was not a network broadcast, as it was broadcast locally on WRGB, the General Electric television station in Schenectady, New York. However, the opening title card, according to the script, was for "The Blue Network of the American Broadcasting Company." No video copy of this broadcast is known to exist.

Blue Network stations[link]

As noted above, during the 1930s and 1940s, the Blue Network was divided into groups of stations. The core group of stations was known as "Basic Blue", and covered the Northeast United States/New England and portions of the Upper Midwest, around the Great Lakes area. The Southern Blue Network covered the Deep South, the Mountain Blue Group the Mountain states, the Pacific Coast Blue Network the Pacific Coast states, and the Southwestern Blue Group the Oklahoma-Texas region.

A pamphlet published by the American Rolling Mill Co. in connection with a radio talk on "The Miracle of Steel" given on the Blue Network on April 9, 1939 has a listing of the Blue Network stations participating in this broadcast.^[120] They are as follows:

Other Blue Network basic stations in 1939 were WABY (Albany, New York); WJTN (Jamestown, New York); WRTD (Richmond, Virginia); WLEU (Erie, Pennsylvania); CFCF (Montreal, Quebec) and WMFF in Plattsburgh, New York.^[121]

See also[link]

Companies portal

• Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts

References[link]

Books[link]

• Barson, Michael (1988). Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel: The Marx Bros' Lost Radio Show. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-7011-3423-2. 
• Blue Network Company (1943). The Blue Network Today; a Memorandum on Its First Independent Year, and Its Present Position in the American System of Broadcasting, with a Note on Blue History. New York: Blue Network Company, Inc.. OCLC 43939184. 
• East, Ed (1944). Ed East & Polly's fun book : with hundreds of tongue twisters, games and stunts as broadcast on Ladies be seated : a Blue Network presentation. New York: Blue Network Company, Inc.. OCLC 9885450. 
• Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. Britannica Book of the Year. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. OCLC 911926. 
• Enna Jettick Shoe Co. (1930?). Favorite Songs. New York: Enna Jettick Shoe Co.. OCLC 10494778. 
• Lackmann, Ron (1996). Same Time, Same Station : an A-Z Guide to Radio from Jack Benny to Howard Stern. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2862-1. 
• National Broadcasting Company (1929). Blue Network Stories for Children: a Collection of Stories which are Favorites with Children Over the Radio. identified as Catalog #928. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. OCLC 21178623. 
• National Broadcasting Company (1929). Blue Network Stories for Children: a Collection of Stories which are Favorites with Children Over the Radio. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. OCLC 21178623. 
• National Broadcasting Company (1941). Alice in Sponsor-Land : a Chronicle of the Adventures of Alice, the Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse in that Twentieth Century Wonderland on the Other Side of Your Radio Loud Speaker : with a Special Reference, As They Say, to the Entertainment Offerings of the NBC Red Network. illustrated by Barney Tobey. New York: National Broadcasting Company. OCLC 3314045. 
• Ritchie, Michael (1994). Please Stand By: A Prehistory of Television. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-546-5. 
• Swartz, Jon and Reinehr, Robert (1993). The Handbook of Old-Time Radio: a Comprehensive Guide to Golden Age Radio Listening and Collecting. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2590-2. 
• Terrace, Vincent (1981). Radio's Golden Years: The Encyclopedia of Radio Programs 1930–1960. San Diego: A.S. Barnes & Co.. ISBN 0-498-02393-1. 

Newspapers and magazines[link]

• Albert Lea Evening Tribune (MN), via newspaperarchive.com
• Berkshire County (MA) Eagle, via newspaperarchive.com
• Charleston (WV) Daily mail, via newspaperarchive.com
• Decatur (Illinois) Review, via newspaperarchive.com
• Fresno Bee, via newspaperarchive.com
• Galveston News, via newspaperarchive.com
• Iowa City Press-Citizen, via newspaperarchive.com
• Lima (Ohio) Sunday News, via newspaperarchive.com
• McKean County Democrat (PA), via newspaperarchive.com
• New York Times
• Oakland Tribune, via newspaperarchive.com
• Oneonta Star (New York), via newspaperarchive.com
• San Mateo Times, via newspaperarchive.com
• Syracuse Herald, via newspaperarchive.com
• Time Magazine, via time.com
• Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, via newspaperarchive.com

Broadcasts[link]

• Christmas on the Blue, Blue Network, December 25, 1944
• Inner Sanctum Mysteries, December 7, 1941
• Johnson's Wax Program, a/k/a Fibber McGee and Molly, NBC Red, October 11, 1937 and September 30, October 14 and December 23, 1941
• The Chase and Sanborn Hour, NBC Red, September 5, 1937
• The Jergens Journal, Blue Network, May 13, 1945
• Joseph W. Stilwell message to the American people from Burma via the Blue Network [sound recording], circa 1944, in Joseph Warren Stilwell papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University

Web sites[link]

• Haendiges, Jerry. "Vintage Radio Logs". http://otrsite.com/radiolog/index.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• Harris, Bill. "Three Little Notes of Broadcasting History...The History of the NBC Chimes (Harris)". http://radioremembered.org/chimes.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• McLeod, Elizabeth. "Known Broadcasts 1925–1927". http://www.old-time.com/mcleod/mcleod4.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• McLeod, Elizabeth. "Network Option Time". http://jeff560.tripod.com/am11.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• McLeod, Elizabeth. "Red and Blue Networks (McLeod)". http://jeff560.tripod.com/am1.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• Shedden, David. "The First Convention Broadcast". http://www.poynter.org/dg.lts/id.70880/content.content_view.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• Shoshani, Michael. "History of the NBC Chimes". http://www.nbcchimes.info/. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• Shreve, Jr., Ivan G.. "Uncle Miltie". http://blogs.salon.com/0003139/2004/02/22.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• White, Thomas H.. "United States Early Radio History". http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec019.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "NBC History Files". http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+rs000001). Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "Top-Rated NBC Blue". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092734/http://www.dg125.com/Gazette/BestOfTheBest/NBC(Blue%27s)top25.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-09. 
• "Top Blue/ABC". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092722/http://www.dg125.com/Gazette/BestOfTheBest/Blue&ABC%27sTop25.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-09. 
• "George Foster Peabody Award Winners" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20061209105007/http://www.peabody.uga.edu/media/PeabodyWinnersBook.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "Official Web Site of Helen Hayes – Radio". http://www.helenhayes.com/about/radio.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "duPont Advertising". Archived from the original on 2007-01-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20070101212737/http://heritage.dupont.com/floater/fl_advertising/floater.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "duPont Heritage". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20061208154809/http://heritage.dupont.com/touchpoints/tp_1939/depth.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "The Authentic History Center". Archived from the original on 2006-12-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20061206141431/http://www.authentichistory.com/ww2/news/19411207-8.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "This Day In History, Dec. 25". http://www.440.com/twtd/archives/dec25.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• "1943–1944 Ratings". http://www.dg125.com/Gazette/BestOfTheBest/1940's/19431944PT.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 

Miscellaneous[link]

• Matchbook covers for radio stations WFCI, WJW and WISH, collection of E.O. Costello
• Publicity photo for "The House on Q Street", Blue Network, 1944, collection of E.O. Costello
• Publicity photo of Dorothy Thompson, dated 9/6/39, NBC Blue, collection of E.O. Costello
• NBC publicity photo No. 15538 (Smetana photo)
• Souvenir program, Maurice B. Sachs Amateur Hour, dated September 30, 1945, collection of E.O. Costello
• Ticket for the March 19, 1944 broadcast of "Fun Valley", collection of E.O. Costello
• National Broadcasting Company (1937). Broadcasting the Metropolitan. New York: National Broadcasting Company. , collection of E.O. Costello
• The American Rolling Mill Co. (1939). Miracle of Steel: A Radio Talk by the Armco Ironmaster. Middletown, Ohio. , collection of E.O. Costello

Notes[link]

Amy Smart
Smart during LA Fashion Week 2008
Born	Amy Lysle Smart (1976-03-26) March 26, 1976 (age 36) Topanga, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1996–present
Spouse	Carter Oosterhouse (2011-present)

Amy Lysle Smart (born March 26, 1976) is an American film and television actress and former fashion model.^[1][2][3]

Early life[link]

Smart was born in Topanga, California. Her mother, Judy Lysle (née Carrington), worked at a museum, and her father, John Boden Smart, was a salesman.^[4] Amy Smart studied ballet for ten years.^[5]

Career[link]

While modelling in Italy, Smart met fellow model Ali Larter^[6] and the two "became instant friends", according to Larter.^[7] Whilst in Los Angeles, the two took acting classes together.^[6]

Smart's first film role was in director Martin Kunert's film Campfire Tales, followed by a small role as Queenie in the 1996 rendition of John Updike's short story, "A&P".^[8] She had a minor role in the 1997 film Starship Troopers as the co-pilot for (and friend of) Carmen Ibanez (Denise Richards). She had a starring role in the mini-series The 70s, playing a young woman from Ohio.^[8] In 1999, Smart played the girlfriend of a popular American football player (played by James Van Der Beek) in the film Varsity Blues, re-uniting her with close friend Ali Larter.

Smart played a recurring character the series Felicity from 1999 to 2001 — Ruby, a former girlfriend of Scott Foley's character.^[8] She co-starred in the films Road Trip (2000), Rat Race (2001),^[9] Starsky & Hutch (2004),^[10] and The Butterfly Effect (2004).

In 2005, Smart co-starred with Ryan Reynolds in the romantic comedy film Just Friends, which had a total domestic box office gross of $32,619,761, and a total worldwide box office of $50,817,598.^[11]

In 2003 Smart also had a small role in the American sitcom Scrubs, playing Jamie Moyer (aka "Tasty Coma Wife"), one of main character J.D.'s love interests.

In 2005, Smart starred as Sarah in a British independent film called The Best Man. Seth Green was her co-star. She also appeared in the 2006 film Crank, portraying the girlfriend of the lead character, Chev Chelios (played by Jason Statham). She reprised the role in the sequel, Crank: High Voltage, released in 2009.

Smart was a regular cast member in the short-lived 2006 CBS television series Smith. She also has voiced some of the characters in the animated series Robot Chicken, created by Seth Green. Smart appeared as Joy in the 2006 movie Peaceful Warrior, starring Scott Mechlowicz and Nick Nolte. She stars as Melissa in the 2008 independent film Seventh Moon.^[12]

In 2011, Smart joined the Showtime drama/comedy Shameless as the recurring character Jasmine Hollander. She continues to guest star in season two,^[8] which began airing January 8, 2012.

Personal life[link]

Smart married Carter Oosterhouse from HGTV on September 10, 2011, in Traverse City, Michigan.^[13][14]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amy Smart

• Amy Smart at the Internet Movie Database

Eddie McGuire
Born	(1964-10-29) 29 October 1964 (age 47) Broadmeadows, Victoria, Australia
Residence	Melbourne, Australia
Occupation	President of Collingwood Football Club, Broadcaster
Employer	Triple M, Nine Network, Herald Sun, Fox Footy.
Net worth	(2009)
Spouse	Carla McGuire

Edward Joseph "Eddie" McGuire AM (born 29 October 1964) is an Australian television presenter and businessman known for his long association with Australian rules football and the Channel 9 television network.

McGuire is the current president of the Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Stars and the current host of Channel Nine program Millionaire Hot Seat and Million Dollar Money Drop Australia. He is also the host of The Hot Breakfast With Eddie McGuire on Triple M Melbourne, as well as being an Australian rules football commentator for Fox Footy. He also has his own show on the channel EMT which is broadcast on Sunday nights, as well as being a columnist for the Herald Sun. He has worked as a journalist, sports broadcaster and business entrepreneur. McGuire has hosted the Nine Network's The AFL Footy Show, the Australian version of game shows Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and 1 vs. 100. He is a former CEO of the Nine Network, resigning on 30 June 2007. He returned to commentating Friday night football in August 2007 when he began a new contract with Melbourne radio station SEN 1116 to commentate one match a round.^[1]

Early media career[link]

McGuire grew up in the working-class suburb of Broadmeadows ^[2] He and older brother Frank McGuire both won scholarships to Christian Brothers College. Frank McGuire, who worked as a newspaper sports reporter, helped McGuire to get his first job in the media as an Australian Rules Football statistician and cricket reporter for The Herald (1978–1982). Later he became a cadet sports reporter for Network Ten and then transferred, in 1993, to the Nine Network where he became the host of a sports variety program,

TV hosting: 1994–2006[link]

Maguire's role at Nine expanded when he became the host of The Footy Show (AFL) in 1994. He remained on the show until 2005.

In April 1999, he began hosting the Australian edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, a successful Australian franchise of the globally exported television game show. He hosted the program from its première on 18 April 1999 until 3 April 2006. Eddie briefly returned to the show after an 18-month hiatus in 2007.

McGuire hosted the annual Australian Logie Awards show in 2003, 2004 and 2005.

McGuire also hosted the Sydney New Year's Eve 1999–00 telecast.

McGuire was a football radio caller at Triple M, a station which had previously concentrated on wall-to-wall rock music. He also wrote a football review for The Herald's successor The Herald Sun, as well as becoming involved in a variety of sports and media-related business ventures.

McGuire was a prominent campaigner for Australian republicanism (the movement for replacement of the British monarch as Australia's head of state).^[3] He was elected as a delegate to represent Victoria at the 1998 Constitutional Convention, which led to the 1999 referendum.

Collingwood Football Club[link]

On 29 October 1998, McGuire was elected by the vote of the members as president of Collingwood Football Club, an Australian Rules Football club which was then in financial and on-field difficulties. Results on the field were slow in coming, with Collingwood finishing 16th, the last position ("wooden spoon"), in his first year in charge. In 2002 and 2003 they played in successive losing grand-finals against the Brisbane Lions.

2010 brought "tears of joy" for McGuire when Collingwood defeated St Kilda in the AFL Grand Final replay.^[4][5][6] The first match resulted in a draw, prompting McGuire to say before the replay that "he had seen more drawn Collingwood Grand Finals (1977 and 2010) than he had seen premierships".^[6]

Football media[link]

Despite Lane's resignation, Friday Night Football proved a huge success for Channel Nine, in no small part due to the presence of, in his own words, "the biggest name on the Nine Network", McGuire himself. McGuire also claimed that a recent decline in ratings for Friday night telecasts was partly because "I didn't do football this year." ^[7]

CEO of the Nine Network[link]

On 9 February 2006 it was announced that McGuire would become the new CEO of the Nine Network,^[8] filling a vacancy created by the departure of David Gyngell in May 2005.^[9] McGuire had to sacrifice his on-air commitments including hosting The AFL Footy Show and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, as well as AFL commentary, for what turned out to be a very short term tenure.

According to Business Review Weekly McGuire's on-air salary was $3.5 million a year. Gyngell had earned $1.1 million a year by comparison. According to the 2006 PBL annual report, McGuire is reported to be on a $4 million fixed remuneration contract.^[10]

In May 2006, McGuire travelled to Beaconsfield, Tasmania to rally Nine News reporters covering the mine collapse. McGuire came out of on-air retirement to host the event, which was broadcast as part of The AFL Footy Show (both versions).

Before leaving for the Munich edition of The Footy Show he announced the elimination of 100 jobs, most in news and current affairs. Despite a vigorous publicity campaign by the CEO these cost-cutting measures severely damaged morale at the network. On one program McGuire's required job-cuts exceeded the actual number of employees. This raised questions in both the media and within Channel 9 itself about the competence of Nine's executives.^[11]

The troubles worsened when an affidavit written by a Channel 9 executive affected by the purges was leaked to the press and Nine failed in its attempts to suppress it. It contained allegations regarding McGuire's treatment of employees. The document's author, Mark Llewellyn (previous head of news and current affairs who has since found work at Channel 7), claimed that McGuire and his staff had told him that he would be forced to "eat a shit sandwich" (accept a dramatic pay-cut). He also recalled conversations with McGuire where the CEO had spoken of wanting to "bone" (fire) Jessica Rowe, co-host of the network's Today show. Following these allegations McGuire guaranteed Rowe her position on the program.^[11] McGuire has strongly denied the allegations. On 6 May 2007, Llewellyn's position was vindicated when it was announced that Jessica Rowe would not be returning to Channel 9.^[12]

McGuire's decision to force Jana Wendt off the Sunday program backfired with the relaunch of the show on 3 September 2006. The Nine Network's switchboard was flooded with an unprecedented number of calls complaining about the new format and hosts. ^[13]

This episode was considered by many in the media as a failure by the 'P-plated CEO' (a term coined by Sydney tabloids) to manage the network in a professional and ethical manner. It also fuelled speculation as to his longevity in his position as CEO of Nine.^[11]

On 18 May 2007, McGuire announced he would be "resigning" as CEO of the Nine network and would be taking on a new position in programming services as well as more on-screen roles.^[14] He officially resigned as CEO on 30 June 2007.

TV hosting: 2007 – present[link]

In January 2007, McGuire returned to the TV screen, hosting the Australian version of the quiz show, 1 vs. 100.

On 9 June 2007, McGuire temporarily took over hosting duties of A Current Affair while regular host Tracy Grimshaw was on leave. This saw the ratings of the show increase with 1.42 million viewers tuning in to watch on his first night of hosting.^[15] Rival program Today Tonight still beat ACA with 1.470 million viewers.^[16] The ratings for ACA slumped to 1.217 million viewers the following Tuesday whilst Today Tonight achieved 1.549 million viewers.^[16]

In February 2009, McGuire hosted a telethon for the victims of the Victorian bushfires.^[17] He also hosted a telethon from Brisbane on 9 January 2011 for the 2010–2011 Queensland flood victims alongside Leila McKinnon and Karl Stefanovic at the Suncorp Piazza.^[18]

Since April 2009, McGuire has hosted the weeknights game-show Millionaire Hot Seat program. This show has aired at 5.30pm.

In early 2011, McGuire hosted another quiz prime time quiz show, The Million Dollar Drop, lasting only for six episodes. He then became the host of the sports-themed quiz show, Between The Lines. His return was short lived when the show quickly failed in the ratings, being axed by Channel 9 after only three episodes had been to air.^[19] The fourth and final episode was broadcast on 2 June 2011.

McGuire will join Fox Sports in 2012 in an AFL commentary and program pannelist role, while still remaining at the Nine Network to host Millionire Hot Seat and the station's Olympic coverage.^[20] As part of his new contract with Fox Sports however, he will be spared commentating on matches involving Collingwood to avoid a conflict of interests. This also means McGuire will appear occasionally on the Seven Network, although not in Melbourne when it picks up the Fox Footy feed for its AFL coverage. The Seven Network is forced to show West Australian, New South Wales, Queensland and South Australian viewers games featuring their respective teams live.

Honours[link]

McGuire's service to Australia has been recognised by the award of Member of the Order of Australia (2005) "for service to the community, particularly through support for health care and welfare organisations, and to broadcasting".^[21] He was also awarded the Australian Sports Medal (2001) "for service to Australian Football".^[22]

McGuire is also a member of the Australian Government's Social Inclusion Board.^[23]

In popular culture[link]

McGuire's one-time near-ubiquity in Channel Nine programming led him to be nicknamed Eddie Everywhere.^[24][25] In 2004 the ABC comedy television program CNNNN featured a satirical skit about his permeation of Australian media called the “Eddie McGuire Virus”.^[26]

On 9 January 2005, in keeping with his nickname, McGuire was on Australia's three commercial TV networks (Seven, Nine, Ten) at the same time, hosting a show simulcast on the networks to raise money for the 2004 Asian Tsunami victims.^[27]

Publications[link]

• McGuire, Eddie and Jim Main. Pants: The Darren Millane Story. Melbourne: Modern Publishing Group, 1994. ISBN 1-875481-53-2
• McGuire, Eddie and Jim Main. The Footy Show screamers: Wit and wisdom of Dermott, Doug, Jason, Rex, Sam, Tim-God, Plugger and more! Melbourne: Wilkinson Books, 1994. ISBN 0-546-65129-1

See also[link]

• Martin Flood
• The Weakest Link

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Stone, Gerald. Who Killed Channel 9?: The Death of Kerry Packer's Mighty TV Dream Machine. Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4050-3815-7

External links[link]

• Eddie McGuire at the Internet Movie Database